NH4Cl

Preliminary Investigation

Physical state : Solid

Colour : White (Cu2+, Fe2+ , Fe3+ ,Ni2+ , Mn2+ , Co2+ absent)

Odour : Ammoniacal smell ( NH4+ may be present)

Solubility : Soluble in water

Identification of Acid Radical

Preliminary test:

Experiment Observation Inference

A small quantity of the salt
was taken in a test tube and
1-2 ml of dilute sulphuric
acid was added to it.
To a small quantity of salt
taken in a test tube, 1-2 ml of
conc. sulpuric acid was
added and heated the
mixture.
No gas is evolved. Group A anion
(CO32- ,CH3COO-,NO2- , SO32- ,
S2- )are absent.
Colorless gas with pungent Group B anion (Cl- )may be
smell, form white fumes with present.
aqueous ammonia when a
glass rod dipped in aqueous
ammonia is shown over the
mouth of the test tube.

Wet test for acid radical :

Preparation of solution : In a 100ml beaker 30ml water is taken and 1g sample is dissolve in it followed
by stirring with a glass rod. With this solution the following tests are perform.

Experiment Observation Inference

Silver nitrate test: To a 2ml of Curdy white precipitate is Chloride radical (Cl-) is present,
the prepared aqueous solution obtained which is soluble in bromide radical(Br-) and Iodide
of the sample taken in a test NH4OH but insoluble in radical (I-) are absent.
tube dil.HNO3 is added to make dil. HNO3.
the solution acidic. After that,
boil the solution for sometimes,
cool and few drops of AgNO3
solution is added to it.
Barium chloride test: About 2ml No white precipitate is Sulphate radical (SO42- ) is
of the prepared aqueous obtained. absent.
solution of the sample is taken
in a test tube and few drops of
aqueous solution of barium
chloride is added to it.
Sodium nitroprusside test: In a No violet coloration is obtained. Sulphide radical (S2- ) is absent.
test tube about 2ml of the
 aqueous solution of the sample
is taken and make the solution
alkaline by adding aqueous
NaOH solution. Then few drops
of sodium nitroprusside
solution is added to it.
Calcium chloride test : In a test No white precipitate is Oxalate radical (C2O42-) is
tube to a 1ml of the salt obtained. absent.
solution dilute acetic acid was
added and boiled off CO2. After
that calcium chloride solution
was added to it.
Ring test: In a test tube equal No brown ring is formed at the Nitrate radical(NO3 - ) is absent.
volume of freshly prepared junction of two liquids.
solution of ferrous sulphate is
added to a part of the aqueous
solution of the sample and then
concentrated sulphuric acid is
added slowly along the side of
the test tube.
Ferric chloride test : In a clean No reddish colouration is Acetate radical (CH3COO- ) is
test tube 2ml prepared salt obtained. absent.
solution is taken and then
neutral ferric chloride solution
is added to it dropwise.
Confirmatory Test:

Experiment Observation Inference

Silver nitrate test: To a 2ml of Curdy white precipitate is Chloride radical (Cl-) is present
the prepared aqueous solution obtained which is soluble in and confirm.
of the sample taken in a test NH4OH but insoluble in
tube dil.HNO3 is added to make dil HNO3.
the solution acidic. After that,
boil the solution for sometimes,
cool and few drops of AgNO3
solution is added to it.
Chromyl chloride test: A little A yellow precipitate is obtained. Chloride radical (Cl-) is present
amount of salt and an equal and confirm.
amount of solid potassium
dichromate (K2Cr2O7) is mixed in
a test tube and conc. H2SO4 is
added to it. Then the test tube
is heated and the evolved gas is
pass through sodium hydroxide
solution. A yellow solution is
obtained which is acidified with
acetic acid and then lead
acetate solution is added to it.
Result :- From the above experiment and confirmatory test it is clear that the given sample contains
chloride radical (Cl- ) as acid radical.

Identification of Basic Radical

Preliminary Test:

Experiment Observation Inference

Flame Test :
A paste of the unknown salt is No characteristics colour of the Pb2+ , Cu2+ ,Ca2+ , Sr2+ , Ba2+ , Zn2+
prepared with conc.HCl and flame was observed. are absent.
small amount of this paste was
placed on the platinum wire
loop and it was introduced into
the flame.
Heating Test: Characteristic ammoniacal The gas evolved is NH 3 and it
A pinch of mixture was taken in smell was observed and red indicate the Presence of
dry test tube and it was heated litmus turns blue. Group Zero (NH4+).
strongly on the burner flame.
Charcoal cavity test: Fusion and sinking occur in the Ammonium radical (NH4+) may
A pinch of unknown salt was cavity. be present.
taken and mixed with double
its quantity of sodium
carbonate in a watch glass.
The mixture was then placed
in the cavity made on the
block of charcoal and
moisten with a drop of water
and was heated in the
reducing flame.

Wet test for basic radical :

Preparation of solution: 1g sample is taken in a 100ml beaker and dissolve in 25ml distilled water
followed by stirring with a glass rod and with this solution the following tests were performed.
Group analysis for basic radical :

To a small volume of the salt solution taken in a test tube dil. HCl is added. No precipitate is obtained.

No The acidified solution is heated and H2S gas is passed through this solution. No precipitate is
precipitat obtained.
e is
obtained.
Group – I
absent
Pb2+
absent.

No The solution is boil to remove H2S and then heated with few drops of conc.
precipitate HNO3. The resulting solution is cooled to which 2g NH 4Cl is added and then
is NH4OH is added to make the solution alkaline. No precipitate is obtained.
obtained.
Group – II
absent.
Pb2+ , Cu2+
and As3+
are
absent.

No H2S gas is passed through the alkaline solution. No precipitate is

precipitate obtained.
is
obtained. No precipitate is obtained . The solution is boiled to remove H2S. NH4Cl is
Group – III added and then NH 4OH is added to make
(A) absent. the solution alkaline. Saturated solution of
Al3+ and (NH 4) 2CO3 is then added to it and heat the
Fe3+ Group – III (B) absent solution. No precipitate is obtained
Ni2+ ,Co2+ , Zn2+ , Mn2+
Are are absent. No precipitate In the solution equal volume of
absent. is obtained. Na 2HPO4 solution is mixed and
Group – IV shaken well. No precipitate is
absent. Obtained.
Ba 2+ , Ca2+
Sr 2+ Group – V absent. Mg2+ absent.
are absent.
Test for ammonium radical(NH4+)

Experiment Observation Inference

About 1ml prepared aqueous Brown colored precipitate is Ammonium radical (NH4+) is
solution of the sample is taken obtained. present .
in a clean test tube and freshly
prepared aqueous solution of
sodium hydroxide is added to it
to make the solution alkaline.
Finally Nessler's reagent is
added to the resulting solution
dropwise.
To a small amount of A gas with ammoniacal smell The gas evolved is ammonia
prepared salt solution taken is evolved. which gives white fumes with
in a test tube, some amount HCl due to the formation of
of concentrated solution of White fumes is produced. NH4Cl. Presence of
sodium hydroxide was ammonium radical (NH4 ) .
+  

added and the resulting

solution was heated, than 
and a glass rod dipped in
dil.HCl was bring near the
mouth of the test tube.
Experiment Observation Inference
About 1ml prepared aqueous Brown colored precipitate is Ammonium radical (NH4+) is
solution of the sample is taken obtained. present and confirmed.
in a clean test tube and freshly
prepared aqueous solution of
sodium hydroxide is added to it
to make the solution alkaline.
Finally Nessler's reagent is
added to the resulting solution
dropwise.
To a small amount of A gas with ammoniacal smell The gas evolved is ammonia
prepared salt solution taken is evolved. which gives white fumes with
in a test tube, some amount HCl due to the formation of
of concentrated solution of White fumes is produced. NH4Cl. Presence of
sodium hydroxide was ammonium radical (NH4+)  is
added and the resulting confirmed.
solution was heated, than 
and a glass rod dipped in
dil.HCl was bring near the
mouth of the test tube.
Confirmatory Test for ammonium radical(NH4+)
Result :- From the above experiment and confirmatory test it is clear that the given sample contains
ammonium radical (NH4+) as basic radical.

Announcement :- By systematic wet test and preliminary test of the sample it is confirm that the given
inorganic sample contains ammonium radical (NH 4+) as basic radical and chloride radical(Cl - ) as acid
radical. Therefore the given inorganic compound is ammonium chloride and it’s formula is NH 4Cl.

(NH4)2SO4

Preliminary Investigation

Physical state : Solid

Colour : White (Cu2+, Fe2+ , Fe3+ ,Ni2+ , Mn2+ , Co2+ absent)

Odour : Ammoniacal smell ( NH4+ may be present)

Solubility : Soluble in water

Identification of Acid Radical

Preliminary test:

Experiment Observation Inference

A small quantity of the salt No gas is evolved. Group A anion
was taken in a test tube and (CO32- ,CH3COO-,NO2- , SO32- ,
1-2 ml of dilute sulphuric S2- )are absent.
acid was added to it.
To a small quantity of salt No gas evolved Group B anions Cl-, Br-, I-, NO3-
taken in a test tube, 1-2 ml of C2O42- are) absent.
conc. sulpuric acid was
added and heated the
mixture.
A small amount of salt was A white precipitate is formed. Group C present. The white
boiled with dil. HCl in a test precipitate is BaSO4. This
tube and the contents was indicates the presence of
filtered and to the filtrate SO42-.
few drops of BaCl2 solution
was added.
Wet test for acid radical :
Preparation of solution : In a 100ml beaker 30ml water is taken and 1g sample is dissolve in it followed
by stirring with a glass rod. With this solution the following tests are perform.
Experiment Observation Inference
Silver nitrate test: To a 2ml of No curdy white or light yellow Chloride radical (Cl-), bromide
the prepared aqueous solution or deep yellow precipitate is radical(Br-), Iodide radical (I-) are
of the sample taken in a test obtained. absent.
tube dil.HNO3 is added to make
the solution acidic. After that,
boil the solution for sometimes,
 cool and few drops of AgNO3
solution is added to it.
Barium chloride test: About 2ml A white precipitate is obtained Sulphate radical (SO42-) is
of the prepared aqueous which is insoluble in conc. HCl present.
solution of the sample is taken and conc. HNO3.
in a test tube and few drops of
aqueous solution of barium
chloride is added to it.
Lead acetate test: To a 2ml of A white precipitate is obtained Sulphate radical (SO42-) is
the aqueous solution of the which is soluble in excess of hot present.
sample taken in a test tube lead ammonium acetate solution.
acetate solution is added.
Sodium nitroprusside test: In a No violet coloration is obtained. Sulphide radical (S2- ) is absent.
test tube about 2ml of the
aqueous solution of the sample
is taken and make the solution
alkaline by adding aqueous
NaOH solution. Then few drops
of sodium nitroprusside
solution is added to it.
Calcium chloride test : In a test No white precipitate is Oxalate radical (C2O42-) is
tube to a 1ml of the salt obtained. absent.
solution dilute acetic acid was
added and boiled off CO2. After
that calcium chloride solution
was added to it.
Ring test: In a test tube equal No brown ring is formed at the Nitrate radical(NO3 - ) is absent.
volume of freshly prepared junction of two liquids.
solution of ferrous sulphate is
added to a part of the aqueous
solution of the sample and then
concentrated sulphuric acid is
added slowly along the side of
the test tube.
Ferric chloride test : In a clean No reddish colouration is Acetate radical (CH3COO- ) is
test tube 2ml prepared salt obtained. absent.
solution is taken and then
neutral ferric chloride solution
is added to it dropwise.
Confirmatory test :-

