CEREBRAL CORTEX:

CEREBRAL CORTEX IS ALSO CALLED

PALLIDUM AND IT CONSISTS OF TWO
HEMISPHERES SURFACE AREA OF
CEREBRAL CORTEX. MADE UP OF GREY
MATTER THAT IS FOLDED AND WRINKLED.
FISSURE:
 HISTOLOGY OF CEREBRAL CORTEX:
It is thickest, i.e .4.5 cm. According to economic the cerebral cortex is formed
by 6 layers of structures following are the layers from outside to inside:
1. Molecular or plexiform layer.
2. External granular layer.
3. Outer pyramidal layer.
4. Internal granular layer.
5. Ganglionic layer.
6. Fusiform cell layer.
LOBES OF CEREBRAL CORTEX:
• In each hemisphere there are three surface lateral medial
and inferior surface new cortex of each cerebral
hemisphere consists of four lobes:
1. Frontal lobe.
2. Parietal lobe.
3. Occipital lobe.
4. Temporal lobe.
LOBES OF EACH HEMISPHERE ARE DEMACRATIC BY
FOUR MAIN FISSURES AND SULCUS:

• Central sulcus: Between frontal and parietal lobes.

• Parieto-Parieto-occipital sulcus: Between parietal and occipital
lobe.
• Lateral fissure: Between parietal and temporal lobes.
• Callosomarginal fissure: Between temporal lobe and limbic
area.
FRONTAL LOBE OF CEREBRAL CORTEX IS DIVIDED
INTO THREE FUNCTIONAL AREA:

1.Primary motor area.

2.Premotor area ( Broca’s area ).
3.Supplementary motor area.
PRIMARY MOTOR AREA:
• Locations: Located immediately anterior to central
sulcus.
• Functions: control voluntary ( skeletal ) movements of
specific body.
Motor area of right hemisphere controls
movement of left side of body
and vice versa.
LESIONS OF PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX:

• In cat 🐈: the ability to walk is not affectedi.

• In Monkeys🐒: there is contralateral paralysis,
hypotonia and loss of reflexes.
• ln humans: Complete paralysis is rare. Recovery occurs
very slowly. During recovery, upper part of body
recover first.
PREMOTOR CORTEX:

• Location: immediately anterior to motor area.

• Functions: co-ordinate movement initiated by primary
motor area.Ensuring that learned pattern of movement
can be separated.
• Concerned with conjugate movements of eyeball.
• Concerned with voluntary movements of eyeballs.
 BROCA’S AREA :
• Control the muscles movement needed for speech.
• Broca’s area is also responsible for movements of tongue, lips and
larynx, which are involved in speech.
• Broca’s Aphasia:
• It is the non- fluent speech problem. The affected
persons do not complete the sentences because of their inability to
construct the sentences. They are affected by weakness or
paralysis of right arm or leg. it is due to damage or frontal lobe
which is also responsible for motor activities.
SUPPLEMENTARY MOTOR AREA:

• Functions:
• It is concerned with coordinated skilled movements.
• Concerned with emotion, learning, memory and social
behaviour.
• It concerned turning the head and eye and movements of
synergistic muscles of trunk and legs.
•Frontal lobe
syndrome.
1. Emotional instability: Aggressiveness and Restlessness.
2. Lack of concentration: lack of fixing attention.
3. Lack of initiation: Thare is lack of initiation and difficulty in
planning any course of action.
4. Loss of moral sense: loss of moral and social sense is
common and there is loss of love for family and friends.
5. Flight of ideas: there is failure to realize the seriousness of the
condition.the subject has the sense of well being and also has
flight of ideas.
6. Impairment of recent memory: impairment of recent memory
occurs.however the memory of remote events is not lost.
PARIETAL LOBE IS DIVIDED INTO THREE
FUNCTIONAL AREAS:

1.Somesthetic Area l .
2.Somesthetic Area ll .
3.Somesthetic Association Area.
SOMESTHETIC AREA 1:

• It integrate cutaneous and kinesthetic sensations.

it receives sensory impulses from cutaneous
receptor ( touch, pressure, pain, temperature).
• Recognition of position and passive movements
of limbs.
 SOMESTHETIC AREA
2:
•Perceives cutaneous and
kinesthetic sensations.
SOMESTHETIC
ASSOCIATION AREA:
•Synthesise sensations
perceived by somesthetic
area 1 (from the centre for
combined sensation).
 TEMPORAL LOBE INCLUDES THREE
FUNCTIONAL AREAS:

1. Primary auditory area ( wernicke’s area ).

2. Secondary auditory area.
3. Area for equilibrium.
WERNICKE’S AREA:

• Wernicke’s area is responsible for the

interpretation of auditory sensation.
• Vernix area is also responsible for understanding
the auditory information about any word and
sending the information to Broca’s area.
SECONDARY AUDITORY AREA:

•It is concerned with storage of memories of

spoken words.
AREA FOR EQUILIBRIUM:

•It is concerned with the maintenance of

equilibrium of the body. stimulation of this
area causes dizziness, swaying, falling and
feeling of rotation.
TEMPORAL LOBE SYNDROME:
• Temporal lobe syndrome is otherwise known as
kluverbucy syndrome.
• Auditory disturbances such as frequent attacks of
tinnitus auditory hallucination with sound like buzzing
ringing or huming. Tinnitus means noise in the year
Hallucination means feeling of a particular type of
sensation without any stimulus.
OCCIPITAL LOBE CONSISTS OF THREE FUNCTIONAL
AREAS:
• Primary visual area.
• Secondary visual area.
• Occipital eye 👀 field.
FUNCTIONS OF OCCIPITAL LOBE:

• Primary visual area is concerned with perception of visual sensation.

• Secondary visual area is concerned with interpretation of visual
sensation and storage of memories of visual symbols.
• Occipital eye 👀 field is concerned with reflex movement of eyeballs
it is also concerned with Association movement of eyeballs while
following a moving object.
 HEMIANOPIA:
• Lesion in The upper or lower part of visual cortex
results in hemianopia. Bilateral lesion leads to total
blindness.