uykqjr rdcOdksh

10 fY%AKsh

08 mdvu

ksmqK;dj (- Y%S ,dxlsl rcjrekaf.a fY%AIaG;ajh w.hhs'

ksmqK;d uÜgu (- uykqjr rdcOdksfha wdrïNh iy jHdma;sh ms<sn|
f;dr;=re úuid n,hs'

ieliqu ( hQ' iqñ;%d Wvqjrf.a

lE$foys$ wxfyÜÜ.u uy úoHd,h
wxfyÜÜ.u'
1' wdrïNh yd jHdma;sh
fixlv.," lkafoa kqjr" Wvrg rdcOdksh" uykqjr rdcOdksh f,i y÷kajhs'

 fiakd iïu; úl%undyq Wvrg iajdëk rdcOdkshla f.dvk.k ,o uq,au

rc;=udh' miqj Tyqf.a mq;a chùr nKavdr rcúh' bka miq lr,sheoafoa nKavdr
rcúh' Tyq mD;=.SisSkag ys;j;a rdcH m%;sm;a;shla wkq.ukh lf<ah'

 ùr iqkaor nKavdr I rdcisxy rcqg Wvrg wdl%uKhg Woõ lf<ah' tu

wdl%uKhg uqyqK Èh fkdyelsj lr,sheoafoa nKavdr ;u ÈhKsh iy nEKd
iuÕ mD;=.SiSka fj; mek .sfhah' bka wk;=rej l=iqudik foaúh fodak
l;ßkd kñkao" huisxy nKavdr fodka ms,sma kñkao fn!;sSiau ,eîh'

 l%s'j' 1580 § muK ùriqkaor nKavdrf.a l%shd l<dmh ms<sn| iel is;+
I rdcisxy rcq WmdhYS,Sj Tyq urKhg m;a l<y' Tyqf.a mq;d fldkmamq
nKavdr mD;=.SiSka fj; m,d .sfhah' fldkmamq nKavdr wjqia;%shdfõ fodka
cqjdka kñka fn!;Ssiau ,enqfõh'

 miq ld,Skj mD;=.SiSka ;uka Ndrfha isá huisxy nKavdrj Wvrgg hjd
Wvrg we;eï m%N+kaf.ao iyfhka md,khla msysgqúh' fudyq mD;=.SiS .e;s
rElv md,lfhl= úh' flá l,lska Tyq ñh .sfhah' Tyqf.a l=vd mq;=
issxydikhg m;alr mD;=.SiSka n,h f.khdug W;aiy l<;a fldkmamq
nKavdr ksid th wid¾:l úh' bka wk;=rej Wvrg fldkmamq nKavdr
I úu,O¾uiQßh kñka rcúh'
 Wvrg isxy, rcjre l< fiajh
rc;=ud uqyqK ÿka wNsfhda. foaYmd,k" wd¾Ól" wd.ñl" ixialD;sl fiajh igka fufyhùu
I úu,O¾uiQßh  kS;HdkQl+, rdcH Wreuh  l=iqudik foaúh újdy lr f.k rdcH;ajh ;yjqre lr l%s'j' 1594 oka;=f¾ igkska
rcq fkdùu' .ekSu' ch.%yKh ,nd .ekSu'
 lf;da,sl wd.u w;yer fn!oaO wd.u je<|.ekSu'
1592 ¡ 1604  Wvrg rdcOdksh
 fn!oaO kduhla ,nd .ekSu'
mD;=.SiSkaf.ka uqod .ekSu'
 inr.uqj m<df;a fo,a.uq úydrfha ;ekam;a lr ;snQ oka;
 nqÿ iiqk k.d isgqùu' Od;=j jevu lrjd o<od ud<s.dfõ ;ekam;a lsrSu'
 wd¾Ól lghq;= ÈhqKq lsÍu'  l%s'j 1594 oka;=f¾ igkska mD;=.Sis mrdch lsÍu'
 mD;=.SiSkag tfrys my;rg we;s jQ ler<s j,g Woõ§u'
 mD;=.Sis m<jd yeÍug ,kafoais iyh ,nd .ekSug W;aiy
lsÍu'
 nqreufhka Wmiïmodj f.k tAu'
 ,xld ;s,lh" ߧ úydrh" .v,dfoKsh" merKs fjfyr
úydr m%;sixialrKh"
 f.dú;eka lsÍu" lmq j.dj ÈhqKq lsÍug wkqn, §u" hlv
yd jdfka l¾udka;h ÈhqKq lsÍu" Wvrg wdY%s; fjä ¨Kq
l¾udka;h ÈhqKq lsÍu'
 l%s'j' 1604 § urKhg m;aúh' -

