Best SST Notes For Class 10

Class 10 History Nationalism in India Notes by Ajeet Sir
Nationalism in India
Class 10 History
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The First World War and its impact on economic and political situation
• The war and its aftermath created favourable situation for mass struggle and played an important role in shaping
India’s freedom struggle.
• Increase in defence expenditure due to the war led to the increase in taxes, Board Questions:
custom duties 1. How had the ‘First World War’ created
• Introduction of income tax economic problems in India? Explain with
examples. (2016, 19)
• Prices increased doubling between 1913 and 1918
• Extreme hardships, poverty and forced recruitments in the army raised anti- 2. What was the impact of the first World
War on India.? (2011, 2015)
British feelings
• During 1918–19 and 1920–21, food shortages due to the failure of crops and 3. How did the WW1 create a new economic
situation? Explain with three examples.
famines and Influenza epidemics (2003)
• Around 12 to 1 million people died as a result of epidemics and famines
After the war, the British Government Proved a failure to address the above issues and people were ready to be led by
a leader like Gandhiji who returned to India in 1915.
Satyagraha
Meaning - Emphasis on the power of truth via non-violent methods
• It is a pure soul-force
• No need to use physical force if the struggle is for a right cause and against Board Questions:
injustice Explain any four points about Gandhiji’s
• It does not advocate inflicting pain in the adversary Satyagrah. (2008, 11)
• No ill-will, vengeance to and destruction of the adversary 1.
• Truth is a matter of persuasion and should not be forced upon adversary or any other
• Truth is bound to ultimately triumph
• According to Gandhiji, the dharma of non-violence could unite all Indians
Use and application of Satyagraha by Gandhiji - After coming to India, Gandhiji (2 Oct 1989 - 30 Jan 1948)
successfully three major movements before launching three big movements.
1. Champaran Satyagraha 1916. Gandhiji visited Champaran to lead the movement by peasants against the
oppressive indigo plantations. In 1918 Champaran Agricultural Act tried to
solve the problem Board Questions:
1. How did Gandhi apply the idea of
Satyagraha in our country? (2013)
2. Kheda Satyagraha – The crop failure and Bubonic plague caused hardships to
2. Name the two main ‘Satyagraha
peasants. They were demanding a revenue remission. Gandhiji lead the Movements ‘organised by Mahatma Gandhiji
movement there successfully in favour of peasants in 1916 and
1917. (2008, 11)
3. Ahmedabad Mill Workers – Gandhiji led the textile worker movement against
mill owners. There was a
demand for 50% pay hike. Ultimately the mill owners decided to raise pay by 30 %.
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Rowlatt Act (1919)

Board Questions:
• Prepared by a committee under Sir Sidley Rowlatt 1. Why did Mahatma Gandhi decide to launch
• Despite opposition by Indian members it was hurriedly passed through a nationwide 'Satyagraha' against the
proposed ‘Rowlatt Act? Explain with three
Imperial Legislative Council
reasons. (2010, 14, 15)
• It gave govt. enormous coercive power to contain increasing revolutionary 2. What was Rowlatt Act? How was it opposed
activities by the people in India? Explain with
• Arrests and detention of political prisoners without trial for two years examples. (2010, 11, 13)
• Restrictions on press and movement of persons suspected of anti-government

activities
• No Appeal, No Daleel, No Vakil were other attributes given by people
The reaction of the people

• The undemocratic and authoritarian Law was denounced people from all walks of life.
• Gandhiji called for ‘Rowlatt Satyagraha’ a non-violent civil Disobedience to the law.
• It was a first nationwide movement under Gandhiji
• On 6 April a mighty Hartal was proposed against proposed Rowlatt Act
• Rallies were organised in various cities
• Workers went on strike in railway workshops
• Shops closed down
Repressive measures by govt.

• Local leaders picked from Amritsar
• Gandhiji was arrested on 7 April
• On 10 April police fired upon peaceful procession Provoking people to attack banks, post offices, and railway stations
• Martial Law was imposed and General Dyer took command of the situation
Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (13th April 1919)
Board Questions:
The people were protesting against the repressive measures adopted by govt. Describe the incident and impact of
In the meanwhile, the Jallianwala Bagh incident took place. Jallianwala Bagh massacre. (2014, 15)
• This incident is a shameful chapter of brutal massacre and repression in
the history of the British Rule.
• It was an enclosed area with only one point of entry and exit
• A large crowd had gathered there for Baisakhi celebrations
• Some had come to show their protests against govt's repressive measures
• Many villagers were not aware of propitiatory orders under martial law
• Gen Dyer entered the area, blocked the exit and ordered for firing without any warning
• It was an intentional massacre killing hundreds and wounding thousands
• Gen Dyer shamelessly declared his object as to 'produce a moral force' in the form of awe and terror in the
minds of Satyagrahis.

The reaction of people to Jallianwala Bagh massacre

• Crowds took to streets
• Incidents of strikes, clashes and attacks on govt. buildings
• The govt resorted to brutal repression inflicting pain and atrocities on people
• Satyagrahis were humiliated – they were forced to rub nose on the ground, crawl on the streets, do salaam to all
Sahibs
• Flogging of villagers
• The bombing of villages (around Gujranwala in Punjab)
• Rabindranath Tagore renounced his knighthood title
• Seeing the violence spread Gandhiji called off the movement
Khilafat Movement
Causes of Khilafat movement:

• Ottoman Turkey was defeated in the First World War Board Questions:
1.Why did Mahatma Gandhi support Khilafat
• It was a rumour that a harsh treaty was going to dismember Turkey movement? (2011, 2012, 14)
• The Islamic spiritual head ‘Khalifa' the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire was to be 2.Who launched the Khilafat movement? Why
was the movement launched? (2011, 12)
removed
• All this agitated Muslims in India also
• They defended the temporal powers of Khalifa and wanted to keep
it intact
Formation of Khilafat Committee –
• It was formed in Bombay in March 1919
• Ali Brothers (Shaukat Ali, Muhammad Ali), Maulana Azad, Ajmal Khan and Hasrat Mohini were its founding
members
Gandhiji’s support to Khilafat issue:

• Gandhiji felt the need to launch a more broad-based movement in India with Hindus and Muslims together
• Khilafat appeared to be a golden opportunity to cement Hindu-Muslim unity and to bring Muslims under the
umbrella of a unified national Movement
• Gandhiji also became a president of the Khilafat Committee.

• Ali Brothers talked to Gandhiji on the possibility of any unified mass action
• At Calcutta Congress session (1920), Gandhiji convinced other leaders on the issue of the Non-cooperation
Movement in favour of Khilafat and Swaraj.
Non-Cooperation Movement
Causes or reasons Board Questions

• Rowlatt Act What were the reasons or why did Gandhiji
• Jallianwala Bagh Incident launch Non-cooperation movement? (2008,
12)
• Khilafat Issue

• Gandhiji’s Conviction- ' If Indians refused to cooperate, British rule in India would collapse
within a year, and swaraj would come ' (Book- Hind Swaraj)
Board Questions
“British rule in India would have
• Gandhiji supported the Khilafat issue to bring Muslims and Hindus together collapsed if Indians had not
under one umbrella. cooperated”. How did this statement
help in starting mass movement in India
• Through the Summer of 1920, Mahatma Gandhi and Shaukat Ali toured against the British rule? (2005)
extensively to garner support for a unified mass movement
• At Congress Nagpur session (Dec 1920) a Non-cooperation programme was adopted.
• The Non-cooperation-Khilafat Movement began in January 1920.
Stages of the Non-cooperation Movement Board Questions:

As per the programme of action, Movement was to unfold in stages as 1. Discuss the various stages of None-
given below Cooperation of Non-cooperation Movement. (2016)
1. First stage- Surrender of titles and awards 2. Mention three main proposals, with reference to the
2. Second stage- Boycott of civil services, army, police, courts and Non-cooperation-movement. (2008)
legislative Councils, school, and foreign goods were burnt in huge
bonfires.
3. Third Stage – If govt resorted to repressive measures the
Movement was to turn into full civil disobedience campaign.
The economic impact of the Movement
• Foreign goods were boycotted, liquor shops picketed.
• The import of foreign cloth halved between 1921 and 1922. Value of import
Board Questions
dropped from ₹102 crores to ₹57 Describe briefly any three economic
effects of the Non-cooperation
• Merchants and traders refused to trade in foreign goods or finance foreign trade Movement. (2008, 09, 11, 12)
Production of India textile mills and handlooms went up
Reasons behind slowing down of Movement

• It was difficult for the poor people to afford Khadi because it was more
Board Questions
Give three reasons behind slowing down of
expensive than Mill produced cloth Non-cooperation Movement (2011, 12, 15)
• In the absence of sufficient alternative Indian Institutions, students and
teachers began to resume at their old working places
• The same applied to the lawyers who resumed their work in the govt courts.
Reasons behind calling off the movement

Board Questions
• The movement was turning violent
• The immediate cause was the Chauri Chaura incident in Gorakhpur 1. Why did Gandhiji decide to withdraw the
Non-cooperation Movement in February 1922?
(The police post was put in the fire and 22 policemen died) Explain any three reasons. (2016)
• Also, Satyagrahis were not properly trained for non-violence mass
struggle
The spread of the Movement & participation of different social groups in the non-cooperation
movement
The movement in the Towns (Middle-class participation) Board Questions:
1. How did different social groups conceive the
▪ The middle-class participation led the movement idea of Non-cooperation movement? Explain
with examples. (2014)
▪ Students left govt schools
2. How did the Non-cooperation movement
▪ Teachers resigned spread in cities across the country? Explain
its effects on the economic front. (2015)
▪ Lawyers left their legal practices
▪ The council elections were boycotted except by Justice Party in Madras. (The party comprised Non-
Brahmans)
▪ But the movement slowed down with time 👉 See earlier topics to know the slowdown of movement
The peasants of Awadh Movement
A sanyasi Baba Ramchandra led the movement. He was a Fiji returned. He had gone there as indentured labour but
returned to India.
Problems of peasants-
• Talukdars and landlords demand high rent

Board Questions:
• Begar had to be done 👉 (Begar- work without payment) 1. Describe any three major problems
faced by the peasants of Awash in the
• No security of tenancy tenure
days of Non-cooperation movement.
• They had no rights over leased-land and were regularly evicted (2015 ,16)
2. How did the peasants of Awadh use

Demands of the peasants different methods to achieve their
• Reduction in revenue goal? Explain with examples. (2014)
• Abolition of begar
• Boycott of oppressive landlords (Nai-Dhobi band organised by panchayats to support peasants
Oudh Kisan Sabhas

• Such Oudh Kisan Sabhas were organised by Jawaharlal Nehru in 1920. The aim was to integrate farmers with the Non-
cooperation Movement.
• Over 300 came to be set up within a month.
• But, the peasants indulged in violent and disruptive activities- looting bazaar, attacking merchants, taking over hoarded
grains. They used the name of Mahatma Gandhi to justify Their stands.
Tribal peasants revolt
• In early 1920, a tribal revolt spread in the Gudem Hills in Andhra Pradesh. Board Questions:
1. Who was Alluri Sitaram Raju?
• The revolt was against the forest policy of the British Their traditional rights and Explain the role played by tribal peasants
livelihood were affected. iin the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh
during the non-cooperation movement.
• Alluri Sitaram Raju was their leader. He was inspired by Gandhiji but thought (2012)
Violence necessary to liberate India. 2. Analyse any four features of Gudem
rebellion of Andhra Pradesh. (2011)
• His followers followed him and attacked Police stations, British officials
through gorillas -warfare.

Alluri Sitaram Raju-

▪ Tribal considered him an incarnation of God
▪ He claimed to have special powers to heal, make astrological predictions,
▪ and even face bullets. He was inspired by Gandhiji
▪ He urged his followers to wear Khadi and give up drinking
▪ But he differed from Gandhiji and approved over violent methods to liberate India
▪ He was captured and executed in 1924 but after death, he became the talk of every home and became a folklore
Plantation workers of Assam

Under the Inland Emigration Act 1859, the workers were not allowed to leave tea garden without permission.
Rarely such permissions were ever given.
The idea of Swaraj for plantation workers meant- right to freedom Board Questions:
of movement out of their confined premises. It also meant that 1. What was the notion of swaraj for the plantation
workers in Assam? (2008)
they could go home. They believed Gandhi Raj would give them
2. Explain the response of the plantation workers to the Non-
land in their villages. Cooperation Movement? What did freedom mean to them?
(2016)
• Following their notion of swaraj they defied the authorities,
3. “The plantation workers in Assam had their own
came out of gardens and left for home understanding of Mahatma Gandhi and the notion of
• But they could not reach home Swaraj”. Support the statement with arguments. (2016)
• They got stranded because of strikes of Railways and steamers

• All were caught and brutally beaten up.
Different incidents and developments leading to the Civil disobedience movement:
▪ After the withdrawal of the Non-cooperation movement, there was a void-gap.

▪ Some Congressmen wanted to return to Provincial Councils.
▪ Swaraj party within Congress was formed to contest elections.
▪ The worldwide economic depression affected the agricultural sector.
▪ Simon Commission infuriated the Indian Masses.
▪ Lahore Session in 1929, raised the demand for 'Poorna Swaraj'. Salt March laid the foundation of the Civil
Disobedience Movement.
Swaraj Party –It was formed by the Congress leaders Motilal Nehru, C.R. Das Desbandhu. It was formed to contest
Council Elections set up Govt Act India Act 1919. Many Congressmen were tired of Mass struggle as was Non-
cooperation movement.
Worldwide economic depression –

• A tough time for world market and trade as prices fell and currencies devalued Board Questions:
• In India, agricultural prices fell from 1926 and collapsed after 1930 1. Explain effects 'worldwide economic
• Peasants faced low demand for their harvest depression on India towards late
• The earnings of peasants declined 1920s. (2013)
• They found failing to pay revenue
• The countryside and its people were in turmoil
• No need to tell the apathy of the British govt in this situation

Simon Commission (1928)
• It was a statutory Commission led by Sir John

Board questions:
• Its aim was to review the constitutional governance and suggest 1. What were the objectives of the Simon
reforms Commission? Why was it opposed in India?
(2012)
• It comprised 7 MPs all-white men 2. Simon Commission was greeted with the
• No member in the commission infuriated the people slogan ‘Go back Simon’ at arrival in India.
Support this reaction of Indian with
• Black flags were shown and greeted with slogans 'Go Back Simon’s. arguments. (2016)
• At Madras Session, 1926, Congress decided to boycott the Commission “at every stage and in every form”
• Muslim League under M.L. Jinnah also opposed the Commission
• Congress also rejected the Offer of Round Table Conference by Governor Lord Irwin
Lahore Session – (Dec 1929)

The Congress had opposed the Simon Commission. The vague offer of Board Questions:
'dominion status' and a 'Round Table Conference' did not satisfy
1. Explain the reasons for the Lahore Session of the
Congress. At this time the radical youth like Nehru and Subhash Bose Congress in 1929 to be called the historic session.
came to the front to adopt some aggressive approach. (2014)
2. Mention the main contents of the session Indian
• The historic Lahore Session was held on 19 December 1929. National Congress, in December 1929 held under the
leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru. (2014)
• J.L.Nehru was the president at the Lahore Session
• A landmark 'Purna Swaraj' (Complete Independence) proposal was passed at the session
• On 31 Dec 1929, the newly adopted Tri-colour flag was unfurled
• 26 Jan 1930 was proposed to be celebrated as 'Independence Day'
• People were to take a pledge to struggle for Independence
• It was a big step toward Disobedience Movement.
Salt Satyagraha and beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement
The India Salt Act of 1882 established a government monopoly on the collection and manufacture of salt. Indians
had to pay salt tax also.
Letter to Viceroy Lord Irwin- Before embarking on Salt March Mahatma Gandhi had sent a letter to Mr Irwin on 31 January
1930 stating 11 demands touching interests of different classes ranging from peasants to industrialists.
The demand for the abolition of salt tax was the most stirring one. The letter was an ultimatum- A civil disobedience movement
would start if demands not fulfilled by 11 March 1930.

Salt as a powerful symbol of uniting people Board Questions:
1. Why did Gandhiji perceive ‘salt' as a powerful

Abolition of the salt tax was the most stirring demand of the 11 symbol that unite the nation? (2011, 16)
demands made in the letter written by Gandhiji to the Viceroy Lord Irwin 2. How did Salt March become an effective tool
on 31 January 1930. of resistance against British colonial power?
(2015)
1. Salt, as an essential food item, is a key commodity 3. Describe briefly the 'Salt March’s undertaken
by Mahatma Gandhi. (2009)
2. Consumed by the rich and poor alike
3. The monopoly over the production of salt also revealed the most oppressive face of the British.
Gandhiji realised that a simple key commodity like salt was a strong symbol and tool that could rally and united
people for a mass movement.
Salt March (12 March-6 April 1930)
11 March 1930 was the date set as a deadline to accept the 11 demands but the govt did not entertain the letter
and the 11 demands. Gandhiji had to take care of the salt March to defy the Salt Law and launch the Civil
disobedience movement.
Gandhiji said to his supporters- “On bended knees, I asked (from British govt) for bread and I have
received stone instead”.
• On 12 March Gandhiji started his historic salt March from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi (a coastal town in
Gujarat)
• 78 trusted followed him

Board Questions
• They walked 24 days covering 10 miles a day 1. Which incident marked the beginning of the
Civil Disobedience Movement? How was the
• Gandhiji urged his visitors on the way to defy The British govt peacefully Civil Disobedience Movement different from
Non-Cooperation movement?
• On 6 April Mahatma Gandhi reached Dandi (a coastal town in Gujarat) (2008, 11, 16)
2. Explain in brief the ‘Dandi March’. (2016)
• At around 6.30 am (6 April 1930) he ceremonially violated the law by taking a 3. How did the salt march become an effective
tool of resistance against colonialism? Explain.
lump of natural salt (2015)
• British law now stood defied and Civil disobedience movement began.
Board Questions
Civil Disobedience Movement 1. Explain any three features of the Civil
Movement. (2009)
Govt had turned down 11 demands raised by Gandhiji. Now, Gandhiji was left with
2. Describe the significance of the Civil
no alternative other than disobedience Movement in the freedom
struggle of India. (2015)
launching the Civil Disobedience movement.
The breaking of Salt Law at Dandi on 6 April 1930 marked the beginning of the Civil 3. “Civil disobedience Movement was
different from the Non-Cooperation
Disobedience Movement. People showed a great response to. call by Gandhiji. Movement”. Support the statement

The reaction of people to the movement
• Thousands of people in different parts of the country broke the salt law. As a Board Questions
1. How did people and the colonial
token of defiance many government react to the civil disobedience
movement? Explain. (2012)
• manufactured salts and even demonstrated in front of govt factories.
• Foreign cloth was boycotted, and liquor shops picketed
• Peasants refused to pay revenue and Chaukidari tax
• Village officials resigned
• The tribal forest people defied forest laws by entering into reserved forests to graze cattle and collect wood.
• Later on, when the govt resorted to force, People indulged in violent clashes.
The reaction of the Govt

Board Questions
The colonial government was worried by the development of the movement. It 1. How did the colonial government repress
the civil disobedience movement? Explain.
again used force to crush the movement with a heavy hand. There were mass
(2016)
arrests. than leaders, around 100,000 civil people were arrested
• Govt started arresting Congress leaders one by one infuriating people.
•
• A Gandhian activist from Peshawar, Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan was arrested in April 1930. Angry crowds staged
demonstrations in streets of Peshawar. They faced armoured cars and police firing. Many were killed.
• On 5th May 1930, Gandhiji and other top leaders of Congress were imprisoned
• industrial workers in Sholapur attacked police posts, municipal buildings, law courts and railway stations.
• Any structure symbolising British rule became the target of the people
• Govt followed the policy of brutal repression – Peaceful Satyagrahis were attacked, women and children were
beaten.
• Around 100,000 people were arrested.
• The ruthlessly inhuman character of the British rule was now exposed to the world and India got the sympathy
of the world
Calling off the Civil Disobedience Movement

Board Questions:
• The big leaders including Gandhiji himself were arrested 1. Explain the circumstances under which Gandhi ji
decided to call off the Civil Disobedience Movement
• The movement had turned violent in 1931. (2012)
2. Why did Mahatma Gandhi decide to call off the Civil
• The Industrial workers at Sholapur had started attacking police Disobedience Movement? Explain. (2016)
posts, municipal buildings and other British structures
• The government resorted to severe repression. Mass arrests, torture, firing, lathi charges and police excesses
became common incidents

Such situations were nowhere near a non-violence movement. Gandhiji ultimately had to call off the movement
and entered into Gandhi-Irwin Pact on 5 March 1931.
Gandhi -Irwin Pact (5 March 1931)

This pact was a compromise between govt and Gandhiji with Some give and take from both sides.
Concessions made by Govt:
• The government agreed to remove all repressive ordinances

• To restore the confiscated property
• to set free all prisoners except those who were guilty of having committed any violence.
• The government also allowed the manufacture of salt by the people and for peaceful picketing before the
liquor shops and foreign goods shops
Concessions made by Congress:
• Congress agreed to suspend the Civil Disobedience Movement

• to attend the Second Round Table Conference.
We can conclude that with this pact, the government indirectly accepted the Congress as the representative
organisation of the Indians.
Relaunch of the Civil Disobedience Movement (in 1932)
Board Questions
In Nov 1931 Conservative govt came to power Britain. Lord Wellington replaced Lord Irwin. He
1. Why did Mahatma Gandhi relaunch the
was against the Lord-Irwin pact.
civil disobedience movement? Explain. (2016)
• Gandhi returned from Second Round Table Conference empty-handed.

