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Introduction To Disaster Management
Introduction To Disaster Management
Introduction To Disaster Management
1
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Disasters are seen as the e ect of hazards on vulnerable areas. Hazards that occur in areas with low vulnerability do not result in a disaster.
Great damage, loss, destruction and devastation to life and property are the results of Disasters. The immeasurable damage caused by disaster varies with the
geographical location.
Depending on the intensity and severity of the disaster the normal needs and processes are badly a ected and deteriorated.
Disasters are the e ect of hazard on vulnerable or defenseless areas. Hazards that occur in areas with low vulnerability do not result in a disaster.
Natural disaster
Human-Made disaster
1) Natural Disasters:
Natural disasters are the result of biological, geological, seismic, hydrologic or meteorological conditions. They are a threat to, people, structures and economic assets
Earthquake
Cyclones
Hurricanes
Floods
Landslides
2) Human-Made Disasters:
Human-made disasters are Emergency situations which are the results of deliberate human actions. They involves situations in which people su ers casualties, losses
of basic services and means of livelihood.
Oil Spill
An airplane crash
War
Civil strife
Major re
Emergency situations are generated by a real occurrence of events that require immediate attention of emergency resources.
Disaster situations are natural or human-caused events which causes severe negative impact on community.
OR
Dormant Mode
Active Mode
1) Dormant Mode:
The situation that has the potential to be hazardous, but no people, or environment is currently a ected by this.
For example:
An unstable hillside, has a potential for a landslide but there is nothing below or on the hillside that could be a ected.
2) Active Mode:
An incident in which hazard has actually occurred, creating an Emergency situations or Disasters.
Natural Hazard
Man-Made Hazard
Natural Hazard:
De nition:
1) Volcanic Eruptions:
Ashes and di erent toxic gases are expelled through volcanoes from deep
2) Droughts:
A part of a land su ers from lack of rain during speci c period of time
which causes severe damage to the crops, soil, animals and people also.
3) Tsunamis:
Global Warming:
Projected increases in the Earth's atmosphere's average temperature. In the 20th century the Earth's average temperature rose about 0.6 degree Celsius.
Crime:
It is a kind of Sociological hazard. Crime is a breach of laws and rules. For example Breach of contract.
Industrial Hazard:
It is a kind of Technological hazard. Industrial hazards often have an environmental impact. For example Bhopal Disaster ( worst industrial disaster to date).
OR
As far as Hazards and Disasters are concern, the concept of Vulnerability is to link the relationship that people have with their environment to social forces and
institutions and the cultural values that sustain them.
1.3.2 Capacity:
De nition:
Within a community all the available resources, that can reduce risk level and disaster e ects.
Capacity building is the e orts to develop human skills within a community to reduce risk levels.
1.3.3 Risk:
De nition:
Risk can also be de ned as the probability of a loss, risk depends on three elements:
Hazard
Vulnerability
Exposure
To prevent disasters wherever possible or to mitigate or lessen those disasters which are inevitable.
Through Public awareness and Hazard management disasters could be prevented or mitigated.
Disaster Management Cycle is a cycle which has phases to reduce or prevent disasters.
It is a cyclic process it means the end of one phase is the beginning of another phase, although next phase can be started before the completion of previous phase.
Some times several phases are taking place concurrently. During each phase, timely decision making can results in greater preparedness, better warnings, and
prevent further disasters.
The complete Disaster Management cycle includes the shaping of public policies and plans that addresses the causes of disasters and lessening their e ects on
people, property and infrastructure.
Phase 1- Mitigation
Phase 2 - Preparedness
Phase 3 - Response
Phase 4 - Recovery
De nition:
Mitigation refers to all actions taken before a disaster to minimize its impacts.
Example:
Public education
Mitigation includes:
Reviewing building codes
Non-structural mitigation: They are the policies which raise awareness of hazards. Non-structural mitigation activities also encourage developments to lessen disaster
impact.
Through Mitigation we can educate businesses and public in order to reduce loss or injury.
1.5.2.2 De nition:
Preparedness activities are the Plans/preparations made to save lives or property.