Experiment Observation Inference

Barium chloride test: About 2ml A white precipitate is obtained Sulphate radical (SO42-) is
of the prepared aqueous which is insoluble in conc.HCl present and confirm.
solution of the sample is taken and conc.HNO3.
in a test tube and few drops of
aqueous solution of barium
chloride is added to it.
 Lead acetate test: To a 2ml of A white precipitate is obtained Sulphate radical (SO42-) is
the aqueous solution of the which is soluble in excess of hot present and confirm.
sample taken in a test tube lead ammonium acetate solution.
acetate solution is added.

Result :- From the above experiment and confirmatory test it is clear that the given sample contains
sulphate radical(SO42- ) as acid radical.

Identification of Basic Radical

Preliminary Test:

Experiment Observation Inference

Flame Test :
A paste of the unknown salt is No characteristics colour of the Pb2+ , Cu2+ ,Ca2+ , Sr2+ , Ba2+ , Zn2+
prepared with conc.HCl and flame was observed. are absent.
small amount of this paste was
placed on the platinum wire
loop and it was introduced into
the flame.
Heating Test: Characteristic ammoniacal The gas evolved is NH 3 and it
A pinch of mixture was taken in smell was observed red indicate the Presence of
dry test tube and it was heated litmus turns blue. Group Zero (NH4+).
strongly on the burner flame.
Charcoal cavity test: Fusion and sinking occur in the Ammonium radical may be
A pinch of unknown salt was cavity. (NH4+) is present.
taken and mixed with double
its quantity of sodium
carbonate in a watch glass.
The mixture was then placed
in the cavity made on the
block of charcoal and
moisten with a drop of water
and was heated in the
reducing flame.

Wet test for basic radical :

Preparation of solution: 1g sample is taken in a 100ml beaker and dissolve in 25ml distilled water
followed by stirring with a glass rod and with this solution the following tests were performed.
Group analysis for basic radical :

To a small volume of the salt solution taken in a test tube dil. HCl is added. No precipitate is obtained.

No The acidified solution is heated and H2S gas is passed through this solution. No precipitate is
precipitat obtained.
e is
obtained.
Group – I
absent
Pb2+
absent.

No The solution is boil to remove H2S and then heated with few drops of conc.
precipitate HNO3. The resulting solution is cooled to which 2g NH 4Cl is added and then
is NH4OH is added to make the solution alkaline. No precipitate is obtained.
obtained.
Group – II
absent.
Pb2+ , Cu2+
and As3+
are
absent.

No H2S gas is passed through the alkaline solution. No precipitate is

precipitate obtained.
is
obtained. No precipitate is obtained . The solution is boiled to remove H2S. NH4Cl is
Group – III added and then NH 4OH is added to make
(A) absent. the solution alkaline. Saturated solution of
Al3+ and (NH 4) 2CO3 is then added to it and heat the
Fe3+ Group – III (B) absent solution. No precipitate is obtained
Ni2+ ,Co2+ , Zn2+ , Mn2+
Are are absent. No precipitate In the solution equal volume of
absent. is obtained. Na 2HPO4 solution is mixed and
Group – IV shaken well. No precipitate is
absent. Obtained.
Ba 2+ , Ca2+
Sr 2+ Group – V absent. Mg2+ absent.
are absent.
Test for ammonium radical(NH4+)

Experiment Observation Inference

About 1ml prepared aqueous Brown colored precipitate is Ammonium radical (NH4+) is
solution of the sample is taken obtained. present .
in a clean test tube and freshly
prepared aqueous solution of
sodium hydroxide is added to it
to make the solution alkaline.
Finally Nessler's reagent is
added to the resulting solution
dropwise.
To a small amount of A gas with ammoniacal smell The gas evolved is ammonia
prepared salt solution taken is evolved. which gives white fumes with
in a test tube, some amount HCl due to the formation of
of concentrated solution of White fumes is produced. NH4Cl. Presence of
sodium hydroxide was ammonium radical (NH4 ) .
+  

added and the resulting

solution was heated, than 
and a glass rod dipped in
dil.HCl was bring near the
mouth of the test tube.
Experiment Observation Inference
About 1ml prepared aqueous Brown colored precipitate is Ammonium radical (NH4+) is
solution of the sample is taken obtained. present and confirmed.
in a clean test tube and freshly
prepared aqueous solution of
sodium hydroxide is added to it
to make the solution alkaline.
Finally Nessler's reagent is
added to the resulting solution
dropwise.
To a small amount of A gas with ammoniacal smell The gas evolved is ammonia
prepared salt solution taken is evolved. which gives white fumes with
in a test tube, some amount HCl due to the formation of
of concentrated solution of White fumes is produced. NH4Cl. Presence of
sodium hydroxide was ammonium radical (NH4 )  is
+

added and the resulting confirmed.

solution was heated, than 
and a glass rod dipped in
dil.HCl was bring near the
mouth of the test tube.
Confirmatory Test for ammonium radical(NH4+)
Result :- From the above experiment and confirmatory test it is clear that the given sample contains
ammonium radical (NH4+) as basic radical.

Announcement :- By systematic wet test and preliminary test of the sample it is confirm that the given
inorganic sample contains ammonium radical (NH 4+) as basic radical and sulphate radical(SO 42- ) as acid
radical. Therefore the given inorganic compound is ammonium sulphate and it’s formula is
(NH4)2SO4.

Pb(CH3COO)2

Preliminary Investigation

Physical state : Solid

Colour : white (Cu2+ , Co 2+ , Ni2+ ,Fe2+ , Mn2+ ,Fe 3+absent)

Odour : Vinegar like odour ( CH3COO- may be present)

Solubility : Soluble in water

Identification of Acid Radical

Preliminary test:

Experiment Observation Inference

A small quantity of the salt
was taken in a test tube and
1-2 ml of dilute sulphuric
acid was added to it.
To a small quantity of salt
taken in a test tube, 1-2 ml of
conc. sulpuric acid was
added and heated the
mixture.
A small quantity of the salt
was taken in a dry test tube
colourless gas is evolved.
No gas is evolved.
Colourless gas with the smell
of vinegar was observed.
Group A anion
(CO32- ,CH3COO-,NO2- , SO32- ,
S2- )may be present.
Group B anion (Cl- , I – NO3- Br-
C2O42- )are absent.
Acetate radical(CH3COO-) may be
present.

and was heated.

Wet test for acid radical :

Preparation of solution : In a 100ml beaker 30ml water is taken and 1g sample is dissolve in it followed
by stirring with a glass rod. With this solution the following tests are perform.
 Experiment Observation Inference
Silver nitrate test: To a 2ml of No curdy white or light yellow Chloride radical (Cl-) ,bromide
the prepared aqueous solution or deep yellow precipitate is radical(Br-) , and Iodide radical (I-)
of the sample taken in a test obtained. are absent.
tube dil.HNO3 is added to make
the solution acidic. After that,
boil the solution for sometimes,
cool and few drops of AgNO3
solution is added to it.
Barium chloride test: About 2ml No white precipitate is Sulphate radical (SO42- ) is
of the prepared aqueous obtained. absent.
solution of the sample is taken
in a test tube and few drops of
aqueous solution of barium
chloride is added to it.
Sodium nitroprusside test: In a No violet coloration is obtained. Sulphide radical (S2- ) is absent.
test tube about 2ml of the
aqueous solution of the sample
is taken and make the solution
alkaline by adding aqueous
NaOH solution. Then few drops
of sodium nitroprusside
solution is added to it.
Calcium chloride test : In a test No white precipitate is Oxalate radical (C2O42-) is
tube to a 1ml of the salt obtained. absent.
solution dilute acetic acid was
added and boiled off CO2. After
that calcium chloride solution
was added to it.
Ring test: In a test tube equal No brown ring is formed at the Nitrate radical(NO3- ) is absent.
volume of freshly prepared junction of two liquids.
solution of ferrous sulphate is
added to a part of the aqueous
solution of the sample and then
concentrated sulphuric acid is
added slowly along the side of
the test tube.
Ferric chloride test : In a clean Reddish coloration is obtained.
test tube 2ml prepared salt
solution is taken and then
neutral ferric chloride solution
is added to it dropwise. The
resulting solution is filtered and
the filtrate is divided into two
equal parts.
(i) To one part, water is added Reddish brown precipitate is Acetate radical(CH3COO-) is
 and boil. obtained. present.
(ii) To the second part, dil. HCl is Reddish color disappears.
added.

Ester test: 2ml of the salt Pleasant fruity smell of ester is Acetate radical (CH3COO-) is
solution is taken in a test-tube observed. present.
and few drops of conc. H2SO4 is
added to it and heat the
solution. After that 1ml of ethyl
alcohol is added to it and shake
the solution. The contents of
the test tube is then poured in a
beaker full of water and stir.
Oxalic acid test: A small quantity A vinegar like smell is observe. Acetate radical (CH3COO-) is
of the salt is taken in a watch present.
glass and mix it with solid oxalic
acid. Then a paste is prepared
with this mixture by adding a
few drops of water in it. The
paste is then rub and it’s smell
is taken.