• He saw that Govt had unleashed a new cycle of terror
• Leaders like Nehru and Gaffar Khan were still in jail
• Congress was outlawed and declared illegal
• Meetings, demonstration and boycott were not allowed
• Gandhiji himself was arrested
With great apprehension, Mahatma Gandhi relaunched the Civil Disobedience Movement in 1932. It continued for over a
year and by 1934 the movement lost its momentum
Different participants of the Civil Disobedience Movement Board Questions

1. How (why)did different social groups
Reasons of Participation of the Rich Peasants participate in the Civil Disobedience
• The Patidars of Gujarat and Jats of Uttar Pradesh were the active rich peasant movement? Explain with examples
(2016).
communities
• For them, the fight for swaraj meant to struggle against high revenues 2. How did the civil disobedience
movement come into force in various
• The commercial crop growing peasantry was hard hit by trade depression and parts of the country? (2016)
falling prices of their produce.
• Decreasing cash income made it difficult to pay revenue to govt 3. Mention three reasons by which the
rich peasants communities took active
• The government refused to reduce revenues. It angered the peasants and they participation in the civil disobedience
came in support of the civil disobedience movement. movement. (2009)
10 | P a g e ©https://ncerttutorials.com By AjeeT Sir

• They tried to organise their communities by increasing membership and carry on boycott programmes
Reasons of the poor Peasants joining the movement

• They carried 'no rent' campaign. Their demand was the remittance of rent by landlords
• Mostly the poor Peasants rented land to cultivate and paid rent in return
• They were also hit by the economic depression and falling prices
• Decreasing income made it difficult to pay land rent
• Therefore, they wanted unpaid rent to the landlord to be remitted
• Their grievances found solace in radical socialist views and they joined variety movements led by socialists and
communists.
The reluctance of Congress to support 'no rent' ' campaign –

Congress did not want to upset rich Peasants and landlords because the demands of the poor Peasants were just
against landlords or rich Peasants who rented them land.
Due to this hesitant approach, the relationship between Congress and the poor Peasants was uncertain.
The difference between the demands of the rich and poor peasants- The rich peasants wanted a reduction in
revenues while the poor peasants wanted remittance of unpaid rent.
Participation of the Business class
• They wanted to oppose restrictive business British policies and get protection Board Questions
1. Analyse the role of merchants and
from foreign imports. industrialists in the Civil Disobedience
Movement. (2010, 14, 15)
• They formed the Indian Industrial and Commercial Congress in 1920.
2. Explain the attitude of the Indian
• FICCI (Federation of the Indian Chamber of commerce and Industries) was
merchants and the industrialists towards
formed in 1927. the ‘Civil disobedience Movement’.
(2015)
• Prominent industrialists like Purshhotam Das Thakurdas and G.D.Birla
3. Evaluate the role of Business class
supported the Movement.
in civil disobedience movement.
• They gave financial assistance to the Movement and refused to deal in (2016)
imported goods.
• After the failure of the Round Table Conference they lost their enthusiasm.
• The militant activities and the growing influence of socialism among young Congressmen made them
apprehensive
Participation of Industrial working class

The workers mostly stayed all of from the Civil Disobedience Movement. The main reason behind it was the
closeness of Industrialists with Congress.
Yet, in Nagpur, some workers did show their solidarity with the movement
Workers in the Nagpur region
• Workers participated in protest activities to show resentment against low wages and poor working conditions
• They adopted some of Gandhian ideas and programmes
• In 1930, Thousands of workers in Chhotanagpur mines wore Gandhian caps, participated in protest rallies, and
boycott campaigns.
• There were strikes by railway workers in 1930 and dockworkers in 1932.
Reasons of Reluctance of Congress to support the demands of workers
• Supporting workers would disassociate industrialists from Congress and the movement
• It would divide the anti-imperial forces
Participation of women:
• Participation of women in the movement was an important feature of the

Board Questions;
movement 1. Explain the role of women in
the civil disobedience
• Gandhiji's call inspired them to consider their duty to serve the nation
movement. (2011, 15)
• Women activists came from high-caste families in urban and rich peasants’ 2. What were Mahatma
Gandhi’s views on women’s
families in rural areas
participation in the national
• During the Salt March, Thousands of women came to listen to Gandhiji movement? (2016)
• Hey participated in marches, manufactured salt and picketed foreign cloth and liquor shops
• Many went to jail also
Congress adopted an orthodox attitude toward women- Gandhiji thought it a duty of women to look after home
and hearth. Initially, Congress did not give them any position of authority in the organisation. Their presence was of
only symbolic importance.
Some examples- Sarojini Naidu, Vijay Laxmi Pandit, Kamla Nehru.
Limitations of the Civil Disobedience Movement
Dalits (depressed classes) and some sections had limited participation in the movement.
1. Limited participation of Dalits:

For long Congress ignored Dalits (depressed classes) because it did not want to offend the high caste conservative
Hindus. But Mahatma Gandhiji did a lot for them.
Efforts of Gandhiji for Harijan rights Board Questions:

1. Mention any three efforts made by
• He called them Harijan- the children of God Gandhiji to get Harijan their rights.
(2009)
• He organised satyagraha to secure Dalit entry into temples, access to public
2. “Dalit participation was limited in
wells, tanks, roads and schools Civil Disobedience Movement”.
Explain. (2013)
• Persuaded upper castes to change their heart to give up 'the sin of Dalits’.
Demands of the Dalits ( needed political solutions)

• Dalits organised themselves for better bargaining
• Wanted political empowerment to solve the social disabilities of Dalits
• Reservation of seats in educational institutions
• Dalit participation was limited in the areas where they were better organised like in the Maharashtra and
Nagpur region Separate electorate for Dalits

Dr B.R. Ambedkar for Dalits
- He fought for the cause of Dalits
- To organise Dalits he formed: Depressed Classes Association in 1930
- He demanded the demand for separate electorate for Dalits
- He signed the Poona Pact
2. Separate electorate and Poona Pact (September 1932)

Board Questions:
In August 1932, the British Prime Minister Ramsay Macdonald announced the 1. When and why was Poona Pact signed?
(2011)
“Communal Award” by providing separate electorate to Muslims, Sikhs,
2. Describe the main features of ‘Poona
Europeans and the other depressed class Pact’. (2015)
3. Why did political leaders differ sharply
over the question of Separate Electorate
• Ambedkar favoured separate electorate arrangements
for Muslims and Dalits? (2014)
• Gandhiji opposed separate electorate as it would slow down the process of
Dalit integration into mainstream society
• He went on fast unto death which created a mass appeal
• Ambedkar ultimately accepted Gandhiji's position to sign Poona Pact in September 1932
Main provisions of Poona Pact

1. Reservation of seats for Depressed Classes in provincial and central legislative councils
2. Seats were to be reserved on the basis of population of Dalits
3. A general electorate comprising all castes would vote for any Dalit candidate
3. Limited participation and lukewarm response of Muslims

Board Questions:
When the Civil Disobedience Movement started there was an atmosphere of “Some of the Muslim political
suspicion and distrust between communities of Hindus and Muslims. All this organisation in India were lukewarm in
started after the decline if the Khilafat Movement and decline of Non- their response to the civil disobedience
cooperation movement. movement”. Examine the statement.
(2013)
• A large section of Muslims felt alienated from the Congress.
• From 1920s Congress had clearly shown its association with Hindu Mahasabha
• Religious processions with militant fervours were organised leading to communal clashes
• In 1927 the Congress and Muslim League tried to negotiate on the question of future representation in
assemblies
• Muhammad Ali Jinnah was ready to give up the demand of separate electorate for Muslims to reach any
mutual settlement with Congress.
• In 1928 In All Parties Conference M.R. Jaykar of Hindu Mahasabha opposed the Congress-Muslim League
negotiations on a compromise
• Mostly the main concern of the Muslim leaders and intellectuals was on the question of the status of Muslims
as a minority in India. They feared domination by Hindus over Muslim culture and identity.

The Sense of Collective Belonging
Nationalism spreads when people begin to consider themselves as part of the same nation. A sense of collective
belonging binds and unites the people together.
Board Questions:
1. The sense of collective belonging was the result of 1. How had a variety of cultural processes
developed a sense of collective
✓ Experience of united struggle belongingness in India during the 19th
century? Explain with examples. (2016,
✓ Variety of Cultural processes 2019)
2. “Nationalism spreads when people
✓ History & fiction, folklore and folk songs
began to believe that they are all part of
✓ Popular prints and symbols the nation”. Support the statement.
(2015)
2. The Identity of the Nation Symbolised in a Figure or Image
▪ In the 20th century, the image of Bharat Mata came to visualised as the identity of India.
▪ The Image of Bharat Mata was first crated by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay.
▪ He wrote the hymn ‘Vande Mataram’ (Novel-Anandmath). It was sung during the Swadeshi Movement to
inspire patriotism and nationalism among people.
▪ Abanindranath Tagore painted his famous image of Bharat Mata.
▪ Bharat Mata was portrayed and painted differently by different artists.
▪ Devotion to this mother figure ‘Bharat Mata’ became evidence of one’s nationalism.
3. Revival of Indian folklore

▪ Folklores give a true picture of traditional culture.
▪ Nationalists toured villages to record folk songs sung by bards and gather folk songs and legends.
▪ In Bengal Ravindranath Tagore himself collected ballads, nursery rhymes and myths to revive folklore.
▪ In Madras, Natesa Sastri published four-volume of collection of Tamil folklores, The folklore of South India.
▪ Folklore was needed to be preserved to discover one’s identity and restore a sense of pride in one’s past.
4. Role of icons and symbols

▪ Flags became a symbol of nationalism in the Indian freedom struggle.
Board Questions:
▪ A tricolour flag was designed during the Swadeshi Movement in Bengal. It Describe the composition of the tricolour
flag designed during the swadeshi
had 8 lotuses representing 8 British provinces and a crescent moon
movement in Bengal. (2015, 16)
representing Hindus and Muslims.
▪ Gandhiji designed Swaraj Flag in 1921. it was a tricolour flag (red, green, Board Questions:
Who had designed the ‘Swaraj Flag’ in
white) with a spinning wheel in the centre. The ‘charkha’ represented the 1921? Explain the main features of the
‘Swaraj Flag’. (2014, 16)
Gandhian ideal of self-help.
▪ Carrying the flag high in the hand during marches became a symbol of defiance.
5. Reinterpretation of history
▪ The British saw Indians as backwards, primitive and incapable of governing themselves.
▪ Indian writers responded by writing about the past of India to discover India’s great achievements.
▪ They wrote about the glorious past of India when art, and architecture, science and mathematics, religion and
culture, law and philosophy, crafts and trade had flourished.
▪ The colonisation was led to the decline of this glorious time.
▪ This reinterpretation of nationalist histories urged the readers to take pride in great achievements of past and
struggle to take India out of miseries created by the British.
6. Problems due to reinterpretation of History

▪ The past glory of India was Hindu and therefore
▪ Images celebrated were drawn from Hindu iconography.
▪ All this alienated other communities and they felt left out.

Resources and Development
Geography – Class 10
______________________________________________________________________
1. Resource
 Everything available in our environment which can be used to satisfy our needs
provided it is-
 Technologically accessible
 Economically feasible
 Culturally acceptable
 Resources are the functions of human activities. Interdependent relationship between
nature, technology and institutions
2. Classification of resources
Classification on the basis of Origin Board Questions:
Biotic Resources: Such resources are received from the living world Classify resources on the basis of
origin. (2018)
(biosphere) Examples- human beings, flora, fauna, fishes etc.
Abiotic Resources: All those things which are composed of non-living things are called abiotic resources.
Examples: rocks, metals, minerals etc.
Classification on the basis of Exhaustibility

Board Questions:
 Renewable Resources: The resources which can be
1. Give one difference between renewable
renewed or reproduced by physical, chemical or and non-renewable resource. (2017)
mechanical processes are called renewable 2. Distinguish between the renewable and
non-renewable resources. (2011, 12)
resources. E.g. solar and wind energy, forests,
wildlife etc.
 Non-Renewable Resources: The resources which cannot be renewed or reproduced
are called non-renewable resources. E.g. minerals, fossil fuels.
On the basis of Ownership
 Individual Resources: These resources are owned by individuals. E.g. houses, land, wells, shops etc.
 Community Resources: These are resources which are
Board Questions:
accessible to all the members of a community. E.g. grazing
1. What is meant by the term
grounds, playground, public parks etc. ‘resource’? List the types of resources
 National Resources: These resources which belong to a nation. classified on the basis of its
Technically all the resources belong to a nation. The country ownership. (2012, 14)
can even acquire private property for public good. E.g. all the minerals, water resources, forests,
wildlife etc.
 International Resources: These resources which are regulated by international institutions. No
individual country can utilise these resources without the concurrence of international institutions.
E.g. resources beyond 200 nautical miles of exclusive economic zone belong to open ocean.
On the basis of Status of Development
 Potential resources: Such resources are found in a region but have not been utilised.
Examples: Such resources include solar, wind and Board Questions:
geothermal energy. 1. Distinguish between stock and
potential resources. Give one example
The western part of India (Gujrat and Rajasthan) have of each. (2012)
enormous potential for development of wind and 2. Differentiate between stock and
solar energy but so far these resources have not been reserve stating two points of
differences. (2011)
developed properly.
 Developed Resources: These are the actual resources which are surveyed and their
quality and quantity have been determined for utilisation. The development of
resources depends on technology and feasibility.
 Stock: Material in the environment which have the potential to satisfy human needs
but human beings do not have appropriate technology to access these are included
among stocks.
Example: Water is a compound of two inflammable gases oxygen and hydrogen. But
we do not have the technology to separate these to use as rich sources of energy.
 Reserve: Such resources can be used for meeting future requirements with the
available technology but their use has not been started. They can be used in future to
meet the needs and requirements.
Examples: water in dams, forests etc.
3. Resource Development
Indiscriminate use of resources has caused the following problems:
i. Depletion of resources due to human greed.
ii. The accumulation of resources in a few hands has divided the society into ‘haves’ and ‘have not’ or
the rich and the poor.
iii. Environmental pollution
iv. Ecological crises
v. Ozone layer depletion & global warming
vi. Land degradation
Sustainable Development Board Questions:
It refers to the development that takes place in such a manner that 1. What is sustainable economic
does not damage the environment and does not compromise with the development? Suggest any two ways
in which resources can be used
needs of the future generations.
judiciously. (2015)
Rio De Janeiro summit 1992 2. “Sustainability of development is a
United Nations conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) new area of knowledge”. Do you
summit was held to address the issue of environmental damage and other socio- agree? Justify your answer. (2016)
economic issues as apart of clean and green environment. This summit was 3. How is the issue of sustainability
attended by more than 100 heads of states. It s one of the highlights was the important for development? Explain
adoption of Agenda 21. with examples. (2018)
Agenda 21
It called upon the nations to work on the issues like
Board Questions:
• Environmental damage What is Agenda 21? List
• Poverty and diseases its two principals.
• Work collectively with mutual interests and shared responsibilities (2017)
• Local governments to draw their own Local Agenda 21
Resource Planning
India needs resource because there is uneven distribution of resources of resources across different regions in India.
i. The states of Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh
Board Questions:
are rich in mineral and coal deposits. 1. Why is it essential to have resource
ii. Arunachal Pradesh has abundance of water but lacks planning? Explain any three reasons. (2017)
infrastructural development. 2. “In India, some regions are rich in certain
iii. The state of Rajasthan lacks in water resources but has types of resources but deficient in some other
resources.” Do you agree with the statement?
great potential for solar and wind energy.
Support your answer with any three examples.
iv. Ladakh, a cold desert, has rich cultural heritage but it is (2017)
deficient in water and some vital minerals.
Process of Resource Planning

i. Inventory and identification of resources through surveying, mapping, measuring and estimation of
quality and quantity of resources. Board Questions:
ii. Examining the availability of resources from the view of 1. What are the three stages of
technology, economy, needs, skill, and institutional setup. resource planning? (2011, 12, 14, 15)
iii. Matching and comparison of resource development at regional, state national levels
Conservation of Resources
Need to Conserve Resources
 They are limited
 They are main source of our daily needs
 The future generations have the right to use the resources
 Non-renewable resources are depleting very fast
Methods to Conserve Resources
1. Afforestation
2. Stop over utilisation of resources
3. Sustainable development
4. Govt. laws, policies to conserve resources
5. General awareness among masses
6. Using non-renewable resources as alternatives
4. Land Resources
Solid part of earth Board Questions: IMPORTAND RELIEF FEATURES OF LAND
is called land. It is 1. ‘Land is a natural resource of
utmost importance.’ Justify the
a very important Plains Mountains Plateaus
statements with appropriate
natural resource. arguments. (2014)
We live on it, use 2. What area the main advantages of
27%
it for different India’s land under a variety of relief
43%
purposes and features. (2011)
perform different economic activities on it.

30%
Land utilisation • Plains- agriculture and industry

Factors determining the use of land • Mountains- Some perennial rivers, tourism, ecological
Physical factors: topography, climate, soil types
balance
Human factors: population density, technological
• Plateaus- mineral reserves, fossil fuels and forests
capability, culture and traditions
1. Forests
2. Land not available for cultivation
(a) Barren and waste land (rocky, arid, desert, marshy) Land use data of
(b) Land put to non-agricultural uses, e.g. buildings, roads, factories, etc. India
3. Other uncultivated land (excluding fallow land) Total geographical
(a) Permanent pastures and grazing land,
area 3287263 sq. km.
(b) Land under miscellaneous tree crops
groves (not included in net sown area)
Data available 93% of
(c) Culturable waste land (left uncultivated for more than 5 agricultural years).
the total geographical
4. Fallow lands
area. Rest 7% area
(a) Current fallow- (left without cultivation for one or less than one agricultural year),
includes N. E. states
(b) Other than current fallow-(left uncultivated for the past 1 to 5 agricultural years).
(rough topography)
5. Net sown area
excluding Assam and
It is the total cropped area sown once in an agricultural year.
J&K occupied by
Area sown more than once in an agricultural year plus net sown area is known as
Pakistan (POK) and
gross cropped area.
China (Aksai Chin)
Land use Pattern in India
net sown area varies from state to state –
It is over 80% in Punjab & Haryana but less than
10% in Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Manipur and
Andaman Nicobar
Islands.
Forest area- It has increased but still below than the
desired 33% as per the Forest Policy 1952. forests
help maintain ecological balance and support
livelihood of millions of people.
Land Degradation
Land degradation is the result of continuous use of land over a long period of time without taking appropriate measures
to conserve and maintain it. Human activities have not only brought about degradation of land but have also aggravated
the pace of natural forces to cause damage to land.
Board Questions:
Causes 1. What is the main cause of land
 Mining and Quarrying: Mines are abandoned after the degradation in Gujrat, Rajasthan and
Madhya Pradesh? How can it be
excavation work is over or
checked? (2012, 15)
 mine gets exhausted, leaving deep scars and traces of over- 2. Explain any three human activities
burdening. Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh and responsible for the degradation of
Odisha suffer from sever land degradation due to mining. land. (2012)
 Overgrazing: It is the main reason of land degradation in states like Gujrat, Rajasthan, Madhya
Pradesh and Maharashtra.
 Over irrigation: It causes water logging that leads to salinity and alkalinity in soil.
 Mineral processing: grinding of stones for cement and ceramic industry generates huge quantity of
dust in the atmosphere. These dust particles settle down on the soil affecting the pace of
infiltration of water into the soil.
 Industrial effluents: It is a major problem of the industrializing world. Industrial wastes cause water
pollution and degrade the nearby land.
Conservation methods
 Afforestation: planting trees on culturable waste land can Board Questions:
minimize land degradation. Describe any six measures of
controlling land degradation.
 Control on overgrazing: It will help in maintaining vegetation
(2011, 12, 15)
cover on land, check soil erosion and desertification.
 Planting of shelter belts: Such belts help check wind erosion of soil.
 Stabilisation of sand dunes: Growing thorny bushes can check movement of sand dunes.
 Proper management of wasteland: Land reclamation process can help in making wasteland useful
and productive.
 Proper agricultural practices: Crop rotation, strip farming etc.
 Proper disposal of industrial wastes: Treatment of effluents before discharging in water checks
water degradation.
 Control of mining activities: It is a major problem of many countries. Use of advanced technologies,
proper regulations and control is necessary.
3. Soil as a Resource
Soil is loose material formed on the surface of the earth s crust. Soil is formed due
to denudation and weathering of rocks. It consists of organic and inorganic Board Questions:
materials, air, water and many organisms. Temperature, running water, wind 1. Explain any three factors
and glaciers, activities of decomposers etc. contribute to the responsible for soil formation. (2012)
formation of soil. It takes millions of years to form a few cm deep soil layer. Soil 2. Why is soil considered as a
is a living system as it is a medium of plant growth and supports life of different resource? Explain with five
organisms. arguments. (2015)
Classification of Soils
Soil is classified on the basis of its colour, thickness, texture, age, chemical and physical properties.
Alluvial Soils
These soils are the depositional work of three main Himalayan river Board Questions:
systems- the Indus, the Ganga and the Brahmaputra. This is the mostly 1. Distinguish between Khadar soil
found soil in India. and Bangar soils. (2011)
Types on the basis of age: Khadar (new alluvium) and Bangar (old 2. Trace the features of alluvial soil
with reference to its formation, area,
alluvium)
classification and containing minerals.
Characteristics of alluvial soil: Most fertile, finely grained and have (2015)
proportions of sand, silt and clay. It is rich in potash, phosphoric acid 3. Describe any three main features of
and lime. It is deficient in nitrogen and humus. It is suitable for ‘Alluvial soil’ found in India. (2019)
cultivation of cereals, pulses, oil seeds, sugarcane etc.
Areas occupied: The entire northern plain, deltas of Mahanadi, Godavari, and Kaveri, along the coast of
Kerala, Assam and some parts of Rajasthan and Gujrat.
Black Soil / Regur Soil Board Questions:

1. Mention any three main features of
These soils were formed due to weathering of Lava rocks in the
‘Black soil. (2012, 15, 19)
Deccan Trap (basalt) region. 2. Which geographical factors are
Characteristics: Black in colour. Extremely fine with clayey material. responsible for evolution of black soil?
Rich in nutrients like potash, magnesium, lime and calcium. Why is it considered the most suitable for
Deficient in nitrogen and phosphoric acid. Black soil has large growing cotton? (2012)
capacity to hold water. These soils develop large and deep cracks which help in aeration. Black soils are
suitable for cotton.
Areas occupied: North West Deccan plateau covering Maharashtra, Saurashtra, Malwa, Madhya Pradesh
and Chhattisgarh and parts of Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka.
Red and Yellow soil

Such soils are formed by the weathering of igneous and metamorphic Board Questions:
1. Distinguish between red soil and
rocks. These soils surround the black soils mostly on their east and
laterite soil stating any three points of
south. distinction. (2015)
Characteristics: The presence of iron renders the red colour to the soil.
It is deficient in nitrogen, humus and phosphoric acid and lime. These are suitable for cultivation of cotton,
rice, pulses, tobacco, jowar etc.
Areas Occupied: In the low rainfall Eastern and southern Parts of Deccan plateau. Parts of Orrisa,
Chhattisgarh, Andhra Pradesh and Piedmont zone of Western Ghats.
Laterite Soil
It the Latin word ‘later’ which means brick. It develops in areas with high temperature and heavy rainfall
which results in intense leaching. These are made up of clay and gravel of red sand stone.
Characteristics: Red in colour. Poor in nitrogen, potash, organic matter (poor humus content). Lateritic soils
are mostly deep to very deep, acidic (pH < 6.0).
But such soils can be made suitable for cultivation by adding manures and fertilizers. After adopting
appropriate soil conservation techniques particularly in the hilly areas of Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu,
this soil is very useful for growing tea and coffee.
Areas Occupied: Western Ghats region of Maharashtra, Odisha, some parts of West Bengal and North-east
regions.
Arid Soil Board Questions:
Such sols are formed under the arid and semi-arid conditions. 1. Mention any three features of arid
Characteristics: Red in brown in colour. Very low nitrogen and humous soil. (2014)
2. describe nay five different
content. Sandy and saline in nature. Low moisture content. Due to high
characteristics of ‘Arid Soils’. (2015)
temperature evaporation rate is higher. In the lower horizons Kankars
are found that restrict infiltration of water. Such soils are cultivatable under proper irrigation system. Indira
Gandhi Canal has increased the cultivation area in the arid reasons of Western Rajasthan.
Areas Occupied: Western Rajasthan.
Forest Soil
These soils are formed due to the deposition of organic matter derived from the forest growth.
Characteristics: Abundance of humus but acidic and low humus in snow covered areas. Soil textures varies
from mountain to mountain. They are loamy and silty in valley sides and coarse grained in the upper slopes.
Areas Occupied: hilly and mountainous areas where sufficient rain forests are available- Jammu & Kashmir,
Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh and eastern hilly areas.
Soil Erosion:
Wearing away, washing, washing down or removal of the top soil Board Questions:
1. Mention any two activities which are
cover by natural agencies like water, wind, glacier is termed as soil
responsible for the process of soil
erosion. erosion. Explain the two types of soil
Soil formation and soil erosion go simultaneously in an almost erosion mostly observed in India. (2012)
balanced manner but this balance is disturbed because of human
activities like- deforestation, over-grazing, construction work and mining, defective methods of farming
etc.
Types of Soil Erosion

Gully Erosion: In areas of clayey soil, running water cuts through making deep channels called gullies.
These are termed as ‘bad lands’ and are unfit for cultivation. Such bad lands are called ‘ravines’ in the
Chambal Basin.
Sheet Erosion: When water flows down the slope as a sheet, the top soil is washed away. This is termed as
sheet erosion.
Wind erosion: wind erosion is generally confined to arid and semi-arid areas with high temperature. Due to
the removal of vegetation the top soil becomes extremely loose to be easily carried away by wind in large
quantities.
Methods to Control Soil Erosion

Contour Ploughing: This type of farming is practiced in the hilly areas. Ploughing is done along the contours
to prevent water from running down the slopes.
Strip Farming: In strip cropping, large fields are divided into strips in between, grasses are left to grow
which help in restricting the force of wind.
Terrace Cultivation: To restrict soil erosion, steps are cut on the slopes making terraces.
Shelter Belts: To reduce the force of wind, lines of tress are planted to create shelter belts. It helps in
checking wind erosion of soil.
Afforestation: It helps in checking soil erosions as well as improving environment and maintaining
ecosystem.
Schemes of Government: Land reclamation schemes to convert ravines and bad lands into cultivable lands.
Plugging gullies and leveling surface, control and afforestation are also included in govt. programs. Indira
Gandhi Canal in Rajasthan has brought a lot of area under cultivation.
Session: 2019-20 By Ajeet Sir
Agriculture
Political Science
Class-10
Agriculture is derived from two Latin words – ager (field, land, soil) and cultura (cultivation)
It can be defined as the cultivation of crop plants or livestock (animal farming). It is a primary activity which includes
farming, fisheries, forestry, horticulture etc. Agriculture also produces raw materials for various industries. 2/3 of
India’s population is engaged in agriculture.
Types of farming
Primitive Subsistence farming
 Small patches of land are used
 Trees, plants, grass are cut down and burnt to clear the land for cultivation.
 No use of machines or fertilizers. Remaining ash fertilises the soil.
 Productivity is low.
 Production is done for self-consumption.
 Cultivators keep on shifting from one patch of land to another
 This type of farming is harmful to the environment.
Intensive Subsistence Farming

 It is labour intensive farming
 It is practised in high population density areas.
 It is practised in well-irrigated areas.
 Machine tools and fertilizers are used.
 Multiple cropping pattern is adopted.
 The yield per unit is high.
Example: Rice and wheat
Regions: Indo-Gangetic plains in Bihar, West Bengal, UP, and parts of Haryana.
Commercial Farming
 Crops are raised for markets and earning.
 Modern technology is used.
 Crop specialisation is a feature.
 Cultivators use HYV seeds, chemical fertilizers, pesticides etc.
Example: Oilseeds, cotton, jute, tea, coffee
Plantation
 It is a mix of industry and agriculture.
 Large tracts of land are used to grow a single crop for commercial purposes.
 It is capital intensive and migrant labourers are employed.
© ncerttutorials.com Session: 2019 - 20 Twitter @ncerttutorials

Class 10 Geography Chapter: Agriculture | Ajeet Sir
 It needs well-developed support of transport and communication network.

