What is LED?

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor device that emits light when an

electric current flows through it. When current passes through an LED, the electrons
recombine with holes emitting light in the process. LEDs allow the current to flow in
the forward direction and blocks the current in the reverse direction.
Light-emitting diodes are heavily doped p-n junctions. Based on the semiconductor
material used and the amount of doping, an LED will emit coloured light at a
particular spectral wavelength when forward biased. As shown in the figure, an LED
is encapsulated with a transparent cover so that emitted light can come out.

LED SYMBOL

How does an LED work?

When the diode is forward biased, the minority electrons are sent from p → n while
the minority holes are sent from n → p. At the junction boundary, the concentration
of minority carriers increases. The excess minority carriers at the junction recombine
with the majority charges carriers.
What is Resistor?
The resistor is a passive electrical component that creates resistance in
the flow of electric current. In almost all electrical networks and
electronic circuits they can be found.

The main purpose of resistor is to reduce the current flow and to lower
the voltage in any particular portion of the circuit. It is made of copper
wires which are coiled around a ceramic rod and the outer part of the
resistor is coated with an insulating paint.

What is Colour Coding of Resistors?

Resistors may not display the value outside but their resistance can be
calculated through their colour pattern PTH (plated-through-hole)
resistors use a colour-coding system (which really adds some flair to
circuits), and SMD (surface-mount-device)resistors have their own value-
marking system.
What is Transistor ?
Transistor is electronic solid state semiconductor device which regulates electric current flow and
acts as a switch or gate for electronic signals. A transistor consists of three layers of
a semiconductor material. Those layers are capable of carrying a current. Transistors are devices
that can amplify a signal in a circuit. It is normally made of germanium or silicon layers. A transistor
requires very little current to operate so, releases very little heat. However, heat also depends upon
it configuration. It is used in different things, such as an amplifier, oscillator, rectifier, switch, etc.

Similarly, Amplification is the process of increasing the strength of a SIGNAL. A signal is just a
general term used to refer to any particular current, voltage, or power in a circuit. .amplification is
the process of increasing the magnitude of a variable quantity, especially the magnitude of voltage,
power, or current, without altering any other quality.Amplification is a ratio between two values
which does not imply that the output value is greater than the input value.

Transistor as Amplifier
A transistor acts as an amplifier by raising the strength of a weak signal. The DC bias
voltage applied to the emitter base junction, makes it remain in forward biased
condition. This forward bias is maintained regardless of the polarity of the signal. The
below figure shows how a transistor looks like when connected as an amplifier.

The low resistance in input circuit, lets any small change in input signal to result in
an appreciable change in the output. The emitter current caused by the input signal
contributes the collector current, which when flows through the load resistor RL,
results in a large voltage drop across it. Thus a small input voltage results in a large
output voltage, which shows that the transistor works as an amplifier.
WORKING OF CIRCUIT :

The small current travels from our body into the base of the
transistor. A current at the base turns on the transistor. The
current is then amplified and travels from the emitter of the
transistor to the collector. The amplified current is large enough
to turn on and light the LED. At last, the resistor is used to limit
the current through the LED and to prevent excess current that
can burn out the LED.
What Is Soldering?

Soldering is the process of joining two or more electronic parts together by

melting solder around the connection. Solder is a metal alloy and when it
cools it creates a strong electrical bond between the parts. Even though
soldering can create a permanent connection, it can also be reversed using
a desoldering tool.

PROCEDURE OF SOLDERING:
• Clean the surfaces to be soldered (dirt free, grease free and
oxide-free)
• Put two target objects (to be soldered) together
• Pre-heat the joint area with soldering wire
• Apply solder at the joint and remove when sufficient solder has
flowed down to the joint
• Remove solder wire and then soldering iron, and allow the joint
to cool down