Confirmatory test :

Experiment Observation Inference

Ferric chloride test : In a clean
test tube 2ml prepared salt Reddish coloration is obtained.
solution is taken and then
neutral ferric chloride solution
is added to it dropwise. The
resulting solution is filtered and
the filtrate is divided into two
equal parts.
(i) To one part, water is added Brown-red precipitate is
and boil. obtained
(ii) To the second part, dil. HCl is Acetate radical (CH3COO- ) is
added. Reddish colour disappears present and confirm.
Ester test: In a test tube 2ml of Pleasant fruity smell of ester is Acetate radical (CH3COO- ) is
the prepared salt solution is observed. present and confirm.
taken and few drops of conc.
H2SO4 is added to it and heat
the solution. After that 1ml of
ethyl alcohol is added to it and
shake well. The contents of the
test tube is then poured in a
beaker full of water and stir.
Result :- From the above experiment and confirmatory test it is clear that the given sample contains
acetate radical (CH3COO- ) as acid radical.

Identification of Basic Radical

Preliminary Test:

Experiment Observation Inference

Flame Test : Dull Bluish white flame is Lead radical (Pb2+) may be
A paste of the unknown salt is obtained. present.
prepared with conc.HCl and
small amount of this paste was
placed on the platinum wire
loop and it was introduced into
the flame.
Charcoal Cavity Test :
Brow
A pinch of unknown salt was n in hot condition Yellow in Lead radical (Pb2+) may be
taken and mixed with double cold condition and grey bead present.
its quantity of sodium which marks the paper.
carbonate in a watch glass.
The mixture was then placed
in the cavity made on the
block of charcoal and
moisten with a drop of water
and was heated in the
reducing flame.

Wet test for basic radical :

Preparation of solution: 1g sample is taken in a 100ml beaker and dissolve in 25ml distilled water
followed by stirring with a glass rod and with this solution the following tests were performed.
Group analysis for basic radical :

To a small volume of the salt solution taken in a test tube dil. HCl is added. White precipitate is obtained.

The precipitate is filtered out.

White The acidified filtrate is heated and H 2S gas is passed through this solution. No precipitate is
precipitat obtained.
e is
obtained.
Group – I
present
Pb2+
present.

No The solution is boil to remove H2S and then heated with few drops of conc.
precipitate HNO3. The resulting solution is cooled to which 2g NH 4Cl is added and then
is NH4OH is added to make the solution alkaline. No precipitate is obtained.
obtained.
Group – II
absent.
Pb2+ , Cu2+
and As3+
are
absent.

No H2S gas is passed through the alkaline solution. No precipitate is

precipitate obtained.
is
obtained. No precipitate is obtained . The solution is boiled to remove H2S. NH4Cl is
Group – III added and then NH 4OH is added to make
(A) absent. the solution alkaline. Saturated solution of
Al3+ and (NH 4) 2CO3 is then added to it and heat the
Fe3+ Group – III (B) absent solution. No precipitate is obtained
Ni2+ ,Co2+ , Zn2+ , Mn2+
Are are absent. No precipitate In the solution equal volume of
absent. is obtained. Na 2HPO4 solution is mixed and
Group – IV shaken well. No precipitate is
absent. Obtained.
Ba 2+ , Ca2+
Sr 2+ Group – V absent. Mg2+ absent.
are absent.
Test for ammonium radical(NH4+)

Experiment Observation Inference

About 1ml prepared aqueous No precipitate is obtained. Ammonium radical (NH4+ ) is
solution of the sample is taken absent .
in a clean test tube and freshly
prepared aqueous solution of
sodium hydroxide is added to it
to make the solution alkaline.
Finally Nessler's reagent is
added to the resulting solution
dropwise.

Confirmatory test with Group- I precipitate : The white precipitate obtained in Group-I is collected by
filtration and washed with distilled water. The white precipitate is then boiled with 10 ml of distilled
water where the precipitate get dissolves. The solution is then divided into two parts in two different
test tubes and the following tests are perform with these solutions.

Experiment Observation Inference

Potassium iodide test : To the Yellow precipitate is obtained. Lead radical(Pb2+ ) is present and
first part of the solution, confirmed.
potassium iodide solution is
added.
Potassium chromate test: To A yellow precipitate is obtained Lead radical(Pb2+ ) is present and
the second part of the solution which is soluble in hot NaOH confirmed.
potassium chromate solution is solution.
added.
Result :- From the above experiment and confirmatory test it is clear that the given sample contains lead
radical (Pb2+) as basic radical.

Announcement :- By systematic preliminary test and wet test of the supplied inorganic sample it is
confirm that the given sample contains lead radical (Pb 2+) as basic radical and acetate radical (CH 3COO- )
as acid radical. Therefore the given inorganic compound is lead acetate and it’s formula is Pb(CH 3COO)2.

CuSO4

Preliminary Investigation
Physical state : Solid
Color : Blue (Cu2+ may be)
Qdour : No characteristic odour ( absence of NH 4+ , S2- , CH3COO- )
Solubility : Soluble in water.
Identification of Acid Radical

Preliminary test:

Experiment Observation Inference

A small quantity of the salt No gas is evolved. Group A anion
was taken in a test tube and (CO32- ,CH3COO-,NO2- , SO32- ,
1-2 ml of dilute sulphuric S2- )are absent.
acid was added to it.
To a small quantity of salt No gas evolved Group B anions Cl-, Br-, I-, NO3-
taken in a test tube, 1-2 ml of C2O42- are) absent.
conc. sulpuric acid was
added and heated the
mixture.
A small amount of salt was A white precipitate is formed. Group C anion present. The
boiled with dil. HCl in a test white precipitate is BaSO4.
tube and the contents was This indicates the presence
filtered and to the filtrate of SO42-.
few drops of BaCl2 solution
was added.
Wet test for acid radical :
Preparation of solution : In a 100ml beaker 30ml water is taken and 1g sample is dissolve in it followed
by stirring with a glass rod. With this solution the following tests are perform.

Experiment Observation Inference

Silver nitrate test: To a 2ml of No curdy white or light yellow Chloride radical (Cl-), bromide
the prepared aqueous solution or deep yellow precipitate is radical(Br-), Iodide radical (I-) are
of the sample taken in a test obtained. absent.
tube dil.HNO3 is added to make
the solution acidic. After that,
boil the solution for sometimes,
cool and few drops of AgNO3
solution is added to it.
Barium chloride test: About 2ml A white precipitate is obtained Sulphate radical (SO42-) is
of the prepared aqueous which is insoluble in conc. HCl present.
solution of the sample is taken and conc. HNO3.
in a test tube and few drops of
aqueous solution of barium
chloride is added to it.
Lead acetate test: To a 2ml of A white precipitate is obtained Sulphate radical (SO42-) is
the aqueous solution of the which is soluble in excess of hot present.
sample taken in a test tube lead ammonium acetate solution.
acetate solution is added.
Sodium nitroprusside test: In a No violet coloration is obtained. Sulphide radical (S2- ) is absent.
test tube about 2ml of the
aqueous solution of the sample
is taken and make the solution
alkaline by adding aqueous
NaOH solution. Then few drops
of sodium nitroprusside
solution is added to it.
Calcium chloride test : In a test No white precipitate is Oxalate radical (C2O42-) is
tube to a 1ml of the salt obtained. absent.
solution dilute acetic acid was
added and boiled off CO2. After
that calcium chloride solution
was added to it.
Ring test: In a test tube equal No brown ring is formed at the Nitrate radical(NO3 - ) is absent.
volume of freshly prepared junction of two liquids.
solution of ferrous sulphate is
added to a part of the aqueous
solution of the sample and then
concentrated sulphuric acid is
added slowly along the side of
the test tube.
Ferric chloride test : In a clean No reddish coloration is Acetate radical (CH3COO- ) is
test tube 2ml prepared salt obtained. absent.
solution is taken and then
neutral ferric chloride solution
is added to it dropwise.

Confirmatory test :-

Experiment Observation Inference

Barium chloride test: About 2ml
of the prepared aqueous
solution of the sample is taken
in a test tube and few drops of
aqueous solution of barium
chloride is added to it.
Lead acetate test: To a 2ml of
the aqueous solution of the
sample taken in a test tube lead
acetate solution is added.
A white precipitate is obtained
which is insoluble in conc. HCl
and conc.HNO3.
A white precipitate is obtained
which is soluble in excess of hot
ammonium acetate solution.
Sulphate radical (SO42-) is
present and confirm.
Sulphate radical (SO42-) is
present and confirm.
Result :- From the above experiment and confirmatory test it is clear that the given sample contains
sulphate radical(SO42- ) as acid radical.

Identification of Basic Radical

Preliminary Test:

Dry test for basic radicals :

Experiment Observation Inference

Flame Test : Bright bluish – green flame is Copper radical (Cu2+ )may be
A paste of the unknown salt is obtained. present.
prepared with conc.HCl and
small amount of this paste was
placed on the platinum wire
loop and it was introduced into
the flame.
Charcoal Cavity Test :

A pinch of unknown salt is Dark brown color residue is Copper radical (Cu2+ )may be
taken and mixed with double formed. present.
its quantity of sodium
carbonate in a watch glass.
The mixture is than placed in
the cavity made on the block
of charcoal. The mixture was
moisten with a drop of water
and was heated in the
reducing flame.

Borax bead test:

At first Borax is heated in the Greenish when hot, light blue Copper radical (Cu2+ )may be
loop of platinum wire in which when cold was observed. present.
it swells and forms
transparent colorless glassy
bead. This hot bead was
touched with small amount of
the salt and was heated in
the oxidizing flame.

Heating Test :
Small amount of the given Initially green and finally dark Cu2+ , Ni2+, ,Mn2+ ,Fe2+ may be
salt was taken in a clean and brown color is observed. present.
dry test tube and was heated
 with a spirit lamp.

Wet test for basic radical :

Preparation of solution: 1g sample is taken in a 100ml beaker and dissolve in 25ml distilled water
followed by stirring with a glass rod and with this solution the following tests were performed.

Group analysis for basic radical :

To a small volume of the salt solution taken in a test tube dil. HCl is added. No precipitate is obtained.

No The acidified solution is heated and H2S gas is passed through this solution. Black precipitate
precipitat is obtained. The precipitate is filtered.
e is
obtained.
Group – I
absent
Pb2+
absent.