 Markets play an important role in the feasibility of plantation agriculture.
 Example: Banana, rubber, sugarcane, tea etc.
Cropping Pattern
The physical and cultural diversities of India are also reflected in agricultural practices and cropping patterns in our
country. Food crops, fibre crops, fruits, spices, condiments etc. are examples of the variety of crops. India has three
cropping seasons.
Rabi Crops:
 Rabi crops are grown in winter and from October to December and are harvested in summer from April to June.
 Such crops get rain due to western temperate cyclones
 It is grown in Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, J & K, Uttarakhand and in UP.
 The green revolution has also been an important factor in the growth of Rabi crops in Northern parts of India like
Punjab, Haryana, Western Uttar Pradesh, and parts of Rajasthan.
 Examples of crops: Wheat, barley, peas, gram and mustard.
Kharif crops:
 It is a monsoon cropping season and begins with the onset of monsoon in India.
 It is grown in the month of June and July and harvested in September-October.
 Examples of crops: Rice, Bajra, Jowar, oilseeds, cotton, pulses like urad, moong, arhar(tur)
 Major rice-growing regions: Assam, UP, Bihar, W. Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Tamil Nadu,
Kerala, coastal regions of Odisha, Konkan coast (Maharashtra).
 Three paddy crops: Aus, Aman and Boro paddy crops are grown in a year in Assam, W. Bengal and Odisha.
Zaid Season
 This is a short season that comes in summer in between Rabi and the Kharif Season.
 The sowing time lies around March.
 Early maturing crops are grown
 Example of crops: watermelon, bitter gourd, fodder crops, moong dal.
Major Food Crops with Geographical Conditions

Rice (Kharif Crop): It is a major staple food crop of the majority of people in India. It occupies around one-fourth
of total crop area grown in India.
Climate: Warm and humid
Rainfall: Above 100cm and standing water required during growth. Different Means of Irrigation help grow
rice in less rainfed areas like Punjab and Haryana.
Temperature: High temperature (above 25° C)
Soil type: Clay, loamy fertile soil with good water retention capacity.
Production area: Plains of North and north-eastern India, coastal areas and delta regions.
Leading producers: West Bengal (India) China (world), India ranks 2nd in the world.
Varieties of Rice: Sabarmati, Padma
2 | 9 P a g e s © ncerttutorials.com
Wheat (Rabi Crop): It is the 2nd most important crop of India. It occupies around 14% of the crop area in India.
The green revolution has made India self-sufficient in wheat production.
Climate: Cool and bright sunlight
Rainfall: 50 – 75 cm, moderate and evenly distributed rain. Water should not stagnate in the wheat field.
Temperature: 15° to 20°C with bright sunshine.
Soil type: Well-drained fertile soil rich in humus and mineral content.
Production area: Ganga-Sutlej plain and black soil region. Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh,
Maharashtra, Bihar, Rajasthan.
Leading producers: Uttar Pradesh (India) China (world), India ranks 2nd in the world.
Varieties of Rice: Sonalika, Heera
A comparative study of differences between wheat and rice farming.
Geological Conditions Rice Wheat
Crop type Kharif Rabi
Rainfall Above 100 cm 50 – 75 cm
Temperature Above 25° C 15 ° C
Plains of North and north-

Producing regions North and north-west
western India
Major Producing States West Bengal Punjab
Millets
Climate
Leading Producing
Crops Soil
Regions
Temperature Rainfall
20 -3 2° C 30 – 100 cm
Maharashtra
Well-drained sandy
Jowar  Third important crop of India. (other states: Karnataka
and loamy soil. M.P. Tamil Nadu)
 Needs moist area to grow.
Sandy, shallow black Rajasthan

25 - 30° C 45 cm
soil (U.P. Maharashtra, Gujrat,
Bajra Haryana)
Warm and dry climate
Red Karnataka
20 - 30° C 60 – 80 cm
Black (Tamil Nadu, Himachal
 Grows in the dry region. Sandy Pradesh, Jammu and
Ragi  Has high nutritional value being rich Loamy Kashmir, Arunachal
in iron and calcium and Shallow black Pradesh)
micronutrients
Maize:
 It is both, food as well as fodder crop.
 It provides starch and glucose for industrial purpose.
 It is sown as Kharif and in some parts sown as Rabi crop.
 Use of modern technology, HYV seeds, fertilizers, irrigation facilities
Temperature: 21° C - 27° C
Rainfall: 50 – 100 cm
Soil: old alluvial soil
Growing states: Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh. Bihar, Telangana, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh
Leading producers: Andhra Pradesh (India) The USA (World)
Varieties: Ganga, Dhawal
Pulses (Kharif crop)

 India is the largest producer as well as consumer of pulses.
 Major source of protein in vegetarian diet in India.
 It is leguminous crop and therefore sown mostly in rotation with other crops.
Climate: cool, dry, cleaner and frost-free climate
Temperature: 20 – 13°C
Soil type: Well-drained aerated soil, soil health is improved by fixing atmospheric nitrogen in soil.
Example of Pulses: Arahar, urad, moong
Producing regions: Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Karnataka
Leading Producers: Madhya Pradesh (World)
Sugarcane (Cash Crop)

 It is grown for commercial and industrial purposes
 It is a labour-intensive crop
 Sugarcane Products: Jaggery (gur), khandsari, molasses
Climate: Hot, wet-tropical regions, High-solar radiation
Temperature: 21° to 27°C
Rainfall: 75 – 100 %, needs irrigation in case of low rainfall
Soil type: well-drained soil
Producing regions: Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Bihar, Punjab, Haryana
Leading Producers: Uttar Pradesh (India) Brazil (World)
Tea
 Queen of beverages
 Introduced in India by the British in 1823
 Labour intensive and needs abundant cheap and skilled labours.
 Tea is processed within the tea garden
Climate: Tropical and subtropical, warm, moist and frost-free days

Temperature: 20°C to 30° C is the ideal temperature
Rainfall: 150 – 300 cm, evenly distributed showers throughout the year. No waterlogging
Soil type: Deep fertile and well-drained soil, loamy soil acidic in nature, rich in humus and organic matter
Major regions of production: Darjeeling, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, Kerala
Leading producer: Assam (India) China (World)
Coffee
 Indian varieties are known all over the world for their good quality products
 Varieties Produced: Robusta, Arabica (brought in India from Yemen)
Temperature: 16°C to 28°C
Soil type: Well-drained forest and loamy soil
Major regions of production: Baba Budan hills and Nigiri hills in Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu
Leading Producers: Karnataka (India) Brazil (World)
Major Non-Food Crops with Geographical Conditions
Rubber:
 It is obtained from the latex of rubber plant.
 Varieties: wild rubber, synthetic (70 – 80% of total use by people), plantation rubber
 Uses: auto tyres and tubes, footers, sports goods, mattresses etc.
Climate: Equatorial, tropical and sub-tropical regions
Temperature: High at 25 to 35°C
Rainfall: Annual rainfall above 200cm throughout the growing period.
Soil type: Loamy soil
Major Producing Regions: Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andaman Nicobar Islands, Garo hills in Meghalaya
Highest Producer: Kerala (India) Thailand (World) India ranks 4th in the world
Cotton (Fibre Crop)

 It is also called universal fibre owing to its worldwide use
 India is its original home
 It is a raw material for cotton textiles industries
 It is a labour-intensive crop
 Different categories: Long staple, short-staple, mediums staple
Climate: It is a Kharif crop and needs 210 frost-free days and bright sunshine.
Temperature: Hight at 20°C to 30°C
Soil type: Black soil
Maturing time: 6 to 8 months

Producing regions: Maharashtra, Gujrat, Madhya Pradesh, Telangana, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Haryana, Punjab
Highest Producers: Gujrat (India) China (World) India is the 2nd largest producer of cotton.
Jute: (Fibre Crop)

 It is also called ‘Golden Fibre’
 Uses: Gunny bags, mats, ropes, yarn, artefacts
 It is losing market as it is costly and also facing competition from synthetic fibres
Temperature: 20 to 30 °C
Rainfall: Plenty of rainfall (150-20 cm)
Soil type: Well-drained fertile soil renewed every year, sandy and loamy soil
Maturing time: 8 – 10 months
Growing regions: Flood-plains, Ganga-Brahmaputra delta region, W. Bengal, Bihar, Odisha, Meghalaya
Highest Producers: W. Bengal (World)
Highest Exporter: Bangladesh in the world.
Oil Seeds:
 Covers approximately 12 per cent of the total cropped area of the country
 Uses: edible oil for cooking. Raw material to produce soaps, cosmetics, ointments, paints etc. Oil cake is used as
fertilizer and to feed cattle with fodder.
Crop Season
Groundnut
 accounts for about half of the major oilseeds produced in the country) Kharif
 Gujrat leads followed by Rajasthan and Tamil Nadu
Lin seed Rabi
Mustard Rabi
Sesamum Kharif in North and Rabi in South
Castor both as rabi and Kharif
Horticulture (cultivation of fruits and vegetables)
Crop Growing regions

Mango India is the leading Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Uttar Pradesh
producer both and West Bengal
Orange tropical and Nagpur and Cherrapunjee (Meghalaya)
temperate fruits as
Banana well as vegetables Kerala, Mizoram, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu
Pineapple like pea, Meghalaya
Grapes cauliflower, onion, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and Maharashtra
cabbage, tomato,
lichi and guava brinjal and potato. Uttar Pradesh and Bihar
Apple, pears, apricots and walnuts Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh
Technological and Institutional Reforms

Agriculture has been the main mainstay of most of the people in India. Lack of incorporating techno-institutional
changes in the sustained use of land has affected the growth of agricultural development. Indian agricultural is still
more dependent on rain and natural fertility of the soil. Various technical and institutional reforms need to be
introduced and implemented to make Indian agriculture the support of 60% of the farmer population in India. Some
of such reforms are discussed below.
Institutional Reforms
 Collectivisation and consolidation of landholdings.

 Abolition of zamindari system
 Land Reforms was the main focus of the First Five Year Plan.
Agrarian Reforms
 India govt introduced agricultural reforms to improve Indian agriculture in the 1960s and 1970s
 The Green Revolution based on package technology and the White Revolution (Operation Flood) were the
strategies adopted to improve agricultural productivity and milk production.
 A comprehensive land development programme was initiated in the 1980s and 1980s.
 Gramin banks and cooperative societies were established to extend loan facilities to farmers at lower
interest rates.
Schemes for farmers
 Kisan Credit Card (KCC)

 Personal Accident Insurance Schemes (PAIS)
 Crop insurance against drought, flood, cyclone, fire and disease
 Subsidy on purchase of seeds, fertilisers etc.
 Announcement of minimum support prices (MSP) to procure agricultural products directly from farmers to
check exploitation of farmers by middlemen and speculators.
 Use of media like DD Kisan Channel and weather bulletins on radio
 Gramin Banks and cooperative societies provide loans to farmers at lower rates of interest.
Contribution of Agriculture to the Indian economy

 Agriculture is the backbone of the Indian economy as most of the people, around 52% (years 2010-110), are
engaged in the agriculture sector for their sustenance.
 The matter of concern is that the share of agriculture has been on the decline since 1951. This decline affects
other sectors of the economy and ultimately its effect is felt by society. Share of the three sectors is as -
Agriculture: 17.9%, Industrial sector: 24.2%, Services sector: 57.9%
 Government took some corrective measures to modernise agriculture. Some of them are listed below.
o Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) was established in
o Agricultural universities were set up.
o Veterinary services and animal breeding centres were opened.
o The government gave priority to promoting horticulture development, research and development in
the field of meteorology and weather forecast etc
o Efforts to improve rural infrastructure was also considered important.
Some reasons behind the decelerating growth of Indian Agriculture (low employment in agriculture)
 Indian farmers are facing competition from developed countries in the international market
 Government is reducing investment in agriculture sector especially in irrigation, power, rural roads,
mechanisation etc
 Government is also reducing subsidies on agricultural inputs like fertilisers.
 Reduction in import duties on agriculture products.
 Farmers are losing interest in investment in the agriculture sector.
Impact of globalisation on Indian agriculture

 International trade is an important factor in globalisation and India was part of it during colonisation. Indian
spices were exported to the world and are still an important part of Indian export items.
 The British showed interest in the cotton belt of India and cotton was exported as raw material to England to
feed the cotton industries there in cities like Manchester and Liverpool. Indigo was also in demand in England
and the farmers were forced to grow indigo in place of food crops.
 After 1909, the Indian farmers have been facing competition in the international market from developed
countries who provide heavy subsidy to farmers.
Today Indian agriculture is at the cross roads

 Proper thrust should be given to improve the condition of the marginal and small farmers.
 Green Revolution increased production but at the same time, the heavy doses of fertilisers, pesticides and
chemicals have degraded land and affected biodiversity.
 The keyword today is ‘gene revolution’ which is based on genetic engineering that helps in inventing HYV
seeds.
 Environment friendly organic farming should be adopted to avoid use of chemical elements that affect
environment and degrade land.
 Some economists do not see future for farmers in traditional farming on small land holdings. Rural
population is about 833 million (2011 census) and available agricultural land is about 250 million that
amounts to half a hectare per person. Farmers should diversify the cropping pattern.
 Diversified farming should be adopted. Pattern of cropping should move toward growing high-value crops
like fruits, medicinal herbs, flowers vegetables, bio-diesel crops like jatropha and jojoba. Such crops increase
income as well as reduce environment degradation. The diverse climate of India permits the growth of wide
variety of high-value crops.
Session: 2019-20
Manufacturing Industries
Geography
Class-10
Manufacturing and Its Importance

Manufacturing
Production of goods from goods or merchandise in large quantities after processing from raw materials to more valuable
products is called Manufacturing.
It involves value addition to raw materials. The products may be aimed directly for consumers or for use in other
industries for further processing and value addition.
Example- sugar from sugarcane, paper from wood.
Importance of Manufacturing (17% of GDP)
Manufacturing sector is the backbone of development. The strength of a country is measured by the development of
manufacturing industries.
• Manufacturing industries aid in modernisation of agriculture Board Questions:
• Reduce dependence of people on agricultural income by providing them Analyze the role of the manufacturing
jobs sector in the economic development of
• Help in eradicating unemployment and poverty India. (AI 2017)
• Bring down regional disparities by public sector and joint ventures in “The economic strength of a country is
backward and tribal areas measured by the development of
• Trading in export earns valuable foreign exchange manufacturing industries.” Support the
• Prosperity lies in the diversification of manufacturing industries with statement with arguments. (Delhi 2016)
quality and valuable products.
Relation between Agriculture and industry (not exclusive of each other but move hand in hand)
• The agro-industries have helped in increasing agricultural productivity

Board Questions:
• Agro-industries depend on agricultural sector for raw materials
Explain the examples of the
• Agro-industries sell to farmers the products like- irrigation pumps, fertilizer,
interdependence of agriculture
insecticides, tools etc.
and industries. (Delhi 2017)
• The development and competitiveness of manufacturing industries
• The development and competitiveness of manufacturing industries help agricultural productivity and as well as
makes the production system more efficient.
We are in the era of globalisation. To compete in the in the international the Indian goods must be at par with
international standards.
Contribution of industry to National economy
• The share of manufacturing sector has stagnated at 17% of GDP.

• The share of this sector is much lower than some East Asian countries with between 25 to 35 %. It is 36 % in
China and 35 % in Thailand. The Make in India initiative is essentially to create the right environment for
manufacturing sector to grow.
• The 7 % rate of growth in manufacturing sector has shown some trends of growth at 9 to 10 % since 2003.
• The desired growth rate has been set at 12 percent
• NMCC- (National Manufacturing Competitiveness Council) has been set up to achieve the desired growth rate
with the help of appropriate govt. policies and renewed efforts to improve productivity.
Factors of Industrial location
• Physical factors- availability of raw material, water, climate, power

• Human factors- labour, capital, market, transport, govt. policies
• The key decisions of the of the factory location- least cost, govt. policies, and specialised labour.
• Factors of production- land, labour, capital, entrepreneur, infrastructure.
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Session: 2019-20 | Class 10 (Geo.) Manufacturing Industries
Industrialization and urbanization go hand in hand
• Normally industrialization even in remote areas coverts it into an urban area. Required infrastructure, facilities
and services get available and people throng there for jobs.
• Sometimes Industries are located in or near cities.
• Cities provide market and other services- banking, insurance, transport, consultants, financial advice. Etc.
Agglomeration of economies
The industries come together to locate near each other to make use of advantages of urban centre- large
market, lower transport costs and other related benefits. All this lead to agglomeration of economies which
gradually results in large industrial agglomeration
Agro-Based Industries
Textile Industry (A unique place in Indian Economy) Board Questions:

1. "The textile industry is the only
• Textile industry comprises mainly cotton and jute textile industries industry in the country which is
• It alone contributes 14% to the Industrial production self-reliant and complete in the
value chain". Justify the
• Provides direct employment to around 35 million which is second largest statement. (Delhi 2016)
employment after Agriculture 2. "The textile industry occupies a
• Earns 24% of total foreign exchange for India unique position in the Indian
economy". Elaborate this
• In India it is the only self-reliant industry with a complete value chain set up – from statement with appropriate
raw materials to finished products arguments. (2012, 13, 15)
• Textile industry also supports demands for other Industries.
All these contributions make textile industry a very important component of Indian economy. It has a unique place in the
development of India.
Cotton Textiles
First successful cotton textile mill was established in 1854 in Bombay in 1854. Around 80 % of the textile mills operate under private sector.
• India ranks second after China in terms of installed spindles
• India has World class global level spinning production capacity.
• India has about one-fourth share in the world in trade of yarns.
mportance
• It has close links with agriculture. Provides living to many – farmers, cotton boll pluckers
• Indirect employment to workers engaged in weaving, designing, packaging, tailoring and sewing.
• Support to cottage industry- large scale employment to weavers in their homes.
Concentration of textile mills in Maharashtra and Gujarat

Board Questions:
1. Availability of raw material - large production of cotton in the reason ensures
Why was the cotton textile industry
good supply of raw cotton to the industry.
concentrated in the cotton growing
2. Moist climate - Such climate in the region is suitable for the growth of cotton
belt Maharashtra and Gujarat in the
3. Cheap labour - There is no dearth of labour force in the cities of Mumbai and early years? Explain. (2012, 15)
Ahmedabad. Moreover, migrated people to earn a living are available there.
4. Port facilities - Major export is made from Mumbai port.
5. Transport and market - a good network of roadways, railways, water ways help in the movement of raw materials to
industries.
Export of yarn to countries: Japan, U.S.A. U.K. Russia, France, East European countries, Singapore, Sri Lanka and Africa
countries.
Problems faced by Cotton Textile Industries:

• Shortage of good quality cotton – It has to be imported from countries like Kenya, Uganda, Egypt, Tanzania, U.S.A. and Peru.
• Erratic power supply – A big problem which results in loss of man hours, low productivity.
• Low productivity of labour – Compared to other countries like Japan and U.S.A., an Indian worker handles less spindles and
looms causing low output per labour.
• Synthetic substitutes – Synthetic fibres are hitting hard as synthetic fibre are cheaper available. At low cost leading to low
cost of production.
• Competition in international market – India has to face competition from countries like Taiwan, S. Korea and Japan which
produce cheaper and better-quality goods.
© ncerttutorials.com | Contact: 8081370373 -2- Notes | By Ajeet Sir
Jute-textiles
• The first jute mill was established in 1859 at Rishra in W. Bengal in
• India is the largest producer of raw jute
• Second largest exporter after Bangladesh
• National Jute Policy was formulated in 2005.
• Jute industry mostly located in West Bengal along Hugli river.
• Jute is exported to USA, Canada, Russia, UAE, UK and Australia.
Location of Jute industries mainly in Hugli River Basin

Board Questions:
There are about 80 jute mills (2010-11) in India mostly located along Hugli river in Which.
The jute-textile industry is
Bengal. The reasons or factors responsible are:
mainly concentrated in the
• Proximity of the jute producing areas. Raw jute is easily available as West Bengal is the Hooghly basin. Mention
five factors or reasons for the
largest producer of jute in the world.
same. (2008, 2009, 2011, 2012)
• Abundant water for processing of jute. This industry requires a lot of water.
• Cheap labour is available from West Bengal and adjoining states of Bihar, Orissa, UP
• Cheap water transport and Good network of roadways, railways facilitate movement of goods
• Port facilities. Kolkata port is used for export purposes
• Kolkata is a metro city with good services of banking, insurance and other commercial facilities.
Problems faced by Jute Industry