fikr;a rcq  rdcH Wreuh fkdue;sùu'  l=iqudik foaúh újdy lr f.k rdcH Wreuh ;yjqre lr ^uyd wia:dk l=ure &
1604 ¡ 1635  mD;=.SiSskaf.ka t,a, jQ n,mEu .ekSu' II rdcisxy l=uref.a
 rdcHh fldgia ;=klg fnod mq;=kag mejÍu' uQ,sl;ajfhka 1630 W!j
W!j ¡ l=udrisxy l=ure " ud;f,a ¡ úfÊmd, l=ure" rkafoKsfj, igk
uykqjr ¡ rdcisxy l=ure ch.%yKh lsÍu
 isxy, rcjre l< fiajh

rc;=ud uqyqK ÿka wNsfhda. foaYmd,k" wd¾Ól" wd.ñl" ixialD;sl fiajh igka fufyhùu
II rdcisxy rcq  mD;=.SisSka Wvrgg t,a, l<  mD;=.SiS m,jd yeÍug ,kafoaiSkaf.ka Woõ .ekSu' 1638 .kafkdarej igk
^uyd wia:dk m%ydr uev meje;aùu'  ,kafoais Wvrg w,ajd .ekSug W;aiy lsÍu" l%s'j' 1638 ch.%yKh ,eîu'
l=ure &  mD;=-.SiSka furáka m<jd yeÍu' ,kafoais iyh ,ndf.k l%s'j' 1658 § mD;=.SisSka furáka
1635 -¡ 1687  ro, m%OdkSkaf.a ;¾ck wju m<jd yeÍu'
lr .ekSu'  l%s'j' 1670 ¡ l%s'j' 1675 § ,kafoaisSkag m%n, m%ydrhla
 ,kafoaiSkaf.ka Wvrg ksoyia t,a, lr m%foaY /ila w,a,d .ekSu'
lr .ekSu'  l,amsáh" y,dj;" ;%sl=Kdu,h" uvl,mq jrdhka Wvrg
i;=úh'
 mD;=.SisSka m,jd yeÍug ,kafoais iyh .;a ksid" b`.=re §
ñßia .;a;d jeks m%ia;d msre< mg ne¢K'
-
II  ro, n,h j¾Okh úh'  ,kafoaiSka iuÕ iduldój lghq;= l<y'
úu,O¾uiQßh  nqreufhka Wmiïmodj f.k tAu'
rcq 1687¡ 1707  o<|d ud<s.dj m%;sixialrKh lsÍu'

Y%S ùr mrdl%u  ÿ¾j, md,lfhls' m%N+ n,h  ol=Kq bka§h l=udßldjla újdy lr .ekSu' rcqg orejka
kf¾kaøisxy rcq
j¾Okh úh fkdue;s ksid ol=Kq bkaÈhdkq iïm%odhg wkqj ìijf.a
1707 ¡ 1739
^fudyq isxy,fha ifydaorhdg rclu ysñúh'
wjidk isxy,
rc;=udh'&
 kdhlal¾ rdcjxYh
ùr mrdl%u kf¾kaøisxy rc;=ud Wreulrefjl= fkd;ndu ñh .sfhah' tys§ ol=Kq bkaÈhdkq
iïm%odhg wkqj Tyqf.a ìijf.a ifydaorhdg rclu ysñfõ' fuf,i werô rdcjxYh kdhlal¾ rdc
jxYh f,i ye¢kafõ'

rc;=ud foaYmd,k" wd¾Ól" wd.ñl" ixialD;sl fiajh

Y%S úch rdcisxy  kj rdcjxYhls' Wvrg ro, n,h uev,Sug Tyqf.a {d;Skag ;k;=re ÿkay'
rcq
 nqreufhka Wmiïmodj f.k tAug W;aiy l<;a wid¾:l úh' fudyq nqÿ
l%s'j' 1739 ¡ 1747
oyu je<|.;ay' rdcH Wreuhg orejka ke;s ksid Tyqf.a ìijf.a
fidhqreg rclu ysñúh' kdhlal¾ jxYfha m%:u rcqh'

