CHART

ORGANIZATION
E
E L
L E
E M
M E
E N
N T
T S
S A
A R
R E
E L
L I
I S
S T
T E
E D
D I
I N
N N
N U
U M
M E
E R
R I
I C
C A
A L
L O
O R
R D
D E
E R
R

B
B Y
Y A
A T
T O
O M
M I
I C
C N
N U
U M
M B
B E
E R
R .
.

E
E A
A C
C H
H H
H O
O R
R I
I Z
Z O
O N
N T
T A
A L
L R
R O
O W
W O
O N
N T
T H
H E
E P
P E
E R
R I
I O
O D
D I
I C
C

T
T A
A B
B L
L E
E I
I S
S C
C A
A L
L L
L E
E D
D A
A P
P E
E R
R I
I O
O D
D .
.

E
E A
A C
C H
H V
V E
E R
R T
T I
I C
C A
A L
L C
C O
O L
L U
U M
M N
N O
O N
N T
T H
H E
E P
P E
E R
R I
I O
O D
D I
I C
C

T
T A
A B
B L
L E
E I
I S
S C
C A
A L
L L
L E
E D
D A
A G
G R
R O
O U
U P
P .
.

The Periodic

Table has

distinct region

Metals IN GENERAL, METALS ARE

ELEMENTS THAT CONDUCT
ELECTRICITY AND HEAT
WELL AND HAVE A SHINY
APPEARANCE.

METALS CAN BE SHAPED EASILY

BY POUNDING, BENDING, OR
BEING DRAWN INTO A LONG
WIRE. EXCEPT FOR MERCURY,
WHICH IS A LIQUID, METALS
ARE SOLIDS AT ROOM
TEMPERATURE.
Shiny

Malleable Conduct
Electricity &
Heat
Reactive THE METALS IN GROUP 1
OF THE PERIODIC TABLE,

Metals THE ALKALI METALS, ARE

VERY REACTIVE.

THE METALS IN GROUP 2, THE

ALKALINE EARTH METALS, ARE
LESS REACTIVE THAN THE
ALKALI METALS.
Transition THE ELEMENTS IN GROUPS 3
TO 12 ARE CALLED THE

Metals
TRANSITION METALS. AMONG
THESE METALS ARE SOME OF THE
EARLIEST KNOWN ELEMENTS,
SUCH AS COPPER, GOLD, SILVER,
AND IRON.

TRANSITION METALS ARE

GENERALLY LESS REACTIVE
THAN MOST OTHER METALS.
THE ELEMENTS TO THE RIGHT
SIDE OF THE PERIODIC TABLE NonMetals
ARE CALLED NONMETALS.

THE PROPERTIES OF NONMETALS

ALSO TEND TO VARY MORE
FROM ELEMENT TO ELEMENT
THAN THE PROPERTIES OF THE
METALS DO.
Brittle

Poor conductor
 Halogens
Halogens
&
THE ELEMENTS IN GROUP 17 ARE
COMMONLY KNOWN AS

Noble
HALOGENS, FROM GREEK WORDS
MEANING “FORMING SALTS.”

Gases
HALOGENS ARE VERY REACTIVE
NONMETALS THAT EASILY FORM
COMPOUNDS CALLED SALTS WITH
MANY METALS.

Noble gases
GROUP 18 ELEMENTS ARE CALLED
THE NOBLE, OR INERT GASES
BECAUSE THEY ALMOST NEVER
REACT WITH OTHER ELEMENTS.
Metalloids
METALLOIDS ARE ELEMENTS
THAT HAVE PROPERTIES OF
BOTH METALS AND NONMETALS.

THE MOST COMMON METALLOID

IS SILICON. SILICON ATOMS ARE
THE SECOND MOST COMMON
ATOMS IN EARTH’S CRUST

METALLOIDS OFTEN MAKE UP THE

SEMICONDUCTORS FOUND IN
ELECTRONIC DEVICES.
SEMICONDUCTORS ARE SPECIAL
MATERIALS THAT CONDUCT
ELECTRICITY UNDER SOME
CONDITIONS AND NOT UNDER
OTHERS.
Shiny

Brittle it conducts electricity more

than a non metal, but not as
much as a metal
 Periodic
Variation
in
Physical
Properties

S
S H
H I
I E
E L
L D
D I
I N
N G
G E
E F
F F
F E
E C
C T
T

ELECTRONS CLOSE TO THE NUCLEUS HAVE ON OUTER-SHELL

ELECTRONS IN MANY-ELECTRON ATOMS. THE PRESENCE OF
OTHER ELECTRONS IN AN ATOM REDUCES THE
ELECTROSTATIC ATTRACTION BETWEEN A GIVEN ELECTRON
AND THE POSITIVELY CHARGED PROTONS IN THE NUCLEUS.

E
E F
F F
F E
E C
C T
T I
I V
V E
E N
N U
U C
C L
L E
E A
A R
R C
C H
H A
A R
R G
G E
E (
( Z
Z EFF )
)

IS THE NUCLEAR CHARGE FELT BY AN ELECTRON WHEN BOTH

THE ACTUAL NUCLEAR CHARGE (Z) AND THE REPULSIVE
EFFECTS (SHIELDING) OF THE OTHER ELECTRONS ARE TAKEN
INTO ACCOUNT.
Keep in mind!