Black The filtrate is boil to remove H2S and then heated with few drops of conc.
precipitate HNO3. The resulting solution is cooled to which 2g NH 4Cl is added and then
is NH4OH is added to make the solution alkaline. No precipitate is obtained.
obtained.
Group – II
present.
Pb2+ or
Cu2+ is
present

and As3+ is
absent.

No H2S gas is passed through the alkaline solution. No precipitate is

precipitate obtained.
is
 obtained. No precipitate is obtained . The solution is boiled to remove H2S. NH4Cl is
Group – III added and then NH 4OH is added to make
the solution alkaline. Saturated solution of
(A) absent.
(NH 4) 2CO3 is then added to it and heat the
Al3+ and Group – III (B) absent solution. No precipitate is obtained
Fe3+ Ni2+ ,Co2+ , Zn2+ , Mn2+
Are are absent. No precipitate In the solution equal volume of
absent. is obtained. Na 2HPO4 solution is mixed and
Group – IV shaken well. No precipitate is
absent. Obtained.
Ba 2+ , Ca2+
Sr 2+ Group – V absent. Mg2+ absent.
are absent.

Test for ammonium radical(NH4+)

Experiment Observation Inference

About 1ml prepared aqueous No precipitate is obtained. Ammonium radical (NH4+ ) is
solution of the sample is taken absent .
in a clean test tube and freshly
prepared aqueous solution of
sodium hydroxide is added to it
to make the solution alkaline.
Finally Nessler's reagent is
added to the resulting solution
dropwise.

Confirmatory test with Group- II precipitate : The black precipitate obtained in Group – II is collected by
filtration and washed with distilled water. It is then dissolve in 1:3 dilute HNO 3 by boiling and the
following tests are performed by using this solution.

Experiment Observation Inference

Colour of the solution Bluish-white Cupric radical (Cu2+) may be

present.
Excess NH4OH solution is added Bluish-white precipitate is Cupric radical (Cu2+ ) is Present
to the solution gradually. obtained which dissolves in and confirm.
excess NH4OH giving a deep
blue solution.
Blue solution obtained above is Chocolate coloured precipitate Cupric radical (Cu2+ ) is Present
acidified with dilute acetic acid is obtained. and confirm.
to which potassium
ferrocyanide solution is added.
Potassium iodide test: To a 2ml No Yellow precipitate is Lead radical (Pb2+ ) is absent.
 of the solution in a test tube obtained.
potassium iodide solution is
added.

Result :- From the above experiment and confirmatory test it is clear that the given sample contains
Cupric radical (Cu2+ ) as basic radical.

Announcement :- By systematic preliminary test and wet test of the sample it is confirm that the given
inorganic sample contains Cupric radical (Cu 2+ ) as basic radical and Sulphate radical(SO 42- ) as acid
radical. Therefore the given inorganic compound is copper sulphate and it’s formula is CuSO 4.

Al(NO3)3

Preliminary Investigation
Physical state : Crystalline solid
Color : Colourless
Qdour : No characteristic odour ( absence of NH 4+ , S2- , CH3COO- )
Solubility : Soluble in water
Identification of acid radical
Preliminary test:

Experiment Observation Inference

A small quantity of the salt No gas is evolved. Group A anion
was taken in a test tube and (CO32- ,CH3COO-,NO2- , SO32- ,
1-2 ml of dilute sulphuric S2- )are absent.
acid was added to it.
To a small quantity of salt Brown Colored gas (NO2) is Group B anion nitrate radical
taken in a test tube, 1-2 ml of evolved may be NO3- ) present.
conc. sulpuric acid was
added and heated the
mixture.
A small quantity of the salt Dark brown fumes of NO2 was Nitrate radical may be NO3- )
was taken in a test tube and evolved. present.
Cu filling was added to it and then
Conc. H2SO4. Finally the resulting
solution was warm.

Wet test for acid radical

Preparation of solution : In a 100ml beaker 30ml water is taken and 1g sample is dissolve in it followed
by stirring with a glass rod. With this solution the following tests are perform.

Experiment Observation Inference

Silver nitrate test: To a 2ml of No curdy white or light yellow Chloride radical (Cl-), bromide
the prepared aqueous solution or deep yellow precipitate is radical(Br-), Iodide radical (I-) are
of the sample taken in a test obtained. absent.
tube dil.HNO3 is added to make
the solution acidic. After that,
boil the solution for sometimes,
cool and few drops of AgNO3
solution is added to it.
Barium chloride test: About 2ml No white precipitate is Sulphate radical (SO42-) is
of the prepared aqueous obtained. absent.
solution of the sample is taken
in a test tube and few drops of
aqueous solution of barium
chloride is added to it.
Sodium nitroprusside test: In a No violet coloration is obtained. Sulphide radical (S2- ) is absent.
test tube about 2ml of the
aqueous solution of the sample
is taken and make the solution
alkaline by adding aqueous
NaOH solution. Then few drops
of sodium nitroprusside
solution is added to it.
Calcium chloride test : In a test No white precipitate is Oxalate radical (C2O42-) is
tube to a 1ml of the salt obtained. absent.
solution dilute acetic acid was
added and boiled off CO2. After
that calcium chloride solution
was added to it.
Ring test: In a test tube equal A brown ring is formed at the Nitrate radical(NO3-) is present.
volume of freshly prepared junction of two liquids.
solution of ferrous sulphate is
added to a part of the aqueous
solution of the sample and then
concentrated sulphuric acid is
added slowly along the side of
the test tube.
Diphenylamine test: In a test A deep blue coloration is Nitrate radical(NO3-) is present.
tube a few drops of obtained.
diphenylamine is added to a
part of aqueous solution of the
sample.
Ferric chloride test : In a clean No reddish colouration is Acetate radical (CH3COO-) is
test tube 2ml prepared salt obtained. absent.
solution is taken and then
neutral ferric chloride solution
is added to it dropwise.
Confirmatory test :

Experiment Observation Inference

Ring test: In a test tube equal A brown ring is formed at the Nitrate radical(NO3-) is present
volume of freshly prepared junction of two liquids. and confirm.
solution of ferrous sulphate is
added to a part of the aqueous
solution of the sample and then
concentrated sulphuric acid is
added slowly along the side of
the test tube.
Diphenylamine test: In a test A deep blue coloration is Nitrate radical(NO3-) is present
tube a few drops of obtained. and confirm.
diphenylamine is added to a
part of aqueous solution of the
sample.

Result : From the above experiment and confirmatory test it is clear that the given sample contains
nitrate radical (NO3-) as acid radical.

Identification of Basic Radical

Preliminary Test:

Experiment Observation Inference

Flame Test :
A paste of the unknown salt is No characteristics color of the Pb2+ , Cu2+ ,Ca2+ , Sr2+ , Ba2+ , Zn2+
prepared with conc.HCl and flame was observed. are absent.
small amount of this paste was
placed on the platinum wire
loop and it was introduced into
the flame.
White infusible mass was Mg2+, Ba2+,Sr2+,Ca2+,Al3+,Zn2+ may
Charcoal Cavity Test :
observed. be present.
A pinch of unknown salt is
taken and mixed with double
its quantity of sodium
carbonate in a watch glass.
The mixture is than placed in
the cavity made on the block
of charcoal. The mixture was
moisten with a drop of water
and was heated in the
reducing flame.

Blue mass(Thenard blue) is Aluminium radical (Al3+) may be

Cobalt nitrate Test: In the white
formed. present.
residue formed in charcoal
 cavity test 1-2 drops of cobalt
nitrate solution is added. Then
an oxidizing flame was directed
into the mixture using blow
pipe and the colour of the
residue is observed.

Wet test for basic radical:

Preparation of solution: 1g sample is taken in a 100ml beaker and dissolve in 25ml distilled water
followed by stirring with a glass rod.

Group analysis for basic radical :

To a small volume of the salt solution taken in a test tube dil. HCl is added. No precipitate is obtained.

No The acidified filtrate is heated and H 2S gas is passed through this solution. No precipitate is
precipitat obtained.
e is
obtained.
Group – I
absent
Pb2+
absent.

No The solution is boil to remove H2S and then heated with few drops of conc.
precipitate HNO3. The resulting solution is cooled to which 2g NH 4Cl is added and then
is NH4OH is added to make the solution alkaline. White gelatinous precipitate is
obtained. obtained. The precipitate is filtered.
Group – II
absent.
Pb2+ , Cu2+
and As3+
are
absent.

White H2S gas is passed through the filtrate. No precipitate is obtained.

gelatinous
precipitate
 is No precipitate is obtained . The solution is boiled to remove H2S. NH4Cl is
obtained. added and then NH 4OH is added to make
the solution alkaline. Saturated solution of
Group – III
(NH 4) 2CO3 is then added to it and heat the
(A) Group – III (B) absent solution. No precipitate is obtained
present. Ni2+ ,Co2+ , Zn2+ , Mn2+
Al3+ are absent. No precipitate In the solution equal volume of
present is obtained. Na 2HPO4 solution is mixed and
Group – IV shaken well. No precipitate is
and Fe3+ absent. Obtained.
absent. Ba 2+ , Ca2+
Sr 2+ Group – V absent. Mg2+ absent.
are absent.

Test for ammonium radical(NH4+)

Experiment Observation Inference

About 1ml prepared aqueous No precipitate is obtained. Ammonium radical (NH4+ ) is
solution of the sample is taken absent .
in a clean test tube and freshly
prepared aqueous solution of
sodium hydroxide is added to it
to make the solution alkaline.
Finally Nessler's reagent is
added to the resulting solution
dropwise.

Confirmatory test with Group- III(A) precipitate :

The white gelatinous precipitate obtained in Group – III(A) is collected by filtration and washed with
distilled water and the following tests are performed by using this precipitate.

Experiment Observation Inference

A part of the precipitate is Gelatinous white precipitate Aluminium radical(Al3+ ) present
boiled with NaOH solution till it reappear. and confirm.
dissolves and then boil with
NH4Cl.
Lake test: Another part of the Blue precipitate floating in Aluminium radical(Al3+ ) present
white precipitate is dissolve in colourless solution. and confirm.
dilute hydrochloric acid and two
 drops of blue litmus solution is
added to it. After this, NH 4OH
solution is added to it dropwise
till blue colour develops.