Preparedness plans
Emergency exercises
Public education
Through early warning systems people will react appropriately when any early warning is issued. Preparedness actions depend upon the incorporation of suitable
measures for development plans at national and regional level.
To save lives and minimize disaster damage, individuals, government and organization develop plans and this all is done in Preparedness phase.
The basic needs of people are more focused in Response phase until permanent solutions can be found.
Public information.
Reconstruction
Information Technology can improve the system of Disaster Management and support all the phases of the DMC (Disaster Management Cycle)
Disaster Management uses di erent e ective technological tools to help the process of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation. For example:
Tracking system:
the cargo of Hazard Management (HAZMAT) can be track by advance Vehicle-mounted hardware and when shipment carrying Hazardous materials deviates from its
route centers of Disaster Management issues noti cation to management centers.
Inventory systems:
y y
For any emergency situations Inventory Systems ensures that the su ent supplies are available.
It monitors the inventory levels of important equipment and supplies and maintain the record of important supplies on regular basis in form of Databases.
Detection:
For detecting and monitoring the hazardous cargo, Roadside Detectors are used. These Roadside detectors also con rm that cargo is not deviating for its route.
Preparedness deals with the development of plans before any emergency or disastrous situations.
Emergency management system helps Phase II of DMC via technological services like:
Telemedicine:
It is a connection between ambulances which are responding and emergency medical facilities available very near.
By using telemedicine doctors can give advices to medical personnel for the treatment of those patients who are on the way to hospital.
Advanced ACN:
Advanced ACN is the acronym for Advanced automated collision noti cation.
They inform emergency personnel through vehicle mounted sensors and wireless communication about incidents like collisions or crashes. They also tell the
incident's exact location and characteristics.
Recovery:
To provide immediate help or assistance to the population a ected by disasters is the Goal of Response Phase. While the Goal of Recovery Phase is the restoration of
people's live as soon as possible after the disaster or any emergency situation.
Emergency management System with the help of Technology can help the Response and Recovery phases through di erent systems and software like:
This early warning system used to detect large-scale disasters and emergencies and also man-made disaster or technological disaster.
Large-scale disasters include earthquakes, tsunamis etc and man-made or t echnological disasters include HAZMAT incidents, act of terrorism, nuclear power plant
accidents.
Response management:
Emergency vehicle eets can be track by Response management by using the technology of Automated vehicle location (AVL) and two-way communication between
dispatchers and emergency vehicles.
Chapter No:2
TYPES OF DISASTERS:
2.1 INTRODUCTION:
According to [11] CRED (Center for Research on the Epidemiology of Disaster), Belgium, de nes Disaster as:
"A disaster is a situation or event which overwhelms local capacity, necessitating a request to a national or international level for external assistance"
OR
Disaster is also de ned as 'Great damage, loss or destruction results from a sudden catastrophic event'.
Many [11] di erent types of events like weather or earth's geology are represented by Disasters. There exist a close association between a disaster and extreme
weather events like cyclones, oods, tornadoes etc. The database of disaster events are maintained by CRED. It maintained the disaster events from 1900 to present.
Environmental changes related to economic development may a ect the potential for disasters.
Change of Global climate from the build-up of greenhouse gases may lead to a greater frequency of extreme weather events (heat waves) in the future, as well as sea
level rise. Several existing coastlines may be threatened in this event.
Industrialization without controls may increase the risk for technological disasters.
Earthquakes, Cyclones, Tsunamis are the examples of Natural disasters. The two most
common examples of Man-made disasters are 'The Bhopal gas release' and the 'Chernobyl nuclear accident'. Forest res (initiated by man) may be another example.
There can be a sudden onset or slow onset of disaster. Sudden or Quick onset of disaster
means they can occur suddenly in time and slow onset of disaster means they may
Earthquake
Tsunamis
Flood
Cyclone
2.2.2 Earthquake:
Earthquake is the vibration of earth's surface due to underground movements. Earthquakes also called as tremor or temblor. Sudden release of energy in the earth's
crust leads to a natural disaster called Earthquake. This sudden release of energy waves are called as seismic waves. Epicenter of earthquake is called as the origin
point of these seismic waves.
