Grammar 1: PRESENT VS PAST SIMPLE REVIEW

Structure of present tense

The verb ‘to be’ is irregular:

Subject Verb
I Am
he/she/it Is
we/you/they Are

For all other verbs, we put ‘s’, ‘es’ or ‘ies’ on the third person singular form.
Where the verb ends in ‘y’ we delete the ‘y’ and add ‘ies’
carry = carr+ies = carries
Where the verb ends in ‘o’ or an ‘s’-like sound (‘x’, ‘z’, ‘ss’, ‘ch’, or ‘sh’), we add ‘es’

 go = goes
 fix = fixes
 buzz = buzzes
 miss = misses
 catch = catches
 wash = washes

There is only one irregular form

 have = has

Structure of past tense

The verb ‘to be’ is irregular:

Subject Verb
I/he/she/it Was
we/you/they Were

Where the verb ends in a consonant plus ‘y’ we delete the ‘y’ then add ‘ied’.

carry = carr+ied = carried

 dry = dr+ied = dried
Where the verb ends in a Vowel plus ‘y’ we leave the ‘y’ and just add ‘ed’.
Grammar 1: PRESENT VS PAST SIMPLE REVIEW

 employ = employed

For all other verbs, add ‘ed’.

 walk = walked
 start = started
Pronunciation
The pronunciation of final ‘ed’ depends on the last sound in the
verb. If it is ‘t’ or ‘d’, then the sound is ‘Id’.
started Started
decide Decided

If it is any other voiceless consonant (p, k, s, ch, sh), then the sound is ‘t’.

Word Pronunciation
helped Helpt
asked Askt
missed Mist
watch Watcht
wished Wisht
Word Pronunciation
tie Tied
sob Sobd
bag Bagd
gaze Gazd
receive Receivd
mill Mild
form Formd
turn Turnd
answer Answerd
flow Flowd
toy Toyd

If it is a vowel or any other voiced consonant (b, g, z, v, l, m, n, r, w, y) then the sound is ‘d’.
Grammar 1: PRESENT VS PAST SIMPLE REVIEW

List of irregular verbs

PRESENT PAST (SIMPLE) PAST PARTICIPLE
am/ is / are was/were been
become Became become
begin Began begun
bite Bit bitten
break Broke broken
bring brought brought
build Built built
buy bought bought
catch caught caught
choose Chose chosen
come came come
cost cost cost
cut Cut cut
do did done
draw drew drawn
drink Drank drunk
drive Drove driven
eat ate eaten
fall Fell fallen
fight Fought fought
find Found found
fly flew flown
forget forgot forgotten
get got got/gotten
give gave given
go went (i) gone
(ii) been
grow grew grown
Grammar 1: PRESENT VS PAST SIMPLE REVIEW

hang hung hung

have had had
hear heard heard
hide Hid hidden
hit Hit hit
hold Held held
hurt Hurt hurt
keep Kept kept
know Knew known
leave left left
lend Lent lent
let let let
lie lay lain
lose Lost lost
make made made
mean Meant meant
Grammar 1: PRESENT VS PAST SIMPLE REVIEW
PRESENT PAST (SIMPLE) PAST PARTICIPLE
Meet met met
Pay paid paid
Put put put
Read read (red) read (red)
Ride rode ridden
Ring rang rung
Rise rose risen
Run ran ran
Say said said
See saw seen
Seek sought sought
Sell sold sold
Send sent sent
Shine shone shone
Shoot shot shot
Shut shut shut
Sing sang sun
Sit sat sat
Sleep slept slept
Speak spoke spoken
Spend spent spent
Stand stood stood
Steal stole stolen
Swim swam swum
Take took taken
Teach taught taught
Tell told told
Think thought thought
Throw threw thrown
understand understood understood
Wake woke woken
Wear wore worn
Win won won
Write wrote written