As the precipitate obtained in Group-III(A) is white so the confirmatory test for Fe 3+ radical was not
performed.

Result :- From the above experiment and confirmatory test it is clear that the given sample contains
aluminium radical (Al3+) as basic radical.

Announcement : By systematic preliminary test and wet test of the sample it is confirm that the given
inorganic sample contains aluminium radical (Al 3+) as basic radical and nitrate radical(NO 3-) as acid
radical. Therefore the given inorganic compound is aluminium nitrate and it’s formula is Al(NO 3)3.

CuCl2

Preliminary Investigation
Physical state : Solid
Color : Green (Cu2+ may be)
Qdour : No characteristic odour ( absence of NH 4+ , S2- , CH3COO- )
Solubility : Soluble in water.
Identification of Acid Radical

Preliminary test:

Experiment Observation Inference

A small quantity of the salt
was taken in a test tube and
1-2 ml of dilute sulphuric
acid was added to it.
To a small quantity of salt
taken in a test tube, 1-2 ml of
conc. sulpuric acid was
added and heated the
mixture.
No gas is evolved. Group A anion
(CO32- ,CH3COO-,NO2- , SO32- ,
S2- )are absent.
Colourless gas with pungent Group B anion (Cl- )may be
smell, form white fumes with present.
aqueous ammonia when a
glass rod dipped in aqueous
ammonia is shown over the
mouth of the test tube.

Wet test for acid radical :

Preparation of solution : In a 100ml beaker 30ml water is taken and 1g sample is dissolve in it followed
by stirring with a glass rod. With this solution the following tests are perform.
 Experiment Observation Inference
Silver nitrate test: To a 2ml of Curdy white precipitate is Chloride radical (Cl-) is present,
the prepared aqueous solution obtained which is soluble in bromide radical(Br-) and Iodide
of the sample taken in a test NH4OH but insoluble in dil radical (I-) are absent.
tube dil.HNO3 is added to make HNO3.
the solution acidic. After that,
boil the solution for sometimes,
cool and few drops of AgNO3
solution is added to it.
Barium chloride test: About 2ml No white precipitate is Sulphate radical (SO42-) is
of the prepared aqueous obtained. absent.
solution of the sample is taken
in a test tube and few drops of
aqueous solution of barium
chloride is added to it.
Sodium nitroprusside test: In a No violet coloration is obtained. Sulphide radical (S2- ) is absent.
test tube about 2ml of the
aqueous solution of the sample
is taken and make the solution
alkaline by adding aqueous
NaOH solution. Then few drops
of sodium nitroprusside
solution is added to it.
Calcium chloride test : In a test No white precipitate is Oxalate radical (C2O42-) is
tube to a 1ml of the salt obtained. absent.
solution dilute acetic acid was
added and boiled off CO2. After
that calcium chloride solution
was added to it.
Ring test: In a test tube equal No brown ring is formed at the Nitrate radical(NO3-) is absent.
volume of freshly prepared junction of two liquids.
solution of ferrous sulphate is
added to a part of the aqueous
solution of the sample and then
concentrated sulphuric acid is
added slowly along the side of
the test tube.
Ferric chloride test : In a clean No reddish colouration is Acetate radical (CH3COO-) is
test tube 2ml prepared salt obtained. absent.
solution is taken and then
neutral ferric chloride solution
is added to it dropwise.

Confirmative Test:

Experiment Observation Inference

Silver nitrate test: To a 2ml of Curdy white precipitate is Chloride radical (Cl-) is present
 the prepared aqueous solution obtained which is soluble in and confirm.
of the sample taken in a test NH4OH but insoluble in
tube dil.HNO3 is added to make dil HNO3.
the solution acidic. After that,
boil the solution for sometimes,
cool and few drops of AgNO3
solution is added to it.
Chromyl chloride test: A little A yellow precipitate is obtained. Chloride radical (Cl-) is present
amount of salt and an equal and confirm.
amount of solid potassium
dichromate (K2Cr2O7) is mixed in
a test tube and conc. H2SO4 is
added to it. Then the test tube
is heated and the evolved gas is
pass through sodium hydroxide
solution. A yellow solution is
obtained which is acidified with
acetic acid and then lead
acetate solution is added to it.
Result :- From the above experiment and confirmatory test it is clear that the given sample contains
chloride radical (Cl- ) as acid radical.

Identification of Basic Radical

Preliminary Test:

Dry test for basic radicals :

Experiment Observation Inference

Flame Test : Bright bluish – green flame is Copper radical (Cu2+ )may be
A paste of the unknown salt is obtained. present.
prepared with conc.HCl and
small amount of this paste was
placed on the platinum wire
loop and it was introduced into
the flame.
Charcoal Cavity Test :

A pinch of unknown salt is Dark brown color residue is Copper radical (Cu2+ )may be
taken and mixed with double formed. present.
its quantity of sodium
carbonate in a watch glass.
The mixture is than placed in
the cavity made on the block
of charcoal. The mixture was
moisten with a drop of water
and was heated in the
reducing flame.
 Borax bead test:
At first Borax is heated in the Greenish when hot, light blue Copper radical (Cu2+ )may be
loop of platinum wire in which when cold was observed. present.
it swells and forms
transparent colorless glassy
bead. This hot bead was
touched with small amount of
the salt and was heated
oxidizing flame.

Heating Test :
Small amount of the given Initially green and finally dark Cu2+ , Ni2+, ,Mn2+ ,Fe2+ may be
salt was taken in a clean and brown color is observed. present.
dry test tube and was heated
with a spirit lamp.
Wet test for basic radical :
Preparation of solution: 1g sample is taken in a 100ml beaker and dissolve in 25ml distilled water
followed by stirring with a glass rod.

Group analysis for basic radical :

To a small volume of the salt solution taken in a test tube dil. HCl is added. No precipitate is obtained.

No The acidified solution is heated and H2S gas is passed through this solution. Black precipitate
precipitat is obtained. The precipitate is filtered.
e is
obtained.
Group – I
absent
Pb2+
absent.

Black The filtrate is boil to remove H2S and then heated with few drops of conc.
precipitate HNO3. The resulting solution is cooled to which 2g NH 4Cl is added and then
is NH4OH is added to make the solution alkaline. No precipitate is obtained.
obtained.
Group – II
present.
Pb2+ or
Cu2+ is
present

and As3+ is
absent.
 No H2S gas is passed through the alkaline solution. No precipitate is
precipitate obtained.
is
obtained. No precipitate is obtained . The solution is boiled to remove H2S. NH4Cl is
Group – III added and then NH 4OH is added to make
(A) absent. the solution alkaline. Saturated solution of
Al3+ and (NH 4) 2CO3 is then added to it and heat the
Fe3+ Group – III (B) absent solution. No precipitate is obtained
Ni2+ ,Co2+ , Zn2+ , Mn2+
Are are absent. No precipitate In the solution equal volume of
absent. is obtained. Na 2HPO4 solution is mixed and
Group – IV shaken well. No precipitate is
absent. Obtained.
Ba 2+ , Ca2+
Sr 2+ Group – V absent. Mg2+ absent.
are absent.

Test for ammonium radical(NH4+)

Experiment Observation Inference

About 1ml prepared aqueous No precipitate is obtained. Ammonium radical (NH4+ ) is
solution of the sample is taken absent .
in a clean test tube and freshly
prepared aqueous solution of
sodium hydroxide is added to it
to make the solution alkaline.
Finally Nessler's reagent is
added to the resulting solution
dropwise.

Confirmatory test with Group- II precipitate : The black precipitate obtained in Group – II is collected by
filtration and washed with distilled water. It is then dissolve in 1:3 dilute HNO 3 by boiling and the
following tests are performed by using this solution.

Experiment Observation Inference

Colour of the solution Bluish-white Cupric radical (Cu2+) may be

present.
Excess NH4OH solution is added Bluish-white precipitate is Cupric radical (Cu2+ ) is Present
to the solution gradually. obtained which dissolves in and confirm.
excess NH4OH giving a deep
blue solution.
Blue solution obtained above is Chocolate coloured precipitate Cupric radical (Cu2+ ) is Present
acidified with dilute acetic acid is obtained. and confirm.
 to which potassium
ferrocyanide solution is added.
Potassium iodide test: To a 2ml No Yellow precipitate is Lead radical (Pb2+ ) is absent.
of the solution in a test tube obtained.
potassium iodide solution is
added.

Result :- From the above experiment and confirmatory test it is clear that the given sample contains
Cupric radical (Cu2+ ) as basic radical.

Announcement :- By systematic preliminary test and wet test of the sample it is confirm that the given
inorganic sample contains Cupric radical (Cu 2+ ) as basic radical and chloride radical(Cl -) as acid radical.
Therefore the given inorganic compound is cupric chloride and it’s formula is CuCl 2.

Zn(NO3)2

Preliminary Investigation
Physical state :
Color :
Qdour : No characteristic odour ( absence of NH 4+ , S2- , CH3COO- )
Solubility : Soluble in water
Identification of acid radical
Preliminary test:

Experiment Observation Inference

A small quantity of the salt No gas is evolved. Group A anion
was taken in a test tube and (CO32- ,CH3COO-,NO2- , SO32- ,
1-2 ml of dilute sulphuric S2- )are absent.
acid was added to it.
To a small quantity of salt Brown Colored gas (NO2) is Group B anion nitrate radical
taken in a test tube, 1-2 ml of evolved may be NO3- ) present.
conc. sulpuric acid was
added and heated the
mixture.
A small quantity of the salt Dark brown fumes of NO2 was Nitrate radical may be NO3- )
was taken in a test tube and evolved. present.
Cu filling was added to it and then
Conc. H2SO4. Finally the resulting
solution was warm.

Wet test for acid radical

Preparation of solution : In a 100ml beaker 30ml water is taken and 1g sample is dissolve in it followed
by stirring with a glass rod. With this solution the following tests are perform.