Among the most unpredictable natural disasters people can experience, Earthquake is the one. During earthquakes tens of thousands of people are put in danger.
Measurement of Earthquake:
To measure the size of an Earthquake there are many ways.
Some of these ways depend upon the damaged amount caused by the Earthquake and some depend upon seismic energy generated by the earthquake.
To measure earthquake there are two scales which are very popular:
Seismographs
Richter scale
Seismographs:
Seismic waves are generated by Earthquakes these waves can be detected by a sensitive
Nowadays Digital seismographs are high-technology seismographs which can record ground shaking over seismic amplitude and covers broad band of frequencies
that is why they are also called as Broadband Seismograph.The study of Seismograph is called as 'Seismology'.
Richter scale:
Earthquake's intensity and magnitude can be represented by Richter scale.
If the intensity of earthquake is 3 on a Richter scale then that earthquake is not harmful.
Extremely harmful earthquake has the reading of 7 or above on the Richter scale.
Nowadays modi ed versions of Richter scales are used for earthquake measurement throughout the world. Richter scale is also called as Richter magnitude scale
because it measures the magnitude of earthquake.
2.2.3 Tsunami:
Ocean [1] wave generated by submarine earthquake, powerful volcanic eruption or underwater landslide is called Tsunami. Tsunami [12] often generated by
earthquake in a subduction zone (an area where an oceanic plate is being forced down into the mantle by plate tectonic forces). Tsunami also called as seismic sea
wave. Sudden Large displacement of water causes Tsunami. Tsunami travels at a great speed across the open ocean and builds into large deadly waves in a shallow
water of a shoreline. Tsunamis consist of multiple waves with an extremely low period and wavelength.
The [1] largest earthquake event recorded in Samoa was on 26 June 1917, measuring 8.3 on the Richter scale. The event originated in Tonga (approximately 200km
south of Apia) and it triggered a tsunami of 4 to 8 metre run-ups in Satupaitea, Savaii. The tsunami arrived less than ten (10) minutes from its point of origin, meaning
it travelled at a speed of more than 1,000km/hr. Hence, when an earthquake occurs, you must listen to the tsunami warning, for example, people living in low-lying
coastal areas must relocate to higher and safer grounds immediately.
Tsunami speed:
Tsunami in a paci c ocean can travel at speeds up to 450mph (half of the speed of sound). The height of Tsunami waves are about 30 to 100 feets.
Safety:
The approach [13] of Tsunami can be determined by many technological methods but
nature has its own methods of warning people. If in a certain area the coastal water is abnormally high or low, then this is the warning for Tsunami.
2.2.4 Floods:
Flood occurs when [1] large amount of water ow from river or from broken pipe onto a previously dry area. The origin of ood can be very [11] quick or they may
develop over a period of days or weeks following an extended period of rain or quick melting of snow. Flash ood have sudden onset. Drowning is the main hazard
from ooding. This is most common in ash ood. The common risk factor for ash ood victims is driving in an automobile, many victims of ash ood drown within
their vehicle.
Importance of Flooding:
For [1] local ecosystem, ooding can be environmentally important. For example some river oods bring nutrients to soil such as in Egypt where the annual ooding
of the Nile River carries nutrients to otherwise dry land. Flood also a ect economy.
post-event measures:
2.2.5 Cyclones:
Chapter no 3
THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT:
INTRODUCTION:
The Advanced Information Technology plays a great role in planning and implementation of di erent measures for the reduction of hazards. The advanced
information technology includes:
GIS
Remote Sensing
Satellite Communication
Internet
The quality and analysis power of natural hazards can be update by Geographic Information System (GIS). In the selection of mitigation measures GIS can direct
development activities.
The identi cation of hazardous areas and before time warning for many future disasters can be done by Remote Sensing
Communication satellites contribute a lot to provide communication in emergency situations and timely relief measures.
For hazard reduction the addition of space technology inputs into monitoring of natural disasters and mechanisms of mitigation is very important
Emergency management can rebuild and restore society back to functional level in no time after a disaster.
It is a technological tool used to improve and enhance the Emergency Disaster Management.
