Work,

Energy,
&
Power
teacher: mdml
What are the
main
compositions
of the
universe?
The Conservation of Energy Principle
The total energy in the universe is unchanged
by any physical process:

total energy before = total energy after.

What is the Unit of Energy?
Some Common Forms of Energy
Some Common Forms of Energy
 Work, W
When a constant force, F is applied to a body and the
body undergoes a displacement, ∆𝒙 parallel to the
direction of the force, the force is said to have done
work on the body. Quantitatively:

𝑊 = 𝐹 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 ∙ ∆𝑥
Illustrative Problems:
The person in the image pushes a car with a force of
650 N, moving the car a distance of 4.3 m. How
much work does he do?
Find the work done by a 45-N force in pulling the
0
suitcase at an angle 50 for a distance s 75 m.
The brakes of a truck cause it to slow down by
applying a retarding force of 3000 N to the truck over a
distance of 850 m. What is the work done by this force
on the truck? Is the work positive or negative? Why?
The waiter carries a 2-kg tray a horizontal distance of
3 m. Calculate the work done in carrying the tray.
The Work-Energy Theorem

This theorem is a consequence of 3 basic principles/equations:

1. Newton’s 2nd Law of Motion

2. The Work done by a force through a distance

3. The kinematic equation: 𝑉 2 = 𝑉02 + 2𝑎∆𝑥

 Examples:
It takes 185 𝑘𝐽 of work to accelerate a car from
23 𝑚/𝑠 to 28 𝑚/𝑠. What is the car’s mass?
A 6.0 − 𝑘𝑔 block initially at rest is pulled to the right
along a frictionless, horizontal surface by a horizontal
force of magnitude 12 𝑁. Find the block’s speed after it
has moved through a horizontal distance of 3.0 𝑚.
If you lifted
books from the
floor and put
them in a table,
did you do work
on the books?
Work Done by the Force of Gravity:
Gravitational Potential Energy
 Examples:
A 2-kg book is lifted from the floor and laid on a
table 1 m high. How much work is done on the
book?
Conservative V. Nonconservative Forces
1. The work done by a conservative force on a
particle moving between any two points is
independent of the path taken by the particle.
2. The work done by a conservative force on a
particle moving through any closed path is zero.
(A closed path is one for which the beginning
point and the endpoint are identical.)
The Conservation of Energy Principle:
Energy can neither be created nor destroyed.
 The Conservation of Mechanical Energy, E:
When only conservative forces act
Mechanical Energy: 𝐸 = 𝐾𝐸 + 𝑃𝐸

Conservation of Mechanical Energy Principle:

𝐸 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

KE + PE = constant
Illustration:
 Examples:
A 20 – g ball is thrown straight upward with an
initial speed of 8 m/s. What is the maximum height it
reaches? If a heavier ball is thrown at the same initial
speed, will it reach the same maximum height?
Neglect air resistance.
A motorcyclist is trying to leap across the canyon by
driving horizontally off the cliff at a speed of 38 m/s.
Ignoring air resistance, find the speed with which the
cycle strikes the ground on the other side.
A 47-g golf ball is driven from the tee with an initial
speed of 52 m/s and rises to a height of 25 m. (a) Neglect
air resistance and determine the kinetic energy of the
ball at its highest point. (b) What is its speed when it is 8
m below its highest point?
If Nonconservative Forces apply?
The Kingda Ka rollercoaster
includes a vertical drop of 127 m.
Suppose that the total mass of the
coaster and its passengers is 2000 kg
and that it has a speed of 6 m/s at
the top of the drop and 45 m/s at
the bottom. Find the work due to air
resistance and friction.
Starting from rest, a 93-kg firefighter slides down a fire
pole. The average frictional force exerted on him by the
pole has a magnitude of 810 N, and his speed at the
bottom of the pole is 3.4 m/s. How far did he slide down
the pole?
 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓, 𝑷
Power is the rate at which Work is done, or the
rate at which Energy is transferred.

𝑾
𝑷=
𝒕
Other equations of Power:
Is the kilowatt-hour (kWh) a unit of
energy or power?
 Examples:
A car accelerates uniformly from rest to 20 m/s in 5.6 s
along a level stretch of road. Ignoring friction,
determine the average power required to accelerate the
car if the car has a mass of 800 kg.
An elevator car has a mass of 1600 kg and is carrying
passengers having a combined mass of 200 kg. A
constant friction force of 4000 N retards its motion. How
much power must a motor deliver to lift the elevator car
and its passengers at a constant speed of 3 m/s?
An 810-kg helicopter rises
from rest to a speed of 7
m/s in a time of 3.5 s.
During this time it climbs
to a height of 8.2 m. What
is the average power
generated by the lifting
force?