Experiment Observation Inference

Silver nitrate test: To a 2ml of No curdy white or light yellow Chloride radical (Cl-), bromide
the prepared aqueous solution or deep yellow precipitate is radical(Br-), Iodide radical (I-) are
of the sample taken in a test obtained. absent.
tube dil.HNO3 is added to make
the solution acidic. After that,
boil the solution for sometimes,
cool and few drops of AgNO3
solution is added to it.
Barium chloride test: About 2ml No white precipitate is Sulphate radical (SO42-) is
of the prepared aqueous obtained. absent.
solution of the sample is taken
in a test tube and few drops of
aqueous solution of barium
chloride is added to it.
Sodium nitroprusside test: In a No violet coloration is obtained. Sulphide radical (S2- ) is absent.
test tube about 2ml of the
aqueous solution of the sample
is taken and make the solution
alkaline by adding aqueous
NaOH solution. Then few drops
of sodium nitroprusside
solution is added to it.
Calcium chloride test : In a test No white precipitate is Oxalate radical (C2O42-) is
tube to a 1ml of the salt obtained. absent.
solution dilute acetic acid was
added and boiled off CO2. After
that calcium chloride solution
was added to it.
Ring test: In a test tube equal A brown ring is formed at the Nitrate radical(NO3-) is present.
volume of freshly prepared junction of two liquids.
solution of ferrous sulphate is
added to a part of the aqueous
solution of the sample and then
concentrated sulphuric acid is
added slowly along the side of
the test tube.
Diphenylamine test: In a test A deep blue coloration is Nitrate radical(NO3-) is present.
tube a few drops of obtained.
diphenylamine is added to a
part of aqueous solution of the
sample.
Ferric chloride test : In a clean No reddish colouration is Acetate radical (CH3COO-) is
test tube 2ml prepared salt obtained. absent.
solution is taken and then
 neutral ferric chloride solution
is added to it dropwise.

Confirmatory test :

Experiment Observation Inference

Ring test: In a test tube equal A brown ring is formed at the Nitrate radical(NO3-) is present
volume of freshly prepared junction of two liquids. and confirm.
solution of ferrous sulphate is
added to a part of the aqueous
solution of the sample and then
concentrated sulphuric acid is
added slowly along the side of
the test tube.
Diphenylamine test: In a test A deep blue coloration is Nitrate radical(NO3-) is present
tube a few drops of obtained. and confirm.
diphenylamine is added to a
part of aqueous solution of the
sample.

Result : From the above experiment and confirmatory test it is clear that the given sample contains
nitrate radical (NO3-) as acid radical.

Identification of Basic Radical

Preliminary Test:

Dry test for basic radicals :

Experiment Observation Inference

Flame Test :
A paste of the unknown salt is Green flashes was observed. Zinc radical (Zn2+)may be
prepared with conc.HCl and present.
small amount of this paste was
placed on the platinum wire
loop and it was introduced into
the flame.
Charcoal Cavity Test :

A pinch of unknown salt is White infusible mass was Mg2+, Ba2+,Sr2+,Ca2+,Al3+,Zn2+ may
taken and mixed with double observed. be present.
its quantity of sodium
carbonate in a watch glass.
The mixture is than placed in
the cavity made on the block
of charcoal. The mixture was
moisten with a drop of water
 and was heated in the
reducing flame.

Cobalt nitrate Test: In the white

Green mass(Rinmann’s green) Zinc radical (Zn2+)may be
residue formed in charcoal
was obtained. present.
cavity test 1-2 drops of cobalt
nitrate solution is added. Then
an oxidizing flame was directed
into the mixture using blow
pipe and the colour of the
residue is observed.
Heating Test :
Small amount of the given yellow in hot condition and Zinc radical (Zn2+)may be
salt was taken in a clean and white in cold condition was present.
dry test tube and was heated observed.
with a spirit lamp.

Wet test for basic radical :

Preparation of solution: 1g sample is taken in a 100ml beaker and dissolve in 25ml distilled water
followed by stirring with a glass rod and with this solution the following tests were performed.

Group analysis for basic radical :

To a small volume of the salt solution taken in a test tube dil. HCl is added. No precipitate is obtained.

No The acidified solution is heated and H2S gas is passed through this solution. No precipitate is
precipitat obtained.
e is
obtained.
Group – I
absent
Pb2+
absent.

No The filtrate is boil to remove H2S and then heated with few drops of conc.
precipitate HNO3. The resulting solution is cooled to which 2g NH 4Cl is added and then
is NH4OH is added to make the solution alkaline. No precipitate is obtained.
obtained.
Group – II
present.
Pb2+ or
Cu2+ is
 present

and As3+ is
absent.

No H2S gas is passed through the alkaline solution. Dull white

precipitate precipitate is obtained. The precipitate is filtered.
is
obtained. Dull White
Group – III precipitate is obtained . The filtrate is boiled to remove H2S. NH4Cl is
(A) absent. then added and then NH 4OH is added to make
Al3+ and the solution alkaline. Saturated solution of
(NH 4) 2CO3 is then added to it and heat the
Fe3+
Group – III (B) present solution. No precipitate is obtained.
Are Zn2+ present
absent. Ni2+ ,Co2+ , Mn2+
are absent. No precipitate In the solution equal volume of
is obtained. Na 2HPO4 solution is mixed and
Group – IV shaken well. No precipitate is
absent. Obtained.
Ba 2+ , Ca2+
Sr 2+ Group – V absent. Mg2+ absent.
are absent.
Test for Ammonium radical(NH4+)

Experiment Observation Inference

About 1ml prepared aqueous No precipitate is obtained. Ammonium radical (NH4+) is
solution of the sample is taken absent .
in a clean test tube and freshly
prepared aqueous solution of
sodium hydroxide is added to it
to make the solution alkaline.
Finally Nessler's reagent is
added to the resulting solution
dropwise.

Confirmatory test with Group- III(B) precipitate :

The white precipitate obtained in Group – III(B) is collected by filtration and washed with distilled water
and dissolved in dilute HCl. Then the following tests are performed by using this solution.

Experiment Observation Inference

The precipitate is dissolve in dil.
HCl followed by heating and the
solution is divided into three
equal parts.
a)Excess NaOH solution is added White precipitate Is obtained Zinc radical (Zn2+) is present and
 dropwise to one part of the which dissolve in excess NaOH confirm.
solution. solution.
b) H2S is passed through second White precipitate is obtained. Zinc radical (Zn2+) is present and
part of the solution. confirm.
c) The remaining part of the White precipitate is obtained. Zinc radical (Zn2+) is present and
solution is acidified with dilute confirm.
acetic acid and potassium
ferrocyanide K4[Fe(CN)6]
solution is added to it dropwise.
Result :- From the above experiment and confirmatory test it is clear that the given sample contains zinc
radical (Zn2+) as basic radical.

Announcement : By systematic preliminary test and wet test of the sample it is confirm that the given
inorganic sample contains zinc radical (Zn 2+) as basic radical and nitrate radical(NO 3-) as acid radical.
Therefore the given inorganic compound is zinc nitrate and it’s formula is Zn(NO 3)2.

ZnSO4

Preliminary Investigation
Physical state :
Color :
Qdour : No characteristic odour ( absence of NH 4+ , S2- , CH3COO- )
Solubility : Soluble in water
Identification of acid radical
Preliminary test:

Experiment Observation Inference

A small quantity of the salt No gas is evolved. Group A anion
was taken in a test tube and (CO32- ,CH3COO-,NO2- , SO32- ,
1-2 ml of dilute sulphuric S2- )are absent.
acid was added to it.
To a small quantity of salt No gas evolved Group B anions Cl-, Br-, I-, NO3-
taken in a test tube, 1-2 ml of C2O42- are) absent.
conc. sulpuric acid was
added and heated the
mixture.
A small amount of salt was A white precipitate is formed. Group C present. The white
boiled with dil. HCl in a test precipitate is BaSO4. This
tube and the contents was indicates the presence of
filtered and to the filtrate SO42-.
 few drops of BaCl2 solution
was added.
Wet test for acid radical :
Preparation of solution : In a 100ml beaker 30ml water is taken and 1g sample is dissolve in it followed
by stirring with a glass rod. With this solution the following tests are perform.
Experiment Observation Inference
Silver nitrate test: To a 2ml of No curdy white or light yellow Chloride radical (Cl-), bromide
the prepared aqueous solution or deep yellow precipitate is radical(Br-), Iodide radical (I-) are
of the sample taken in a test obtained. absent.
tube dil.HNO3 is added to make
the solution acidic. After that,
boil the solution for sometimes,
cool and few drops of AgNO3
solution is added to it.
Barium chloride test: About 2ml A white precipitate is obtained Sulphate radical (SO42-) is
of the prepared aqueous which is insoluble in conc. HCl present.
solution of the sample is taken and conc. HNO3.
in a test tube and few drops of
aqueous solution of barium
chloride is added to it.
Lead acetate test: To a 2ml of A white precipitate is obtained Sulphate radical (SO42-) is
the aqueous solution of the which is soluble in excess of hot present.
sample taken in a test tube lead ammonium acetate solution.
acetate solution is added.
Sodium nitroprusside test: In a No violet coloration is obtained. Sulphide radical (S2- ) is absent.
test tube about 2ml of the
aqueous solution of the sample
is taken and make the solution
alkaline by adding aqueous
NaOH solution. Then few drops
of sodium nitroprusside
solution is added to it.
Calcium chloride test : In a test No white precipitate is Oxalate radical (C2O42-) is
tube to a 1ml of the salt obtained. absent.
solution dilute acetic acid was
added and boiled off CO2. After
that calcium chloride solution
was added to it.
Ring test: In a test tube equal No brown ring is formed at the Nitrate radical(NO3 - ) is absent.
volume of freshly prepared junction of two liquids.
solution of ferrous sulphate is
added to a part of the aqueous
solution of the sample and then
concentrated sulphuric acid is
added slowly along the side of
the test tube.
Ferric chloride test : In a clean No reddish colouration is Acetate radical (CH3COO- ) is
 test tube 2ml prepared salt obtained. absent.
solution is taken and then
neutral ferric chloride solution
is added to it dropwise.
Confirmatory test :-

Experiment Observation Inference

Barium chloride test: About 2ml
of the prepared aqueous
solution of the sample is taken
in a test tube and few drops of
aqueous solution of barium
chloride is added to it.
Lead acetate test: To a 2ml of
the aqueous solution of the
sample taken in a test tube lead
acetate solution is added.
A white precipitate is obtained Sulphate radical (SO42-) is
which is insoluble in conc.HCl present and confirm.
and conc.HNO3.
A white precipitate is obtained Sulphate radical (SO42-) is
which is soluble in excess of hot present and confirm.
ammonium acetate solution.

