A MINOR PROJECT PROGRESSIVE REPORT

on

LU/LC MAP USING ARCGIS

of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in

CIVIL ENGINEERING
SUBMITTED BY
MOHIT KUMAR SHARMA 20102077
PRIYAM KUMAR MISHRA 20102104
AVAYAQT SINGHAL 20102102

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

PUNJAB ENGINEERING COLLEGE

(DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY) CHANDIGARH- 160012 (INDIA)

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 DECLARATION

This is to declare that the project work entitled “ LAND USE LAND COVER Map Using

ArcGIS” is an authentic record of our own work carried out as a requirement of Minor
Project for partial fulfilment for the award of degree of Bachelors of Technology in Civil
Engineering, Punjab Engineering College (Deemed to be University),
Chandigarh, during the academic year 2022-23, under the guidance of Prof. Mohit
Kumar, Civil Engineering Department.
We also declare that this report has not been submitted to any other University or
Institute for the award of any degree, diploma or other similar title.
Mohit Kumar Sharma
(20102077)

Priyam Kumar Mishra

(20102104)

Avayaqt Singhal
(20102102)

This is to certify that the above statement made by the students is correct to the best
of my knowledge and belief.
Prof. Mohit Kumar
Civil Engineering Department
Punjab Engineering College
(Deemed to be university)

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am highly grateful to Prof. Mohit Kumar, Department of Civil Engineering, Punjab Engineering
College for providing complete guidance in completing this project. Without his guidance and
supervision it would not have been possible to complete this project in such manner. This project
under the guidance of Prof. Mohit Kumar was a great chance of learning for me. Therefore I
consider myself lucky for being a part of it. I would like to thank Punjab Engineering College for
giving this invaluable opportunity to gain so much of practical knowledge which would have
been impossible to learn through only looking at images from textbooks. I have gained
invaluable insights into how the ArcGIS software is used and how any difficulty which comes in
between is tackled.

MOHIT KUMAR SHARMA 20102077

PRIYAM KUMAR MISHRA 20102104
AVAYAQT SINGHAL 20102102

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 ABSTRACT
The growth of a society totally depends on its social and economical development. This is the
basic reason why socio-economic surveys are carried out. This type of survey includes both
spatial and non-spatial datasets. LU/LC maps play a significant and prime role in planning,
management and monitoring programmes at local, regional and national levels. This type of
information, on one hand, provides a better understanding of land utilization aspects and on the
other hand, it plays an important role in the formation of policies and programme required for
development planning. For ensuring sustainable development, it is necessary to monitor the on
going process on land use/land cover pattern over a period of time. In order to achieve
sustainable urban development and to check the haphazard development of towns and cities, it is
necessary that authorities associated with the urban development generate such planning models
so that every bit of available land can be used in most rational and optimal way. This requires the
present and past land use/land cover information of the area. LU/LC maps also help us to study
the changes that are happening in our ecosystem and environment. If we have an inch by inch
information about Land Use/Land Cover of the study unit we can make policies and launch
programmes to save our environment. In this project, the LU/LC Map of Delhi is obtained.

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 INTRODUCTION
The terms land use and land covers are often used interchangeably, but each term has its own
unique meaning. Land cover refers to the surface cover on the ground like vegetation, urban
infrastructure, water, bare soil etc. Identification of land cover establishes the baseline
information for activities like thematic mapping and change detection analysis. Land use refers
to the purpose the land serves, for example, recreation, wildlife habitat, or agriculture. Land
cover is the physical material at the surface of the earth. Land use is the description of how
people utilize the land for the socio-economic activities.

When used together with the phrase Land Use / Land Cover (LULC) generally refers to the
categorization or classification of human activities and natural elements on the landscape within
a specific time frame based on established scientific and statistical methods of analysis of
appropriate source materials. Land Use Land Cover (LULC) maps of an area provide information
to help users to understand the current landscape.
Urbanization is one of the most widespread anthropogenic causes of the loss of arable land, the
decline in natural vegetation cover and habitat destruction. Rapid population growth in urban
areas is one of the prominent reasons for urbanization. As per the 2011 Census, in India, 31.2%
of people live in urban areas, equivalent to 11 % of the global urban population.

Moreover, it has been estimated that by 2050, India's urban population will be around 52.8%.
Such a rapid increase in urban population is impacting the metropolitan cities, which are being
magnified spatially. Delhi hasn't remained unaffected from this effect. An increase in urban
population increases the need for land for carrying out various activities. Due to this, the forest,
wetlands, barren land, etc., are encroached upon. It has an adverse effect on the land use and land
cover pattern, transportation, sewage system, and leads to erratic electricity supply, inadequate
drinking water, poor housing, climate change, etc. It also results in unplanned growth of the
cities, leading to urban sprawl and over densification.

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LU/LC CLASSIFICATION

LU/LC classification is one of the most widely used applications in remote sensing. The most
commonly used approaches include:

 Unsupervised classification :

This type of classification is based on the software analysis of an image without the user
provided sample classes. This involves grouping of pixels with common characteristics. The
computer uses techniques to determine which pixels are related and groups them into classes.
The user can specify which algorithm the software will use and the desired number of output
classes but otherwise does not aid in the classification process. However, the user must have
knowledge of the area being classified (such as wetlands, developed areas, coniferous forests,
etc.).