Board Questions:
• Stiff Competition from synthetic substitutes has caused decline in demand for jute. 1. Explain the problems
• Competition from countries like Bangladesh, Brazil, Philippines, Egypt and Thailand. faced by jute Industry.
• After partition most of the jute producing areas have gone to Bangladesh creating shortage of raw
State any one step
jute in India.
taken by the
government to
Steps to by govt. to stimulate demand for jute products
stimulate the demand
• Govt. adopted a policy of mandatory use of jute packaging for jute. (2011, 12,
• National Jute Policy was formulated by govt. with the following objectives Delhi 2017)
 Increasing productivity 2. What were the major
 Improving quality objectives of the
 Ensuring good prices to the jute farmers National Jute Policy
 Increased the yield per hectare 2005? (2011, 2013,
 Diversification of product Delhi 2017)
• Moreover, global concern for natural and biodegradable materials has opened the
opportunity for jute producers.
Sugar Industry
• India ranks second in production of sugar (Brazil is first). India ranks first in the Gur and khandsari production.
• Major sugar belt- Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra (more than 60% sugar mills in UP and Bihar)
Problems faced by sugar industry
• High cost of production due to old and inefficient methods of production

• Heavy, weight losing and perishable
• Delay in transportation of sugarcane to mills
• Low sugar content
• Seasonal nature of sugar industry
• Sugarcane Industry suits most to cooperative sector
• Need to maximise the use of bagasse
Board Questions:
Reasons behind Sugar mills shifting to Southern and Western states Why are sugar mills concentrated in
sugarcane producing areas? Explain
• The sugar content sucrose is higher in sugarcane of Southern and Western
problems faced by sugar industry in India.
states than that of Northern states.
(Delhi 2016)
• Longer crushing season due on cooler climate in these regions.
• Successful working of cooperative sector in these dates.
Iron and Steel Industry

Importance as a basic and heavy industry
 As a basic Industry- Board Questions:

• Supports as all other kind of industries depend on it for their machinery
Why is iron and steel industry is
• Production of iron and steel is an index of development of a country
called the basic Industry? Explain
• Steel is required o manufacture various engineering goods, construction any three reasons. (2012, 2013)
material, defence, medical, telephonic, scientific equipment and many
consumer goods.
 As a heavy industry-
• All its Bulky and heavy raw materials are - iron ore, limestone, coking coal, magnesium (Basic input ratio of iron ore,
coking coal and limestone- 4:2:1. Finished products are equally heavy.
• SAIL is the premier marketing authority for public sector iron and steel industries.
Chhota Nagpur plateau has the maximum concentration of iron ore and steel industry- Reasons are as follows:
• Low cost of iron ore- the transportation cost is low because of

Board Questions:
nearness to ores-sites. The required inputs are easily available.
Give reasons why the iron and steel industry in India
is concentrated around the Chhota Nagpur plateau
• Proximity to high grade raw materials- Limestone, coking coal are
region. (2008, 2010, 2012, 2015)
easily available for the Industry at minimal delay to make it run
efficiently.
• Cheap labour-The adjoining states of Bihar, Odisha and Jharkhand provide cheap labour force to the Industry cutting the cost
of production.
• Market potential- The home market in India itself has a lot of potential for the growth of this industry. The production of steel
is well consumed in domestic market.
Recent developments like Favourable government policies, Liberalisation, FDI and efforts by entrepreneurs have have given boost
to the Industry
Iron & steel industry not able to perform to its potential because of the following problems faced by iron and steel industry:
a) High cost
Board Questions:
b) Limited availability of coking coal
1. "Though India is an important iron and steel
c) Lower productivity of labour
producing country in the world yet we are not able to
d) Irregular or erratic supply of energy perform to our full potential.” Why? (2013, 17,19)
e) Poor infrastructure
2. Explain any three problems faced by Iron and steel
f) No proper allocation of resources for research and development.
industry in India. (2011)
Information Technology and Electronics Industry

• Software Technology Parks provide single window service and high data communication facility to the software experts. These
act as software exporting units.
• Software Technology Parks of India, is an Autonomous Society set up by the Ministry of Electronics and Information
Technology Government of India in 1991, with the objective -encouraging, promoting and boosting the Software Exports from
India
Significance in India
• The electronic industry supplies all needs pertaining to Telecommunication industry. From a
Board Questions:
simple consumer needs of telephone and computers to defence equipment like radars.
What are software technology
• IT industry has put India as a global leader in IT software sector parks? State any two points
of significance of information
• Employment generation is another charm of the electronic industry. Women account for 30%
technology (IT) industry in
of the total employment in the electronics sector. According to 2011 data 20 lakh
India. (2012)
professionals were employed in IT sector.
• BPOs (Business Processes Outsourcing sector) have become a major foreign exchange earner for India.
• Continuous growth in hardware and software is the key to success of IT industry in India.

Industrial Pollution and Environmental Degradation
Industries are responsible for four types of pollutions

Board Questions:
How do industries
1. Air Pollution pollute the
environment? Give
Caused by rise in proportion of undesirable gases like sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide. three reasons. (2016)
Airborne particulate material like dust, sprays, smoke by factories, brick, smelting plants, kilns,
refineries, burning of fossil fuels.
Effects- on human, animals, plants, buildings and atmosphere
2. Water pollution
Caused by organic and inorganic Industrial wastes and affluent. Main gents are pulp, paper, chemical, dying, refineries,
fertilizer, electroplating industries plastics, rubber etc. Solid wastes include fly ash, physio-gypsum and iron and steel
slags.
3. Thermal pollution
• Caused by release of untreated hot water into rivers and ponds.

• Effects- on humans and acratic life. Nuclear and weapon production facilities cause cancer, birth defects and
miscarriages.
• Soil pollution by dumping of non-biodegradable wastes also contaminates water.
4. Noise pollution
Unwanted or undesired sounds from transport vehicles, Industrial units, construction work, drill machines as well human
activities cause noise pollution.
Effect- stress, irritation, hearing impairments, increased heart rate and blood pressure and other physiological defects.
Measures to control Environmental degradation.
1. Minimising use of water, recycling or reusing it in successive stages Board Questions:

2. Rainwater harvesting 1. How can the Industrial pollution of
fresh water be reduced? Explain various
3. Treatment of Industrial effluents before releasing them in rivers and
ways. (2019)
ponds
2. State any three steps to minimize the
4. Particulate matter in the air can be fixed by fitting smoke stacks to
environmental degradation caused by the
factories with electrostatic precipitators, scrubbers, fabric filters and
industrial development in India. (AI
inertial separators. 2016)
5. Smoke emission in air can be reduced by replacing coal by oil and
gas.
6. Reduction in noise pollution can be done by fitting generators with silencers, upgrading and redesigning of
machinery
7. Use of noise absorbing material like earplugs and earphones.
Besides the above measures, a proper and vigilant awareness of rising environmental concerns is necessary among
people. Checking environmental degradation should become the greatest issue in our country during elections and socio-
economic forums to make it an issue of every home.

NTPC is a major power providing corporation in India. It has ISO certification for EMS
(Environment Management System) 14001. The corporation has a proactive approach Board Questions:
for preserving the natural environment and resources like water, oil and gas and fuels Explain the pro-active approach
in places where it is setting up power plants. This has been possible through by the National Thermal Power
Corporation (NTPC) for
i. Optimum utilisation of equipment adopting latest techniques and upgrading
preserving the natural
existing equipment.
environment and resources.
ii. Minimising waste generation by maximising ash utilisation.
iii. Providing green belts for nurturing ecological balance and addressing the (2015)
question of special purpose vehicles for afforestation.
iv. Reducing environmental pollution through ash pond management, ash water recycling system and liquid waste
management.
v. Ecological monitoring, reviews and online database management for all its power stations
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Session: 2019-20
Life Lines of national Economy

Political Science
Class-10
Importance of Transport and Communication

Role of transport:
Board Questions:
• Connect the demand (producers) and supply (consumers) locales 1. Dense and efficient network of
transport and communication is a
prerequisite for national and
• Speedy and efficient transport assures timely supply which is
international trade. Support the
must for perishable items. statement with four arguments. (2012
,14, 15)
• Help in maintaining the balance between demand and supply to 2. “Efficient means of transport are pre-
requisites for the fast development”.
keep the market stable. Explain your views in favour of this
statement. (Delhi 2016)
• Volume of national or international trade depends on a broad
3. Examine with examples the role of
means of transport and communication
and efficient transport network in all the domains.
in making our life prosperous and
comfortable. (2017)
Role of communication:
• The world has come closer through fast and easier modes of communication through internet, radio, TV
and telephone
• Market related information, Commercial transactions, banking, share market etc depend on quick
means of communication that is internet.
• The newer modes of communication have replaced the physical presence by virtual presence.
• People remain in touch with happening around the world
• Communication help in transfer of technology
Roadways:
Importance of roadways (as an edge over railways):
• Construction and maintenance of roads is cheaper than railways Board Questions:
1. "Roads still have an edge over
• Roads can be constructed in all types of diverse topography- railways in India". Support with
arguments. (2015, 2016, 2017, 2019)
hills, deserts, plateau etc.
2. Why is road transport more useful
• Roads can be built and spread to the height and slopes of the than rail transport in India? Explain
four reasons. (2009)
mountainous regions
• Provide door to door service and therefore cost of loading and loading us low
• Roads also as feeder or links to connect with railway stations, airports and sea ports.
• Roadways are economical in transportation of a few persons and smaller amount of goods over shorter
distance.
• Road transport is suitable for transporting perishable goods.

Session: 2019-20 | Class 10 (Geo.) Life Lines of National Economy
Problems faced by roadways

Board Questions:
• Distribution of road is not uniform in the country
Describe any five major problems faced
• Cities have sense network as density of roads is higher in cities by road transport in India. (2013, 2016)
• Keeping in view the volume of traffic and passengers, the road

network is inadequate
• About half of the roads are unmetalled. These roads become useless during rainy seasons
• The national Highway are inadequate too
• Most of the bridges and culverts are old and narrow
• Poor and regular maintenance of roads is also a big problem in Indi
Classification of roads
1. On the basis of materials used
(i) Metalled roads -made of cement, concrete or bitumen of coal.

(ii) Unmetalled roads – become useless during rainy season
2. On the basis of capacity: (6 types of roads)
I. Golden Quadrilateral Super Highways: Board Questions:

Classify the roads according to their capacity
This project comprises following super highways and describe the role of each. (2012)
implemented by NHAI. Explain any three features of ‘Golden

Quadrilateral’ Super Highways. (2017)
(i) Golden Quadrilateral: six lane highways linking Delhi -
Kolkata- Chennai- Mumbai and Delhi.
(ii) The North-south Corridors: linking Srinagar (J&K) and Kanyakumari.
(iii) East-West Corridors: linking Silchar (Assam) and Porbandar (Gujarat)
II. National Highways- Primary road system connecting extreme parts of India. these roads are laid and
maintained by CPWD.
III. State Highways – Link capita with district headquarters. Constructed and maintained by PWD.
Board Questions:
IV. District Roads- Connect district headquarters with other parts of district.
Explain any two features
Maintained by Zila Parishad. of district roads. (2015)
V. Other Roads- These comprise rural roads connecting towns and remote village areas. Pradhan Mantri
Grameen Sadak Yozna is trying to link villages with major towns by metalled roads.
VI. Boarder Roads- BRO (Boarder Road Organisation) established in

Board Questions:
1960 constructs and maintains border roads. These roads have
What is the significance of Border
improved accessibility in the difficult terrains of the region. BRO also Roads? Explain. (2016)
makes roads of strategic importance in Northern and North Eastern

Areas.
Density of Roads: The length of road per 1000 sq. Km is known as density of road. It is not uniform. In
Jammu and Kashmir, it is 12.4 km and 517.77 km in Kerala.
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Road transport and railways are complementary to each other Board Questions:
• Where railways can not reach roadways come in to help movement of "Road transport in India is
people and goods. not competitive but
complementary to railways."
Justify the statement by
• Roads are good for shorter distance and railways for longer journeys. giving four points. (2015)
• Railways as freight carrier can carry bulky and large amount of goods
where as smaller amount and perishable goods can be carried by road transport
• Road transport load and load at any place but railways can do it at stations only
• Roads provide door to door service and links railway stations.
Railways
Importance
Board Questions:
• It is principal mode of transportation for freight and passengers. It is
Elaborate any three
cheaper than road transport for longer journeys and ideal for bulk and advantages of railways in
general cargo. India. (2016)
• Conduct multifarious activities like- business, sightseeing, pilgrimage along with transport of goods
• Acts as an integrating force- connecting parts of India, carrying people from different social and
economic strata.
• Binds the economic life of a country. Accelerates the development of industry and agriculture.
• A broad railway network connects mineral zones and Industrial centres.
• Brings raw materials, fuel and labour to industries and carry Industrial products to different locations for
trading and consumption purposes
Problems faced by railways
• Travelling without ticket causes economic loss

• Pulling of chains caused delay
• Theft and damaging of railway property
• Old signalling and safety standards
• Lack of proper maintenance and upgrading of railway tracks.
• Littering of coaches and cleanliness issues
• Overcrowding due to heavy load on railways
• No uniform gauge system
Improvements made by the Indian railway
• Electrification of railway lines to reduce burden on Fossil fuels

• Conversion of metre gauge lines to broad gauge for speed and capacity of trains.
• Construction of new railway lines to broaden the network
• Computerisation of ticketing system providing online facilities.
• Plan for bullet-train projects.
• Solar trains being introduced

Distribution pattern of railway network (influenced by different physiographic, and economic

factors)
Favourable Northern plain regions
The northern plains have vast level land to lay railway tracks. Rich agricultural resources and high population density
prove favourable for the growth of railways
Rivers create problems in laying down of railway tracks because they require construction of bridges across the wide
beds of rivers.
Non-favourable areas
Board Questions:
• Hilly areas -In the hilly terrains of the peninsular region, railway tracts are Analyse the physiographic
and economic administrative
laid through low hills, gaps or tunnels. factors that have influenced
the distribution pattern of the
• The Himalayan mountains regions- too are unfavourable for the railway network in our
country. (2015)
construction of railways due to high relief, sparse population and lack of
economic opportunities
• Desert, swamps and forest areas- Unfavourable conditions to railway also prevail in sandy plain of western
Rajasthan, swamps of Gujarat, forested tracks of Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha and Jharkhand.
• Sahyadri stretch could be crossed only through gaps of passes.
• Konkan Railway- has facilitated the movement of passengers and goods along the west coast.
Besides the above physiographic factors, economic factors like govt funding, Industrial centres and economic
viability of projects also matter.
Administrative factors like proper implementation, monitoring and execution of projects, security and safety
standards also paly their own role in the development and upkeep of railways.
Pipelines: (a new arrival on the transportation map of India)
Advantages of pipelines
• Pipelines are used for transporting petroleum products and natural gas from oil and natural gas fields.
Solid are also transportable in the form of slurry.
• Initial costs are high but after that It is a cheap means of transport in inaccessible areas, dense forests,
deserts, high mountains and even under water.
• It is fast, safe, clean and continuous
• There are no Trans-Siberian loses.

Board Questions:
1.State three points
• Without delay It assures continuous supply of energy to industries regarding the importance
of pipelines in
transportation. (2005, 10)
Demerits of pipelines
2. Two merits and demerits
of pipeline transport.
• Initial costs of laying pipelines are very high as they pass from (2016)
underground also.
• Leakages in pipes or any other damage becomes a big problem to detect and also contamination of
soil, water takes place

3 Major Pipelines
1. Upper Assam to Kanpur: via Guahati, Barauni, Allhabad
Branches- 1 Barauni to Haldia
2 Guahati to Siliguri
2. Salaya (Gujarat) to Jalandhar (Punjab): via Viramgam, Mathura, Sonipat

Branches- 1. Connecting to Loyalist (Gujarat)
2.Chaksu (Rajasthan)
3. HVJ gas pipeline: from Hazira- (Gujarat) to Jagdishpur (UP) via Vijaipur (Madhya Pradesh)
Branches- to Kota, Shahjahanpur, Babrala and some other places
Airways
Importance of air transport:
I. Fastest and most comfortable mode of transport

II. Can easily cover difficult terrains like of earth like high mountains, deserts, forests and long oceanic
stretches.
III. During calamities air services provide Can access remote and far flung areas. Timely supply of relief and
medical assistance in times of disaster prove the utility of air services.
IV. Fast transport of goods especially the perishable ones.
V. In India air transport is most preferred in North Eastern States.
Demerits of Air transport
• 1.air services are costly and not within the reach of common people
• 2.Need landing pad or tracks to land
• 3.Deadlycaught with accident
Importance of air transport in North Eastern states of India. Board Questions:

1. Why is air transport
The following reasons make air transport he most preferred means of transport for an important means of
transport in the north-
the people of North Eastern India. eastern part of our
country? Explain any
four reasons. (2009,11,
• The North Eastern region is marked with the presence of big rivers, 13, 2017)
dissected relief, dense forest, and frequent floods. 2. Explain any four
merits and demerits of
• The areas where roadways and railways are not available, air transport is the air transport. (2012,16)
only means of transport for people as well as goods
• North Eastern region also runs international border which makes this area of strategic importance
• During calamities air service can access remote and far flung areas to provide timely relief.
• Because of the above reasons there are specific provisions for the people of North Eastern states to
extend the air services to the common people of these states.

Air service providers
i. Indian Airlines (govt.): provides domestic air service and service to a few neighbouring countries
ii. Alliance Air (govt.): a subsidiary of Indian Airlines
iii. Air India (govt.): provides international air services
iv. Pawan Hans Helicopters (Private scheduled and non-scheduled domestic air service providers): provides
services to offshore operations of ONGC. Also provide services in difficult terrains of Northern eastern
states, J&K, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand
Major Airports
i. Raja Sansi - Amritsar
ii. Indira Gandhi international - Del
iii. Chhatrapati Shivaji - Mumbai
iv. Nedimbacherry - Thiruvananthapuram
v. Meenakshi Bakkam - Chennai
vi. Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose - Kolkata
vii. Rajiv Gandhi - Hyderabad
National Waterways of India
Importance:
i. Water ways are the cheapest means of transport

Board Questions:
ii. They are most suitable for carrying heavy and bulky goods 1.Explain any three features of
waterways in India. (2015)
iii. It is fuel efficient and environment friendly mode of transport 2.Name the National Waterways of
India. (2005, 09)
iv. India also has inland waterways of 1450 Km in length 3.Mention any two inland waterways
of India. Write three characteristics of
each. (2011)
The National Waterways of India
N.W. NO. 1 (1620 Km): Allhabad to Haldia on the Ganga river
N.W. NO. 2 (891Km): Sadiya to Dhubri on Brahmaputra river
N.W. NO. 3 (205Km): West coast canal in Kerala ( Kottapuram- Kollan, Uddagmandal and Chamkara canals)
N.W. NO. 4 (1078Km): Parts of Godavari and Krishna rivers along with Kakinada Puducherry stretch of canals
N.W. NO. 5 (558K Km): Parts of Brahmaputra river along with Matai river, delta channels of Mahanadi and
Brahmani rivers and East-Coast Canal.

Major Sea ports of India

Coastline of India- 7516.6 Km
12 major ports and 187 minor ports
I. Western-Coast Port
Kandla Port
• Located in Kachchh region

• First port developed after independence
• After the loss Karachi port to Pakistan It was established to ease volume of trade on the Mumbai port
• It is a tidal port
• It covers the Industrial belt- J &K, Haryana, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan and Gujarat
• Export and import of highly productive granary and Industrial products.
Mumbai Port
• Largest port of India

• spacious and well sheltered harbour
• Jawaharlal Lal Nehru port established to decongest Mumbai port
Marmagao Port
• It is located in Goa
• The premier iron ore exporting port of the country
• Handles 50%of iron export of India
New Mangalore Port
• Located in Karnataka
• Exports iron ore concentrates from Kudremukh Mines in Karnataka
Kochchi Port
• Extreme south -western port of India

• It is natural harbour also
• located at the entrance of lagoon
II. Eastern Coast port
Tuticorin Port:
• Located in Tamil Nadu

• The extreme South Eastern port of India
• Has a natural harbour also
• Has rich hinterland
• Handles large varieties of cargoes even to Sri Lanka, Maldives

Chennai Port
• One of the oldest artificial port

• Ranks second after Mumbai in terms of volume of trade and cargo
Vishakhapatnam Port
• Deepest, landlocked and well protected port
Paradwip Port
• Located in Odisha
• Specialises in the export of Iron
Kolkata Port
• It is an inland riverine port

• It is a tidal port
• Serves a very large hinterland of Ganga Brahmaputra basin
• It requires constant dredging of Hoogly
Ports meant to decongest other ports
• Jawaharlal Nehru Port to decongest Mumbai port

• Haldia to decongest Kolkata port
Communication
Mass communication has become very strong and deeper in this era of electronic media and internet services. Now
communication plays a vital role in the dissemination of information in quickest time.
• A powerful medium of entertainment, information, education

• It creates awareness among people about various national programmes and policies
• Broadcast a variety of entertainment, educational and sports programmes for different categories of
people
• Important source of information and news during calamities and disasters.
• In this era of internet has brought the world together helping in globalisation.
Radio
• Broadcast a variety of programs in different languages
• Has deepest reaches to remotest part of India
• AIR provides covers to 98%of population
Door darshan
• National TV channel of India
• One of the largest terrestrial networks in the world
• Broadcast variety of programs
Print media-Newspapers are published in about 100 languages and dialects and most of them are in
Hindi.
Cinema- India is the largest producers of feature films. The Central Board of Film Certification certifies
that India and foreign films.

Mail System in India

(i) First Class Mails: cards, parcel, envelopes and personal written letters. These are carried over land and
air
(ii) Second Class Mails: Books, packets, registered newspapers, and periodicals. These are carried via surface
mail
(iii) Mail Channels: For quick delivery six mail Channels-have been set up
1. Rajdhani Channel 5. Bulk Mail Channel

2. Metro Channel 6. Periodical Channel
3. Green Channel
4. Business Channel
International Trade
• Trade between two countries is called international trade. Export and import Board Questions:
What is trade? Explain the
are the two components of International trade.
importance of international
trade. (Delhi 2016)
• Favourable balance of trade when exports are greater than imports (export >
imports).
• Unfavourable balance of trade when imports exceed exports (imports > export).
• India’s status in international trade is shown through its major exports and imports given below:
Commodities exported (Year-2011) Commodities imported (Year-2011)
1) Agriculture and allied products – (9.9%) 1) Petroleum and petroleum products- (28.6%)
2) Ores and minerals – (4%) 2) Pearls and precious stones - (9.4%)
3) Gems and jewellery – (14.7%) 3) Chemicals – (5.7%)
4) Petroleum products (including coal) (16.8%) 4) Coal, cokes and briquettes – (2.7%)
5) Export of Information and technology 5) Machines – (6.4%)
6) Bulk imports – fertilizers, cereals, edible oils,
newsprint etc
International Trade is the barometer and index of economic prosperity of a country

i. Resources are space bound that makes countries interdependent and therefore no Board
Questions:
country can survive without international trade to fulfil the needs of the country. “The
advancement of
ii. A strong economy is measured by more nad more exports earn valuable foreign international
trade of a
exchange to pay for the imports. country is an
index of its
iii. International trade has changed with time and exchange of commodities and economic
development.”
goods have been superseded by the exchange of information and knowledge.
Justify the
iv. India has emerged as a software giant and export of information and technology statement. (2011.
14, 2017)
brings large foreign exchange in India.
v. A favourable balance of trade and international good value of national currency are
the mark of economic prosperity of a country.