lS¾;s Y%S rdcisxy  jhi wjqreÿ 16 § rcúh' Tyqf.a mshdjk kf¾kmamd kdhlal¾ md,khg
rcq we`.s,s .eiSh'
l%s'j' 1747 ¡ 1781
 ishï foaYfhka Wmd,s ysñ jevu lrjd Wmiïmodj we;s l<y' ^j¾;udk
ishï ksldh&
 Wvrg yd my;rg úydrdrdu m%;sixialrKh
 irKxlr ysñg ix>rdc ;k;=r msß kud wd.ñl m%fndaOhla we;s lsÍug
lghq;= lsÍu'
 1766 ,kafoais iuÕ idu .súiqu w;aika lsÍu'
 rclug Wreulrefjl= fkdùu'

rdcdê rdcisxy rcq  ro, m%N+ka yd kdhlal¾ jxYsl rcjre w;r u;fNao j¾Okh úh'
l%s'j' 1781 ¡ 1798
 l%s'j' 1796 § bx.%SiSka uqyqÿ nv m%foaY w,ajd .;ay'

Y%S úl%u rdcisxy  lkakidñ l=urd ¡ Y%S úl%u rdcisxy f,i rcúh'
rcq
 1803 Wvrg bx.%Sis wdl%uKh uev,Sh'
l%s'j' 1798 ¡ 1815
 Wvrg uyckhd yd rcq w;r in|;d ì| jegqKs'
 1815 fmnrjdß Wvrg rdcOdksh bx.%SisSkag hg;a úh' ^Wvrg .súiqu u.ska
rcq fj,af,darhg msgj
q y,a l<d'& fudyq w;awvx.=jg .;a;d' Y%S ,xldfõ
wjidk rc;=udh'
we.hSu'

 my; i|yka m%Yak i|yd flá ms<s;=re imhkak'

01' uykqjr rdcOdksh y÷kajk kï 03 la ,shkak'
02' Wvrg rdcOdksfha wdrïNl md,lhd kï lrkak'
03' Wvrg wdl%uKhg uqyK
q §ug fkdyels jQ lr,sheoafoa nKavdr .;a bÈß l%shdud¾.
olajkak'
04' mD;=.SiSkaf.a fN!;siau ,enqK miq" l=iqudik foaúh" huisxy nKavdr iy fldkmamq
nKavdr ,enQ lf;da,sl kduhka ms<sfj,ska i|yka lrkak'
05' fldkmamq nKavdr rcjQfha l=uk kulskao@
06' I úu,O¾uiQßh rcq uqyK
q ÿka wNsfhda. 03 la ,shkak'
07' I úu,O¾u iQßh rcq Wvrg ish kS;HdkQl+, whs;sh ;yjqre lsÍug .;a l%shdud¾.
,shkak'
08' fikr;a rcq rcjQfha lskï j¾Ifha§h'
09' fikr;a rc;=ud l=udrjreka ;sfokdg rdcH fnod ÿka whqre ,shkak'
10' my; mska;+rh wOHhkh lr m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re ,shkak'

i' fudyq ljqrekao@

ii' fudyqf.a l=vd ld,fha ku l=ulao@

iii' fudyq ch.;a igka 02 la i|yka lrkak'

iv' fudyqg mgne÷Kq úreodj,sh l=ulao@

11' II rdcisxy rcq mD;=.SiSka furáka m,jd yeß j¾Ih l=ulao@

12' fojk rdcisxy rcqf.a ld,fha§ Wvrgg k;= lr.;a jrdhka
04 la ,shkak'
13' II úu,O¾uiqrsh rcq olaI md,lfhl= fkdjQj;a Tyq nqoaO
Ydikhg isÿ l< wd.ñl fufyjr olajkak'
14' kdhlal¾ jxYh hkq l=ulao@
15' kdhlal¾ jxYh we;s jQ whqre fláfhka úia;r lrkak'
16' kdhlal¾ jxYsl rcjre kï lrkak'
17' wjidk isxy, rcq kï lrkak'
18' lS¾;s Y%S rdcisxy rc;=ud fn!oaO m%fndaOhla we;s lsrSug wkq.ukh l< l%shd ud¾. 02 la ,shkak'
19' Y%S úl%u rdcisxy kñka rcjQfha ljqrekao@
20' Y%S úl%u rdcisxy rcqj bx.%Sisyq w;a wvx.=jg .;a j¾Ih l=ulao@
21' Y%S úl%u rdcisxy rcqj msgj
q y,a l< ia:dkh kï lrkak'
 mßmd,k ixúOdkh
by<u n,;, rcq i;=h' iyhg wêldrïjre fofofkl= isá w;r foaYmd,k jYfhka
Tjqka fofjks jQfha rc;=udg muKs' rdcHfha jeo.;a lghq;= idlÉPdjg rdc iNdjla úh' fuu rdc
iNdjg wêldrïjre" Èidfõjre" uyf,alï" tA tA noafo f,alï,d iyNd.S úh'