Emergency management system can help Disaster Management in several areas, such as:
Materials:
To ensure that the warehouse is stock with all the items needed for national survival in any disaster, before any overseas help arrival.
Manpower:
In rst aid and shelter management train personnel.
Evacuation Plans:
Testing of General disaster and Evacuation plan.
Communication:
To establish reliable Communication system.
Transportation:
To establish e ective Transportation plans for example transportation through air which facilitates the 'food delivery supplies' process to the victims of a ected areas
which are cut-o from any vehicular tra c.
In this Report I am focusing the following Information Technology tools used in Disaster Management:
Remote Sensing
They are the kind of information system which are well capable of storing, integrating, analyzing, editing, sharing, and displaying the information which is
geographically-referenced.
GIS can create the interactive queries, edit data and di erent maps and can easily present the nal results of all these operations.
The quality and power of analysis of assessments of natural hazards can be improved by GIS. In the selection of mitigation measures, emergency preparedness and
response action, GIS also guide and assist di erent development activities.
Applications of GIS:
For the following activities GIS applications are very useful.
Vulnerability assessment:
To expand Disaster Management organizations by creating awareness of disaster with government and public is done by innovative and interactive technology tool
GIS.
GIS technology would also give information to the shelter operators on the general makeup of the shelter like that how many children, adults, disable or any special
occupant are in the shelter or need shelter.
Vulnerable areas:
The areas which are prone to disasters are highlighted by GIS. This will help the disaster managers to do planning before the occurrence of disaster and it also
facilitates the coordination of e orts during and after the event.
GIS Advantages:
There are more advantages of GIS than challenges. Some GIS advantages are as under:
Integration of di erent information of geo-spatial can be facilitated by GIS. Information of geo-spatial includes maps, models and other forms of graphics.
GIS distributes updated informaton. It also e ciently analyzes, collects and manage that information.
For individuals who wants to use GIS only little tranning is required. This
Form GIS information sometimes vital and hard decisions have to be taken in the best interest of a ected people.
To get the output which is meaningful and useful from the system, large amounts of inputs are required.
GIS delayed the decision making process during emergency because it require huge amount of information and vast amount of time to analyze that information.
Mitigation:
For structural and non-structural mitigation, GIS can play very important role. Areas which are at risk are spatially represented by GIS.
GIS also identi es the risk level associated with particular hazard.
Disaster managers use GIS to determine the level of mitigative structures that should be in place given the vulnerability of an area or population.
Preparedness:
GIS can play a vital role in the identi cation of resources and areas which are at risk.
The link between partners and critical agencies is established by GIS and the use of GIS in the establishment of that link will help disaster managers to know the
location of stations of relevant partner agencies.
In the context of Disaster Management, maps of GIS can provide information on the human resources present in an Emergency Operation Centre as well as on the
ground personnel such as security, health providers and other key responders. This is particularly useful since the technology can help with strategic placement of
emergency personnel where it matters most. Through GIS we can make sure that communication networks and road infrastructure are capable of handling the
e ects of disasters
Response:
By using GIS, users can take accurate and reliable information of the location of an emergency situation from GIS and in this way GIS can save lots of time needed to
determine the location of trouble areas. Once the issues (issues like routes to the area) are known GIS can provide quick response to a ected areas.
To point out evacuation routes and other evacuation matters in emergencies, GIS can be used as a oor guide.
Recovery:
GIS can provide a synopsis of what has been damaged, where, and the number of persons or institutions that were a ected. To the recovery process this kind of
information is quite useful.
The Goal of EMW or Electromagnetic Waves is the transportation of information and energy from one place to another. Cellular networks, Microwave ovens and x-ray
machines used EMW.
Remote Sensing include man-made sensors, these sensors are attached to satellites and aircrafts. Instead of viewing a far away planet from earth, the
planet - earth. Distant in this context can mean just a few hundred feet
By using Remote Sensing the hazard and risk modeling of many disasters like
After disaster, damage assessment can be done by Satellites and airborne sensors.
The users of Remote Sensing do not have to be in direct contact with the danger zones.