Tourism as a Trade
i. India has vast potential for tourism and it need to be expanded in

Board Questions:
“Tourism industry in India has grown
all parts of India. substantially over the last three
decades”. Support the statement.
ii. Substantial growth in tourist sector in the last 3 decades is shaping (2017)
it as an industry as it generates huge income. Define the term tourism. Why is

tourism known as trade? Explain.
(2016)
iii. 15 million people are directly engaged in tourist sector.
iv. Over 2.6 million foreign tourists visit India every year for eco-tourism, adventure-tourism, cultural-
tourism, medical-tourism and business tourism.
v. It contributed around 64.889 crores as foreign exchange in 2010.
vi. Tourism industry also provides support to local handicrafts.
vii. Tourism also promotes national integration and helps in development of international understanding of
Indian culture and heritage.
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Sir
Session: 2019-20 Notes | By Ajeet Sir
Development
Economics – Class 10
Development means progress, improvement and economic betterment in comparison to the

previous state of situations and conditions. Development also means fulfilment of one’s desires
and aspirations.
Examples: A landless farmer would consider it a development if he gets to have his own land
CHARACTERISTICS OF DEVELOPMENT
Different people can have different developmental goals.
 Development does not have same meaning to all because of their different situations,
desires and aspirations.
 A farmer, dependent on rain, would aspire for better irrigation facilities.
 An unemployed youth would have goals of getting employment of his choice.
 A girl would desire for more freedom and gender equality.
People can have conflicting goals … (Development of one may not be the development for the other)
It may also that the people can have conflicting goals and development of one may be
destructive and detrimental for other.
 An industrialist would prefer building of dams for regular supply of electricity for industries
this goal would conflict with the goals of the people who will be displaced (such as tribals)
due to building of the dam. It will affect and disrupt their lives.
 A girl would want or desire for same freedom as her brother. She would also like to see
him work in kitchen also. This goal of gender equality may not be liked by her brother.
 A labourer would desire for more wages and less working hours but his employer would
have different goal of paying less and taking more hours of work from his labourers.
People look at mix of goals… (Income and other goals)
 Better wages and more income are common goals but money and material goods (that
money can buy) are not all that we need to live well or lead a quality life. Besides income,
people seek or want other non-material things that they need to live well.
 Freedom, equal treatment, safety, respect of others, better working conditions, non-
discriminatory atmosphere are also important goals of life other than the goal of more
income.
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Class 10 Economics Chapter: Money and credit | Ajeet Sir
 Our parents, friends, relatives, co-staff, national development and the likes may be goals
that mean a lot to us and we would consider them important than the desire for more
income.
People can have different as well as conflicting notions of national development
 Since people have different individual goals and so they can have different ideas, opinions
and notions of development.
 It is difficult to decide which opinions are right need to be followed. In this situation, it is a
better way to adopt that path which would benefit the maximum people and harming the
least.
COMPARISON OF COUNTRIES
Countries can be compared on the basis of their total income but total income can be
misleading criterion because countries differ by size and population. So, Average Income can
be a criterion to classify countries as developed or less developed.
World Bank Report
 World Bank takes into account the P.C.I (per capita income) to prepare its annual report
to classify economies countries.
 Per capita Income is got by dividing the total income of the country by its total
population.
 In year 2017, Countries with per capita income of US$ 12,056 per annum and above are
called rich and those with per capita income of US$ 955 or less are called low-income
countries. India comes in the middle-income country with just US$ 1820 per annum in
2017.
 But the income or wealth is an inadequate measure of development. There are other
factors like education and health that affect human development.
Human Development Report (HDR)
 This report is produced annually by United Nations Development Programmes (UNDP)
 The criteria of HDR are –
 Per capita Income (Avg. Income)- It shows the economic wealth and well to do
condition of the people in materialistic terms.
 Life Expectancy (Health) – It shows the availability of medical & health facilities like
doctors, hospitals, medicines etc. Japan and Hong Kong lead the Life expectancy index.
It is rightly said, “A sound mind resides in a healthy body”.
 Literacy Rate (Education) – It shows the availability of schools, teachers and other
higher educational institutions that are easily available to citizens. It is said that
“Knowledge is power” and this power is needed for intellectual wealth of a country.
 HDR removes the shortcomings of the Word Bank Report by including other criteria
linked to human development like – education and health status of the people of the
country.
HDI (Human Development Index- established by UNO in 1990)
HDI is part of HDR (prepared by UNDP) and it ranks the countries on the basis of their
achievements in socio-economic fields liked to human development. It is prepared by using
certain development criteria – Health (Life expectancy at birth) Education (expected years of
schooling and net enrolment ratio in schools) and Per capita income (Standard of living)
Body Mass Index (BMI)
It shows the nourishment level of adults. It is calculated by dividing weight (in Kg) by the
square of the height.
Different BMI categories:
Below 18.5 - undernourished 25 to 30 – over weight
18.5 to 25- normal weight Above 30 - obese
INCOME AND OTHER CRITERIA
 Individual aspirations and goals are a mix of better income and other goals like security,
respect for others, equal treatment, freedom etc.
 When we think of a nation or a region, we must consider equally important attributes

like income, health and education standard of people to assess development in human
terms.
 A region with better income may lack in health and education of its people and a region
with low income can excel in health and education standard of its people like Kerala in
India.
PUBLIC FACILITIES
The concept of public facilities refers to providing goods and services collectively with a view to
make them available such facilities to more and more people.
Why we need public facilities?

Because - “Money in your pocket cannot buy all the goods and services that you need to live well.”
 Examples: Money cannot buy us a pollution-free environment or unadulterated

medicines, unless you can afford to shift to a community already having all these things.
 Only money alone cannot protect us from infectious diseases unless the people living in
our community take preventive steps.
 Collective security, PDS, public schools, Hospitals etc. are meant for public as a whole.
SUSTAINABILITY OF DEVELOPMENT
Whatever resources we use today should be used in a way that they are available to the future
generations also-the forest, land the natural resources, all should be used in a preserving and
not damaging manner so that they are able to sustain the future generations also.
“We have not inherited the world from our forefathers, we have
borrowed it from our children”
Consequences of environmental degradation do not respect national or state boundaries
The environmental degradation or damage- Global warming, dry seasons, excessive snow fall,
melting of ice caps etc affects are not region or nation specific. The polluted environment of
India will have effects also, on its neighbouring countries.
Sustainability is a new knowledge area which was the main part of Agenda 21.
o Scientists, economists, philosophers and other social activists are questioning the current
development model of countries.
o The anxiety today is – where we are heading, where we are leading the world today…what
about the future condition of the environment and natural resources.
o We can easily conclude that, sustainability is the need of the hour to sustain our future
generations.
1
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Sectors of the Indian economy

Economics
Class–10
SECTORS OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES
People are engaged in different economic activities. These economic activities can be grouped or
classified into different sectors – Primary, Secondary and Tertiary.
Primary Sector – (Produces natural goods)

• Natural products like wheat, milk etc are produced by exploiting natural resources.
• Natural factors like sunshine, rain play their roles in the production process.
• E.g. Agriculture, dairy, fishing, forestry and other agriculture related activities come in this sector.
• This sector is called Primary because it forms base for other sectors.
Secondary Sector – (Produces manufactured goods)
• Includes those manufacturing industrial activities that change natural products into other forms.
• E.g. Wheat is a natural product but it is changed into flour which is not a direct natural product.
Similarly cotton fibre is a natural product but it is spun into yarn and then woven into clothe.
• Goods are not produced by nature but in factories, industries, workshops or at homes.
Tertiary Sector – (Provides service to the other sectors)
• The activities of this sector include services that help in the development of other sectors.
• This sector does not produce any goods but helps in the production process of other sectors.
• E.g. Transport, communication, banking etc. It also includes essential services like tailoring,
education, hospitals, barbers, lawyers, teachers etc.
INTERDEPENDENCE OF THE THREE SECTORS

• Sugar Mills (secondary) would shut down if farmers refuse sell sugarcane (Primary product)
• Cultivation of cotton (primary) would suffer if companies decide not to buy Indian cotton.
• Farmers use tractors, pump sets, electricity, fertilisers provided by secondary sector
• Strike of transporters and lorries (Service sector) would affect supply and prices would go up
making suffer both urban people and farmers would not be able to sell their products.
Economics: Class -10 Chapter: Sectors of the Indian economy - AjeeT Sir
2
COMPARING THE THREE SECTORS
• A very large number of goods and services are produced in these three sectors and also a large
number of people are employed in these three sectors. Also, there could be one or more sectors
dominant in terms of total productions and employment. Now, how to count these numbers of
goods and services produced?
• Counting them in their physical terms is almost impossible.
• We can count the final values of the goods and services produced in each sector in a year to find
out the total amount of production in that year.
GDP (Gross Domestic Product)

• GDP is the final monetary value of all the goods and services produced within a country during a
particular year.
• GDP shows how big an economy is and GDP growth rate is an important economic indicator of
the economic performance or health of a country.
• GDP is calculated by The Central Statics Office (CSO) under the central government Ministry of
Statics and Program Implementation. CSO coordinates with various state and central government
agencies and departments to collect data.
Historical Changes in Sectors

• The histories of many developed countries show that the Primary Sector was the most important
sector of economic activity.
• Food production increased with the change in methods of farming. Now, people picked up other
activities like – craftsmanship, trading, getting into administration and army, transport etc
• Industrial revolution brought people in manufacturing sector. Secondary sector gradually became
more important.
• In the past 100 years, there has been a further shift from secondary to tertiary sector in developed
countries with more people getting employment there.
The Scenario of historical changes in sectors in India
The graphs clearly show that the

Tertiary sector has grown the most
over the 40 years.
It means that the Tertiary Sector

has become more important in
the Indian Economy as it
contributes more to GDP than
the other two sectors.
3
Rising Importance of the Tertiary Sector in Production
• People need some basic services like – hospitals, post offices, educational institutions, police
stations, courts, defence, transport etc.
• The growth in agricultural and industrial sector increases need for services like – transport, trade,
communication, storage, etc.
• When income level rises, people demand for services like – eating out, shopping, tourism and
travelling, private hospitals and schools, professional training etc.
• The new services like internet access, Information and Technology (IT Sector) are in great
demand.
• Many different kinds of people are employed in service sector. Some highly skilled and educated
earn high while many are employed in small earning jobs due to lack of alternative opportunities.
WHERE ARE MOST OF THE PEOPLE EMPLOYED?

Primary sector employs more than 50 % of the population but produces only a quarter of GDP. The
secondary and the tertiary sectors produce around 3/4th of GDP but employ less than half of the people.
It means there are more people employed in agriculture than needed or they are underemployed.
Underemployment or Hidden Employment or Disguised Unemployment

• Disguised employment is that kind of unemployment where more than necessary number of
people are engaged in a work activity.
• If this extra labour force is removed, production will not be affected.
• It is called disguised Unemployment because all appear to be working though they contribute less
than their potential as more men are employed than needed.
• This kind of underemployment is hidden in contrast to those who are jobless and unemployed.
• Example: Agriculture sector employs more than 50% people but contributes the least to the GDP.
It is because of hidden employment. This surplus hiddenly employed force can be engaged in
other places where their potential could be fully utilised and they contribute to the production.
Disguised Unemployment in Rural Sector
There are lakhs of farmers like Laxmi and her family members (textbook example) who are suffering
from hidden employment. The under employed people can be employed elsewhere and it would
increase productivity as well as the income of the family.
Disguised Unemployment in Urban Sectors
A lot of casual workers are engaged in earning their livings like – plumbers, painters, repair persons,
street vendors, rikshaw drivers etc. They do not earn same every day. They may spend the whole day
but earn very little i.e. their efforts are not converted to earnings.
4
Need for creation of more employment opportunities
Now, the question arises as why we find disguised employment? It is so because the people in rural
areas don’t have other opportunities and options available except going to their family plots of land.
This extra underemployed force can be productive when employed somewhere else. But it will require
creation of employment opportunities to absorb this extra labour force.
How to create more Employment?

• Government has a greater role to play in creating opportunities of employment to absorb the
underemployed in rural and semi-rural areas. The following points highlight the way people can be
employed and their income increased.
• Banks can provide credit at reasonable rates of interest to farmers. They can use it to dig wells,
buy seeds and fertilizers and other agricultural inputs and implements.
• Building and construction works like dams and canals to employ people.
• Building and increasing transport facilities to connect remote rural areas, provide storage for
crops.
• Local industries can be promoted in rural ands semi-rural areas. Dal-mills, honey collection
centres in forest areas, vegetable processing industries for potatoes, rice and fruits etc.
• If more children want to study then more buildings, teachers would be required. The Planning
Commission (Now replaced by NITI Ayog) had estimated 20 lakhs new jobs alone in education
sector.
• Improving health facilities would require more doctors, nurses etc.
• Regional potential (like in J&K) can generate employment in tourism, regional craft and industry.
Planning Commission had estimated additional employment to 35 lakhs new people every year by
improving tourism sector.
Right to Work (MGNREGA- Mahatma Gandhi Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005)
• To enhance livelihood security, Right to Work (Part IV, Article 41) was enacted in 2005 and
implemented as MGNREGA in 625 districts.
• It guarantees 100 days of employment in a financial year in rural areas.
• Unemployment allowances to be given if govt. fails to provide employment.
• The types of work aim at creating rural assets like ponds and enhancing land productivity, water
conservation, agricultural and allied activities, rural sanitation, irrigation and canal maintenance
work etc.
• MGNREGA 2005 was praised by world Bank Report also as an example rural empowerment.
5
DIVISION OF SECTORS AS ORGANISED AND UNORGANISED SECTORS
Organised Sector
• They are registered with government.
• Terms of employment are regular.
• Rules and regulations are followed under different labour services Acts- Factories Act, Minimum
Wages Act, Shops and Establishments Act.
• Formal process of employment with appointment letter
• Job security, fixed numbers of hours, paid overtime, weekly holidays etc.
• Several other benefits like paid leaves, provident fund, gratuity, medical benefits etc.
• Better working conditions, proper hygiene and safe drinking water
• Examples: Government jobs and jobs in Branded Companies like Microsoft, Google, Tata and
Reliance Industries
Unorganised Sector
• Employment is spread across small and scattered units.
• largely out of the control of the government.
• Rules and regulations are not properly followed.
• No job security, irregular work, low paid salary, no paid leaves or paid overtime, no holidays.
• No provident fund, no gratuity, no medical benefits.
• Whims of the employer also matters as they can ask the workers to leave job any time.
• Examples: Doing small jobs like street vendors, repair workers, workers in shops, small farmers.
How to Protect workers in Unorganised Sector?

The workers in unorganised sector need protection because they are exploited, get low-paid irregular
and concerns of job security haunts them every time.
Protection in Rural Areas
• Landless agricultural labourers, small and marginal farmers, share coppers and artisans like
weavers, blacksmiths, goldsmiths, carpenters are part of this sector.
• Around 80% of rural households are small and marginal farmers who need protection.
• Government can help them by timely delivery of seeds, agricultural inputs, credits, storage
facilities and providing marketing outlets.
6
Protection in Urban Areas
• This sector comprises workers in small-scale industry, casual workers in construction, trade and
transport, street vendors, headload workers, rag pickers, garment makers etc.
• Government can help the small-scale industry in procuring raw material and marketing of output.
Protection to Scheduled Castes, Tribes and Backward Communities
• Besides irregular work, social discrimination is faced by people from such communities.
• Government can ensure their social and economic empowerment. Though there are provisions
like reservations in jobs but it is not relevant in unorganised sectors.
SECTORS IN TERMS OF OWNERSHIP - Public and Private Sectors
Public Sector
The government is the owner most of the assets and provides all the services.
Example: Railways, banking (like SBI), public libraries, highways etc
Private Sector
Private individuals or companies are the owner of assets and delivery of services.
Example: TISCO (Tata Iron and Steel Company) Reliance Industries, ICICI Bank Limited
Comparative Study of Public & Private Sectors

• Government in public sector acts not with profit motive but private sector acts with motive of
profit.
• Government raises money through different taxes but the private sector charges high price to
provide goods and services to maximise profit.
• Government is capable of venturing into projects involving large spending (like building dams,
railways, harbours, generating electricity etc.) but such spending is beyond the capacity of private
sector.
• Government provides subsidy on essential products but private would not do so.
• Unlike private sector, Modern day governments are welfare governments and therefore have the
primary responsibilities like providing education and health facilities, safe drinking water, housing
facilities, food and nutrition for the poor.
• It is the duty of the government to take care of the poorest and the most ignored regions of India
where the private sector will not have any stake.
Money and Credit

Economics
Class-10
__________________________________________________________
Money
Since the beginning of known history, humans have directly exchanged goods and services with one another in a
trading system called barter system. The limitations of barter system led to the evolution of currency system that is
part of modern economies today.
Barter System
• A system of buying and selling where direct exchange of goods for goods and services takes place.
• No money is involved in bartering
• Double coincidence of wants is an essential feature of barter system of exchange.
Double coincidence of wants: The situation of barter exchange in which both the parties or persons agree
and are ready to sell and buy each other’s goods.
Example of exchanging shoes for wheat: The shoe maker wants to buy wheat in exchange of shoes. Here the
two coincidences area:
(i) A person who wants to buy shoes
(ii) The same person wants to sell wheat
Money and its different forms

Money is an intermediate common measure of value that is accepted as a medium of economic exchanges by
both the sellers and the buyers. The countries have their own national currency system issued as legal tender
by their governments.
Functions of money:
• Money acts as a common measure of value for different goods and services.
• Money acts as a medium of exchange in an economic system.
• Removes the need for double coincidence
• Money has store of value
Modern Forms of money:
Currency: Board Questions:
Modern currency includes coins and paper notes. In earlier times 1. “Banks are efficient medium of
the Indians used cattle and grains as money. Later coins of gold, exchange.” Support this statement
silver and copper came into use. The problem associated with with arguments. (Delhi 2017)
metallic coins led to evolution of paper notes. 2. What are demand deposits? Explain
any three features of it. (2016)
Deposits with bank (bank money) 3. What are modern forms of money?
• People open bank accounts to deposit their surplus money (2013)
with bank.

• Bank pays interest on their deposits. So, depositor earns extra amount on their deposits in the form of
interest.
• The deposits in the bank accounts can be withdrawn on demand and are called demand deposits.
• Along with currency, demand deposits also constitute money as they are accepted means of payment
via the following different modes.
Cheque facility:
• Cheque facility is provided by bank to the depositors to make payment without the use of cash.
• Cheque can be issued against demand deposits to transfer money from the account of the issuer of the
cheque to the person in whose name the cheque has been issued.
Online transfer of bank money:
• The demand deposits are also used to settle payments through online transfer of bank money through
NEFT, RTGS, UPI, bank debit and credit cards.
• Online mode of transfer of demand deposits has increased since the demonetization of Indian economy
in the year 2016.
Deposits with the banks are beneficial for individual as well as for the nation
Beneficial for the individual Board Questions:
• People’s money is supposed to be safe with banks. 1. ‘How deposits with the banks
• Bank pays interest on deposits made by people are beneficial for the
individual as well as for the
• People can get loan from banks in the form of house and education nation.’ Examine the
loans or agricultural loans. statement. (2015, 2016)
2. How do bans play an
• Cheque and online transfer facilities make transaction easy and important role in the
secure without the use of cash. economy of India? (2011, 15)
Beneficial for the nation

• Banks extend loan facility at cheaper and reasonable rates for different economic development
purposes.
• Credit from banks help in the agricultural, industrial and infrastructural development of the nation.
• Banks play major role in promotion of international trade.
Modern currency as accepted medium of exchange

Board Questions:
• Modern currency is authorised by the government of a country. 1. Why is modern
currency accepted as
• In India, Reserve Bank of India (RBI) issues currency notes on behalf of
medium of exchange
Central Government of India. without any use of its
own? (Delhi 2015)
• No other individual or organisation is allowed to issue currency.
2. Why is rupee widely
• The law legalises the use of rupee as a medium of payment that cannot accepted as a medium
be refused in settling transactions in India. of exchange? (2013)
• No individual in India can legally refuse a payment made in rupees in India.
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Loan activities of banks

Board Questions:
• Banks act as mediators between the depositors (who have surplus 1. Explain any three loan
money) and the borrowers (who need money). activities of banks in
• Banks keep only a small proportion of their deposits to pay the India. (2017)
depositors who may come to withdraw money from their saving 2. How do banks mediate
accounts. between those who
• In India, banks keep about 15% of their deposits. have surplus money
and those who need
• The major portion of the deposits is used by banks to extend loans to
money? (2011)
the people for various economic needs.
• Banks charge higher rate of interest on loans and pays comparatively less interest on deposits. The
difference between the interest received from borrowers and the interest paid to the depositors is the
income of the bank.
Credit (loan) arrangements

Credit refers to agreement in which the lender supplies the borrower with money, goods or services in return
for the promise of future payment. Credit arrangements can differ in different situations of lending and
borrowing.
Two different credit situations

Vital and positive role of credit
Board Questions:
• Credit helps people in establishing and running their business. 1. Explain with examples
the role of loan in
• It helps in promoting agricultural production and small-scale industries. business. (2017)
• House loans and education loans help people in construction of houses
2. What is credit?
and promoting education of their children. Describe the vital and
positive role of credit.
• In rural areas, farmers need credit to buy seeds, fertilizers, pesticides
(2015, 16)
etc. They take loan in the beginning of the crop season and repay the
3. ‘Credit has its unique
loan after harvest. role in for
development.’ Justify
• Credit is supposed to increase income and raise standard of living.
the statement with
• Example: Salim (in textbook) obtained loans from two sources to meet arguments. (2016)
the expenses of production and completed the production in time. This
way he increased his earnings. Credit made his life better off than before.
Bad and debt-trap effect of credit

Board Questions:
Describe the bad effects
• Usefulness of credit depends on the risk in the situation and may worsen
of informal sources of
the condition. There should be some support in cases of loss. credit on borrowers.
• Farmers in rural areas take loan mostly from informal sources like money (2019)
lenders.
• Loans from informal sources are costly and eats up larger part of income of the borrowers.
• Crop failure or inability to repay loan worsens the situation and the borrower has to sell his or her
assets like land.