rcqf.a n,;,

 rfÜ by<u n,h ysñ ;eke;a;d rc;=udh'

 rfÜ iduh mj;ajdf.k hdu yd wdrlaIdj ie,iSu rcqf.a m%Odk ld¾hka fõ'
 iïm%odh yd fmr isß;g wkqj rcq lghq;= l< hq;= úh'
 rfÜ by<u wêlrKh rcq jQ w;r jerÈ lrefjl=g urKSh oKavkh mekùfï n,h rcqg
;snqKs'
 rfÜ ish¨ foaYmd,k lghq;=" wd¾Ól lghq;= yd mßmd,k lghq;= rcqf.a uQ,sl;ajfhka
l%shd;aul úh'

wêldrïjre
uy wêldrï fojk wêldrï
y;a fldarf,a y;r fldar,h
W!j ;=ka fldar,h
ud;f,a inr.uqj
j,mfka W!j m<d;
ìka;ekak Wvq kqjr" hákqjr" ;=ïmfka
kqjr l,dúh fld;auf,a" nq,;a.u

 ud<sÕdj i;= ks<OdÍka

.ckdhl ks,fï" uy f,alï" uy .nvd ks,fï" Èhjvk ks,fï" y¿ jvk ks,fï" n;a jvk
ks,fï"

 rg jiu

rg } 9 + Èidfjks } 12 = 21

rg Ndr ks,OdÍka" rfÜ uy;ajreka

Tyq hgf;a ,shkrd," WKaäh rd," Èidfõ ¡ Èidj

fldarf<a ¡ fldard, ¡ uqykaÈrï ¡ .ïNdrj úodfkajre

  noafoa ixúOdkh
foaYmd,k jYfhka mej;s m%dfoaYSh ixúOdk cd,hg wu;rj Èidj ;=< isá Ys,amSka fyda l=,
Tjqkaf.a ld¾hh wkqj fjku ixúOdkh fldg ;sìKs' uq,a ld,fha noafo ixúOdkh fjku l%shd;aul
jqj;a" Wvrg rdcHfha wjidk ld,fha th Èidj hgf;a l%shd;aul úh'
 uäf.a noao ^m%jdyk lghq;=&
 l=refj noao ^we;=ka we,a,Su&
 nvye, noao ^j<x ;ekSu&
 rod noao ^fros fiaoSu&
 ye`o noao ^fros úùu&

úydr foajd, md,k lghq;=

úydrdrdu md,k lghq;=" uy kdhl yd wkqkdhl ysñjrekaf.a uQ,sl;ajfhka l%shd;aul úh'
o<`od ud,s`.dfõ lghq;= oshjvk ks<fï ;=ud uÕska l%shd;aul flßK' úydr foajd, kv;a;=j" mqo mQcd
ixúOdkh iy fmryer lghq;=j,g .ïjr ,enQ rdcldß Y%uh iemhQ msßila isáhy'

wêlrK lghq;=
by<u wêlrK n,;, rcq i;=h' iEu ks,Odßfhl=gu ;u moúh wkqj wêlrK n,;, ysñúh'
we;eï kvq weiSfï n,h jQfha rcqg muKs'

rc;=ud úiska úi|k ,o kvq j¾.

 jeo.;a kdhlhska iïnkaO kvq

 ler,s flda,dy, ms<sn| kvq
 l=uka;%K kvq
 rdcfødayS;ajh ms<sn| kvq
 úydr yd NslaIQka iïnkaO kvq

tl, jerÈlrejkag ,nd ÿka o`vqjï

 W, ;eîu
 w;=,a myr §u
 o`vq lf`oa .eiSu
 we;=ka ,jd md.d ueÍu
 li myr §u'
 oÕ f.hs ,Eu'
 msgqjy,a lsÍu
 Èfha .s,ja d ueÍu'
 frdã /yeg oeóu'
 ysi flia lemSu'
wd¾Ól l%uh
 lDIsld¾ñl wd¾Ól l%uhla mej;sK'
 mßfNdackh i`oyd úh'
 iajhxfmdaIs; wd¾Ól rgdjls'
 l`ÿlr nj ksid f.dúìï iSñ; úh'
 fy,au¿ j.djo olakg ,eîh'
 fyaka j.dj olakg ,eìK'
 rcrg" reyqKq rg jeõ fï ld,h jk úg mßydkshg m;a ù ;sìK'
 f.j;= j.dj olakg ,eìK'
 hlv jev l¾udka;h" f,day l¾udka;h" ,dlaId l¾udka;h oshqKq ;;a;ajhl mej;sK'
 mka l¾udka;h oshqKq ;;a;ajhl mej;sK'
 l=rlalka" wuq" fufkaß" bß`.=" OdkH j¾." w, n;, j.d l<y'
 f.j;= wdY%s;j fldia" fo,a" .ïñßia" idoslald" lrouqx.=" mqjla" t<j¿" m<;=re j.d l<y'
 i;a;aj md,k lghq;= o isÿ úh'

iudc ixúOdk
 bvï j, Wreuh rcq i;= úh'
 bvï whs;sh" N=la;sh u; fldgia úh' .nvd.ï" kskao.ï" úydr .ï" foajd, .ï" mrfõKs .ï
jYfhka ckhd bvï N=la;sh ysñ úh'
 rg jeishkaf.a fiajd l%uh rdcldßh kñka ye¢kaùh'
 .u iajhxfmdaIs; úh' iudch l=, l%uh u; mokï úh'
 újdyh oS." ìkak" tl f.hs lEu f,i l%u ;=kls'
 ukud,sh ukud,hdf.a ksjig újdyfhka miq mosxÑhg hdu oS. újdyhhs'
 ukud,hd ukud,shf.a ksjfia mosxÑ ùu ìkak újdyhhs'
 mjqf,a ifydaorjre fofofkla tl ìß`ol újdy lr .ekSu tlf.hs lEu újdyhhs'
 l=, isß;a" úß;a yd iïm%odhka j,g uq,a ;ek ,eìK' mjq, m%Odk iudc tallh úh'
 Wvrg .eñ iudcfha ish¨ lghq;= w;a;ï l%uhg wkqj isÿúh'
 .=K .rel nj iudcfha m%lg ,laIKhla úh'
 mkai, .eñ Èúh yd ne÷Kq uOHia:dkh úh'
we.hSu
01' my; i`oyka jkafka uy wêldrï iy fojk wêldrï hgf;a mßmd,kh jQ m%foaYhkah' § we;s
ysia;ekays wod, m%foaY ,shd olajkak'

uy wosldrï fojk wosldrï

y;a fldrf,a
w' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
j,mfka
wd' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
we' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
y;r fldar,h
wE' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
inr.uqj
b' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
Wvq kqjr" hákqjr" ;=ïmfka
B' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

02' my; i`oyka nÿ j¾. kï lrkak'

l=refõ noao

uäf.a noao

nvye, noao

rod noao

ye`o noao

03' uykqjr rdcOdksfha jeroslrejkag ,nd ÿka ovqjï 10la ,shd olajkak'

04' Wvrg rdcOdksfha iajhxfmdaIs; wd¾Ól rgdjka yd ine`os iudc ixúOdk rgdjla úh' tu

wd¾Ólh yd iudc ixúOdk ms<sn`o flá úia;rhla ,shkak'

05' uykqjr rdcOdksfha md,lfhda lsysmfofkla oelafõ' Tjqkaf.a md,k ld,hka ,shd olajkak'

úu,O¾uiQßh rcq

rdcdêrdcisxy rcq

Y%S úl%urdcisxy rcq

06' uykqjr rdcOdksfha újdy l%u ;=k olajd bka tlla ms<sn`o flá úia;rhla ,shkak'

07' l`ÿlr m%foaYhkays j.d l< fnda. j¾. 4la kï lrkak'