-What are the four parts of Distinctive features?

1. Major class features.

2. Laryngeal features.
3. Manner of articulation features.
4. place of articulation features.

Explain why features are descriptive and contrastive?

Descriptive: because they express some detail of the production of a sound, •
Contrastive: because they permit one sound to be distinguished from another.

What are the parts of Major class features ?

1. vowels.
2. obstruents.
3. glides.

What the parts of Manner of articulation Features?

1. Continuant
2. Strident
3. Delayed Release
4. Nasal
5. Lateral

Types of stress systems?

1. Phonemic stress: Words have different meanings depending on stress.

2. Phonologically predictable stress: Stress is predictable based on phonological

properties.

What are the difference between Onsets and Coda?

Onsets: obligatory, more forcefully, locus of rich phonemic contrasts.

Coda: optional or even forbidden, locus of phonological neutralization including

deletion.

-The various phonetic variants for /p/ are different from /b/ in ? (voicing)

- /p/ and /b/ have quite similar properties. Both share the bilabial place of articulation
and the manner of production. e.g. pill bill.

-The nasals are all voiced.

-Features are the contrastive base of phonological systems.

-The goal of phonology is to come up with universal set of finite rules that
applies to all languages.
-Coronal sounds include [t], [d], [s] and [z], and non coronal sounds include
[p], [b],[f] and [v].

-(The feature anterior) sets a boundary at the alveolar ridge.

-Syllabic (syl): Segments that constitute (frame) a syllable peak are syllabic.

-Nucleus vowels are [+syl] and the non-vowels are [-syl].

-liquids and nasals are syllabic.

-The only non- consonantal sounds in English are the vowels and the glides (w and j )

-Non-nasal sounds are produced with the velum (closed )and the air escape through
the oral cavity.

-The only dimension utilized contrastively by English is voicing.

-all the vowels share a number of features, and those values are predictable or
redundant.

-Regular plural in English takes (three )forms depending on the final segment
of the noun

-The morpheme plural takes several different phonetic shapes and pronounced
differently

-plural occurs is (not random)

-Natural classes can be uniquely specified by (fewer )feature specifications that

are required to specify any individual member of the set.

-The values of some features are completely predictable.

-vowels are not specified for [+vd] since these sounds are always voiced.

-English vowels are always [-cor] and [+ant].

-The features play an important role in defining natural classes.

-There are two types of morphemes: bound morphemes vs. free

-Prefixes and suffixes are bound morphemes.

-the rule for -like applies open-endedly.

-minimal pairs are words that differ in just (one morpheme), rather than in just (one
phoneme.)
-like involves a productive rule of word formation, and -ical does not.

-Derivational rules of morphology apply (before) inflectional rules.

-Many languages have much richer inflectional systems than English,

- Morphemes are not the same as phonemes.

-Alternation often arises because of the way that phonology interacts with
morphology.

-The selection of the proper allophone of /t / is not established for the stems
/noʊt / and / kwoʊt /,

-The morphemes ‘note’ and ‘quote’ alternate: depending on the (context).

- /t/ and /d/ are distinctive sounds that distinguish meaning.

-Two phonemes become a third sound: e.g. /t/,/d/ →/ ɾ/ .

-the distinction between /t/ and /d/ is (neutralized.)

-different languages have different cues to stress.

-In most stress languages, every word has exactly one main stress.

- Stress is a property of syllables.

-languages typically do not have stress contrasts between two halves of a

diphthong.

-Stress can be phonemic,

-In many languages stress can fall on several syllables of a word.

-Heavy syllables are intrinsically more prominent than lights.

-Heavy vs. light syllables can be shown in stress rules.

-The Classical Arabic case illustrates a general principle involving (syllable

weight. )

-The Classical Arabic rule is a surprisingly (common )stress rule among the
languages of the world.

-Phonologists have often made use of syllables in phonological theory.

-The syllable’s substrings are the onset, the coda, and the nucleus. ‫ممكن يجي مقالي‬

-Sometimes peak is used instead of nucleus.

-Very common for a syllable to lack a coda, and less common for it to lack an onset.

- It is obligatory for a syllable to have a nucleus.

- Syllabification could be part of the phonemic representation of Forms.

- In most languages, syllabification is predictable.

-Syllabification is language-specific.

- Every language has its own principles of syllabification.

-It is (possible) to state a set of principles of syllabification that give at least an

approximation to syllabification in most languages.

-The nucleus of the syllable is normally a vowel or diphthong.

-In nucleus, there is a one-to-one correspondence between [+syllabic] sounds and

syllables; every [+syllabic] sound is the nucleus of its own syllable.

-The main task in syllabification is determining to which syllable the

consonants belong.

-Onset Formation and Coda Formation are often word-bounded.

-Onsets are never forbidden.

-In many languages (e.g. Arabic), every syllable must begin with an onset.

- In many languages codas are forbidden.

-the only “universal syllable,” present in every language, is CV.

- Coda position is often the location of neutralization.

-The neutralization of liquids occurs in coda.

-In some cases, fortition is a small effect that produces only subtle allophones.

-in the phonology of French, where nasal consonants delete in codas, but not in
onsets.

-Lenition is also common in intervocalic position. e.g. the English Tapping.

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