Remote Sensing technology can gives the clear image of very large area of land.
It can easily detect features at wavelengths which are even not visible to naked eye.
For forward planning and reconstruction of any a ected area, Remote Sensing plays an important role by giving clear and large image of those areas.
By using Remote Sensing the reappearance of the same event in the future can be prevented.
Brief description of the above wavelength classi cation for Remote Sensing is given below:
For the comparison of before and after events of disaster we can use visible Remote Sensing.
Infrared sensors developed a fact that all objects emits Electromagnetic Radiation, these Electromagnetic Radiation are called as 'blackbody radiation'.
These blackbody radiation has a particular wavelength which is proportional to the temperature of the surface of an object.
We can also see the particular part of electromagnetic spectrum (EM spectrum are the series of electromagnetic waves with particular wavelength) by using infrared
sensors.
Activities which are small sized are di cult to outline on Remote Sensing imagery.
Expert skills may require to interpret the data obtained from Remote Sensing.
Special Sensors with very high spatial resolution are required for regions which are small size.
The aim of experts in Disaster Management is to monitor the situation, simulate the complicated natural phenomenon as accurately as possible so as to suggest
better contingency plans and prepare spatial databases.
Proper Disaster Management which includes disaster preventions, disaster preparedness and quick and su cient disaster relief can su ciently reduce the impact of
natural disasters.
Countries which have more advance warning systems and building codes can do successful remote sensing of the earth to predict the occurrence of disastrous
phenomena and to warn people on time.
With the increase of natural disasters and man-made disasters it is necessary to use technological advances to lessen the e ects of disasters.
Remote Sensing can be very useful to mitigate the e ects of Natural Disasters like Earthquakes, Flooding, Hurricanes, Volcanic eruption and Landsliding.
Countries which are more prone to earthquake use Satellite Remote Sensing Technology (RST) for early seismic warning.
The quality [1] of aid that can be provided after an earthquake can be considerably improved by using Remote Sensing. After major earthquake has taken place the
search and rescue activities are best a ected by remote sensing.
Remote sensing can also used for doing deep searches in the areas which have considerable amount of debris and collapsed structures.
Recent Development:
Nowadays Airborne and Satellite RSTs can be used for gathering damaged information
Remote sensing also enables vulcanologists to signi cantly reduce the amount of eld work and saves e orts and money.
For [3] ood monitoring remote sensing has become the key tool in recent years.
Disaster managers can identify ood planes and areas which are prone to ood on a remotely sensed imagery.
Remotely sensed imagery generates images which help professional in mapping the high and low risk areas and in assessing the damages to the properties in ood
a ected region.
In ood management remotely sensed data can be used to forecast oods and this will mitigates future damages.
Remote sensing allow [1] users to view what is taking place in a ected areas, without jeopardizing their safety, since they will not actually be on the site.
By using remote sensing technology we can highlight features of the geography that make the community susceptible to the hazard. Using remote sensing Response
workers can gather important information for doing rescue and relief e orts without physically being present at the site.
Remote sensing is useful in any stage of the hurricane in mitigating the deadly e ects of hurricanes.
Remote [1] sensing can allow planners to ascertain data about the features of watersheds to include drainage and density. Once obtained, this is useful information
as it provides information on the capacity of the watershed to deal with the volume of water- ow that could result from rains associated with the storm.
Remote sensing can provide good resolution spatial data on hurricanes which can gives wealth [4] of information for assessment, analysis and monitoring natural
disasters like Hurricane, Tornados and Cyclone damage from small to large regions around the globe.
After the Hurricane experts can monitor the recovery progress and determine the change in landscape by using remote sensing.
Remote sensing saves lots of time in a way that it will allow experts to study larger land mass in no time.
Coastal ooding and storm surges which results in hurricanes can be better mapped using remote sensing. Disaster managers, Emergency management and
community planners can be better prepare for hurricane impacts on their regions by using the tools of remote sensing.
Using remote sensing technology in landsliding disaster managers are better able to prioritized and target mitigation and preparedness activities for their area.