• Example from textbook: Swapna had to sell part of her land to pay off the loan she had taken from the
moneylender because the debt had grown over the year into a large amount. Credit left Swapna worse
off than before.
Terms of credit
• Terms of credit refers to conditions and requirements that need to be fulfilled to obtain loan.
• A specified rate of interest that the borrower must pay along with the principal amount.
• Lender may demand collateral as security against loan.
• The formalities of formal sector loans require proper documents to sanction loan.
• Mode of payment of loan is also a part of credit arrangement in which the loan is being sanctioned.
• The terms of credit are not always same and vary depending upon the nature of lender and the
borrower.
Collateral and its importance

Board Questions:
• Collateral is asset that the borrower owns (such as land, building,
1. Explain the importance of
vehicle, livestock, deposits with bank. collateral. (2019)
• Collateral is demanded by the lender because collateral acts as 2. Why do banks and lender
demand collateral? (2016, 19)
security against loan.
• Collateral helps in ensuring that the borrower is financially strong to repay the loan.
• If the borrower fails to repay the loan then the lender has the right to sell the asset or collateral to
recover the due amount.
Formal and informal sectors of credit (loan)
Formal Sector Credit Informal Sector Credit Board Questions:

1. Why are service
1. No proper formal process and
1. Formal process is required like conditions of
collateral may not be a condition for
collateral and proper documents. formal sector
loan
loans better
2. Unreasonably hight rate of interest
2. A reasonable rate of interest is than informal
is charged and may lead the
charged. sector? Explain.
borrower into debt trap.
(2019)
3. Objective of social welfare is a part 3. Maximisation of profit is the motive 2. Mention three
of formal loaning points of
difference
4. Reserve Bank of India supervises the 4. Reserve Bank of India does not between
functioning of banks supervise the informal sector formal and
informal sector
5. Rich urban households mostly seek 5. Poor households depend mostly on loan. (2012,
loan in formal sector. informal sector 2016)
6. Example: Moneylenders, traders,

6. Example: Banks and cooperatives
employers, friends and relatives.

Supervision of banks by Reserve Bank of India (RBI)

• RBI monitors and ensure that minimum cash balance is maintained by banks.
• RBI sees that banks distribute credit not only to big businessmen but also to small cultivators and
small-scale industry.
• Banks have to periodically submit report regarding their lending, their borrowers and rate of interests
charged.
• RBI also sees that banks also consider the welfare of public and provide cheaper and affordable credits.
Loans in informal sources should be discouraged

• Around 85% of poor households in urban areas take loan from Board Questions:
‘The credit activities of informal
informal sources like moneylenders, traders, employers, friends
sector should be discouraged’.
and relatives. Support this statement with
arguments. (2016)
• Borrowings from informal sources are costly because the informal
sector charges high rate interests.
• Most part of the borrowers goes in paying off debt and they are left with less income.
• In certain cases, amount to be repaid is greater is greater than the income of the borrower. Such a
situation leads to debt trap and painful conditions.
• Example from textbook: Swapna had to sell part of her land to pay off the loan she had taken from the
moneylender because the debt had grown over the year into a large amount.
Cheap and affordable credit is crucial for the country’s development

• The high cost of borrowing in informal sector exploits the poor Board Questions:
people and their earnings. Inability to pay loans lands the 1. Describe the importance of formal
sources of credit in the economic
borrower in debt trap and they have to sell their asset to pay off development. (2019)
the debt. 2. Why is it necessary to increase
large number of banks in mainly in
• To prevent people from seeking loans from informal sector, rural areas? Explain. (2019)
3. Explain any three reasons for
formal sector banks and cooperative societies should be banks and cooperative societies to
accessible to people and need to lend more and more increase their lending facilities in
rural areas. (2019)
particularly in rural areas. 4. How can the formal sector loan be
made beneficial for poor farmers
• It would reduce dependence on informal sources of credit.
and workers? Suggest any five
• The people could borrow cheaply for variety of needs. People measures. (2016)
5. Why is it necessary that banks and
could grow crops, do business, setup industries or trade in cooperatives increase their
goods. All this ultimately contribute to infrastructure and lending in rural areas? Explain.
(2012, 16)
economic development of the country.
• Formal credit sector need to expand so that everyone receives the loans and credit is distributed
equally to provide benefits of cheap credit to small borrowers also.

• The income of people would rise as they will not have to pay high rate of interests as they have to do for
informal sector loans.
• We can say that the formal sector of credit goes well with the concept of welfare government and helps
in the economic development of the country.
Poor households are still dependent on informal sources of credit

• Banks are not present everywhere in rural India whereas informal Board Questions:
sources are present everywhere in the form of moneylenders, ‘Most of the poor households are
still dependent on informal
traders, employers, friends and relatives.
sources of credit.’ Explain the
• Getting loan from banks is comparatively much more difficult than statements. (2012)
taking loan from informal sources.
• Absence of collateral is a major reason that prevents people from approaching banks to apply for loan.
In formal sector the lender knows the borrower and is ready to give loan without collateral.
• The borrowers in formal sector have to clear due amounts before applying for fresh loans while
borrowers can ask for repeated loans even before paying off the earlier loans. Example: Swapna took
another loan from the moneylender before repaying the earlier loan.
• Moneylenders exploit the exigencies of people by charging high rate of interests on their loans and also
harass the poor borrowers.
Self Help Groups (SHGs)

Self Help Groups (SHGs) are the building blocks of organisations of poor people particularly women who come
together to pool their savings, provide loans to borrowers at reasonable rates and make women self-reliant and
generate employment opportunities for women.
Organisation of SGHs
• Women in near neighbourhood areas organise themselves into small Self Help Groups.
• A typical membership of a SHG ranges from 15 to 20.
• Regular saving of group members ranges from Rs 25 to 100 or more depending on the ability to save.
• Meeting of the group is held regularly.
Loan system in SGHs
• The SGHs help borrowers overcome the problem of collateral by Board Questions:
giving loan to its members but the interest rate is less than the “‘Self help Groups’ help
borrowers overcome the problem
charge of moneylenders. of lack of collateral.” Examine the
• Regular savings increase the credibility and eligibility of the statements. (Delhi 2016)
groups to avail loan from bank.
• Loan is sanctioned in the name of the group to create self-employment opportunities for members.

• Borrowers can use small loans from the banks for releasing mortgaged land, meeting working capital
needs (e.g. buying seeds, fertilisers, raw materials like bamboo and cloth), for housing construction
materials, for acquiring assets like sewing machines, handlooms, cattle etc.
Decision process and disciplined repayment of loans in SGHs
• The group as a whole decides as on matters like – which loans to be granted, purpose and amount of the
loan, rate of interest and schedule of repayment of loans etc.
• Group members have to strictly follow the schedule of repayment. Any case of non-repayment of loans
by any member is seriously followed up by other group members.
• Banks consider the discipline of repayment record of SGHs and are willing to lend more even in the
absence of collateral as such.
Advantages of SGHs
• SGHs are the building blocks of organisations of the rural poor and women in particular.
• SGHs help borrowers overcome the lack of collateral.
• Members can get timely loans for variety of purposes and at reasonable interest rate.
• SGHs are an example of organisational and collective efforts toward their self-reliance.
• Regular meetings also provide a platform to discuss and decide some action on different social issues
such as health, nutrition, domestic violence, etc.

Session: 2019-20
Globalisation and the Indian Economy

Political Science
Class-10
I. Transformation of Markets
The globalisation has brought rapid transformation of the markets in India with the following effects:
• There is an explosion of brands in markets Board Questions:

1.How are our markets been transformed in recent
• Wide ranging choice of goods and services are years.? Explain with current examples. (2010)
available 2. A wide ranging of choice of goods and services are
available in the market. Support the statement with
• Quality products available at low prices
examples in context of globalisation. (2016)
• Leading manufacturers of the world have their
offices or factories in India
• The urban well-off section has made most of this transformation
• Example- Latest cars, mobiles, cameras etc.
II. MNC (Multinational Corporations)

A MNC is a company that owns and controls production in more than one nation. They spread their
production across countries. They have huge wealth even exceeding the budget of a developing country. All
this makes them very powerful and influential in international market.
III. Interlinking and control over production across countries

MNCs don’t produce all the goods on their own and at one single place. They operate in a number of countries
over a variety of products.
Board Questions:
1.Setting up factories or opening offices: 1.Examine any three conditions
which should be taken care of by
MNCs spread production by considering the following things. multinational companies to set up
their production units. (Delhi
• Availability of cheap skilled and unskilled labour force and other 2017)
resources.
2. Define any five factors that
Example- India has Skilled engineers and English educated youth
promote the Multi National
whom the MNCs can employ corporations (MNCs) to set up
• Closeness to the market their production units in a
• Favourable govt policies particular place. (Delhi 2019)
• Availability of other factors of production
2. Foreign Investment: MNCs invest money to buy assets like land, building and other equipment.
3. Routes to Controlling Production across countries:
• Joint Venture: MNCs start production jointly with local companies of different countries. Local
companies get benefit like-
 Local companies get money for further investment to enhance production process.
 Latest technologies are made available to local companies. E.g. Hero and Honda, Maruti and Suzuki
• Buying local companies: MNCs also expend their production by buying up local companies.
Example: American MNC Cargil Foods bought Parakh Foods to become the largest edible oil company
in India. Parle Group was taken over by Coca Cola of America.

• Engaging local small producers for production: MNCs place orders with local producers and sell the
products under their own brand name. Examples: garments, footwear, sports items, electrical goods,
toys, cosmetics etc.
4. Influence of MNCs:
• Because of their huge capital resources, latest technologies, and marketing skills MNCs determine
price, quality, delivery and labour conditions of local producers.
• Their influence is felt in global economy as around 200 MNCs control over quarter of the world
economic activities.
IV. Foreign Trade

Board Questions:
• Export and import are two important components of foreign trade 1.What are the benefits of
foreign trade?
• Goods travel between one market to another
2. State the basic functions of
• Choices of goods rises foreign trade. (2015)
• Prices of same goods tend to be equal
• Foreign trade is advantageous to consumers
• The country gets foreign investment
• Competition among distant producers is an important feature of foreign trade
V. Interconnecting and integrating of markets Board Questions:
• Since ages foreign trade has been an instrument in connecting Explain with examples how opening of
foreign trade results the markets in different
countries. India was also connected with South Asia and both countries. (20111)
east and west via different sea routes. How does foreign trade play an important
• Foreign trade gives opportunity to domestic producers role in integrating the market across the
countries? Explain. (2010, 11, 12)
compete and sell their goods and commodities in other
“Foreign trade integrates the markets in
countries different countries”. Support the statement
with arguments. (2015, 16)
• Import of goods expands the choices for the buyers. (e.g.
choice between Indian and Chinese toys)
• In this modern tech era with speedy transport and online facilities foreign trade has been more
instrumental in integrating and globalising the markets.
• E-retailer giants like Amazon and Alibaba Express are newer forms of connecting the world markets
Thus, we can say that foreign trade integrates and interconnects not only markets but at same time is
globalising the world.
VI. Globalisation:
Globalisation is a process the process of rapid integration or interconnection between countries. It is the
integration of domestic markets with the rest of the world through trade, capital and technology flows.
• Foreign trade plays a great role in the globalisation through integrating production and markets.
• Movement off the goods, services, investment, technology
• Movement of people between countries for better jobs and education, tourism etc.

• MNCs control most of the foreign trade. Thy paly a big role in globalisation. Example: Ford motors India
produces cars not only for India but also exports to other developing countries.
VII. Factors of globalisation (technology, liberalisation and WTO play a big role in globalisation)
(1) Role of technology in globalisation. Technological revolution in transportation and communication have
shrunk the time to cover distances. Now the world has become a global village.
• The transportation technology has helped in faster

Board Questions:
delivery of goods across long distances at lower low
Explain the role of technology in promoting the
costs. The use of containers has reduced the port globalisation process. (2017)
handling costs. “Rapid improvement in technology has been one

major factor that has stimulated the globalisation
• Telecommunication facilities have facilitated the instant process. Explain. (2008, 2014)
sharing of information. Satellite communication devices “Information and communication technology
have played a major role in spreading out
have facilitated the communication from remote areas.
products and services across countries.” Support
• Computer and the world of internet, e-mails, live the statement. (2012)
streaming and social networking sites are used to obtain Describe how IT helps in making globalisation
successful. (2014)
and share information at negligible costs.
• Online product launches, selling through e-retailers and online payment have integrated the world of
business
• Example: A publisher from England outsources the publication of a magazine from India and airlifts the
final output via air transport. Payment is made through e-banking.
(2). Role of Liberalisation of foreign trade on globalisation:
Removing trade barriers and restrictions from foreign trade is called liberalisation of foreign trade. It opens up
market to the world. It leads to globalisation
Steps taken by govt to liberalise foreign trade:
Around 1991, under the then Finance Minister Dr Manmohan Singh, liberalisation of Indian economy began.
• Govt tried to bring international competition in Indian market to make local producers improve their
performance.
• Trade barriers on foreign trade and were removed to a large extent.
• Goods could be now exported and imported easily
• Foreign companies could set up factories and offices
• Businesses feel free to decide upon import and export
Effect of liberalisation on India:
Board Questions:
• Boost to free trade practices
What is liberalisation? Describe any four effects on
• Rising competition and it’s positive/negative effects Indian economy. (2017, 2019)
on Indian economy
What steps were taken by the government to
• Increased foreign investment and FDI liberalise Indian economy? (2012)
• More economic integration of Indian market with
Explain the relation between liberalisation of foreign
the international market
trade and trade barriers. (2013)
• More import and setting up of SEZs
But liberalisation and rising competition has resulted in shutting down of many industries. The 'flexible-
employment policy put job security of workers at risk.

3.WTO: (164 members at present)

World Trade Organisation (WTO) was set up in 1 Jan, 1995 and India has been founder member.
Aims and functions:
• To liberalised international trade Board Questions:

• Establishes rules regarding international trade Describe any 5 characteristics of
WTO. (2013)
• See and ensure that rules of international trade are obeyed
Describe the function and
• It is also a forum for multilateral trade negotiations and settling of
importance of WTO. (2013)
trade related disputes
• Continuous economic research and analysis of international market and trade practices
Shortcomings of WTO:
• At times the “free an fare trade” concept is questioned

• It is dominated by developed countries
• Misused by developed countries to unfairly retain trade barriers
• Developing countries are forced to remove trade barriers
• For example- Developed country like America gives high subsidy to its farmers while at the same time
developing countries are asked not to support farmers.
VIII. Effect of globalisation on consumers

Board Questions:
• Globalisation has filled brought explosion of brands in markets
“Globalisation and competition among
• The quality of goods has been improved because Producers producers have been of advantageous to the
invested in new technologies consumers”. Give arguments in support of
this statement. (2009, 15, 16)
• Greater of choices in goods are available
• Competition tends to keep the prices of same products equal and low
• The urban area well-off section has benefited the most from globalisation. They can now enjoy a better
life.
IX. Effects of Globalisation on Indian Economy

The impact of globalisation is a mix of good and bad effects among Board Questions:
producers and workers.
Analyse any five positive effects of
Positive impacts: globalisation on the Indian
economy. (2017)
• Globalisation has been advantageous to consumers. (* see the topic What is globalising? Explain two
“effect on consumers”) positive and two negative impact of
globalisation. (2016)
• MNCs have increased their investment in industries like- cell phone,
What are the advantages of
automobiles, electronics, soft drinks, fast food and services like banking globalisation? (2011)
• Local raw material supplier companies have prospered Describe the impact of globalisation
on Indian economy. (2016)
• Top Indian companies have benefited from increased competition and
Analyse one good and one bad effect
successful collaboration with foreign companies of globalisation on India. (2009)
• Increase in FDI
• Globalisation has turned some Indian companies as Multi nationals – Tata Motors, Infosys, Asian Paints

• Employment and new opportunities have increased in service sectors like IT sector
• India has become a hub of cheap outsourcing in the fields of – data entry, accounting, administrative tasks,
engineering etc.
• Globalisation has benefited the urban well-off section to raise their standard of living.
Negative impacts due to high competition
On Producers-
• Rising competition has hit hard the small companies’ industries like- toys, tyres, plastics, dairy
products, batteries.
• Many industries have shut down or taken over by MNCs
• Example- case of Ravi in the text book, page 68
On workers – Board Questions:
• Hardships of the workers in industrial units and services have Explain in what ways has
increased competition affected workers,
• Many workers have lost their jobs Indian Exporters- and foreign
MNCs in the garment industry.
• Flexible policy toward employment has created uncertainty of jobs. (2013)
• Low wages and long working hours
• The workers of organised sectors resemble the unorganised sector.
Example- The case of a garment worker Shushila (NCERT textook page 69)
On Indian Exporters-
• Indian Garment Industry compete to get orders from MNCs at cheaper rates.
• To cut down labour costs they ‘flexibly' employ workers
• The workers are hired at low wages and have to do overtime also
Example- case of garment industry, page 69.
We can say that that globalisation has resulted in competition that has not been uniform. MNCs have
benefited as they are able to maximise their profits. But the workers are denied the fair share of benefits of
globalisation.
X. Attempts to make globalisation fair

Globalisation has been not fair to all. The benefits of globalisation are shared mostly among the educated,
skilled and wealthy people. The other lot has suffered by globalisation. Even WTO has not been fair to
developing countries.
Fair globalisation means-
• Creation of opportunities for all

• better sharing of benefits of globalisation.
Role of government to make globalisation fairer:

Board Questions:
• Govt must protect the interests of all the people of the How can the government of India play
a major role to make globalisation
• Labour laws be implemented properly
fair? Explain with examples. (2019)
• Workers should be given their rights Explain how globalisation can be
• Support for small producers till they are able to face competition made fair. (2010, 2014)
• Trade and investment barriers can be used to check import

• Govt can negotiate at the WTO for 'fairer rules'
• Govt can fight against the domination of developed countries at WTO by aligning with other developing
countries

Role of people:
At different important WTO meets people’s organisations and NGOs have campaigned and demonstrated against the
unfair trade and investment policies of WTO.
XI. Trade Barriers

Trade barriers refers to taxes imposed by govt in the form of import duties quantitative restrictions on foreign
goods. This economic control is used to regulate foreign trade and decide the kind and amount of goods to be
allowed for imports.
Use of trade barriers by govt after Independence:
Government resorted to trade barriers on foreign investment and trade for the following reasons.
Board Questions:
• To protect the domestic producers from foreign competition
What is trade barrier? Why did the
• During 1950s and 1960s the industries were just coming up Indian government put up trade
barriers after independence?
• At this nascent stage of industrialisation, the foreign competition Explain. (2011, 16)
would have adversely affected the growth of Indian industries
• But essential imports were allowed for items- machines, fertilizer, petroleum etc
Thus, owing to above reasons, govt of India adopted restrictive trade practices to save domestic producers
and growth of industries from foreign competition.
Removing of trade barriers:
• Govt wanted to improve economic situation suffering from slow growth, fiscal deficit, low foreign
exchange reserves etc. Board Questions:
• Govt thought Indian companies should face global competition Why did government remove
trade barriers? Explain with
• Global competition would improve the performance and quality of reason. (2013, 15)
domestic production
• The liberal policies were supported by international organisations
• Liberalisation of India began in around 1991 which still continues
XII. Government's attempts to attract foreign investment:

Both, central and state govt are taking special steps to attract foreign companies
• Special Economic Zones (SEZs) are being set up

Board Questions:
• Govt has allowed flexibility in labour laws so that workers could Explain three steps taken by govt to
be hired on temporary basis attract foreign investment. (2013)
• SEZs companies don’t need to pay taxes for the initial years.
• Govt is trying to provide single window clearance for most of the processes through online
XIII. Special Economic Zones (SEZs)

• The focus of SEZs are to attract foreign investment and MNCs
• Special emphasis is on exports
• World class facilities like water, electricity, roads, and transport, recreation, education are provided in
SEZs.
• The production units operating in SEZs do not have to pay taxes for an initial period of 5 years.

• Lands are provided at subsidized rates.

• Examples: Santa Cruz (Maharashtra), Cochin (Kerala), Kandla and Surat (Gujarat), Chennai (Tamil Nadu),
Benefits of SEZs:
Board Questions:
• Generation of additional economic activity
What are Special Economic Zones?
• Promotion of exports of goods and services Why have they been set up? (2012)
• Promotion of investment from domestic and foreign sources
• Creation of employment
• Development of infrastructure facilities

Power Sharing
Political Science
Class-10
__________________________________________________________
Power Sharing: It can be simply defined as distribution or sharing of power from a single source
(constitution) among different organs of government, different segments of society and other stake holders,
to accommodate diversity of the nation or simplify the administration.
The Case of Belgium

Ethnic Composition
• 59% Dutch-speaking Board
Questions
community living in Flemish
How is the
region ethnic
• 40% French-speaking people composition
of Belgium
live in Wallonia region very
• 1% German-speaking live in complex?
(2015, 17)
Wallonia region
• Capital City Brussels- 80% French-speaking and 20% Dutch-speaking people
Reasons of Conflict between the French and the Dutch speaking people
i. Belgium got its freedom in 1830 and since then the French- Board Questions
speaking community had been politically and socially more Describe the tension
that existed between
dominant in the country.
the Dutch and the
French-speaking people
ii. They were more qualified, educated, relatively rich and socially in Belgium. (2015)
and politically powerful.
iii. The Dutch-speaking community got the benefit of economic development and education
much later.
iv. This gap of prosperity and development created tensions between the two communities
during the 1950s and 1960s.
v. This tension was more visible and more acute in Brussels where the country wise majority
Dutch-speaking community was in minority.
1|7Pages © https://www.ncerttutorials.com Session: 2019 - 20

Class 10 Political Science Chapter: Power Sharing By Ajeet Sir
Policy of Accommodation in Belgium

The Belgium constitution was amended four times (between 1970 to 1993) to accommodate the regional differences and
cultural diversity. It was done so to keep the country united and check any division on linguistic basis.
The Belgian model of accommodation is unique and innovative. It comprises three types of governments- central govt. (federal
govt.), state govts. and community govts.
Board Questions
1. Explain any three elements
Central Government: The number of ministers from French- of Belgium model of power
speaking and the Dutch-speaking community are equal in sharing. (2013, 14)
2. Highlight the measures
number. It looks after the entire nation and has the powers over
adopted by the Belgian
the matters of national importance like defence, foreign policies Constitution for the prevention
etc. of conflicts in Belgium. (2012)
State Governments: Both, the Flemish and the Walloon region
have their regional governments. These state governments are not subordinate to the Central
govt. The state governments have power over matters relating to agriculture, transport,
education etc.
Brussels government: Like in the central govt. the number of ministers from the French and the
Dutch speaking communities are equal. The majority of the French-speaking community
accepted this equal representation in Brussels because the majority Dutch-speaking community
in the country accepted equal representation of the French-speaking community in the central
government.
Community Governments: The Dutch, French and the German speaking people elect their
Community Governments. In all there are three Community governments. The community govts.
Have powers regarding cultural, educational and language related matters.
Success of the policy of accommodation

• It has helped avoid civic strife between the two major communities of Belgium.
• Has checked any division of the country on linguistic lines.
• Belgium was chosen the headquarters of the European Union formed in 1993.
The Case of Sri Lanka

The major social groups in Sri Lanka
Sinhala-speakers (74%): Majority 74% speak Sihala language
and mostly follow Buddhism
Tamil-speakers (18%): Native Tamils are 13% and 5% are
Indian Tamils whose forefathers came in Sri Lanka as
planation workers during colonial period and settled there.
They are mostly Hindus or Muslims
Christians (7%): They come from both Sinhala and Tamil
communities.
2|7Pages © https://ncerttutorials.com
Policy of Majoritarianism in Sri Lanka

The earlier name of Sri Lanka was Ceylon. It got freedom in 1948. Unlike Belgium, the Sinhala community leaders adopted
majoritarianism in Sri Lanka. They tried to secure dominance over government and force their will on the other communities.
• The govt adopted series of measures to establish Sinhala supremacy.
• An Act in 1956 was passed to recognise Sinhala as the only Board Questions
official language disregarding Tamil. 1. What were the majoritarian
measures taken in Sri Lanka to
• Preferential policies were adopted to give Sinhala establish Sinhala supremacy?
applicants university positions and govt. jobs. (2010, 12)
• Provisions were made in constitution to protect and foster 2. Describe any three provisions
Buddhism as state religion. of the Act which was passed in
Sri Lanka in 1956 to establish
Sinhala supremacy. (2012)
Feeling of alienation among Tamils
The majoritarian measures taken by the Sihala dominated govt. increased the 3. What were the reasons for
feeling of alienation among Sri Lankan Tamils. the alienation of Sri Lankan
Tamils? What was the effect of
• Tamils felt that none of Sinhala dominated major political this on the country? (2010, 11,
parties was sensitive or pathetic to Tamil language and 12)
culture.
Note: While answering the
question of alienation, include
• They also felt that constitution and the government the points of majoritarianism
policies discriminated against them in favour of Sinhala also. For effect, use the topic
people. ‘Consequences of
majoritarianism’ and ‘Civil war’.
• They were denied equal political rights, no equal
opportunities in getting jobs and their interests were ignored.
• Govt. was practicing religious discrimination.
• This feeling alienation strained relations between the Sihala and Tamil communities.
Consequences of Majoritarianism: (Organisation of Tamils and

their demands) Board Questions
Sri Lankan Tamils started organising them by launching parties and several political organisations 1. Explain any
were formed by 1980s.Their demands included: three
• Recognition of Tamil as official language consequences of
the majoritarian
• Equal opportunities for Tamils in government jobs and educational institutions. policies adopted
• Regional autonomy in provinces dominated by Tamils. by the Sri Lankan
• By 1980s the demand for independent Tamil State increased in the North and Government.
(2012, 2017)
eastern part of Sri Lanka.
2. Mention any
• Ultimately the distrust between the two communities led to conflicts and finally three demands
turned into a Civil War. of Sri Lankan
Tamils. (2012)
Civil War (1983 to 2009)
• LTTE (Liberation Tigers of Tamil Elam) was the most furious of the Tamil political
organisations.
• The Civil War killed thousands of people of both the communities.
• Many left the country as refugees and many lost their livelihoods.
• The war proved as a terrible setback to the social, cultural and economic life of the
country.
• The war ended in 2009 with the killing of LTTE leader Prabhakaran.
Power Sharing is Desirable