Result :- From the above experiment and confirmatory test it is clear that the given sample contains
sulphate radical(SO42- ) as acid radical.

Identification of Basic Radical

Preliminary Test:

Dry test for basic radicals :

Experiment Observation Inference

Flame Test :
A paste of the unknown salt is Green flashes was observed. Zinc radical (Zn2+ )may be
prepared with conc.HCl and present.
small amount of this paste was
placed on the platinum wire
loop and it was introduced into
the flame.
Charcoal Cavity Test :

A pinch of unknown salt is White infusible mass was Mg2+, Ba2+,Sr2+,Ca2+,Al3+,Zn2+ may
taken and mixed with double observed. be present.
its quantity of sodium
carbonate in a watch glass.
The mixture is than placed in
the cavity made on the block
of charcoal. The mixture was
moisten with a drop of water
and was heated in the
 reducing flame.

Cobalt nitrate Test: In the white

Green mass(Rinmann’s green) Zinc radical (Zn2+ )may be
residue formed in charcoal
was obtained. present.
cavity test 1-2 drops of cobalt
nitrate solution is added. Then
an oxidizing flame was directed
into the mixture using blow
pipe and the colour of the
residue is observed.
Heating Test :
Small amount of the given yellow in hot condition and Zinc radical (Zn2+ )may be
salt was taken in a clean and white in cold condition was present.
dry test tube and was heated observed.
with a spirit lamp.
Wet test for basic radical :
Preparation of solution: 1g sample is taken in a 100ml beaker and dissolve in 25ml distilled water
followed by stirring with a glass rod and with this solution the following tests were performed.

Group analysis for basic radical :

To a small volume of the salt solution taken in a test tube dil. HCl is added. No precipitate is obtained.

No The acidified solution is heated and H2S gas is passed through this solution. No precipitate is
precipitat obtained.
e is
obtained.
Group – I
absent
Pb2+
absent.

No The filtrate is boil to remove H2S and then heated with few drops of conc.
precipitate HNO3. The resulting solution is cooled to which 2g NH 4Cl is added and then
is NH4OH is added to make the solution alkaline. No precipitate is obtained.
obtained.
Group – II
present.
Pb2+ or
Cu2+ is
present
 and As3+ is
absent.

No H2S gas is passed through the alkaline solution. Dull white

precipitate precipitate is obtained. The precipitate is filtered.
is
obtained. Dull White
Group – III precipitate is obtained . The filtrate is boiled to remove H2S. NH4Cl is
(A) absent. then added to the solution and then NH 4OH
Al3+ and is
added to make the solution alkaline.
Fe3+
Saturated solution of
Are (NH 4) 2CO3 is then added to it and heat the
absent. Group – III (B) present solution. No precipitate is obtained.
Zn2+ present
Ni2+ ,Co2+ , Mn2+
are absent. No precipitate In the solution equal volume of
is obtained. Na 2HPO4 solution is mixed and
Group – IV shaken well. No precipitate is
absent. Obtained.
Ba 2+ , Ca2+
Sr 2+ Group – V absent. Mg2+ absent.
are absent.

Test for Ammonium radical(NH4+)

Experiment Observation Inference

About 1ml prepared aqueous No precipitate is obtained. Ammonium radical (NH4+) is
solution of the sample is taken absent .
in a clean test tube and freshly
prepared aqueous solution of
sodium hydroxide is added to it
to make the solution alkaline.
Finally Nessler's reagent is
added to the resulting solution
dropwise.
Confirmatory test with Group- III(B) precipitate :

The white precipitate obtained in Group – III(B) is collected by filtration and washed with distilled water
and dissolved in dilute HCl. Then the following tests are performed by using this solution.

Experiment Observation Inference

The precipitate is dissolve in dil.
HCl followed by heating and the
solution is divided into three
equal parts.
 a)Excess NaOH solution is added White precipitate Is obtained Zinc radical (Zn2+) is present and
dropwise to one part of the which dissolve in excess NaOH confirm.
solution. solution.
b) H2S is passed through second White precipitate is obtained. Zinc radical (Zn2+) is present and
part of the solution. confirm.
c) The remaining part of the White precipitate is obtained. Zinc radical (Zn2+) is present and
solution is acidified with dilute confirm.
acetic acid and potassium
ferrocyanide K4[Fe(CN)6]
solution is added to it dropwise.
Result :- From the above experiment and confirmatory test it is clear that the given sample contains zinc
radical (Zn2+) as basic radical.

Announcement : By systematic preliminary test and wet test of the sample it is confirm that the given
inorganic sample contains zinc radical (Zn 2+) as basic radical and sulphate radical(SO 42-) as acid radical.
Therefore the given inorganic compound is zinc sulphate and it’s formula is ZnSO 4.

Al2(SO4)3

Preliminary Investigation
Physical state :
Color :
Qdour : No characteristic odour ( absence of NH 4+ , S2- , CH3COO- )
Solubility : Soluble in water
Identification of acid radical
Preliminary test:

Experiment Observation Inference

A small quantity of the salt No gas is evolved. Group A anion
was taken in a test tube and (CO32- ,CH3COO-,NO2- , SO32- ,
1-2 ml of dilute sulphuric S2- )are absent.
acid was added to it.
To a small quantity of salt No gas evolved Group B anions Cl-, Br-, I-, NO3-
taken in a test tube, 1-2 ml of C2O42- are) absent.
conc. sulpuric acid was
added and heated the
mixture.
 A small amount of salt was A white precipitate is formed. Group C present. The white
boiled with dil. HCl in a test precipitate is BaSO4. This
tube and the contents was indicates the presence of
filtered and to the filtrate SO42-.
few drops of BaCl2 solution
was added.
Wet test for acid radical :
Preparation of solution : In a 100ml beaker 30ml water is taken and 1g sample is dissolve in it followed
by stirring with a glass rod. With this solution the following tests are perform.
Experiment Observation Inference
Silver nitrate test: To a 2ml of No curdy white or light yellow Chloride radical (Cl-), bromide
the prepared aqueous solution or deep yellow precipitate is radical(Br-), Iodide radical (I-) are
of the sample taken in a test obtained. absent.
tube dil.HNO3 is added to make
the solution acidic. After that,
boil the solution for sometimes,
cool and few drops of AgNO3
solution is added to it.
Barium chloride test: About 2ml A white precipitate is obtained Sulphate radical (SO42-) is
of the prepared aqueous which is insoluble in conc. HCl present.
solution of the sample is taken and conc. HNO3.
in a test tube and few drops of
aqueous solution of barium
chloride is added to it.
Lead acetate test: To a 2ml of A white precipitate is obtained Sulphate radical (SO42-) is
the aqueous solution of the which is soluble in excess of hot present.
sample taken in a test tube lead ammonium acetate solution.
acetate solution is added.
Sodium nitroprusside test: In a No violet coloration is obtained. Sulphide radical (S2- ) is absent.
test tube about 2ml of the
aqueous solution of the sample
is taken and make the solution
alkaline by adding aqueous
NaOH solution. Then few drops
of sodium nitroprusside
solution is added to it.
Calcium chloride test : In a test No white precipitate is Oxalate radical (C2O42-) is
tube to a 1ml of the salt obtained. absent.
solution dilute acetic acid was
added and boiled off CO2. After
that calcium chloride solution
was added to it.
Ring test: In a test tube equal No brown ring is formed at the Nitrate radical(NO3 - ) is absent.
volume of freshly prepared junction of two liquids.
solution of ferrous sulphate is
added to a part of the aqueous
solution of the sample and then
 concentrated sulphuric acid is
added slowly along the side of
the test tube.
Ferric chloride test : In a clean No reddish colouration is Acetate radical (CH3COO-) is
test tube 2ml prepared salt obtained. absent.
solution is taken and then
neutral ferric chloride solution
is added to it dropwise.
Confirmatory test :-

Experiment Observation Inference

Barium chloride test: About 2ml
of the prepared aqueous
solution of the sample is taken
in a test tube and few drops of
aqueous solution of barium
chloride is added to it.
Lead acetate test: To a 2ml of
the aqueous solution of the
sample taken in a test tube lead
acetate solution is added.
A white precipitate is obtained Sulphate radical (SO42-) is
which is insoluble in conc.HCl present and confirm.
and conc.HNO3.
A white precipitate is obtained Sulphate radical (SO42-) is
which is soluble in excess of hot present and confirm.
ammonium acetate solution.

Result :- From the above experiment and confirmatory test it is clear that the given sample contains
sulphate radical(SO42- ) as acid radical.

Identification of Basic Radical

Preliminary Test:

Experiment Observation Inference

Flame Test :
A paste of the unknown salt is No characteristics color of the Pb2+ , Cu2+ ,Ca2+ , Sr2+ , Ba2+ , Zn2+
prepared with conc.HCl and flame was observed. are absent.
small amount of this paste was
placed on the platinum wire
loop and it was introduced into
the flame.
White infusible mass was Mg2+, Ba2+,Sr2+,Ca2+,Al3+,Zn2+ may
Charcoal Cavity Test :
observed. be present.
A pinch of unknown salt is
taken and mixed with double
its quantity of sodium
carbonate in a watch glass.
The mixture is than placed in
the cavity made on the block
of charcoal. The mixture was
moisten with a drop of water
 and was heated in the
reducing flame.

Blue mass(Thenard blue) is Aluminium radical (Al3+) may be

Cobalt nitrate Test: In the white
formed. present.
residue formed in charcoal
cavity test 1-2 drops of cobalt
nitrate solution is added. Then
an oxidizing flame was directed
into the mixture using blow
pipe and the colour of the
residue is observed.

Wet test for basic radical:

Preparation of solution: 1g sample is taken in a 100ml beaker and dissolve in 25ml distilled water
followed by stirring with a glass rod.

Group analysis for basic radical :

To a small volume of the salt solution taken in a test tube dil. HCl is added. No precipitate is obtained.

No The acidified filtrate is heated and H 2S gas is passed through this solution. No precipitate is
precipitat obtained.
e is
obtained.
Group – I
absent
Pb2+
absent.

No The solution is boil to remove H2S and then heated with few drops of conc.
precipitate HNO3. The resulting solution is cooled to which 2g NH 4Cl is added and then
is NH4OH is added to make the solution alkaline. White gelatinous precipitate is
obtained. obtained. The precipitate is filtered.
Group – II
 absent.
Pb2+ , Cu2+
and As3+
are
absent.