Difference between the core and valence electron

For representative elements, valence electrons are those in the

highest energy level s and p orbitals only.

Tellurium:
 E
E F
F F
F E
E C
C T
T I
I V
V E
E N
N U
U C
C L
L E
E A
A R
R C
C H
H A
A R
R G
G E
E (
( Z
Z EFF )
)

Nuclear Charge, Z: The charge of the nucleus

Effective Nuclear Charge, Z E F F : The charge of the

nucleus and the inner electrons combined
The inner electrons cancel out, or shield, some
of the positive charge of the nucleus
Example

Compare the effective nuclear charges of

Nitrogen, oxygen, and Fluorine
Periodic
Trends

ATOMIC A NUMBER OF PHYSICAL

PROPERTIES, INCLUDING DENSITY,
RADIUS MELTING POINT, AND BOILING
POINT, ARE RELATED TO THE
SIZES OF ATOMS, BUT ATOMIC
SIZE IS DIFFICULT TO DEFINE.

ATOMIC RADIUS IS THE SIZE OF AN

ATOM WHICH IS ONE-HALF THE
DISTANCE BETWEEN THE TWO NUCLEI
IN TWO ADJACENT METAL ATOMS OR
IN A DIATOMIC MOLECULE.
ATOMIC RADIUS AS YOU GO DOWN A
COLUMN OF THE PERIODIC
TABLE, THE ATOMIC RADII
INCREASE.

GOING ACROSS A ROW ON THE

PERIODIC TABLE, LEFT TO RIGHT, THE
TREND IS DIFFERENT. THE NUMBER OF
PROTONS—AND HENCE THE NUCLEAR
CHARGE—IS INCREASING AS YOU GO
ACROSS THE ROW. THE INCREASING
POSITIVE CHARGE CASTS A TIGHTER
GRIP ON THE VALENCE ELECTRONS,
SO AS YOU GO ACROSS THE PERIODIC
TABLE THE ATOMIC RADII DECREASE.
Example

Referring only to a periodic table

which atom is larger in each pair?

a.) Si or S
b.) S or Te
Example

Referring to a periodic table,

arrange the following atoms
in order of increasing atomic
radius: P, Si, N.

IONIC RADIUS

IONIC RADIUS IS THE RADIUS OF A CATION OR AN ANION.

IONIC RADIUS AFFECTS THE PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL

PROPERTIES OF AN IONIC COMPOUND.

IONIC RADIUS
IONIC RADIUS
Example

For each of the following pairs, indicate which one of

the two species is larger:
2- -
(a) O or F ;
2+ 2+
(b) Sr or Ca ;
3+ 2+
(c) Co or Co
(1) isoelectronic ions: ions carrying a greater negative charge are always larger;
(2) ion that carry the same charges and are generated from atoms of the same periodic groups:
ions from atoms having a greater atomic number are always larger;
(3) ions carrying different charges but are generated from the same atom:
ions having a smaller positive charge are always larger.
IONIZATION THE STABILITY OF THESE
OUTERMOST ELECTRONS IS
ENERGY REFLECTED DIRECTLY IN THE ATOM’S
IONIZATION ENERGIES.

IONIZATION ENERGY (IE) IS THE

MINIMUM ENERGY (IN KJ/MOL)
REQUIRED TO REMOVE AN ELECTRON
FROM A GASEOUS ATOM IN ITS
GROUND STATE.
Example

Referring to a periodic table, Which

atom in each pair has the larger
first ionization energy?

1. Ca or Sr
+
2. K or K
ELECTRON ELECTRON AFFI NITY, WHICH IS
THE NEGATIVE OF THE ENERGY

AFFINITY CHANGE THAT OCCURS WHEN AN

ELECTRON IS ACCEPTED BY AN
ATOM IN THE GASEOUS STATE TO
FORM AN ANION.

EA IS ALSO USUALLY EXPRESSED IN

KJ/MOL. EA ALSO DEMONSTRATES
SOME PERIODIC TRENDS. GENERALLY,
AS YOU GO ACROSS THE PERIODIC
TABLE EA INCREASES ITS
MAGNITUDE:
Example

Predict which atom in each pair will have the highest magnitude
of Electron Affinity.
1. C or F
2. Na or S
ELECTRON THE TENDENCY OF AN ATOM IN A
MOLECULE TO ATTRACT THE

NEGATIVITY SHARED PAIR OF ELECTRONS

TOWARDS ITSELF IS KNOWN AS
ELECTRONEGATIVITY.

ELECTRONEGATIVITY DECREASES
GOING DOWN A GROUP AND
INCREASES ACROSS A PERIOD. NOBLE
GASES HAVE PRACTICALLY ZERO
ELECTRONEGATIVITY AND ELECTRON
AFFINITY BECAUSE THEY HAVE
COMPLETE OUTER ELECTRON SHELLS.
 PROPERTY Increasing decreasing

Metallic Property

Atomic Radius

Reactivity
Ionization Energy

Electron Affinity
Electron Negativity
Assignment
1. Referring only to a periodic table which atom is

smaller Ca or Br?

2. Which atom has the lower ionization energy C or

F?
3.
4.