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Summary 831

Chapter 11 SUMMARY

Section 11.1 Distance Formula and Circles

Key Concepts Examples
The distance between two points 1x1, y1 2 and 1x2, y2 2 is Example 1
d  21x2  x1 2  1y2  y1 2
2 2 Find the distance between two points.
15, 22 and 11, 62

d  211  52 2  36  122 4 2

 2162 2  142 2
 136  16
 152  2 113

The standard equation of a circle with center (h, k) and Example 2

radius r is Find the center and radius of the circle.
1x  h2 2  1 y  k2 2  r 2 x2  y2  8x  6y  0
1x2  8x  162  1y2  6y  92  16  9
1x  42 2  1y  32 2  25
The center is 14, 32 and the radius is 5.

Section 11.2 More on the Parabola

Key Concepts Examples
A parabola is the set of points in a plane that are equi- Example 1
Given the parabola, y  1x  22 2  1
distant from a fixed line (called the directrix) and a fixed
point (called the focus) not on the directrix.
The standard form of an equation of a parabola with The vertex is (2, 1).
vertex (h, k) and vertical axis of symmetry is
The axis of symmetry is x  2.
y  a(x  h)2  k
y

• The equation of the axis of symmetry is x  h. 5

• If a
0, then the parabola opens upward. 4
3
• If a  0, the parabola opens downward. 2
Vertex
1
(2, 1)
x
5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5
1
2
3
4
x=2
5
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832 Chapter 11 Conic Sections

The standard form of an equation of a parabola with Example 2

vertex (h, k) and horizontal axis of symmetry is
1
x  a(y  k)2  h Given the parabola x   y2  1,
4
• The equation of the axis of symmetry is y  k. determine the coordinates of the vertex and the equa-
• If a
0, then the parabola opens to the right. tion of the axis of symmetry.
• If a  0, the parabola opens to the left.
x   1 y  02 2  1
1
4
The vertex is (1, 0).
The axis of symmetry is y  0.

y
5
4
3
2
1
(1, 0) y  0
x
5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5
1
2
3
4
5

Section 11.3 The Ellipse and Hyperbola

Key Concepts Examples
An ellipse is the set of all points (x, y) such that the sum Example 1
of the distances between (x, y) and two distinct points y
(called foci) is constant.

Standard Form of an Ellipse with Center at the Origin (0, b)

An ellipse with the center at the origin has the equation
(0, 0)
x
x2 y2 (a, 0) (a, 0)
2
 21
a b (0, b)
where a and b are positive real numbers.

For an ellipse centered at the origin, the x-intercepts are Example 2

given by (a, 0) and (a, 0), and the y-intercepts are given y2 y
x2
by (0, b) and (0, b).  1 6
25 9 5
4
(0, 3)
3
2
1
(5, 0) (5, 0)
x
6 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6
1
A hyperbola is the set of all points (x, y) such that the 2
3
difference of the distances between (x, y) and two dis- (0, 3)
4
tinct points is a constant. The fixed points are called the 5
foci of the hyperbola. 6
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Summary 833

Standard Forms of an Equation of a Hyperbola Example 3

y
Let a and b represent positive real numbers. x2 y2
 1 5
4 16 4
Horizontal Transverse Axis. The standard form of an 3
equation of a hyperbola with a horizontal transverse 2
1
axis and center at the origin is given by (2, 0) (2, 0)
x
5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5
2 2 1
x y
2
 21 2
a b 3
4
5

Vertical Transverse Axis. The standard form of an equa- Example 4

tion of a hyperbola with a vertical transverse axis and y
y2 x2 5
center at the origin is given by  1 4
4 16
y2 x2 3 (0, 2)
 1 2
a2 b2 1
x
5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5
1
2
3 (0, 2)
4
5

Section 11.4 Nonlinear Systems of Equations

in Two Variables
Key Concepts Examples
A nonlinear system of equations can be solved by graph- Example 1
ing or by the substitution method.
A 2x2  y2  15
2x  y  15
2 2
B x2  y  0 Solve for y: y  x2
x y0
2

A 2x2  1x2 2 2  15 Substitute in first equation.

y
2x  x  15
2 4

( √3, 3) ( √3, 3) x4  2x2  15  0

1x2  52 1x2  32  0
x

x2  5  0 or x2  3  0
x2  5 or x2  3
x  13
If x  13 then y  1 132  3. 2

If x  13 then y  1132 2  3.

Points of intersection are 1 13, 32 and 113, 32.
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834 Chapter 11 Conic Sections

A nonlinear system may also be solved by using the Example 2

addition method when the equations share like terms. Mult. by 5.
2x2  y2  4 10x2  5y2  20
3x2  5y2  13 3x2  5y2  13
7x2  7

7x2 7

7 7
x2  1 x  1

If x  1, 2112 2  y2  4
y2  2
y  12
If x  1, 2112 2  y2  4
y2  2
y  12
The points of intersection are 11, 122, 11, 122,
11, 122, and 11, 122.

Section 11.5 Nonlinear Inequalities and Systems

of Inequalities
Key Concepts Examples
Graph a nonlinear inequality by using the test point Example 1
method.That is, graph the related equation.Then choose
y x2 y
test points in each region to determine where the in- 5
equality is true. 4
3
2
1

5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5
1
2
3
4
5

Example 2
x2  y2 6 4 y
5
4
3
2
1
x
5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5
1
2
3
4
5
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Review Exercises 835

Graph a system of nonlinear inequalities by finding the Example 3

intersection of the solution sets. That is, graph the solu-
x 0, y 7 x2, and x2  y2 6 4
tion set for each individual inequality, then take the in-
tersection. y
5
4
3
2
1
x
5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5
1
2
3
4
5

Chapter 11 Review Exercises

Section 11.1 11. A stained glass window is in the shape of a
circle with a 16-in. diameter. Find an equation
For Exercises 1–4, find the distance between the two
of the circle relative to the origin for each of
points by using the distance formula.
the following graphs.
1. 16, 32 and (0, 1) 2. (4, 13) and 11, 52
a. y b. y

3. Find x such that (x, 5) is 5 units from (2, 9).

16 in.
4. Find x such that 13, 42 is 3 units from (x, 1).
x

Points are said to be collinear if they all lie on the same

line. If three points are collinear, then the distance x

between the outermost points will equal the sum of 16 in.

the distances between the middle point and each of the
outermost points. For Exercises 5–6, determine if the
three points are collinear.
For Exercises 12–15, write the equation of the circle in
5. 12, 32, 11, 32, and (5, 11) standard form by completing the square.

6. 12, 112, 10, 52, and 14, 72

12. x2  y2  12x  10y  51  0

13. x2  y2  4x  16y  60  0
For Exercises 7–10, find the center and the radius of
the circle. 1
14. x2  y2  x  4y  0
7. 1x  122 2  1y  32 2  16 4

8. 1x  72 2  1y  52 2  81 2 1
15. x2  y2  6x  y   0
3 9
9. 1x  32 2  1y  82 2  20
16. Write an equation of a circle with center at the
10. 1x  12  1y  62  32
2 2 origin and a diameter of 7 m.

17. Write an equation of a circle with center at

(0, 2) and a diameter of 6 m.