White H2S gas is passed through the filtrate. No precipitate is obtained.

gelatinous
precipitate
is No precipitate is obtained . The solution is boiled to remove H2S. NH4Cl is
obtained. added and then NH 4OH is added to make
Group – III the solution alkaline. Saturated solution of
(A) (NH 4) 2CO3 is then added to it and heat the
present. Group – III (B) absent solution. No precipitate is obtained
Ni2+ ,Co2+ , Zn2+ , Mn2+
Al3+ are absent. No precipitate In the solution equal volume of
present is obtained. Na 2HPO4 solution is mixed and
and Fe3+ Group – IV shaken well. No precipitate is
absent. absent. Obtained.
Ba 2+ , Ca2+
Sr 2+ Group – V absent. Mg2+ absent.
are absent.

Test for ammonium radical(NH4+)

Experiment Observation Inference

About 1ml prepared aqueous No precipitate is obtained. Ammonium radical (NH4+ ) is
solution of the sample is taken absent .
in a clean test tube and freshly
prepared aqueous solution of
sodium hydroxide is added to it
to make the solution alkaline.
Finally Nessler's reagent is
added to the resulting solution
dropwise.

Confirmatory test with Group- III(A) precipitate :

The white gelatinous precipitate obtained in Group – III(A) is collected by filtration and washed with
distilled water and the following tests are performed with this precipitate.
 Experiment Observation Inference
A part of the precipitate is Gelatinous white precipitate Aluminium radical(Al3+ ) present
boiled with NaOH solution till it reappear. and confirm.
dissolves and then boil with
NH4Cl.
Lake test: Another part of the Blue precipitate floating in Aluminium radical(Al3+ ) present
white precipitate is dissolve in colourless solution. and confirm.
dilute hydrochloric acid and two
drops of blue litmus solution is
added to it. After this, NH 4OH
solution is added to it dropwise
till blue colour develops.

As the precipitate obtained in Group-III(A) is white so the confirmatory test for Fe 3+ radical was not
performed.

Result :- From the above experiment and confirmatory test it is clear that the given sample contains
aluminium radical (Al3+) as basic radical.

Announcement : By systematic preliminary test and wet test of the sample it is confirm that the given
inorganic sample contains aluminium radical (Al 3+) as basic radical and sulphate radical(SO 42-) as acid
radical. Therefore the given inorganic compound is aluminium sulphate and it’s formula is Al 2(SO4)3.

NiCl2

Preliminary Investigation
Physical state :
Color : Greenish
Qdour : No characteristic odour ( absence of NH 4+ , S2- , CH3COO- )
Solubility : Soluble in water
Identification of acid radical
Preliminary test:

Experiment Observation Inference

A small quantity of the salt
was taken in a test tube and
1-2 ml of dilute sulphuric
acid was added to it.
To a small quantity of salt
taken in a test tube, 1-2 ml of
No gas is evolved. Group A anion
(CO32- ,CH3COO-,NO2- , SO32- ,
S2- )are absent.
Colourless gas with pungent Group B anion (Cl- )may be
smell, form white fumes with present.
aqueous ammonia when a
 conc. sulpuric acid was glass rod dipped in aqueous
added and heated the ammonia is shown over the
mixture. mouth of the test tube.

Wet test for acid radical :

Preparation of solution : In a 100ml beaker 30ml water is taken and 1g sample is dissolve in it followed
by stirring with a glass rod. With this solution the following tests are perform.

Experiment Observation Inference

Silver nitrate test: To a 2ml of Curdy white precipitate is Chloride radical (Cl-) is present,
the prepared aqueous solution obtained which is soluble in bromide radical(Br-) and Iodide
of the sample taken in a test NH4OH but insoluble in dil radical (I-) are absent.
tube dil.HNO3 is added to make HNO3.
the solution acidic. After that,
boil the solution for sometimes,
cool and few drops of AgNO3
solution is added to it.
Barium chloride test: About 2ml No white precipitate is Sulphate radical (SO42- ) is
of the prepared aqueous obtained. absent.
solution of the sample is taken
in a test tube and few drops of
aqueous solution of barium
chloride is added to it.
Sodium nitroprusside test: In a No violet coloration is obtained. Sulphide radical (S2- ) is absent.
test tube about 2ml of the
aqueous solution of the sample
is taken and make the solution
alkaline by adding aqueous
NaOH solution. Then few drops
of sodium nitroprusside
solution is added to it.
Calcium chloride test : In a test No white precipitate is Oxalate radical (C2O42-) is
tube to a 1ml of the salt obtained. absent.
solution dilute acetic acid was
added and boiled off CO2. After
that calcium chloride solution
was added to it.
Ring test: In a test tube equal No brown ring is formed at the Nitrate radical(NO3 - ) is absent.
volume of freshly prepared junction of two liquids.
solution of ferrous sulphate is
added to a part of the aqueous
solution of the sample and then
concentrated sulphuric acid is
added slowly along the side of
the test tube.
Ferric chloride test : In a clean No reddish colouration is Acetate radical (CH3COO- ) is
 test tube 2ml prepared salt obtained. absent.
solution is taken and then
neutral ferric chloride solution
is added to it dropwise.
Confirmative Test:

Experiment Observation Inference

Silver nitrate test: To a 2ml of Curdy white precipitate is Chloride radical (Cl-) is present
the prepared aqueous solution obtained which is soluble in and confirm.
of the sample taken in a test NH4OH but insoluble in
tube dil.HNO3 is added to make dil HNO3.
the solution acidic. After that,
boil the solution for sometimes,
cool and few drops of AgNO3
solution is added to it.
Chromyl chloride test: A little A yellow precipitate is obtained. Chloride radical (Cl-) is present
amount of salt and an equal and confirm.
amount of solid potassium
dichromate (K2Cr2O7) is mixed in
a test tube and conc. H2SO4 is
added to it. Then the test tube
is heated and the evolved gas is
pass through sodium hydroxide
solution. A yellow solution is
obtained which is acidified with
acetic acid and then lead
acetate solution is added to it.

Result :- From the above experiment and confirmatory test it is clear that the given sample contains
chloride radical (Cl- ) as acid radical.

Identification of Basic Radical

Preliminary Test:

Dry test for basic radicals :

Experiment Observation Inference

Flame Test :
A paste of the unknown salt is No characteristics colour of the Pb2+ , Cu2+ ,Ca2+ , Sr2+ , Ba2+ , Zn2+
prepared with conc.HCl and flame was observed. are absent.
small amount of this paste was
placed on the platinum wire
loop and it was introduced into
the flame.
Borax bead test:
At first Borax is heated in the Brown bead in oxidizing and Nickel radical (Ni2+ )may be
 loop of platinum wire in which grey bead in reducing flame was present.
it swells and forms observed.
transparent colorless glassy
bead. This hot bead was
touched with small amount of
the salt and was heated in
oxidizing and reducing flame.
Charcoal Cavity Test :

A pinch of unknown salt is Gray metallic particles without Fe2+,Co2+,Ni2+ may be present.
taken and mixed with double incrustation was observed.
its quantity of sodium
carbonate in a watch glass.
The mixture is than placed in
the cavity made on the block
of charcoal. The mixture was
moisten with a drop of water
and was heated in the
reducing flame.

Wet test for basic radical :

Preparation of solution: 1g sample is taken in a 100ml beaker and dissolve in 25ml distilled water
followed by stirring with a glass rod and with this solution the following tests were performed.

Group analysis for basic radical :

To a small volume of the salt solution taken in a test tube dil. HCl is added. No precipitate is obtained.

No The acidified filtrate is heated and H 2S gas is passed through this solution. No precipitate is
precipitat obtained.
e is
obtained.
Group – I
absent
Pb2+
absent.

No The solution is boil to remove H2S and then heated with few drops of conc.
precipitate HNO3. The resulting solution is cooled to which 2g NH 4Cl is added and then
is NH4OH is added to make the solution alkaline. No precipitate is obtained.
obtained.
 Group – II
absent.
Pb2+ , Cu2+
and As3+
are
absent.

No H2S gas is passed through the filtrate. Black precipitate is

precipitate obtained. The precipitate is filtered.
is
obtained. Black precipitate is
Group – III obtained . The solution is boiled to remove H2S. NH4Cl
(A) absent. added and then NH 4OH is added to make
Al3+ and the solution alkaline. Saturated solution of
(NH 4) 2CO3 is then added to it and heat the
Fe3+ are
Group – III (B) present solution. No precipitate is obtained
absent. Ni2+ present.
Co2+ , Zn2+ , Mn2+
are absent. No precipitate In the solution equal volume of
is obtained. Na 2HPO4 solution is mixed and
Group – IV shaken well. No precipitate is
absent. Obtained.
Ba 2+ , Ca2+
Sr 2+ Group – V absent. Mg2+ absent.
are absent.

Test for ammonium radical(NH4+)

Experiment Observation Inference

About 1ml prepared aqueous No precipitate is obtained. Ammonium radical (NH4+ ) is
solution of the sample is taken absent .
in a clean test tube and freshly
prepared aqueous solution of
sodium hydroxide is added to it
to make the solution alkaline.
Finally Nessler's reagent is
added to the resulting solution
dropwise.
Confirmatory test with Group- IIIB precipitate : The black precipitate obtained in Group – IIIB is
collected by filtration and washed with distilled water. It is then dissolve in aqua regia and evaporate to
dryness and dissolve in water then the following tests are performed with this solution.

Experiment Observation Inference

DMG Test : To a part of the Rose red Precipitate is obtained Nickel radical(Ni2+) present and
solution ammonium hydroxide confirmed
solution was added till alkaline
and then dimethyl glyoxime.
To another part of the solution At first apple green precipitate Nickel radical(Ni2+) present and
excess sodium hydroxide was formed which was confirmed
solution was added and then converted to black on addition
bromine water was added to it of bromine water.
and the content was boiled.

Result :- From the above experiment and confirmatory test it is clear that the given sample contains
nickel radical (Ni2+) as basic radical.

Announcement :- By systematic wet test and preliminary test of the sample it is confirm that the given
inorganic sample contains nickel radical (Ni 2+) as basic radical and chloride radical(Cl- ) as acid radical.
Therefore the given inorganic compound is nickel chloride and it’s formula is NiCl 2.