Board Questions
Power sharing among different organs and different levels 1. “Power sharing is the very spirit of
of govt. and between different social groups is desirable democracy”. Justify the statement with three
due to following reasons: suitable points. (2012)
2. Why power sharing is necessary in a
Prudential Reasons: democracy? Explain. (2011, 14)
3. Give reasons why power sharing is desirable.
• It helps to reduce the possibility of social (2011)
conflict between social groups 4. Why is power sharing desirable? Give moral
reasons in this regard. (2012)
• It ensures stability of political order and 5. “Sharing of powers makes a country more
reduces chances of civil war like situations. powerful and united”. Do you agree with this
statement and why? (2017)
• Power sharing is supposed to bring better
outcomes as in Belgium.
• Majoritarianism may appeal for temporary gains but it undermines unity of the country in
the long run as in Sri Lanka.
Moral Reasons: (Importance of power sharing)
• Power sharing is the spirit of democracy and should be distributed among as many citizens
as possible.
• People are the source of political power and they must be consulted and have a say in the
decision-making process.
• Power is shared between the rulers (who exercise power) and the ruled who have to bear
the effect of the use of power by the rulers.
• Legitimate govt. is one that empowers citizen to participate and acquire stake in the
system.
• Power sharing is also a means to respect the diverse social groups.
• So, power sharing is desirable & necessary as it is valuable to and is the core of democracy.
Forms of power sharing

The idea of power sharing is just opposite to the notion of undivided political power that rests in the hands of a central
authority. The supporters of undivided political power contended that division of power would delay the decision making and
enforcing it. But the rise of democracy has changed this notion undivided central power.
Some Common Forms of Power Sharing

1. Horizontal Power Sharing (at same level)
• The power is shared among different organs of government. Different organs exercise
different powers. Board
Questions
• Generally, power is shared among three organs- legislature, executive What is
and judiciary and these organs are placed at the same level. horizontal
distribution of
• Separation of Powers: Different organs have different separate power?
Mention its any
powers to exercise. Such separation of powers ensures that none two
organ becomes too powerful. advantages.
(2012)
• System of Checks and Balances: Each organ checks the other from
going unlimited and unchecked.
• The executive (ministers and govt. officials) is accountable to the Parliament and State
Assemblies.
• Judges are appointed by the executive but judiciary has the power and jurisdiction over
laws passed by the Parliament
• This system of checks and balances ensures balance of power among the three organs.
• This balance of power is a main feature of the American Constitution.

2. Vertical or Federal division of Powers (at different levels)
• Power is shared among governments working at different levels.
• The constitution clearly lays down the division of powers of different levels of government.
• In India, the federal division of powers works at Board Questions

three different levels. 1. How can power be shared among
1. Central Government: The government for the government at different levels? Explain.
entire country. It is also called Union or federal (2014)
2. Explain the vertical division of power
government in other countries.
giving examples from India. (2012)
2. State Government: It is responsible for
administration of states. It is also called provincial or regional government in other countries.
3. Municipalities and Panchayats: These are the self-governing institutions. It is third and the
lowest level of government in India. Municipalities work at city level and panchayats at village
level.
Example: Belgium adopted federal division of power but Sri Lanka refused to do so
3. Power Sharing among different Social Groups

• It refers to accommodating social diversities by giving space in government and
administration to diverse social groups like the ones based on language, weaker sections
of society, minorities and women.
• The marginalised people or the minority don’t feel alienated if they get fair share in
power.
• Constitutional and legal arrangements give weaker sections and women representation in
legislatures and administration. In India women are given 1/3rd reservation in panchayat
elections.
• In India there are ‘reserved constituencies’ in assemblies and parliament. In future the
women may get 1/3rd reservation in the parliament of India.
4. Power sharing among political parties, pressure groups and movements
• Political parties: The competition among different political parties ensures that power
does not remain in one hand. In elections people give chance to other parties also. In the
long run other parties representing different ideologies and social groups can form
government and thus share power. If it is a coalition government then more than one
parties share power in running the government. Example- Atal Bihari Bajpayee govt
• Pressure groups: In a democracy different interest groups come into existence to look
after, promote, advance the interests of their respective groups like interest groups of
traders, businessman, industrialists (e.g. FICCI) farmers (e.g. All India Kisan Sabha),
students (ABVP). Pressure groups influence the decision-making process at government
level. The pressure or influence is created either by being member of government
committees or from outside.
• Movements: people or their leaders adopt different methods of agitation like strikes,
dharnas, processions, signature campaign, fasts etc to make government listen to their
demands. It represents the power of masses that government sometimes cannot ignore in
a democracy. In India we witness such agitations from time to time.
Class 10 Political Science Chapter: Federalism By Ajeet Sir
Federalism
Political Science
Class-10
__________________________________________________________
WHAT IS FEDERALISM
Federalism is a system of government in which power the power is divided between a central
authority (central govt.) and various constituent units (states) of the country. Central government
is meant for the entire country while the state governments are meant to look day to day
administration of their respective states.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN UNITARY AND FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
Unitary Federal
One level of government Two or more level of governments

Subunits are subordinate of central
State govts have their own independent power
government
Central government can pass orders to state Central government cannot pass orders to stat
governments. govts. To do something.
Examples: Sri Lanka, France, Spain, Italy The USA, India, Canada, Brazil, Belgium
MAIN FEATURES OF FEDERALISM
1. Two or more levels of government

2. The constitution specifies the jurisdiction (area or scope of authority) of respective level of
government in matters of legislation, taxation and administration.
3. The existence and authority of each tier of government is constitutionally guaranteed.
4. Different levels of government govern the same citizen.
5. Fundamental provisions of the constitution cannot be changed unilaterally by the central
government.
6. Courts have the powers to interpret the constitution as well as settle disputes between
governments.
7. Sources of revenue for each level of government are clearly specified to ensure financial
autonomy.
8. Dual objectives of federal system- (i) to safeguard and promote unity (ii) to accommodate
diversity.
9. Two ideal aspects of federal system – (i) mutual trust (ii) agreement to live together
TYPES OF FEDERATIONS
Coming Together Type Holding Together Type
Independent states come together to form a A country divides its own territory into several
bigger unit of federation. sub-units
Constituents states usually have equal powersCentral govt. is stronger than state governments
Examples: Sri Lanka, France, Spain, Italy The USA, India, Canada, Brazil, Belgium
Federal governments accommodate diversity. Belgium and India are good examples of it. Bigger
countries adopt federalism for effective and efficient administration.
WHAT MAKES INDIA A FEDERAL COUNTRY?

The constitution of India does not contain the world federation and declares India a ‘Union of
States’. But India is federal country because it fulfills the features of Federalism. There is three-
fold division of legislative powers between the union and the state governments through three
lists. The following points justify India as a federal country.
Union List
• Only the Union Govt. can make laws on the subjects mentioned in this list like
• It includes the subjects of national importance like defence, foreign affairs, banking,
currency.
State List
• Only state governments can make laws.

• It includes the subjects of state and local importance like- police, education.
Concurrent List
• Both the Union and the State governments can make laws on the subjects in the list
• Subjects of common interest – education, forest, agriculture, marriage etc.
Residuary Powers
• It includes all those subjects which are not on the above three lists. It is generally new
subjects like computer, cyber world.
• Union government has the powers to make laws.
Independent Judiciary
Judiciary has the power to interpret the constitution and settle disputes between the Union and
the State governments.
Financial Autonomy of States
Both the union and the state Govts. have the power of taxation to raise revenue to fund the
government and develop the state.
Special status of States (all sates do not have equal powers)
• Jammu and Kashmir was given status under article 370.

• It had its own constitution and all provisions of the constitution did not apply there.
• Non-permanent residents could not buy property there.
• This special status was withdrawn on 5 august, 1019 by scrapping article 35 and abrogating
special status clauses of the Article 370.
Union territories
• These are smaller units of India which could not be made a state or merged with other
states.
• Currently there are 9 union territories.
• These are directly governed by the Central governments.
• Examples: Chandigarh, Delhi
Procedure of Amendment or changes to the constitution
• No government can alone change provisions of the constitution like the provision of power
sharing.
• The Amendment Bill must be passed by 2/3rd majority by both the Houses of the Parliament.
• The Bill should be ratified by at least half of the State Legislatures.
How is Federalism Practiced in India?

Only the constitutional provisions do not make India a successful federal country. The Indian
federalism has been successful because of the nature of democratic politics and democratic
temperament of people in India who respect diversity and live together. The following points
show federalism has been worked out in India in practical terms.
Linguistic States
Since independence in 1947, many new states have been created on federal principles.
Some states were created on the basis of languages spoken by people.
The first linguistic state was Andhra Pradesh created in 1953 after a strong movement led by Potti
Sriramlu for the creation of a separate state for Telegu speaking people.
States created on the basis of culture, ethnicity and geography
Nagaland, Jharkhand, Uttarakhand, Chhattisgarh and Telangana were created to maintain their
ethnic identity and their geographical location.
The leaders feared separatist tendencies if linguistic states were created but the fear proved false
because the formation of linguist states has made India more united and has eased the
administration.
Language Policy
• India does not have a national language but it is spoken by around 40% of the population.
• Hindi is the official language of the Union Government and it is officially promoted also by
the govt.
• English was adopted as a secondary language for 15 years for till 1965 but it still continues
just because of the demand of the Non-Hindi speaking states.
• There are 22 scheduled languages listed in the 8th schedule of the constitution.
• States are allowed to have their own official languages.
• A candidate opting for central government job can opt for any of the scheduled 22
languages.
Centre – State Relations

How the constitutional for power sharing works depends largely on how the ruling parties and its
leaders follow this principal of power sharing.
One-Party Rule: In the first 30 years of India’s independence, only one party (congress)ruled at
the center without a break and had governments in most of the states. The states did not desire or
feel the need to exercise their federal powers.
Misuse of Power of article 356 dismiss the state governments: The central governments used to
undermine the authority of state governments and dismissed the rival party ruled states. It
Undermined the very spirit of federalism.
Formation of Coalition Governments (after 1990):
• The situation of one-party domination changed with the rise regional political parties.
• New culture of power sharing began with the formation of Coalition Governments when no
single party got majority seats in the Parliament.
• Major national and regional parties formed alliances to form government at the center.
• Several supreme court judgements also put a check on the practice of dismissal of state
governments.
• The federal power sharing features are effectively used today than it was in the earlier.
Decentralisation
When power is taken away from central and state governments and given to local government, it
is called decentralization. In 1992 the constitution was amended to introduce three tier system of
Panchayati Raj more powerful and effective.
Rationale Behind Decentralisation

• India is vast country with a lot of religious, linguist, cultural and ethnic, geographic
diversity.
• Power sharing was adopted to accommodate diversity and ease administration but more
power sharing at local level was needed.
• It resulted in the adoption of the third-tier of government called local government.
The Basic idea behind Decentralisation (The advantages of Decentralisation)
• The decentralization aims at taking democracy at grassroot level to involve local people in
governance.
• Local problems can be settled best at local level by local people.
• Local people have better idea as how to efficiently use money allocated to local bodies for
development.
• Local governments also increase direct participation of people in decision making.
• Local government serve as training schools in democracy.
• Local governments share the burden of the Central and the State Governments.
Condition of Decentralisation before 1992

• Panchayats and municipalities were directly controlled by state governments.
• Election to local bodies were not held regularly.
• Local governments lacked powers and resources of their own.
• Decentralisation not effective in power sharing at local level.
Condition of Decentralisation after 1992

The 73rd (for Panchayats) and the 74th (For Municipalities) Constitutional amendments introduced
three-tier system known as Panchayati Raj at rural level and Municipalities at urban level.
• Holding regular elections to local bodies made mandatory.

• Seats are reserved for SCs, STs and OBC.
• 1/3 seats are reserved for women.
• State election Commission created to conduct panchayat and Municipal elections.
• State governments are required to share some powers and revenue with panchayats.
Structure of local governments

Panchayati Raj (Rural level)
Village level- Panchayat
Gram Panchayat (5-Years term)

• It is a council of ward members (Panch) and the sarpanch.
• It is a decision-making body for the entire village.
• It is elected by Gram Sabha.
Gram Sabha (Permanent Body)
• It is formed by all the adult members or voters of a village or a group of villages.
• It elects ward members and the Sarpanch of the Gram panchayat.
• It reviews the performance of the panchayat.
• It meets twice or thrice to approve annual budget.
Block Level - Panchayat samiti
• A few Gram Panchayats are grouped together to form Panchayat Samiti.
• Its members are indirectly elected by the panchayat members.
District Level- Zila Parishad
• All Panchayat Samitis together constitute Zila Parishad.
• District MPs, MLAs and officials of some other district level bodies are also its members.
• Zila Parishad Chairman or President is a political head.
Urban Local Bodies

Municipalities
• It is constituted in towns and smaller cities.
• It is controlled by elected representatives of people.
• It is headed by Municipal Chairman.
Municipal corporations
• It is formed in bigger cities
• Controlled by people’s representatives
• Headed by Mayor.
How far India has been successful in experimenting with local governments.
• India has the largest local government system in the world, with around 36 lakhs elected to
Panchayat and Municipalities.
• It has deepened democracy at grassroot level.
• It has increased voice and representation of women in our democracy.
Problems or weakness of Local Governments:
• Sittings of Gram Sabhas are not held regularly.

• Most states have not transferred significant powers and adequate resources to panchayats.
• We are far from realizing the dream of having Ideal system of self-government.
Political Parties
Political Science
Class-10
__________________________________________________________
Why do we need Political Parties?
Political Party- A group of people who come up together to contest elections and hold power in the Govt.
Features-
1. Adopt programmes and policies to promote collective good of the people
2. Try to persuade people to consider their policies better Board Questions:
than others
1. What is meant by a political party? Describe
3. Try to win elections to implement their policies
the three components of a political party.
4. Partisanship – (2015, 16, 19)
o Parties show a fundamental division by 2. What is a political party? Explain any four
representing a part of a society characteristics of a political party. (2019)
o It is known by the part it stands for
o The part it supports
o The part whose interests it upholds
5. Components of political Parties
o The leader
o The active members
o The followers
Functions of political parties

Board Questions:
A. Contest elections – Candidates are put up by parties to
1. Describe any five major functions of political
contest elections. Now more and more countries are parties performed in a democracy.
following the USA method where the members and (2015, 18, 19)
supporters chose its candidates. In India, Party leaders 2. Explain any five functions of ruling parties.
(2019) (for ruling party functions refer to 2,3,4, points of
chose candidates for elections. the topic- functions of political parties)
B. Put forward different policies and programmes – In a 3. Explain any three functions of opposition
democracy people have different views about policies of political parties. (2019)
4. How do political parties help in shaping public
parties. Therefore, Parties assess different opinions and
opinion? (2012)
reduces a vast multitude of these opinions into a few basic 5. Explain any two functions each of the ruling
positions. But, in any condition, policies are based on the party as well as of the opposition parties.
lines of the ring party. (2012)
C. Make laws- During debate and discussion, in the

legislature, the members go by the Party-direction to support or oppose the laws debated.
D. Form and run governments- Parties recruit leaders, train them and then make them ministers to run
the government in the way they want.
E. Role of opposition –
• The parties that lose elections play the role of opposition.
• Puts different views and criticise the government for its failures and wring policies
• Mobilise (try to gather support) opposition to the government.
• Raise questions in the Parliament keep the government on toe
F. Shape public opinion –
• Parties raise and highlight issues
• They form pressure groups as an extension to their influence
• They launch movements to get resolution to the problems faced by people
• They have lakhs of members and activists spread all over the country
• People appear to fall on the lines that parties take
 https://www.ncerttutorials.com Session: 2019 – 20 1|9Pages

Class 10 Political Science Chapter: Political Parties By Ajeet Sir
G. Provide access to government machinery and welfare schemes – People have easy access to party
leaders than government officers. people come to know of govt activities by party leaders and activists.
Parties also have to be responsive to demands and needs of the people.
Necessity of political parties (modern democracy cannot exist without political parties)
I. We need political parties because they perform various functions

(as mentioned above- see the topic functions of the political parties) Board Questions.:
II. If there were no political parties – 6. Explain the role of political parties in
• Every candidate will contest independently a democracy.
OR
• The utility of the Govt would remain uncertain Explain any five needs to have
political parties to strengthen
• Candidates would be accountable to their constituencies democracy. (2019)
only 1. ‘Political Parties are a necessary
condition for a democracy.’
• No one will be responsible for how the country will be run. Analyse the statement. (2016)
III. The rise of political parties is directly linked to the emergence of 2. What is the Necessity of a
political party for a democracy?
representative democracies. Political parties bring various (2015, 19)
representatives from the people to form govt or a representative 3. Why cannot modern democracies
exist without political parties?
democracy. Explain. (2011,2014)
IV. Gather different views on different issues and present them to
government.
V. They support or restrain the government, make policies, justify or oppose them.
We can say that political parties are a necessary condition for a democracy because they perform various
functions at different levels to provide a representative govt.
How many parties should we have?

One-party system
Board Questions:
• One party controls and runs the government
• No free competition for power 1.Why is one-party system not considered a good
democratic system? (2016)
• No opposition
• Example – China, N. Korea, Cuba
Demerits
• It is not a democratic option
• No any opposition to criticise government
• No fair chance for competing parties to come to power.
Two-party system (Bi-party system)

• Power usually changes between two main dominant parties Board Questions:
• Other parties may exist and can also win few seats in national
1. Describe any three features of two-
legislature
party system. (2015)
• People have choice to vote for any party 2. What do you mean by the bi-party
• Other parties sit as opposition system? Write it’s one merit and one
Merits demerit. (2012)
• Stability and smooth functioning of government

• Presence of opposition good for democracy
• Prompt decisions may be taken and implemented
Demerits
• Only two parties have chances of winning majority of seats

• Limited choices for voters
Multi-Party System
When more than two parties have a reasonable chance of coming to power it is called multi-party system.
Coming to power cab be two ways-
i. Getting majorty on alone – One party gains majority and forms the
government. Board Questions:
ii. Alliance- When several parties join hands to fight elections together to 1. What is Multi-Party system?
Explain merits and demerits of
come to power, it is called an Alliance. Multi-Party system. (2011,12)
Example – In 2004 there were 3 such alliances –
1. UPA- United Progressive Alliance
2. NDA- National Democratic Alliance
3. Left Front
Merits
• This system allows a variety of interests and opinions to enjoy political representation (different religions,
castes, races get pasts in parties and government.)
• People have choice between several candidates
• It is more democratic option of all-party systems
Demerits
• Difficult for a party to gain full majority
• This system appears very messy (complex and confusing)
• Leads to political instability
• Vote-Bank politics is given preferences
• Delayed decisions
Which party system is better?

• Party system is not a matter of choice
• Each country develops a party system according to its conditions and circumstances
• Party system evolves out of
i. Nature of society
ii. Social and regional divisions
iii. History of politics
iv. Election System
India adopted a Multi-Party System because

1. A two-part system could not accommodate the great and vast social and Board Questions:
geographical diversity of India.
1. Why has India adopted a
2. A Multi-Party System better suits to the conditions and circumstances of India. Multi-Party System?
Explain. (2015,16)
3. The social and geographical diversity in India is not easily absorbed two or even
three parties.
4. The Multi-Party System allows a variety of interests and opinions to enjoy political representation.
5. The Multi-Party System makes India more democratic with more choices and competitions.
We can say that the conditions in India demand for a Multi-Party System to give due and proper representation
to the variety of interests and views of people coming from different religions, castes, societies. Any other party
system other than a Multi-Party System would be injustice to the diversity of India.
National Political Parties

In a federal system there are two kinds of parties.
1. Parties present only in one of the federal units (state or regional parties)
2. Parties present in many or all units of federation (National parties)
Recognised Parties in India

• Parties register with election commission
• All parties are given unique election symbol which is used by official Board Questions:
candidates of the party. 1. How are political parties recognised
• All parties are treated equally as national parties in India? Explain
• The big and established parties are given some special facilities 2. What is the requirement laid down
by the Election Commission for a
Conditions required to be recognised as a National party political party to be recognised as a
(I). Party that secures (gets) at least 6% of the total votes in general 'State Party'? (2015)
elections to Lok Sabha or Assembly Elections in four states. 3. What is meant by national parties?
(ii). Wins at least 4 seats in Lok Sabha State the criteria for recognising a
party as National and state party.
(2012)
Conditions required to be recognised as a State Party
(I). Party secures at least 6% votes of the total valid votes State Legislative Assembly elections
(ii). Wins at least 2 seats in the Legislative Assembly
National Parties
• These are present country-wide Board Questions:
• Have their units in power in various states 1. What is meant by 'National
Political Parties’? State the
• National level policies, programs and strategy is followed by state units also
conditions required to be a
Example- BJP at centre and ruling in many other dates. national political Party.
(2012,16)
(As on May 2017, the total number of parties registered was 1841, with 7
Board Questions:
national, 49 state and 1785 unrecognised.) 1. Name the National Parties of India in
These are - BJP, Congress, BSP, NCP, CPI, CPM and Trinamool Congress. a chronological order. (2014)
Indian National Congress

• Founded in 1885 and one of the oldest parties of the world.
Board Questions:
• Ideology- a centrist party and espouses(supports) secularism 1. Name the National Political Party which
and welfare of weaker sections. Supports new economic espouses secularism and welfare of the
reforms with a human face. (that does not harm the poor) weaker sections and minorities. Mention any
• Dominated Indian politics at the national and state level for four features of that party. (2013)
several decades after India’s Independence

• Ruling party till 1977 and from 1980-89 and then from 2004 to 2014.
• Its great leader Jawaharlal Nehru is regarded as Architect of Modern India.
• At present INC is an opposition
• Heads UPA (United Progressive Alliance)
Bhartiya Janta Party (BJP)

• Founded in 1980 (earlier name Bhartiya Jan Sangh) Board Questions:
1. Name the political party which gets inspiration from
• inspiration- India’s ancient culture and values. India’s ancient culture and values. Mention four
• Ideology- a strong and modern India. Cultural features of that party. (2013)
2. What is a political party? State any two points of the
nationalism (or Hindutva) as the core of Indian ideology of BJP? (2016)
3. Mention the sources of inspiration of BJP. (2009)
Nationhood and politics.
• J &K – wants full territorial and Political integration of
Jammu & Kashmir with India
• Uniform Civil code- wants a uniform Civil code for all living in India irrespective of religion
• Wants ban on religious conversions
• Its support base increased substantially (with a noticeable increase) in the 1990s.
• Came to power in 1998, lost in 2004 and now in power since 2014.
• Heads NDA (National Democratic Alliance)
Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP)

