Illumination

illuminating engineering

• a branch of engineering that deals with

planning the lighting systems of new buildings
:
and outdoor areas (as streets, parking lots)
and the study and correction of old lighting
installations
 Lighting or Illumination
• Lighting or illumination is the deliberate use of light to
achieve a practical or aesthetic effect.
• Lighting includes the use of both artificial light sources
like lamps and light fixtures, as well as natural
illumination by capturing daylight.
• Proper lighting can enhance task performance,
improve the appearance of an area, or have positive
psychological effects on occupants.
• Good lighting makes seeing easy and comfortable .
Visual comfort increases the efficiency of a workman
• Poor lighting can increase anxiety, poor work
performance and accidents.
 Lighting Requirements
• The lighting scheme is dependent upon the
application.
• Lighting the streets, hospitals, houses, malls,
decorating fountains, stadiums.
 Nature of light

• Light is a form of radiant energy.

• Various forms of incandescent bodies are the sources
of light and the light emitted by such bodies depend
upon the temperature of bodies.
• The heat of the body, as seen, can be classified as red
hot or white-hot.
• A hot body about 500-800°C becomes a red hot and
about 2,500-3,000°C the body becomes white hot.
• While the body is red-hot, the wavelength of the
radiated energy will be sufficiently large and the energy
available in the form of heat.
• Further, the temperature increases, the body changes
from red-hot to white-hot state, the wavelength of the
radiated energy becomes smaller and enters into the
range of the wavelength of light.
• The wavelength of the light waves varying from 0.0004
to 0.00075 mm, i.e. 4,000-7,500 Å (1 Angstrom unit =
10-10 mm).
• For the human eye, the visible radiations range from
violet light, in which the shortest rays are about 380
nanometers, to red light, in which the longest rays
are about 750 nanometers.
 Terms used in Illumination
• Plane angle: The angle subtended at a point in
a plane by two converging stright lines and its
magnitude, measured in radians.
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑐
• 𝜃=
𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠
• The largest value is 2π.
• Solid angle: A solid angle is subtended at a
point in space by an area and is the angle
enclosed in the volume formed by infinite
numbers of lines lying on the surface of the
volume and the meeting point.
• It is represented by ω and is measured in
steredians.
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
• 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 =
𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 2
• The largest solid angle is subtended by the
sphere and is equal to 4π.
• Light: It is the radiant energy from a hot body
which produces the visual sensation upon the
human eye.
• It is usually denoted by ‘Q’ and is expressed in
lumen-hours analogous to watthours.
• Luminous Flux: It is defined as the total quantity
of light energy emitted per second from a
luminous body.
• It is represented by ‘F’ and is measured in
Lumens.
𝑄
•𝐹=
𝑡
• Luminous Intensity: It is the lumninous
flux per unit solid angle in a given
direction.
𝑭
𝑰=
ω

• It is denoted by ‘I’.
• It is measured in lumens/ steridian or
candela.
The opening angle (wide/small light beam) does have an impact on the amount of
candela. Let's say you have a light source of 300 lumen. If this light source of 300 lm is
being bundled into an opening angle of 10°, the amount of candela will be bigger than
when the light source radiates in an angle of 50°. In the latter case the light has to be
spread over a larger opening angle. Candela is the amount of light (lumen) per steradian.
The amount of candela is subject to the opening angle of
a light source. The distance from the light source has no
influence on the amount of candela. On a distance of 1
meter, the amount of candela of a light source is equal to
the candela on a distance of 2 meters. The surface area
does become bigger because of the expanding angle.
• Illumination: When the light falls on the
surface the phenomenon is called
illumination.
• The surface looks more or less bright with a
certain color and it is this color and brightness
which the eyes sees and interprets as
something useful,pleasant or otherwise.
• It is defined as the number of lumens falling
on a surface,per unit area.
𝐹𝑙𝑢𝑥 𝐹
• 𝐸= =
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐴
• The unit for illumination is Lux=
Lumens/square meter.
Lamp Efficiency: It is expressed as the ratio of the luminous flux to the power input.
The unit is Lumens/watt.

Laws of illumination
• Law of inverse squares
• Lambert’s cosine law
Maintenance factor