Once [1] major portions of land shift out of place, access to and general visibility of the a ected
area is usually severely restricted. Remotely sensed images under these conditions are useful tools in assisting planners. It presents a picture of what has taken place,
and aids in the decision making process regarding the future of the a ected area.
information.
On [5] local and regional scales remote sensing can greatly help in investigations of landslides.
Remote sensing can help greatly in predicting future landslide occurrences and this is important for those who reside near unstable slope.
For navigational and positioning GPS tool is widely used. GPS include navigation on land, in air and on sea.[5] By using GPS technology tool we can detect rst stage
disaster and suggest mitigation measures. In Landsliding Boundary of landslide area can be determine by GPS.
Space segment of GPS has 24 well-spaced satellite groups; these 24 satellite groups orbit the earth two time per day and allow people with ground receivers to point
out their exact location on earth with high accuracy.
Due to the low cost of GPS receiver it is used globally. Receivers or devices have GPS equipment receives transmission from at least few of the satellites and can able
to distinguish very precise positioning data (http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-gps.htm)
In earth [6] sciences GPS plays an important role. For weather forecasting and global climate studies meteorologists uses GPS. During and between earthquakes the
tectonic motions can be measured by GPS.
During emergency situations GPS incorporated with GIS to cover real-time activity. In all phases of Disaster management Cycle GPS is very useful and plays a vital
role.
In Emergency Disaster Management GPS plays an important role by tracking emergency vehicles and supplies. Emergency vehicles have GPS receiver and location is
overlayed onto a map. For precise [7] positioning of the rescue teams and vehicles during disaster GPS stations can be well utilized as a base stations.
Through [5] GPS experts can monitor the height of waves. GPS units are xed to buoys and the height of the units are can be determined to within centimetres any
signi cant change in wave height or velocity can trigger an alarm for a tsunami or sea surge.
With the help of GPS, volcanoes can be monitored. Disaster managers can measure the deformation of the ground by using GPS and made conclusion about volcanic
activity.
These GPS stations can be utilized as base stations for precise positioning of rescue teams and vehicles during the disasters.
Structural problems in buildings and road can be detected by GPS. It also predicts disasters like Flooding, earthquakes etc.
GPS system in a car or in a plane ensures that you will never lost.
It streamlines supply chains and truck movement. it can track goods at any point of time and predict accurately when goods will reached their destination.
Some [9] GPS systems allow you to search the local area for nearby amenities, such as hotels, restaurants and gas stations. This is extremely helpful in some
situations.
GPS [9] devices are perfect for water navigation. In situations where underwater hazards are a problem, GPS devices allow boaters to steer around hidden dangers.
3.3.3.4 Disadvantages of GPS:
Besides lots of advantages GPS have some important disadvantages also[5]. Some of these disadvantages are precision is a ected by the number of observable
satellites present, the obstruction of the observation point, and the monitoring of installed GPS receivers which have been placed out in the eld.
Obstacles like buildings and trees can de ect the GPS signals and this will causing your position on the GPS screen to be o by as much as 100 feet. Atmospheric
conditions also a ect GPS accuracy.
GPS [9] signals are not completely accurate. Obstacles like buildings and trees can de ect the signal, causing your position on the GPS screen to be o by as much as
100 feet. Atmospheric conditions (such as geomagnetic storms caused by solar activity) may also a ect GPS accuracy
According to scientist there is a relationship exist between amount of displacement caused by an earthquake and magnitude of earthquake. Scientist use this
relationship to nd out the size of an earthquake by using technological tools of GPS.
GPS can [6] make very accurate measurements and due to this scientists can record millimeter-scale slip on faults that cannot ordinarily be measured. GPS advance
tools can be very useful in:
The integration of location based spatial mapping system: GIS, with GPS can directly give the map of the area being covered. The Video Mapping System, a digital
video camera directly linked to a GPS receiver can give us the complete picture of the region. This will allow improved image interpretation, which is very useful for
Flood hazard mitigation and management.
Produce GPS Elevation Certi cates which help home owners recognize their true ood risk and obtain best-value ood insurance to reduce their nancial
Vulnerability
Help accelerate Federal disaster assistance funding when ooding actually occurs.
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