• Formed in 1984 by Kanshi Ram Board Questions:
1. Describe about the ideology and
• Ideology- stands for the cause and welfare of the oppressed, Organisation of Bahujan Samaj Party. (2016)
Dalits, Adivasis, OBCs,
• Inspiration- Teachings of Sahu Maharaj, Mahatma Phule, Periyar, Ramaswami Naicker, Babasaheb
Ambedkar
• Its main base is in Uttar Pradesh and substantial presence in MP, Chhattisgarh, Uttrakhand, Delhi, Punjab
• Formed govt many times in UP with support from other parties. Once it got full majority also.
Communist Party of India (CPI-M)

• Founded in 1964 after a split in CPI
• Ideology- believes in Marxism-Leninism Supports socialism, secularism and democracy
• Has strong support in W. Bengal, Kerala, Tripura among factory workers, farmers, agricultural labourers
and intelligentsia
• Believes in socio-economic justice
• Critical of free flow of FDI (foreign direct investment)
• Remained in power in W. Bengal without a break for 30 years.
• Supports UPA
Communist Party of India (CPI)
• Formed in 1925
• Ideology- believes in Marxism-Leninism, secularism and democracy
• Opposes the forces of secessionism and communalism
• Promotes interests of the working class, farmers and the poor
• Got split in 1964 resulting in the formation of CPI(M)
• Has considerable presence in Kerala, W. Bengal, Punjab, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu
• It advocates building a strong left front and supports UPA.
Nationalist Congress Party (NCP)

• Formed in 1999 after a split in Congress Party
• Supports democracy, Gandhian secularism, equity, social justice and federalism
• Supports for high offices of the country to be held by natural born citizens of India
• It is a major party in Maharashtra and has presence in Meghalaya, Manipur and Assam.
• It is a member of UPA
State Parties
Regional Parties
The parties, other than national parties, are recognised by Election Commission as state parties (also called
regional parties).
• The regional parties need not be regional in their ideology or outlook. Board Questions:
1. What is meant by regional political
• Some regional parties have national level organisation and presence
party? State the conditions required
in several states to be recognised as a regional
political party. (2016)
Example- Samajwadi Party, Rashtriya Janta Dal 2. Name any six regional parties of the
four southern states of India. (2014)
• Some parties focus on their state identity like- Biju Janta Dal, Sikkim
3. Name the regional political parties
Democratic Front and Mizo National Front that are predominant in Jharkhand,
Maharashtra and Odisha respectively
• Examples of Regional Parties operating in states only. with their symbols. (2014)
o Tamil Nadu – AIADMK (All India Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam)
DMK
o Andhra Pradesh- Telugu Desham Party, Lok Satta
o Kerala- Kerala Congress
o Puducherry- AINRC (All India N. R. Congress)
o Jharkhand- JMM (Jharkhand Mukti Morcha)
o Maharashtra- INC (Indian National Congress)
o Odisha- BJD (Biju Janta Dal)
Role of Regional Parties

• Over the last three decades the number and strength of regional Parties
Board Questions:
has expanded 1. Explain the role of regional
political parties in Indian politics.
• The presence of regional parties has made Parliament politically more (2015)
diverse 2. “Nearly every one of the state
parties wants to get an
• In case of fractured verdict Regional Parties come to play their role opportunity to be a part of one or
the other national level coalition”
• Since 1996, every one of the state Parties have got opportunities to be Support the statement with
arguments. (2016)
part of one or the other national level coalition government
• National parties are compelled to form alliance with state parties
Example- Atal Bihari Vajpayee Govt was formed by taking support form regional parties.
• The Alliance of national and state parties has strengthened the federalism and democracy in India.
Challenges to Political Parties
• Political Parties are the most visible as well as the Board Questions:
1. What are the various challenges faced by Political Parties?
least trusted institution in a democracy. (2016)
2. Explain in four different manners that political parties are still
• Political Parties are blamed for whatever wrong is
in the grip of same serious challenges. (2011)
found in democracy. 3. Highlight the main challenges faced by political parties. (2012,
13, 2016)
• All over the world, people express strong 4. Which three challenges do you feel are being faced by political
parties in India? Give your opinion. (2016)
dissatisfaction with the failure of political parties
5. “All over the world people express their dissatisfaction with
to perform their functions well. the failure of political parties to perform their functions well”.
Analyse the statement with arguments. (2016)
Four main challenges faced by political parties are given below.

1. Lack of Internal Democracy.
• Concentration of power in in one or few leaders at the top. Board Questions:
• Parties do not keep membership registers 1. “Lack of internal democracy within parties is
• No organisational meetings held the major challenges to political parties all
over the world”. Analyse the statement.
• Do not conduct regular internal elections
(2012, 15)
• Top leaders have greater power to take decisions
• Personal loyalty to leaders becomes more important than loyalty to party principles
2. Dynastic Succession Board Questions:

• It is unfair to the other top members of the party 1. “Dynastic succession is one of the most
serious challenge before the political parties.
• In many parties, the top positions are always controlled by
Analyse the statement. (2015)
members of one family.
• Most parties do not practice open and transparent procedures for their functioning
• It is bad for democracy that people with no adequate experience and popular Support come to occupy
powerful positions
• There are few ways fir an ordinary worker to rise to the top of in a party
3. Money and Muscle Power

Board Questions:
• During elections money and Muscle Power is used
1. How do money and muscle power play an
• Parties find short-cut means to win elections important role. Explain. (2015)
• Parties nominate those candidates who have or can raise
money for party
• Parties even support criminals who can win elections
• Rich people or companies providing fund to the party, influence policies and decisions of the party
• Increasing role of rich people and big companies has been a cause of worry for Democrats
4. Problem of Meaningful Choice to the Voters

• Parties do not seem to offer Meaningful choice to voters
• In recent years there has been a decline in ideological differences among parties
Example- In Britain, the two main parties, Labour Party and Conservative Party don’t shoe much
difference. They differ only the methodology of policy framing and implementation
• In India-
o Differences on the economic policies has reduced among major parties
o Economic policy options appear to be limited
o It is difficult to elect different leaders as the same set of leaders keep shifting from one part to
another
How can Parties be reformed

Question of reforms in Political Parties
Citizens all over the world face the Question of reforms in Political Parties
i. Are political parties willing to reform?
ii. Can political parties be forced to reform
Some efforts to reform Political Parties

1. Anti-defection law – The constitution was amended to prevent elected MLAs and MPs from changing
parties in return for cash or ministerial berth. According to the law of an MLA or MP changes party, he or she
will lose the seat in the legislature……This law has been effective
in bringing down defections Board questions:
1. Describe any three broad guidelines for
devising ways and means for political reforms
2. Affidavit filing made mandatory- Supreme court passed an in India. (2011,12)
order making it mandatory for every candidate to file an affidavit 2. What steps shall be taken to reform the
giving details of the property and criminal cases pending. political parties in India? Suggest any four
steps. (2011,12,16)
3. “Serious efforts were made by the legal
3. Organisational elections made compulsory- Election organisation to reform political parties in
Commission passed an order making it necessary for political India.” Support the statement. (2015)
Parties to hold their organisational elections and file their income 4. What is meant by Defection in democracy?
tax. Explain. (2014)
5. Examine any two institutional amendments
made by different institutions to reform
Some Suggestions to reform Political Parties political parties and their leaders. (2016)
1. A law should be made to regulate the internal affairs of a 6. Elucidate some of the recent efforts to reform
political parties and its leaders. (2016)
political party 7. Suggest and explain any five measures to
2. Make it necessary to maintain a register of its members reform political parties. (2012,16)
3. Properly follow the party constitution

4. Highest posts should be filled with open elections.
5. It be made mandatory to give, at least, ¹/3rd of tickets to women.
6. Women should be a part of decision-making bodies of the party
7. There should be state funding of elections. This support can be in cash or in kind- petrol, paper,
telephone etc.
Reaction of political parties to suggestions- Political parties are not willing to accept the above-mentioned
suggestions.
Over regulations of political Parties can be counterproductive- The political parties would try to find out ways
to cheat laws.
Political Parties may not agree to pass law – Political Parties may not like to pass laws that may curb their
freedom or bring them under control.
Public Participation in reforming Political Parties

1. People can put pressure on Political Parties through petitions, publishing and agitations
2. Ordinary citizens, pressure and media canna major role
3. The degree of public participation People, who want reform, should join political parties.
4. The degree of public participation improves the quality of democracy.
Difference between National Parties and Regional Parties
Board
National Parties Regional Parties Questions:
Differentiate
1. National Parties have their 1. Regional Parties have their between
national and
influence all over the country or influence in one state or a few
regional
in many states. regions. parties. Write
any four
2. The parties raise national and 2. They raise regional issues. points.
(2011, 12, 13)
international issues.
3. They need to secure at least 6% 3. They need to secure at least 6%

of total valid votes in Loksabha of total valid votes in an
Elections or assembly elections in election to Legislative Assembly
four states and wins at least four of a state and wins at least 2
seats in the Loksabha. seats.
4. Example- INC, BJP, BSP, CPI 4. Example- Samajwadi Party,

DMK, AIADMK
Click here for info on Political Parties and their Election Symbols
Outcomes of Democracy
Political Science
Class-10
__________________________________________________________
How do we assess democracy?

Democracy -The word democracy is derived from the Greek word ‘Demo + kratia’ meaning the power or
rule of people. It is a form of government in which the people rule, either directly or through elected
representatives. In India there is representative democracy.
Democracy is better than other forms of Govt. because-

• It promotes equality among citizens
• Enhances the dignity of the individual Board Questions:
1. How are the democratic
• Improves the quality of decision making governments better than the other
forms of governments? Justify the
• Provides a method to resolve conflicts
statement. (2019)
• Allows room or mechanism to correct mistakes OR
“Democracy is a better form of
government than the other forms of
• It can address well the socio-economic and political
government”. Analyse the statement
problems with arguments. (Delhi 2016)
OR
• Provides an accountable, responsive and legitimate govt. Bring out any three arguments to
show that democracy is better form
• Best suited to accommodate social-diversity, government as compared to
dignity and freedom of citizens are best guaranteed in a dictatorship. (2012, 15)
2. Describe any five characteristics of
democracy democracy. (2017)
3. When is democracy considered
• Democracy has the ability to generate its own support successful? (2016)
among people 4. State any three merits of Democracy.
(2015)
5. How can the success of Democracy
• It is people’s own govt
be assessed? Explain. (2012)
6. 'There is overwhelming support for
• Any other form of government like dictatorships don’t the idea of Democracy all over the
have these democratic values. world.' Support the statement.
(2015)
There is overwhelming support of Democracy all over the world
• It has many Merits which make it most popular form of government (See the points above)
• People find it the only govt which can be called as ‘people’s own government ‘.
• The evidence from South Asia shows that democracy has its support in democratic as well as non-
democratic regimes like China and North Korea.
• People wish to be ruled representatives elected by them and think that democracy is suitable for
their country

Common features of a Democratic Politics

• Formal Constitutions
• Regular elections
• Political Parties
• Fundamental Rights to citizens
Factors affecting the achievements of democracies
• Social situations
• Economic achievements and Culture
Expectations from a Democracy (outcomes of democracy)

Democracy is just a form of Govt which creates suitable conditions for achieving something. The citizens
have to make use of these conditions to achieve their goals.
The democracies are expected to provide the basic outcomes –

Political outcomes: Accountable, responsive and legitimate govt.
Economic outcomes: Economic growth and development
Social outcomes: Reduction of inequality and poverty
I. Political Outcomes of Democracy

1. An Accountable Government Board Questions:
1. Describe the importance of
• It is the most basic outcome of a democracy as democracies democratic government as an
accountable and legitimate
are based on political equality government. (Delhi 2019)
2. Explain the meaning of
• People have the rights to choose and exercise control over transparency in democracy. (2017)
their rulers 3. Examine the political outcomes of
Democracy. (2016)
• People should be involved in decision making 4. How can a democracy produce an
accountable, responsive and
• Norms and procedures should be followed in decision legitimate government? (2012)
5. ‘Democratic governments in
making practice are known as
accountable.’ Support the
• Transparency: Citizens should have the rights and means statement with arguments. (2016)
6. How can a democratic government
to find out and examine the process of decision making. It is be made accountable? Explain.
(2012)
called transparency
• The decision taking process may be slower than non-

democratic regimes but the delay is compensated by a more worthy, correct and suitable decisions.
• Govt should develop mechanisms for citizens to hold the Govt Accountable.
• It is right to expect democracy to produce a govt that follows and is accountable to people
2|7Pages © https://ncerttutorials.com Author:

2. A Responsive Government
It is expected from a democracy that Board Questions:
1. ‘It may be reasonable from a
• Govt is attentive to the needs and demands of the people democracy a government that it is
attentive to the needs and
• Govt is largely free from the evil of Democracy demands of the people and is
largely free of corruption. ‘Explain
• People should feel that Govt listens to their grievances and this statement in three points.
properly addresses them. (2012)
2. How is democratic government
known as responsive government?
But the record of democracies is not impressive.
Explain with examples. (2014)
3. How is democracy accountable
• Democracies often frustrate the needs of people and responsive to the needs and
• Ignore demands of the majority expectations of the citizens?
• Democracies are not free from the evil of corruption Analyse. (2015)
3. A legitimate government
• A Democratic government is legitimate govt because, Board Questions:

‘Democratic government is a
ultimately it is people’s own Govt. legitimate government.’ Support the
• Rule of law is applicable equally to all citizens statement with arguments with
examples. (2014, Delhi 2016, 17)
• All powers are drawn from the Constitution
• A Democratic Govt may be slow, less efficient, not always responsive or clean but still it is better
than other forms of Govt.
• People wish to be ruled by representatives elected by them
• Democracy itself generates support for itself which makes it the most popular form of government
II. Economic Outcomes of Democracy

1. Relationship between democracy and development
Board Questions;
• Democracies are expected to produce economic development Establish the relationship
between democracy and the
• Inability of Democracy to achieve higher economic development is a
development. (2012, 16)
matter of worry
• The economic development depends on several factors like-
 Population size of the country
 Global situations
 Cooperation from other countries
 Economic priorities and policies of govt
• The dictatorships are slightly better from democracies in terms of economic achievements
• But it is better to prefer democracy because it has many other positive outcomes.

2. Economic growth in democracies is accompanied by inequalities among people

Democracies are expected to reduce economic disparities. There should be just distribution of goods and
opportunities. But democracies are not able to provide economic justice to people.
But the democracies are not successful in reducing economic inequalities
Board Questions:
• We find growing economic inequalities with some very rich and 1. ‘Democracies are not appearing
some very poor to be very successful in reducing
economic inequalities. Justify the
• A small number of ultra-rich enjoy a highly disproportionate share statement. (2016, 2019)
2. Evidence shows that in practice,
of wealth. Their share in the total income of the country is has many democracies did not fulfil
the expectations of producing
been rising economic development in the
country. Validate the statement
• Those at the bottom of the society have very little to depend on.
with the help of relevant
Their income is declining. Sometimes they find it difficult to meet examples. (2016)
3. Democracy has failed to reduce
the basic needs of life-food, clothing, house, education economic inequality and poverty.
‘Do you agree? Give arguments in
• The political parties do not appear keen to address the questions support of your answer. (2014)
of poverty.
• Example- In Bangladesh more than half of people lives in powerty
• It is also true that several poor countries are dependent on the rich countries for food supplies.
Example- In S. Africa and Brazil the top 20% people share more than 60% of the national income and the
bottom 20 % people share less than 3% in the national income.
We can say that economic disparities and inequalities are increasing in democracy. The governments do
not appear to be successful in providing economic justice.
III. Social Outcomes of Democracy (accommodation of social-diversity)

• It is expected that democracy should produce a peaceful and
harmonious social life Board Questions:
1. ‘Democracy stands much superior
• Democracy is best suited to negotiate and accommodate the to anyone other form of government
in promoting dignity and freedom
social diversity of the individual.’ Justify the
statement. (2011,12,13, 16, 17)
• Negotiations and deliberations reduce the possibilities of tensions 2. On the basis of which values will it
becoming explosive or violent be a fair expectation that
democracy should produce a
• No society can fully and permanently resolve conflicts among harmonious social life? Explain.
(2017)
different groups. But Democracy teaches us to respect the 3. ‘Democracy accommodates social
differences and adjust accordingly diversities.’ Support the statement
with examples. (2016, 17)
4. ‘Democracies lead to peaceful and
• Ability to handle social differences and conflicts is a plus point of harmonious life among citizens.’
Democracy Support this statement. (2012, 13)

1. Two conditions necessary to accommodate the social diversity

I. Democracy is not simply the rule of majority
• Majority and minority should work together to produce a general view for the government
• Majority and minority opinions are not permanent
II. Rule by majority does not mean rule by majority community in terms of religion or race or
linguistic group
• Rule by majority means different persons or groups have a chance to form a majority
• The true democracy creates conditions fir every citizen to be part of a Board Questions:
1. What are the
majority at some point of time two conditions to
• The democratic rule ceases (stops working) to be accommodative (sab ko accommodate
social diversities in
saath le ke chalna) when it bars someone from being a part of a majority. a democracy?
Mention any one
• An exceptional example of Sri Lanka- Here the policy of majoritarianism is exception to this.
followed. (2015)
2. Dignity and freedom of the citizens
2. Explain with
Democracy stands much superior to any other form of government for promoting examples, how the
dignity and freedom of the individuals. dignity and
freedom of citizens
• Every individual wants to receive respect from fellow beings. are best
guaranteed in a
• The passion for respect and freedom are the basis of democracy and democracy. (2014)
democracies recognise this, at least, in principle.
Dignity of Women and democracy
• Long struggles by women have created some sensitivity that respect to women and equal
treatment of women are necessary ingredients (elements or parts) of a democracy.
• Once the principal of equality of women is recognised, it becomes easier for women to struggle fir
their Rights and place in society.
• The recognition of the principal of individual freedom renders legal and moral force to struggle by
women.
• There are several laws and provisions in Constitution to recognise the equal status of women
Caste inequalities and democracy
• Democracy in India had strengthened the claims of the disadvantaged and discriminated castes for
equal status and equal opportunity.
• Now caste-based inequalities and atrocities lack moral and legal foundation.
• People are aware and now they value their democratic rights
• Such benefits and considerations may not be available in non-democratic regimes.

Public dissatisfaction with democracy shows the success of democracy

• People have ever-increasing expectations from democracy
Board Questions:
• The most distinctive about democracy is that it’s examination is never 1. How are complaints by
over. people treated as testimony
to the success of
• Benefits of democracy make people ask for more and it makes democracy? Explain. (2016)
democracy even better. 2. ‘A public expression of
• The fact that people are complaining is itself a testimony (witness or dissatisfaction with
democracy shows the
sakshya) to the success of democracy. success of democratic
• People are aware of their rights to criticize the Govt and it keeps the project.’ Justify the
power holders in check statement. (2016)
• Public dissatisfaction with government shows the success of the

democratic project
• People are aware of the power of their votes to make the Govt function to their own self-interest.
Democracy is seen to be good in principle but felt to be not so good in practice

(Criticism or demerits of democracy)
Some people think that democracy produces a less effective government because there is delay in decision
making.
Board Questions:
• Democracy is based on the idea of deliberations and negotiations and 1. 'Democracy is seen
to be good in
some delay is bound to take place principle but felt to
• Non-democratic rulers don’t bother about debates, deliberation in be not so good in
assemblies or public opinion and therefore they are able in quick decision practice.’ Justify the
statement. (2013,
making and implementation 16)
• The democracies follow norms and procedures to arrive at decisions. The 2. ‘Some people think
decisions taken are likely to be more acceptable to the people and more that democracy
produces a less
effective. effective
• Non-democratic regimes take decisions very fast but it may not be government.’
acceptable to the people. analyse the
statement. (2015)
The actual performance of democracies shows a mixed record.
•
Democracies fall short of elections that provide a fair chance to every citizen.
•
Democratic governments do not have good record regarding sharing information with citizens.
•
Democracies often frustrate the needs of people
•
Ignore demands of the majority
•
Democracies are not free from the evil of corruption
Democracies not successful in reducing economic disparities. (for detail see above related topics)
Some other demerits

• Unstable governments, inefficient governments, red-tapism , role of money in democracy etc
Board Question: Describe any five outcomes of democracy. (2019)

(Hint: Try to mention points from all outcomes of democracy)

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Class 10 History Nationalism in India Notes by Ajeet Sir

1|Page ©https://ncerttutorials.com By AjeeT Sir

Rowlatt Act (1919)

• Restrictions on press and movement of persons suspected of anti-government

The reaction of the people

Repressive measures by govt.

Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (13th April 1919)

2|Page ©https://ncerttutorials.com By AjeeT Sir

The reaction of people to Jallianwala Bagh massacre

Causes of Khilafat movement:

Gandhiji’s support to Khilafat issue:

• Gandhiji also became a president of the Khilafat Committee.

Causes or reasons Board Questions

3|Page ©https://ncerttutorials.com By AjeeT Sir

extensively to garner support for a unified mass movement

• At Congress Nagpur session (Dec 1920) a Non-cooperation programme was adopted.

• The Non-cooperation-Khilafat Movement began in January 1920.

Stages of the Non-cooperation Movement Board Questions:

Production of India textile mills and handlooms went up

Reasons behind slowing down of Movement

• In the absence of sufficient alternative Indian Institutions, students and

teachers began to resume at their old working places

Reasons behind calling off the movement

The peasants of Awadh Movement

• Talukdars and landlords demand high rent

2. How did the peasants of Awadh use

Oudh Kisan Sabhas

5|Page ©https://ncerttutorials.com By AjeeT Sir

Alluri Sitaram Raju-

Plantation workers of Assam

• They got stranded because of strikes of Railways and steamers

Different incidents and developments leading to the Civil disobedience movement:

▪ After the withdrawal of the Non-cooperation movement, there was a void-gap.

Worldwide economic depression –

6|Page ©https://ncerttutorials.com By AjeeT Sir

• It was a statutory Commission led by Sir John

Lahore Session – (Dec 1929)

Salt Satyagraha and beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement

7|Page ©https://ncerttutorials.com By AjeeT Sir

1. Why did Gandhiji perceive ‘salt' as a powerful

Salt March (12 March-6 April 1930)

• 78 trusted followed him

8|Page ©https://ncerttutorials.com By AjeeT Sir

The reaction of the Govt

Calling off the Civil Disobedience Movement

9|Page ©https://ncerttutorials.com By AjeeT Sir

Gandhi -Irwin Pact (5 March 1931)

Concessions made by Govt:

• The government agreed to remove all repressive ordinances

• Congress agreed to suspend the Civil Disobedience Movement

• Gandhi returned from Second Round Table Conference empty-handed.

Different participants of the Civil Disobedience Movement Board Questions

10 | P a g e ©https://ncerttutorials.com By AjeeT Sir

Reasons of the poor Peasants joining the movement

The reluctance of Congress to support 'no rent' ' campaign –

Participation of Industrial working class

Workers in the Nagpur region

• Participation of women in the movement was an important feature of the

Some examples- Sarojini Naidu, Vijay Laxmi Pandit, Kamla Nehru.

Limitations of the Civil Disobedience Movement

1. Limited participation of Dalits:

Efforts of Gandhiji for Harijan rights Board Questions: