CLINTON ARRIVES

• Signs NAFTA
• Healthcare Reform Attempts
• CHIP
• Global warming questions
• Al-Qaeda emerges
The Business Model
REFORMING GOVERNMENT
NATIONAL PERFORMANCE REVIEW
• Headed by Gore
• Bureaucrats are asked how to streamline the
bureaucracy
• Red tape is strangling government
• Government is designed to fail
• Bureaucrats are good people stuck in a bad situation
• New Public Management (NPM)
NEW PUBLIC MANAGEMENT
• Focus on Efficiency, Effectiveness, and Economy – not
values
• Attempts to apply private sector management
techniques to the public sector
• Begins the outsourcing of government
• Grows out of parliamentary systems in New Zealand,
Australia, & the UK
TENETS OF NEW PUBLIC
MANAGEMENT
• Government should “steer not row”
• Empower citizens to solve their own problems
• Efficiency and economy in performance – cost
effectiveness
• Emphasis on goals rather than rules
• Customer-oriented government
TENETS CONT.
• Competitive government
• Anticipate problems instead of just responding to them
• Enterprising government – focus on earning and saving
money rather than spending
• Decentralization of authority promoting participatory
management
• Emphasis on market mechanisms
CHOICE
• Should people be able to choose government services
like they choose where to go for dinner?
• What are the implications for government of choice
approaches?
• Is it o.k. that people don’t always choose based on
what society values?
• Are there basic differences between those who elect
choice programs versus those who accept standard
programs?
THINKING ABOUT REFORMS
• Do reforms really work or just add more layers?
• Does reform imply that government/bureaucrats are
flawed?
• Are reforms reactive or proactive?
KETTL – 10 PRINCIPLES & 4
TRADITIONS
• Governance is networked partnerships with varying
governmental entities, nonprofits, and for-profit
organizations
• Contracting government services and activities
10 PRINCIPLES
1. Hierarchy and authority cannot and will not be replaced, but they must
be fitted better to the transformation of governance.
2. Complex networks have been layered on top of hierarchical
organizations, and they must be managed differently.
3. Public managers need to rely more on interpersonal and
interorganizational processes as complements to – and sometimes as
substitutes for authority
4. Information is the most basic and necessary component for the
transformation of governance
5. Performance management can provide a valuable tool for spanning
fuzzy boundaries
10 PRINCIPLES CONT.
6. Transparency is the foundation for trust and confidence in
government operations.
7. Government needs to invest in human capital so that the skills
of its workers match the jobs they must perform.
8. The transformation of governance requires new strategies and
tactics for popular participation in public administration
9. Civic responsibility has become the job of government’s
nongovernmental partners.
10. Americans need to devise new constitutional strategies for the
management of conflict.
FOUR APPROACHES TO PA
• Wilson – Efficiency
• Madison – Separation of Powers
• Hamilton – Top-Down
• Jefferson – Bottom-Up