Fig 2: Steps involved in Unsupervised Classification

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 Supervised classification :

This is based on the idea that a user can select sample pixels in an image that are
representative of specific classes and then direct the image processing software to use these
training sites as references for the classification of all other pixels in the image. Training sites
(also known as testing sets or input classes) are selected based on the knowledge of the user.
The user also sets the bounds for how similar other pixels must be to group them together.
These bounds are often set based on the spectral characteristics of the training area, plus or
minus a certain increment (often based on "brightness" or strength of reflection in specific
spectral bands). The user also designates the number of classes that the image is classified
into.

Fig 3: Steps involved in supervised Classification

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 Image segmentation:
Image segmentation is the partition and pick-up of the homogeneous regions of the image.
In the results of segmentation, the consistency of gray the smoothing of boundary and the
connectivity are fulfilled. The classical method of segmentation is the spatial cleaning based
on the measurement space. Image segmentation is a crucial processing procedure for the
classifications and feature extraction of high-resolution remote sensing image.

Main image segmentation methods are:

 Threshold based:
Threshold segmentation is the simplest method of image segmentation and also one of the
most common parallel segmentation methods. It is a common segmentation algorithm
which directly divides the image gray scale information processing based on the gray value
of different targets.

 Edge Detection Segmentation:

The edge of the object is in the form of discontinuous local features of the image, that is,
the most significant part of the image changes in local brightness, such as the gray value of
the mutation, color mutation, texture changes and so on. The use of discontinuities is to
detect the edges and to achieve the purpose of image segmentation.

 Regional Growth Segmentation:

The regional growth method is a typical serial region segmentation algorithm, and its basic
idea is to have similar properties of the pixels together to form a region. The method
requires first selecting a seed pixel and then merging the similar pixels around the seed pixel
into the region where the seed pixel is located.

APPLICATIONS OF LU/LC MAPS:

 Natural resource management

 Wildlife habitat protection
 Baseline mapping for GIS input
 Urban Expansion/ Enroachment
 Routing and Logistics planning for seismic
 Legal Boundaries for tax and property evaluation

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LAND USE AND LAND COVER CLASSES

Following are some of the LULC types and their respective classes:

Residential
Urban or Built-up Commercial and Services
Industrial
Land
Communications and Utilities
Mixed Urban or Built-up Land
Other Urban or Built-up Land

Cropland and Pasture

Agricultural Land Orchards, Groves, Vineyards, Nurseries, and Ornamental
Horticultural Areas
Confined Feeding Operations

Herbaceous Rangeland
Rangeland Shrub and Brush Rangeland
Mixed Rangeland

Deciduous Forest Land

Forest Land Evergreen Forest Land
Mixed Forest Land

Rivers
Streams and Canals
Water Lakes
Reservoirs
Bays and Estuaries

Forested Wetland
Wetland
No forested Wetland

Dry Salt Flats

Beaches
Sandy Areas Other than Beaches
Barren Land Bare Exposed Rock
Strip Mines, Quarries, and Gravel Pits
Transitional Areas
Mixed Barren Land

Perennial Snow or Perennial Snowfields

Ice Glaciers

Table 1: LULC Types

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 Agricultural Land Wetland BarrenLand
Fig 5: Some LULC Types

OBJECTIVES OF THIS STUDY:

The overall aim of this study is to create an LULC map with the help of RS & GIS tools. The
specific objectives of this study are:

1. To develop an Land Use Land Cover map of Delhi, India.

2. To examine the Spatio-temporal changes in LULC of Delhi between 2000-2020.

3. To analyze and understand the driving forces behind the land use and land cover change,
urban expansion, and decline of water bodies.

4. To assess the changes in built-up, vegetation, and specifically water bodies over the time
period.

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STUDY AREA

The study area covers an area of 1483 sq km, which falls under Delhi Metropolitan city as per the
Census of India. Delhi city is the capital of India. It is located in the north direction of the Indian
subcontinent between the latitudes of 28° 24′ 17″ and 28° 53′ 00″ North and longitudes of 76° 50′
24″ and 77° 20′ 37″ East. Delhi territory has boundary lines with the States of Uttar Pradesh and
Haryana. In the larger geographic context, Delhi is situated between the Himalayas in the North
and Aravali mountains and the Yamuna in the southern and eastern parts, respectively.

Fig 6: Map of Delhi

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 DATA USED AND METHODOLOGY
Land use and land cover change is the conversion of different land-use types resulting from complex
interactions between the human and physical environment. Such changes help us understand the
changes in the different features of land use over a period of time. It can be studied and assessed with
the help of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS).
For this study, four different classes or features were taken, the details of which are in the table
below:

Fig7: The feature classes of LU/LC

The study is spread over 20 years, from 2000 to 2020. An integrated Geospatial approach, i.e.,
Remote Sensing and GIS, along with secondary data and research work, was used for this study.
Data from remote sensing and GIS were handled with the help of Google Earth Engine, Google
Earth engine pro and ArcGIS version 10.4. Herein satellite images of two time periods, i.e., 2000
and 2020, were extracted using Landsat5 and Landsat8 satellites, with 30m resolution each.