EFFECTS OF KIDNAPPING ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

OF NIGERIA (A STUDY OF SOUTHERN KADUNA)

BY

CIROMA ISHAQ YAHUZA

UG16/ASPS/1141

A RESEARCH PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF

POLITICAL SCIENCE, FACULTY OF ARTS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES,

GOMBE STATE UNIVERSITY, GOMBE NIGERIA IN PARTIAL

FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF

BARCHELOR OF SCIENCE (B.Sc HONS) DEGREE IN POLITICAL

SCIENCE

i
 DECLARATION

I, Ciroma Ishaq Yahuza with the registration number UG16/ASPS/1141, do hereby

proclaim that this project work is the output of my intelligent research. It is neither

been embodied in any other recorded material nor has it been borrowed from recently

published works. All literatures examined and other materials utilized herein are

nevertheless sufficiently and satisfactorily recognized by means of references and

Bibliography.

…………………………… ……………………………..
Ciroma Ishaq Yahuza Date

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 CERTIFICATION

This project has been read, approved and certified to have been carried out in its

entirety by Ciroma Ishaq Yahuza UG16/ASPS/1141 as meeting the requirements in

partial fulfillment for the award of Bachelor of Science (B. Sc. Hons) Degree in

Political Science, Gombe State University, Gombe-Nigeria.

………………………………… ……………………………...
Mal. Bashir Abdullahi Date
Project Supervisor

………………………………… ……………………………...
Mr. James Abdulnasir Date
Project coordinator

………………………………… ……………………………...
Dr. Ruth F. Kinge Date
Head of Department

………………………………… ……………………………...
External Examiner Date

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 DEDICATION

I dedicated this project to all the casualties of kidnapping within and outside Nigeria

especially the Chibok girls and their families.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to first and foremost to incept by expressing my infinite gratitude and

praise to Almighty Allah for making it possible for to meet a segment of my dreams.

My profound thanks and gratitude goes to my project supervisor, Mr. Bashir

Abdullahi, for his priceless amiability, effort, patience and kindness in reading

through this research work and offering necessary corrections, suggestions, timely

advice at every stage of this project, may Allah glorified you with Aljannatu Firdausy,

amen. I also thank Malam Idriss Abubakar for his assistance particularly at inception

of this study.

I'm equally grateful to all my lecturers especially Dr Ruth F. Kinge (HOD), Dr.

Abdulkadir Sale, Dr Bashir Malam, Mr Jafaru A. Abdulmalik, Mr Sati Sheikh, Malam

Mahmood Hassan, Mr. James Abdulnasir, Mr John Lamido, Malam Yusuf Sani Yusuf,

Mr Shedrack Danbaba and many more for guiding me and giving me an inspirational

encourage and inculcating in me a remarkable knowledge that I will remember in my

entire life. I pray that may Allah bless you abundantly. Amen.

My earnest thanks and appreciation goes to my parents Alaramma Ishaq Jibrin and

Salamatu Ishaq for their empathy, cherishment, care, financial support and prayer as

well as Family members these are in persons of Sadeeya Ishaq, Huzaifa Ishaq, Zaliha

Ishaq, Safiyanu Ishaq, Luqman Ishaq, Jibrin Ishaq, and especially Yusuf Abdullahi for

their compatibility, financial support and unconditional love shown to me throughout

my life. I'm giving a special thanks to my father's uncles Malam Abdullahi Abdullahi

(Ja'o), Suleiman Abdullahi and my step fathers Yunusa Jibrin, Hashimu Jibrin and late

v
Shuaibu Jibrin may Allah bless you all.

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Ibrahim Lai for his rewardable

accommodation, nurturance, and endurance throughout the course of this study. I also

owe warm appreciation to his wives Malama Aisha and Malama Khadeejah for their

cherishment and patience, I equally appreciate his sons particularly Abdallah.

I'm indebted to show sincere appreciation to Malam Jamil Makmang and Mr.

Muhammed for their financial support, timely advise, I thank you and may Allah bless

you. I equally thank Alhaji Adamu for his financial support may Allah bless you. I

also thank Malam Ibrahim (Imam/Nalado) for his well wishes.

My deepest appreciation goes my amiable friends who stood by me at the course of

my study especially Malam Aliyu (the reservoir of knowledge), Musa M. Kashere,

Naziru Sulaiman (Roommate), Mubarak Abdullahi, Batari Zhuhuriyya, Fatima Yelwa,

Baffa Abdu, Aliyu Adamu Bulama, Abbas Ali Haruna, Aminu Shehu Lano

{Geographer) and I shall not forget my intimate blood friends in persons of Jafar Ardo,

Hassan Ardo Zailani Salihu, Abdulhameed Salihu, Abba Abubakar, Salihu Ahmad,

Yahya Muh'd and many more, may Allah bless you all.

Special appreciation goes to my lovely wife to be (at this juncture) Fatima Uthman

Ahmad (UmmuHaneepah) and the entire members of her family, I adore you all.

I also thank all the staff of my secondary school. (IOSS, B/Ladi) Plateau state,

especially Mal. Adam Ibrahim (reservoir of knowledge), Malam Ishaq, Malam

Wakayi, ) and others may Allah bless you all.

I would like to profoundly appreciate the approachability, amenability and

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contribution of my colleagues in persons of Mukhtar Muhammad (certified reservoir

of knowledge), Ibrahim Abdullahi, Idris Ahmed (class rep), Hayatu Hassan Jingi,

Musa Kwadom, Yila Lawrence, Fahad Nuruddeen, Zaynab DanJuma, Fauzyya

Muhammad, Auwal Saeed, Ibrahim Umar (S-Tudu) Salihu B. Yero, Khaleed Isa, and

others that I did not mention. Once again, I'm very grateful for your assistance during

the course this academic journey may Allah bless you in abundance.

Finally, my gratitude goes to all which time and space wouldn‟t permit me to mention

their names have in one way or the other encouraged and supported me in the course

of this journey, I‟m thankful to you al

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 ABSTRACT
Kidnapping is one of the main security challenges facing Nigerians in recent time.
Though it is not totally a new happening, yet, like a wild fire, it is adamantly increasing
and assuming a terrible exception. Kidnapping in Nigeria was considered as a thing
known to some specific regions of the state, extremely the Niger Delta region due to the
actions of the militants. Unfortunately, currently hardly if there is a region of the nation
that is not confronted with the danger of kidnapping thereby making it one of the most
destructive organized crimes in Nigeria. This is known in the rampant of kidnapping
cases being recorded and northwestern region (southern Kaduna in particular) being
the hotspot of the kidnapping. Secondary sources of data were utilized to examine the
effects of the kidnapping on socioeconomic development of Southern Kaduna.
Structural-Functionalist Theory was employed as theoretical framework for the study.
The study found that causes of kidnapping in the study area include but not limited to
the lingering communal crisis, poverty, massive unemployment. Kidnapping has an
adverse effect on socioeconomic development of Southern Kaduna study by driven
away the potential global and national investors and it also badly affected the
interpersonal relationship. Based on the findings of the study, therefore, stoppage of
paying ransom to kidnapping, tackling the conflicts between farmers and cattle
breeders in Southern Kaduna, creation of jobs for youth and serious penalty for those
possessing illegal weapons are recommended to handled the upsurge of kidnapping.

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

DECLARATION............................................................................................................ii

CERTIFICATION ........................................................................................................ iii

DEDICATION .............................................................................................................. iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................. v

ABSTRACT............................................................................................................... viii

TABLE OF CONTENT ................................................................................................ ix

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the Study .......................................................................................... 1

1.2 Statement of the Research Problem ......................................................................... 5

1.3. Research Questions ................................................................................................. 6

1.4 Objectives of the Study ............................................................................................ 6

1.5 Research Assumptions ............................................................................................. 6

1.6 Scope and Limitations of the Study ......................................................................... 6

1.7 Significance of the Study ......................................................................................... 7

1.8 Operational Definition of Key Concepts ................................................................. 8

1.9 Research Methodology ............................................................................................ 9

1.10 Chapterization ........................................................................................................ 9

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 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 10

2.2 Literature Review................................................................................................... 10

2.2.1 Conceptualization of Kidnapping ....................................................................... 10

2.2.2 The typology of kidnapping ................................................................................ 15

2.2.3 Motives of Kidnapping ....................................................................................... 21

2.2.4 Kidnapping in Nigeria......................................................................................... 23

2.2.4 Kidnapping in Kaduna state ................................................................................ 25

2.2.5 Prone Areas of Kidnapping in Kaduna state ....................................................... 27

2.3 Empirical Literature Review .................................................................................. 30

2.4 Theoretical Framework .......................................................................................... 33

2.4.1 Central Idea of Functionalist Theory .................................................................. 35

2.4.2 Applicability of the theory .................................................................................. 36

2.4.3 Criticism.............................................................................................................. 37

CHAPTER THREE

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF SOUTHERN KADUNA AND KIDNAPPING

AND SOCIOECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF SOUTHERN KADUNA STATE . 39

3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 39

3.2 Biography and Location of the Study Area ............................................................ 39

3.3 Economy of Kaduna state ...................................................................................... 40

3.4 Southern Kaduna .................................................................................................... 41

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3.5 Kidnapping and Socio-Economic Development of Southern Kaduna and Nigeria

at Large ........................................................................................................................ 42

CHAPTER FOUR

ISSUE OF f KIDNAPPING AND ITS EFFECTS ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC

DEVELOPMENT OF SOUTHERN KADUNA

4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 45

4.2. Causes of Kidnapping in Southern Kaduna .......................................................... 45

4.2.1 Unemployment .................................................................................................... 46

4.2.2. Poverty ............................................................................................................... 47

4.2.3. Communal Conflict between the Herders and Farmers of Southern Kaduna .... 48

4.2.4. Greediness and Moral Decadence ...................................................................... 49

4.2.5. Drugs and Proliferation of arms ......................................................................... 49

4.2.6 Nature of Nigerian politics.................................................................................. 50

4.2.7 Ritual and Spiritual Proclivity ............................................................................ 51

4.3 The Extent of Kidnapping in Kaduna and its Southern Part .................................. 52

4.4 Socioeconomic Effect of Kidnapping in Southern Kaduna and at Large Nigeria . 53

4.4.1 Economic Effect .................................................................................................. 53

4.4.2 Social Effect of Kidnapping................................................................................ 54

4.5 Solutions to the Problem of Kidnapping in Southern Kaduna ............................... 56

4.5 Discussion of the Major Findings .......................................................................... 59

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 CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION

5.1 Summary ................................................................................................................ 63

5.2 Recommendations .................................................................................................. 63

5.3 Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 65

REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY .................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

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 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the Study

Kidnapping as a kind of businesslike offense is not a modern phenomenon. It is,

historically, an old phenomenon traceable from ancient nations as it was discovered in

the Holy books as the time of Prophet Joseph (peace be unto him) when he was

kidnapped by his brothers many centuries back. Nevertheless, the term „kidnapping‟ is

relatively a current which is asserted to have originated in the 17th century in the

Great Britain where 'children‟ of the noble families were „napped‟ (caught in the sleep)

for ransom (Tzanelli, 2006). Hence, while the incident of kidnapping is established as

an ancient one, the modes and dimensions it takes are what gains currency and

accounts for variations in its patterns as well as the diversity of its continuous

occurrences over time and space.

According to the NYA24‟s (2018) as cited in Ayuba, M. R. (2020), Asian

continent has the highest number of recorded kidnapping cases in the world, followed

by continent of Africa , then Latin America, Middle East and Europe. While Africa

was publicized to be the second continent witnessing the increased rate of kidnap for

ransom cases, Nigeria occupies the second position as the state with the highest

number of kidnapping incidents throughout the world. This rank positioned Nigeria in

a political to the global system and by implications decreases its prospects and

chances to develop attractive and conducive environment for both domestic

investment and foreign direct investments (FDI).The world incidence of kidnapping

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tend to portray its prevalence in third world countries faced with internal disputes,

poverty and other social problems. Therefore, there is evidently a connection and

nexus between kidnapping and conflict, insurgency or terrorism (Wittig, 2018). This

is extensively obvious in countries grappling with humanitarian crisis, particularly in

most developing states in Africa.

For example, The Global Slavery Index (2014) disclosed that, greater number of

men, women and even children were kidnapped and held as slaves by ethnic

militiamen in Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). The report further

showed that, in April and May of that the same year alone, 267 women and girls were

sexually victimized by the armed militias.

In Nigeria, the issues of kidnapping have become recurrent incident making

headlines of the country‟s dailies. Although, kidnap for ransom came to be more

confirmed in the country by early 2000s in the oil rich Niger Delta region by various

communities protesting for what they described as marginalization and environmental

injustice caused on them as a result of the oil exploration activities by the

international companies in the area. Therefore, they deployed hostage taking of

distinguished public officials and expatriates working in the international companies

in the area as a means of attracting the attention of government and even global

communities to their danger plights. Consequently, a decade ago, one could safely

maintain that kidnap for ransom was completely an element of the Niger Delta.

However, the recent increased in abductions in northern part of Nigeria tends to

change the narrative as it has assumed a frightening dimension thus attracting

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attentions of both local and global communities. Since 2009 when the activities of

Boko Haram started to broaden in the north eastern Nigeria, unusual and hitherto

uncommon criminal activities in the region such as the kidnappings and abduction of

minors began to assume a great magnitude and endangering socioeconomic

development potentialities in the country.

Consequently, by 2014 vast scale of kidnappings emerged, especially the

kidnapping of secondary school girls in Chibok, Borno State, Nigeria which drew in

public attention. This occurrence indicated the advent of popular kidnappings in

northern Nigeria, and since then numerous other kidnapping cases which include but

not limited to the abductions of the former Comptroller-General of the Nigeria

Customs Service and the current District head of Daura, Katsina state, the president‟s

home town, Alhaji Musa Uba, and the father of the Nigerian national teams captain,

John Obi Mikel in 2018. A report by the United Nations Children Education Fund

(UNICEF, 2018) as cited in Ayuba, M. R, (2020), "from 2013 to 2018 more than

1,000 children had been abducted by the armed terrorists in the north east Nigeria

including the widely publicized abductions of 276 Chibok girls and 113 in Bond and

Yobe state respectively". Also, this monument indicates only a portion of the

happenings of kidnappings in the northern part of Nigeria as various cases leave

unreported due to the volatility of the problem in the region and the inadequate media

coverage.

Presently, the north western Nigeria has particularly overtaken other areas of the

country in terms of the plague of kidnap for ransom. During the quarterly Northern

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Traditional Rulers‟ Council, the Acting Inspector-General of Police revealed that

79.8% of the national aggregate of kidnappings was reported in the three northern

geopolitical zones, with the North West being the hotspot, wherein 365 persons were

kidnapped in the early quarter of the year (Toromade, 2019) as cited in Ayuba, M.R.

(2020).

Simply like their counterparts in the Niger Delta who assaulted expatriates and

locals working in the international companies in the region, the kidnappers in the

north western Nigeria have made it traditional to kidnap not merely children and

high-net-worth personalities but also the needy people, an act that has plunged the

whole region into a state of intimidations and mistrust for both the rich and poor

residents in the region. For a region that is already considered as the impoverished

and most educationally behind in Nigeria, the raised of kidnapping will only deepen

the problem and further sink the region into serious insecurity challenges. The

condition is entirely grave in Kaduna state regarding its geographical location and its

closeness to the Federal Capital Territory Abuja. The high rate at which kidnapping

for ransom occurs in the state has taken a significant magnitude leaves much to be

needed as both local and foreign nationals can be victim. The abduction of two

German Archaeologists in 2017; the kidnapping of Nigeria‟s former minister of

Foreign Affairs Ambassador Bagudu are just few cases on point. It is relatively

difficult to come up with a comprehensive list of the casualties of kidnapping for

ransom in Kaduna state due to the regularity and commonness of its happening hardly

couple of days without a recorded case of kidnapping despite the several security

4
measures and actions being adopted by the local, state and federal government.

1.2 Statement of the Research Problem

The issue of kidnapping has notoriously changes Nigeria's character as a country

internationally. It has similarly implicated Nigeria‟s endeavor to establish a viable

tourism industry as foreigners are usually advised by their countries to be careful of

coming to Nigeria currently, Kidnapping is assuming an alarming extent given way to

unfavorable situation, loss of lives, money, risky atmosphere, and make security

terrible in Kaduna state particularly Southern parts of Kaduna state. The emergence

and reoccurrences of kidnapping have become a basis of tension, anxiety and

worrisome with hundreds of people from various socioeconomic level being

kidnapped for ransom on day-to-day basis. The communities of Southern Kaduna are

no longer comfortable and protected in their homes, farmlands, roads, offices and the

situation resulted in displacement of persons, lack of peace and harmony as well as

the tensions for both local and foreign investors to invest in the area.

This security challenges in the southern Kaduna have hindered the

socio-economic development. It is from above predicament this study intends to

examine the effects of kidnapping on socioeconomic development of southern

Kaduna and Nigeria in general. This is necessary because despite measures meant to

tackle it, kidnapping is still on the increase in recent times. This requires a systematic

examination of the problem in order to identify factors responsible for its widespread

and its consequences on the socioeconomic development of Southern Kaduna and

Nigeria in general.

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1.3. Research Questions

This research shall examine the following objectives.

1. Why people indulge in kidnapping in southern Kaduna?

2. What is the extent of Kidnapping in southern Kaduna?

3. What are the effects of Kidnapping on socio-economic development of

southern Kaduna?

4. What are solutions to the problem of Kidnapping?

1.4 Objectives of the Study

1. To identify the factors responsible for kidnapping in southern Kaduna.

2. To determine the extent of Kidnapping in Southern Kaduna

3. To examine the effects of Kidnapping on socio-economic development in

Southern Kaduna.

4. To proffer solutions to the problem of Kidnapping.

1.5 Research Assumptions

I. Kidnapping has negative effects on the socioeconomic development of

Southern Kaduna.

II. Kidnapping does not have negative effects on socioeconomic development of

Southern Kaduna.

1.6 Scope and Limitations of the Study

This research is limited to effects of Kidnapping on Socioeconomic development of

Southern Kaduna and the research covers the period of 2016 to 2019.

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Financial constraint - Insufficient fund tends to impede the efficiency of the

researcher.

In sourcing for the relevant materials, literature or information and in the process of

data collection (internet, questionnaire and interview).

Time constraint - The researcher will simultaneously engage in this study with other

academic work. This consequently will cut down on the time devoted for the research

work.

Despite the above-mentioned constraints, the researcher devoted and put great efforts

in sourcing reliable data.

1.7 Significance of the Study

In recent years, Kidnapping is really alarming in Kaduna and the nation at large, The

extent and frequent occurrence of this insecurity in Southern Kaduna especially from

the periods of 2016 to 2019 has put the state and country in danger, tension, hence this

incident necessitated for this research and it is relevant because it will enlightened and

educate the public especially the residents of southern Kaduna about consequences of

kidnapping on progress and development. It will similarly serves as a contribution to

the existing literatures. The research work is equally important to policymakers and

government agencies because it will recommends and suggests the possible solutions

and measures to be taken to tackle the problem and menace of kidnapping on

socioeconomic development in Kaduna and Nigeria at large.

7
1.8 Operational Definition of Key Concepts

i. Effect

Effect is defined as a change which is a result or consequence of an action or other

cause. Something brought about by a cause or an agent; a result. The power to

produce an outcome or achieve a result influence.

ii. Kidnapping

Fage and Alabi(2017,p.289)who conceived kidnapping as "forceful or fraudulent

abduction of an individual or group of individuals for reasons ranging from economic,

political and religious to(struggle for) self determination". Kidnapping is also the

action of abducting someone and holding them captive. an act or instance or the crime

of seizing, confining , abducting, or carrying away a person by force or fraud often

with a demand for ransom or in furtherance of another crime.

iii. Socioeconomic development

Socio-economic development is the process of social and economic development in a

society. Socio-economic development is measured with indicators, such as GDP, life

expectancy, literacy, safety, and levels of employment.

iv. Development

According to Rodney (1972), "Development is a many-sided process implying for the

individual, skills and capacity, greater freedom, creativity, self discipline,

responsibility and material well-being. The process involves the development of tools,

skills and the mobilization of required resources for development purpose".

Development simply denotes a progressive transformation from a undesirable

8
condition to a desirable level.

1.9 Research Methodology

This research extensively used secondary sources of data only such as journals,

internet, textbooks, newspapers, magazines. The research will make use of content

analysis for the data collected.

1.10 Chapterization

The entire is organized into five (5) chapters.

Where chapter one(1) contained introduction/ background of the study, statement of

research problem, research Questions, objectives of the study, research assumptions ,

significance of the study, scope and limitation of the study, research methodology,

operationalization of concepts.

Chapter two (2) contained literature review and theoretical framework.

Chapter three (3) contained historical background of Southern Kaduna and

kidnapping and socioeconomic development Of Southern Kaduna state.

Chapter four (4) dwells on issue of Kidnapping, its effects on Southern Kaduna and

major findings.

And chapter five (5) contained summary, recommendations, conclusion, some and

the documentation of the literature reviewed.

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 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

2.1 Introduction

This chapter reviews relevant previous researches on the subject matter of kidnapping

and empirical literature review as well as theoretical framework.

2.2 Literature Review

2.2.1 Conceptualization of Kidnapping

The concept of kidnapping is complicated to define with accuracy; this is because of

the availability of different terms alike such as hostage-taking, abduction, and

hijacking. In several nations, therefore these concepts are used interchangeably in

which some communities; there is divergence in meaning and practice. For example,

in Malaysia according to the study conducted by Akpan (2010), Kidnapping of an

adult within the territorial border zone comes under abduction while in Nigeria, the

terms are use as similar with little contrasts in terms of moral and lawful penalty

bound to it. In the study of Iyang and Abraham (2013) where they argued and

analyzed that hostage taking and hijacking, the victims are confiscated and

imprisoned possibly in a known area such as plane, ship, or in a building lodgings.

For instance, the hold up (seizure) of a loaded truck or container alone without

individuals is largely seen as hijacking, while in most jurisprudence or juristic

interpretation, it will be termed ad theft and leaving hijacking to an unlawful seizure

of both loaded truck and persons together.

10
 Iyang and Ubong (2013) as cited by Ayuba, M. R. (2020), define kidnapping as

the use of force to capture, take away and detain a person unlawfully against his/her

will. This definition is in team with the conception of kidnapping in the criminal law

where it is seen as the unlawful taking away or transportation of a person so as to

confine him/her against his/her will. It is usually done with multiple, yet, varying

reasons such as extraction of ransom from the victims or his/her relatives or employer,

abduction of a child to have a bargaining power especially in marital dispute.

Sometimes, kidnapping is perpetrated in order to advance a course of another crime

such as human trafficking and/or slavery.

Similarly, Fage and Alabi (2017) see kidnapping as a product of some variables

ranging from economic, political, religious and self-determination through coercive or

fraudulent abduction of a person or group of persons. In the study of Turner‟s (1998),

his description of kidnapping lends support to the above conceptions where he

describes it as seizing and transporting persons to a destination of unlawful

imprisonment against their consent through force or enticement. This implies that

apart from forcible capture of persons, kidnapping also occurs by luring away the

victims and eventually forcefully confining them into false imprisonment. The

conceptions of kidnapping by the above researchers agrees with the English common

law website which defines kidnapping as an offence which connotes a forceful or

fraudulent taking away of a person by another person without his/her consent or

lawful excuse.

11
 In similar vein, Uzorma and Nwanegbo-Ben (2014) asserted that, kidnapping

refers to a situation whereby a person or group of persons are forcibly or fraudulently

taken away or snatched and detained against their will with the motive of extorting

ransom from them. Ngwama (2014) sees kidnapping as trampling of the fundamental

human rights of a person by another person or persons through the use of force to

subject the victim (the kidnapee) to false imprisonment and extortion of ransom. From

the definitions above, it can be inferred that, kidnapping is the unlawful use of force

against another person or persons with the intention of using such persons as means of

achieving some social, economic or political goals. This is exemplified by various

incidents of kidnappings being witnessed in the Niger Delta and recently northern

regions of Nigeria for the purpose of social, economic gains and/or political freedom.

It is pertinent at this juncture to clarify the ambiguities that often trail the use of the

concept of kidnapping. Certain concepts are used alternatively to refer to acts of

kidnapping but each connotes a specific type of the act.

The Chambers21st Century Dictionary (1996) define kidnapping as the seizing

and holding of someone prisoner illegally, usually demanding fir a ransom for his or

her release. Dode (2007) saw kidnapping as a process of forceful abducting a person

or group of persons perceived to be the reasons behind the injustice suffered by

another group. However within the context of this search kidnapping is

conceptualized as the crime which has to do with forceful taking away and detention

of a person or persons illegally in an unknown area with aim of getting advantage or

money (ransom). In a simpler terms kidnapping is an illegal act or process of

12
capturing and detaining persons for ransom. Generally, kidnapping has come to mean

any illegal capture or detention of person or people against their will regardless of age

for ransom. Since 1768 the term "abduction" has always being used in this context. In

criminal law, kidnapping is the taking away or exportation of a person against in false

imprisonment, confinement without legal authority, this is often done for ransom in

furtherance of another crime (New World Encyclopedia, 2018).

In a broader sense, kidnapping could mean any situation of forceful disposition or

taking away of an individual against his 'free will' or by luring such a person for

illegal hostage (Uzorma & Nwanegbo 2014). The office of drugs and crime of the

United Nations (UNODC, 2017), has put kidnapping into different form and purposes

as follows; Kidnapping for extortion of either ransom or to influence decision making

process, kidnapping between and amongst criminal groups to recover a lost or gain

advantage over a rival group, Kidnapping for sexual exploitation that's spouse or

children, kidnapping for political or ideological reason, and kidnapping for vengeance

purpose. The above classifications of kidnapping have put kidnapping either for

criminal tendencies or political or economic reasons. Okonkwa (1980) opined that

kidnapping is a broad inclusive in assault. He construed the nature of kidnapping in

his comment as involving; "A person who unlawfully imprisoned, and take him out of

Nigeria without his consent or unlawfully imprisoned any person within Nigeria in

such a manner as to prevent him from applying to a court for release or from

discovering to any other person the place where he is imprisoned or in such a manner

as to prevent any person entitled to have access to him from discovering the place

13
where he is imprisoned".

From the above definition of Okonkwa one may observe as Ugwu (2010) avowed

that there is dehumanizing tendency involved in kidnapping as it often lead to the

death of the victim. The opinion of Ugwu is practically true because as the kidnapping

offense is carried out in Nigeria and mostly Kaduna and its southern part is often

beyond the ransom since death is frequently the resultant effects for those who cannot

or whose family cannot meet up with the often extortion amount called out for a

ransom. Bryne and Taxman (2006) quipped that kidnapping is an intention, not an

inevitable reaction to hopeless atmosphere. Walsh and Adrian (1983) in their study

similarly reported that, kidnapping is perceived as illegitimate seizure and

confinement of a someone by force against their will. Also as an act of seizing and

taking him or her to another country for involuntary servitude or the impressments of

male in to military or naval service by force or fraud. Roberton(1968) as cited in

Walsh et al (1983), who perceived kidnapping as a crime of seizing, confirming

abduction or carrying away of individuals by force or crime subject him or her to

involuntarily servitude in an attempt to requestt a ransom or furtherance of another

crime. According to Thomas and Nta (2009) kidnapping is defined as a thievery of the

highest level. To them, it is a systematic and logical robbery which is not as deadly as

armed robbery, but more beneficial than former. In criminal law, Kidnapping is

defined as abducting person by force, threat or deceit with intent to cause him or her

to be detained against his or her will. Whereas Nwaorah (2009) views kidnapping as

an act of angry man who to crave to take any person of value hostage, and who could

14
be salvaged by loves one. According to Ogabido, (2009) "kidnapping" means to

abduct, capture, carry off, remove and steal away a person(s). The Nigeria Penal Code

(16Feb, 2017), defined Kidnapping as when someone is said to have been reported

and held for whether ransom illegally or consensually.

2.2.2 The typology of kidnapping

For proper knowledge of the act of kidnapping, study conducted by Okoli and

Agada (2014) where they observed three ingredients that need to be taken into

account: (i) taking one away against their consent; (ii) keeping one in false

imprisonment or illegal confinement; and (iii) extortion of ransom from the victim.

Therefore, numerous kinds and categories of kidnapping have been made and

examined by many researchers. Some of these researchers encompass Turner (1998),

Pharaoh (2005), Mohammed (2008), Eze and Ezeibe (2012), Ottuh and Aitufe (2014),

Okoli and Agada (2014) among others.

Zannoni (2003) extensively categorised kidnapping into three (3): a) Criminal

kidnapping: This according to Zannoni (2003) is a kidnapping prompted by the quest

to collect ransom from the casualty‟s family, business or friends; b) Political

kidnapping: this kind of kidnapping is informed by the intention to improve a political

course often through the use of complicated weapons. Militant and terrorist activities

plunge under this type; and c) Pathological kidnapping: also known as emotional

kidnapping (Zannoni, 2003). It is a type of kidnapping where the purpose is to cause

psychological injuries on the victim. Examples of this type may include torture, rape,

child kidnapping by separated parents among others.

15
 The kidnapping for ransom appear to be the most familiar in Nigeria where

prosperous people are being kidnaped in exchange for money. Furthermore, the

Overseas Security Advisory Council (OSAC, 2019) observed kidnap for ransom as

one of five (5) basic categories of kidnapping. According to OSAC (2019) kidnap for

ransom is a main method used by kidnappers to source for funds with which to carry

out their illegal operations. It is considered as the oldest and the most prominent form

of kidnapping which concerns taking hostage in order to pull some money from their

families or business colleagues. Hence, in evolving states like Nigeria, immigrants

and rich individuals comprise the larger group of the victims of this kind of

kidnapping. Many cases affecting foreigners in the country abound. For example, in

2015, an American missionary was seized in south of Abuja and a ransom cost

$300,000 requested for her release.

Another kind of kidnapping observed by the OSAC (2019) is tiger kidnapping or

proxy bombings. It is a kind of kidnapping in which ransom is not craved; rather the

casualty is compelled into performing a certain action for the criminals like

threatening a banker to reveal the password of the locker of the bank in order to extort

from it. Occasionally, the victim could be abducted and coerced to plant an explosive

in a target (proxy bombing) which is very prevalent among militant groups through

guerrilla warfare. The tiger kidnapping is widespread in Asian countries.

Express kidnapping is the third kind of kidnapping and which is most familiar in

numerous parts of Africa and Latin America. It is, according to the OSAC (2019), "a

kidnapping that involves only the perpetrator and the victim where the victim is

16
threatened by the criminal through the use of weapon or other dreadful means usually

to coerce them to make ATM withdrawals of maximum daily amount of cash. In some

instances the victim is held hostage to pass the night with the criminals, particularly

when the victim exceeds the daily maximum limit of withdrawals". Express

kidnappers employ several techniques or forms to commit their horrible intentions.

Apart from using weapon to physically compel the victim and get him/her do what

they like, the express kidnappers sometimes pop as taxi drivers or even police officers

in order to deceive their unsuspecting victim.

For example, the Crimes and Safety Report for South Africa in 2016 noticed

express kidnappings by kidnappers standing as police officers around the country‟s

airports as a leading security threat facing travellers into the country. The kidnappers,

clothed in police uniforms would ascend a checkpoint and stop the unfamiliar victim

to either rob him/her or snatch them for an express kidnapping. In most cases, the

casualties of express kidnapping are finally discharged unharmed mostly if the

victims collaborated well with his/her captors. This kind of abduction has led to the

creation of ride-share applications in various nations such as Nigeria. For example,

the introduction of Uber in Nigeria is partly seen as a laudable initiative which helps

to deter the menace of express kidnapping in the country. However, the ride-share

system too is being penetrated to perpetrate express kidnapping by the criminals as

evidently shown in South Africa in 2017 when a tandem was assaulted and forced to

withdraw money from an ATM by a criminal who posed as a rideshare driver.

The fourth category of kidnapping observed by OSAC (2019) is political and

17
ideological kidnapping. This kidnapping is politically and/or ideologically encouraged.

Here, the casualties of kidnapping are held captive by their abductors to bargaining

for their partners who are being clenched by government as criminals. Hence, the

casualties are considered to have some type of kidnap ransom value; ransom value in

the sense that they are either personalities that the government cannot afford to reject

their kidnapping or for fear of relinquishing political relevancy. Again, this kind of

abduction could be carried out in order to achieve some negotiations benefit over the

government or simply for propaganda motives. Here, the casualty‟s close relatives has

limited or no role to play in obtaining the discharge of the victim, and as particular the

victims‟ destiny rests on the effect of the negotiations between his government and the

criminal partnerships. A multitude of happenings of this kind of kidnapping abound in

the publications.

The Boko Haram terrorist organization in the north eastern Nigeria have in

several circumstances abducted college children in Chibok and Dapchi of Borno and

Yobe states respectively. Prominent people in the state such as the retired president

Olusegun Obasanjo have performed as negotiators between the group and the

government on the negotiations table. The group has often negotiated for the swap of

the abducted kids with their confined partners. Accordingly, the political and

ideological kidnapping tends to be more pervasive in nations with extremist militant

gangs or insurgents who frequently pick up arms against their state. For instance, one

of the extensively famous terrorist groups which engaged in this kind of kidnapping is

the Al-Qa‟ida which has abducted multiple prominent people and requested an

18
exchange of its detained members as a condition for the discharge of the casualties.

OSAC (2019) observed virtual kidnapping as the fifth category of kidnapping

which, as the name indicates, involves the use of the victims details and everyday

routine by the criminals to contend having him with them through the use of an

accessory who deceives to be the hostage by screaming and shouting for support from

the family of the victim. This way the family of the casualties would be coerced to

send the demand ransom which is always not much so as to foster the family deliver

the money immediately. Meanwhile, the known victim might be somewhere engage in

his activities ignorant of what happened between his family and the criminals. Virtual

kidnapping is frequently targeted at people who live distant away from members of

their homes such as foreign pupils, those who work abroad or those in transit. It is a

fraud that exploits fear, fear and urgency (USSS, 2016) as cited in OSAC (2019) The

module and operation of the virtual kidnappers varies across space and time. In this

kind of kidnapping, the victim gets a call instructing him/her about the kidnapping of

their loved one thereby requesting a payment in order to secure his/her discharges. As

basis of the strategy, a co-conspirator is employed to play the part of the victim

though shouting and screaming so as to make them think that the abduction is true.

Okoli and Agada (2014) also identified and portrayed the following kinds of

kidnapping: bride, express and tiger kidnappings. By bride kidnapping, the authors

imply a condition where a bride or bridegroom is seized to an unspecified area with

the goal to wed without the permission of his/her parents. Ottuh and Aitufe (2014)

similarly observed this kind of abduction as a widespread habit in traditional nomadic

19
Asian and African communities. This form of kidnapping was earlier examined by

Yang, Lung, and Huang (2007) as a cultural dimension of kidnapping, contending that

the bride kidnapping can be considered as cultural strategy of some Asian and African

traditional nations where bride is abducted against the will of her parents.

It frequently happens where the bride‟s family abstains to marry out their

daughter to the husband. Therefore, the bride conspires with the husband and goes off

to where they can get wedded and finalize as a couple (Ottuh and Aitufe, 2014). What

modifies this act as kidnapping is taken away of the bride without the approval of her

parents, even when she adores the husband.

Express kidnapping is a type of kidnapping which is informed by the desire to

make a quick and „express‟ money through coercing the victim to withdraw from an

ATM. It usually does not last long as the victim usually is set free except if he/she

proves uncooperative with the criminals. Hence, Okoli and Agada (2014) describe this

type of kidnapping as being motivated by some financial interests. Thus, express

kidnapping often does not involve huge amount of money, rather it is informed by the

desire of the kidnappers to extort a small ransom that the victims‟ family or business

associates can quickly raise in short time (Mohammed, 2008). However, this type of

kidnapping, which mainly occurs in developing Asian and African countries, is often

perpetrated by amateur kidnappers. Instances of this type of kidnapping abound in the

media both print and electronic. For example, the kidnapping of a lady travelling to

Port Harcourt in 2011 and who was released upon payment of a ransom in hundreds

of naira, is an express kidnapping (Ottuh and Aitufe, 2014).

20
 The third category of kidnapping identified by Okoli and Agada (2014) is tiger

kidnapping, and it refers to the process of holding a victim as a hostage with the view

of using him/her to commit another crime. A situation where a bank manager is

kidnapped and compelled to issue instruction to his subordinates to make an illegal

transaction exemplifies tiger kidnapping. Other researchers such as Oladeinde (2017)

categorized kidnapping into three: target, spontaneous and aggravated. However, in

spite of the preponderance of the types of kidnapping, they all target at taking an

undue advantage over innocent victims.

2.2.3 Motives of Kidnapping

Thus, the frequent occurrences of the incidence might be attributed to the following

motives:

Economic motive for kidnapping: On traditional basis, human existence is operated

by the forces of demand and supply, in this respect thus, kidnapping is a social effort

planned to use the most profitable means to accomplish a desired motive. As a

growing enterprise and business for that sense, kidnappers are businessmen merely

appeared to be in the unlawful sideway of it (Akpan, 2010 & Nwede 2017). Hence,

the financial advantage develops from it inspires the perpetrators to maintain it and

get easily involved in the initial place.

It needs fewer people and help to get one affected in the act of kidnapping a

victim in a well-coordinated and executed manner, and the casualty‟s families are then

called for ransom subject to negotiation. In this case thus, the economic benefit of the

21
entire operation (immediate pay-off) is a „pull‟ and motivating circumstance of the

incident (Ani &Nweke, 2014). On the other hand, there are „push‟ motivating

ingredients, such as: the increasing poverty, joblessness and unemployment among the

teeming teenagers of creative age amid of untapped substantial human and natural

resources, makes kidnapping an alternative business for the kidnappers to strongly get

a percentage of the abundant wealth. Also, the pervasive corruption that has consumed

deep into the fabrics of Nigerian state, has participated in fueling and instigating

kidnapping activities in the state. The psyche of nothing is sacred, by legitimizing any

means of money achieving has attained friction disorder for getting wealthy at all

expense among Nigerians. The political administration in the country lacks moral

support to deter itself from destroying the social patrimony (Ottuh, 2017; Nwede,

2017 & Akpan 2010).

Political motive for kidnapping: In the statements of Turner (1998) in Akpan study

(2010), „where there is politically motivated kidnapping, but where necessarily

ransom is demanded‟. It is hence examined by Nnam (2014) that, most contemporary

kidnapping of prime or high-profile people, are initiated by either regime officials,

unrewarded individuals out of government or by political rivals who will opt for

kidnapping as a political vendetta for achieving political dents. In this circumstance

hence, the act is targeted to political heads or foreign diplomats/contractors as the case

may be for negotiation of grave ransom. When target is accomplished, the ransom is

employed to resolve the political aggrieved party.

Kidnapping as a new Habitual crime Kidnapping has now dominated the hitherto

22
prevailing crimes in the country such as armed-robbery and pick-pocketing.

Unemployed boys affected in indiscriminate kidnapping of any potential person,

whom something could be obtained in return. Every ordinary individual including

young, teens and adult could plunge a victim of the idle-minds for ransom to be paid.

Criminal thieves have now embark into kidnapping of this category to make a living,

with gaining awareness of the public but only when, where and who could be the

following victim remained mysterious.

2.2.4 Kidnapping in Nigeria

Akpan (2010) studied the origin of Kidnapping using both primary and secondary

sources of data collection and his study reveals that, Kidnapping; .the historical

establishment of oil companies in Niger Delta began with Shell BP in 1956, since then

companies flooded the region, collaborated with Ishaya (2010) who reported in media

that the movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta initially indulge in

kidnapping to draw attention of national and international the plight of people in the

region.) He further observed that early kidnapping incidents in Niger Delta

particularly Rivers State are believed to be part of the of wider liberation call by the

Movement of Emancipation of Niger Delta (MEND). Akpan's findings collaborated

with Ishaya (2010) who broadcasted in media that the movements for the

Emancipation of the Niger Delta originally indulge in kidnapping to attract attention

of federal government and international companies about the hardship and danger

encroaching people in the region.

Nevertheless, kidnapping is not new a current phenomenon in Nigeria,

23
Kidnapping might have moderately lengthy record in Nigeria committed at low

degree for ritual money making assumed to be a rudimentary behavior and activity

intended for obtaining illicit wealth (Akpan, & Badiora, 2015). Most victims were

people who away from public setting who are being murdered mercilessly. The

perpetrators then were commonly inferred to as 'children snatchers or thieves' and

were easily differentiated from armed robbers or small thieves who are only after

wealth and other precious things. In fact, they are being feared more than the armed

robbers, this is because while armed criminals appeared well armed physically, the

kidnappers (child snatchers) employed charms to overwhelm the casualties or

persuade them with attraction adornments and ornaments to have them taken off to

their hideaway (Ani & Nweke, 2014). The casualties are then slaughtered and have

some of their parts cut off for ritual motives. But nowadays kidnapping is no longer

for rituals motive, it has altered from ritual objectives to modernized enterprise for big

sum of wealth making.

The first contemporized kidnapping in Nigeria was executed by the government

1984 in its venture to repatriate from London an ex-minister Umaru Dikko who was

claimed to have stolen $1b during his time as a minister in charge of Transport. The

root of kidnapping in Nigeria according to Townsend (2008) and other scholars below

as cited by Badamasi, S. Ummu Atiya and Dr. Kamarul Zaman (2018) "National

resources Nationalism" the tendency for an ethnic to strive for lion share of returns

from the natural resources found in their region. That's the clamoring by locals of the

oil producing Niger Delta region to adequate and bigger share of the fortune made

24
from the resources gotten in their lands (Essien & Ema, 2013).

The nations have been complaining peacefully for decades against the injustice,

unto recently when such complaint took destructive form (Essien & Ema, 2013). The

implication of kidnapping do not only encompass government but also oil nationals

(Chidi & Uche, 2015). Turner (2008) in his study of kidnapping opined that the

manifestation of kidnapping and hostage seizing started in Niger-Delta region as a

liberation fight by the militants fighting for the degradation of their climate by

industrial activities. Since then, Kidnapping become an everyday events and it has

circulated like wildfire throughout the south-south states and southwest is not left,

Kidnapping is very prevalent in Lagos and other western states, later it sharply

scatters to Northeast where a horrendous kidnapping was reported on 14th April, 2014

where over 200 Chibok secondary school girls in Borno state were abducted by the

notorious Islamic terrorist group Jama'ay Ahl as Sunnah lid-Da'awa wa'lJihad

popularly recognized as 'Boko Haram ' (Oyewole, 2016).

The problem at present mandates national emergency action, because it's no

longer a provincial problem anymore. In today's Nigeria, Kidnapping has become a

national cancer, with boys now cheerfully enrolling due to the economic downturn of

Nigerian population in early 2015 and economic profits connected to it. The

kidnapping has persisted to be spreading with its frequent reoccurring in North West

of Nigeria and Kaduna state being the hotspot especially it's southern parts.

2.2.4 Kidnapping in Kaduna state

Kidnapping in Kaduna is taking a severe extent giving way for tension and risky

25
atmosphere and a security breakdown in the state and country at large. It's emergence,

continual happenings from 2016 to 2019, have become as source of disturbing and

concern with hundreds of people from numerous socioeconomic levels are being

abducted for ransom on daily basis.

Research conducted by Mohammad (2018), disclosed that bandits abducted at

least 100 people along Birnin Gwari Kaduna road and charged 5million ransoms.

According to Agande (2018), two Americans and two Canadians were abducted on

Tuesday January 17, 2018, at approximately 6:16pm, in Kaduna state by armed

bandits. Thus, a member of lower chamber of national assembly, Garba Umar

Durbunde was kidnaped at about 1:48pm on May 31st,2017, at Jere. The most daring

of kidnapping incidence was when heavily armed kidnappers impeded the

Kaduna-Abuja highway for many hours and kidnapped over 50 individuals. No

captive was discharged without paying ransoms, some paid as low as 50,000 only,

(Abdulrahman, 2018).

The good people of Kaduna state are no longer secured and safe in their homes,

offices, highways, farmlands, and even commuters and passersby on main streets

within the state. Clearly, the police commissioner in the state have testify the growth

of lawlessness such as rubbery, bandits, cultism, burglary, ritual killings communal

conflicts between herdsmen and the farmers particularly in the southern senatorial

zone of Kaduna state. According to the Acting inspector General of police Alhaji

Muhammad Adamu kidnapping cases in Kaduna is mostly attributed with the

communal violence and banditry that is chronic in the villages of the area between

26
cattle breeders and farmers.

2.2.5 Prone Areas of Kidnapping in Kaduna state

Kaduna-Abuja highway

The road is about 211km; it is gateway to the federal capital territory for most states

in the northwest zone in Nigeria. No limited than seven (7) leading individuals have

been abducted along the road, among the casualties including the retired minister,

serving state and federal lawmakers as well as foreign immigrants and even travelers

are not protected as armed bandits kidnap their targets randomly. According to a

victim as broadcasted by Channel television June, 2017, "The men are wearing army

dresses, after stopping the vehicle, thinking they are military staff on duty to inspect

the passing vehicles, not realizing that they are kidnappers".

Similarly NTA news (April 14, 2017) has broadcasted a distinct category of

kidnapping taking place in Kaduna by a kidnap Gang led by Dominic Nwacor. The

gang has taken their activity to the degree of business by hiring luxurious lodgings to

use as hideaway of their casualties, rather taking them to forest as usual. One of these

estates employed as hideout was located at Marafa, a new settlement along

Kaduna-Abuja road, as broadcasted by Salisu Rogo of NTA. Further Vanguard

newspapers of June 24th, 2017, have revealed that, a serving Member of Parliament

(MP) from one of the northern states was kidnaped along Kaduna-Abuja highway and

N10million was noted to have been paid before his released. A statement by police

command unit in Kaduna has ensured the abduction of the Sieraleonan diplomat along

with top rank managers of a private company around JereKateri along Kaduna Abuja

27
streets, (NTA news, 2016).

Silverbird station on 1st April 2017 has broadcasted the kidnapping of three

clergymen including the president of united church of Christ Rev. Emanuel Dziggau,

Rev. Yakubu Darma and Rev. Keah Antih on 20th March, 2017 along Kaduna Abuja

highway by gunmen and only gained discharged after 10 days in imprisonment with

one of the hostages dead., thus kidnapping is repeatedly happening in this road with

little or no public attention. Residents of Sabin Gaya community along the Kaduna

Abuja express way in Chikun local government area Kaduna state recently requested

to the federal government to announce a state of emergency on highway due to

endless kidnapping of travelers of innocent citizens.

On November 13th, 2017, villages blocked the Kaduna Abuja highway protesting

of death of commander of the civilian JTF in the area Harma Halilin, by suspected

kidnappers. On 21st November, 2017 confirmed by (FRSC,2917), one Ardo Nijiga

who was traveling in a commercial bus when armed men believed to be kidnappers

attacked at 6:30am at Sabin Wise Area along Kaduna Abuja highway and abducted

him and later assassinated him. Therefore, suspected kidnappers have murdered at

least 18 innocent people in Rijana village along Kaduna Abuja express way for giving

information to security agencies in January, 2018.

28
Kaduna-Zaria highway

This road is another axis for notoriety by kidnappers, particularly small towns

such as Mararaba, Birnin Yero and Jaji, home of military formation. The problem is

becoming scarier as even army officers (off duty) are becoming casualties, Vanguard

June, 2017, has broadcasted that a serving officer on course at Jaji military

cantonment was kidnaped a few kilometers after Mararaba and the kidnappers

requested for 1.5 million from the family to ensure his freedom. It is very painful as

recorded by the national daily that, some serving police staff was part of the

negotiations strategy of the abducted army officer Vanguard June 24th, (2017).

Kaduna-Birnin Gwari highway

The forest densities of this highway have become another notorious hideout of

kidnappers and other criminal activities, every person can be kidnap irrespective of

his economic status and the near villages are also not safe.

Nonetheless, from the aforementioned literatures, it is obvious that the researchers

concentrated mostly on the origin, causes and implications of kidnapping on labour

market in Nigeria. While other researchers studied kidnapping specifically in southern

part of Nigeria as well as it effect on economic development. The implications above

here is that the effects of kidnapping in Southern Kaduna has vividly become the gap

of this study, hence this study intends investigate the effects of kidnapping on

socioeconomic development in Southern Kaduna and Nigeria at large.

29
2.3 Empirical Literature Review

Ayuba M.R., (2020), studied the catalysts (causes) of kidnapping in Kaduna state

using primary sources of data where qualitative techniques was used in which a

sample of 10 victims of kidnapping and 5 security personnel was drawn through

purposive sampling technique. The findings of his research revealed that poverty,

moral decadence, widespread of unemployment, as well as payment of ransom to the

kidnappers and insecurity are some of the catalysts of kidnapping in Kaduna State and

its southern areas. Based on these findings, therefore, refusal to pay for ransom to

kidnappers, poverty alleviation,, job creation are recommended to address to problem

of kidnapping in Kaduna state

Chukuigwe, N.; Albert, C.O (2015) investigated the socio-economic

consequences of kidnapping on the development of Ogba/Egbema/Ndoni Local

Government Area of Rivers State. He employed a multistage sampling technique to

select 150 respondents from ten communities. Primary data were obtained using

structured questionnaire. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data

analysis. The result shows that all of the respondents had formal education while

majority (63.0%) were male and, of average age of 44years. Their investigation

revealed show that the major causes of kidnapping in the study area are moral

decadence/quest to get rich quick without work (x̅ =3.47), cultism/quest for

supremacy (x̅ =3.43), politics and insecurity (x̅ =3.37), proliferation of arms (x̅ =3.26)

and unemployment (x̅ =2.94). Kidnapping poses very serious effect on all the

socio-economic indices such as: Psychological/emotional trauma (x̅ =2.61),

30
indebtedness of the victims‟ family, unexpected relocation of people (x̅ =2.46),

financial loss through payment of ransom / protection and forceful closure of

businesses (x̅ =2.35), amongst others. Inadequate/ill equipped anti-kidnapping squad

(x̅ =3.78), army of unemployed youths (x̅ =3.60) complicity of some security agents

(x̅ =3.56) and poor security network (x̅ =3.55) inhibit the eradication of kidnapping in

the study area. The study recommends that there should be collaboration between

government, communities and other stakeholders for value reorientation.

Davidson (2010) also studied the implications of kidnapping on labor market in

Nigeria and his research has indicated that the contemporary wave of kidnapping has

deepened the massive unemployment and faulty labor market and generated

unfriendly territory for economic development. His findings revealed that, the

kidnapping has serious negative implications on the economy and labor market, it

spread a fear and intimidation that hinders direct economic investment in the area

where such crimes are immortalized. This in the short and long term leads to

worsened and declined economic productivity and unemployment and a danger to the

federal government‟s contemporary achievements in wooing investors into the

country. Omar (2010), President of Nigeria Labor Congress (NLC) cited in Umejei

(2010), lamented that the criminal venture was endangering the very foundation of the

Nigerian economy. Not only does it have adverse implication on the economy, this

crime (kidnapping) composes a serious threat to the Nigerian labor market which had

already been destroyed. To Omar, the seizure of laborers was the final nail that the

Nigerian economy might be waiting for to move into complete recession. He

31
explained: “it will be dangerous times in view of the general state of insecurity in our

country. Kidnapping in particular has become the norm such that even poor workers

are not spared.”

The study of Badiora (2015) Using crime review figures four randomly chosen

states in Nigeria he examines causes of kidnapping and its implications on the

national economy. His findings revealed that kidnapping is always on the rise in

Nigeria and is not evenly spread across regions. It is indicated that 15 cases were

reported in 2005 and 43 cases in 2008. In 2009, 138 cases were officially reported, of

which 22% and 76% occurred in Rivers and Edo states respectively. Findings further

revealed that recent kidnapping in Nigeria is accelerated by resource management

conflicts focused both at oil expatriate employees and at prominent citizens,

politicians and members of their families. The problem, which appeared to the fore in

2005, has compelled oil production shutdowns of up to 800 000 barrels per day. The

study concludes that kidnapping is coming to be a severe offense in Nigeria with

serious negative implications for foreign investment, national foreign exchange

revenue, and wealth generation.

From the examined literatures above, it is clear that large number of the researchers

concentrated mostly on the origin, causes, effects of kidnapping on labor markets and

many studies were conducted in South-South of Nigeria, the implication here is that

effects of Kidnapping on socio-economic development of Southern Kaduna has

necessitated the coming in of this research to fill in vivid gap.

32
2.4 Theoretical Framework

This study adopted Structural-functionalist theory as a tool for analysis.

Structural-Functionalism, in sociology and other social sciences, is a school of

thought according to which each society is made up of many parts that collectively

perform positive role to keep the society in relative harmony, peaceful and in progress.

According to the theory each of these institutions, relationships, functions, and norms

that together compose a nation performs a purpose, and each is essential for the

incessant existence of the others and of society as an entirety. In structural

functionalism, social change is regarded as an adaptive reaction to some uncertainty

within the social system. When some part of an integrated social system changes, a

conflict between this and other parts of the system is established, this will be settled

by the adaptive alteration of the other parts. Within this theory, role refers to the

degree to which given activities enhance or interface with the maintenance of a

system. Structural-functionalist theory is a theory that seeks to explain why and how

society maintains and sustains its stability and keep running effectively.

Functionalism developed in the early 20th century and is related with writers such

as Émile Durkheim, Talcott Parsons, Herbert Spencer, and Robert Merton (1968),

who overwhelmed American social theory in the 1950s and 1960s.

The theorist posit that society is like a living organism comprised of complex

components that are interrelated and interdependent in which each component

performs a crucial role for the survival of the organism and if one part of the organism

fails to perform its function, it will affect the whole organism, the same thing applies

33
to society that it is made up of several parts which play vital functions for the stability,

harmony, safety, order and productivity within the society. Emile Durkheim

envisioned society as an organism made up of components that function harmoniously

for the survival continuity of the society and advocates posited that the different parts

of the society are primarily social institutions, each developed to fill several needs and

when part is no longer performing a vital function it will die away, and will not be

pass from generation to generation.

Functionalist theorists asserted that the parts (institutions) that help society

maintain its stability and solidarity include norms, family, economy, government,

media, education, religion, health among others. Functionalist theory further argues

that in many societies, government as an institution in the nation, gives education for

the pupils of the family, which in turn pay taxes the government relies on to maintain

operating effectively. The family relies on school to help pupils grow up to have

decent jobs, so they can raise and help their own families. In the process youngsters

become law-abiding, taxpaying citizens who assist the society. According to the

theorist if all goes satisfactorily the nation will produce and achieve development,

harmony, peace, progress, and order.

The theory further stressed that if one part or institution is dysfunctional (may be

the economy), it certainly affects the workability of other components and this will

leads to the emergence of social problems and anti-society activities (such as

kidnapping, violence, conflict etc) in the society.

34
2.4.1 Central Idea of Functionalist Theory

The primary concern of structural functionalism is a consequence of the Durkheimian

task of understanding the possible stability and internal cohesion required by nations

to endure over time. Societies are seen as coherent, bounded and fundamentally

relational constructs that function like organisms, with their numerous parts (or social

institutions) working concurrently in an unconscious, quasi-automatic fashion toward

accomplishing a general social balance. All social and cultural phenomena are hence

seen as useful in the sense of working together, and are effectively considered to have

"lives" of their own. They are mainly evaluated in terms of this function. The

individual is important not in and of himself but instead in terms of his reputation, his

responsibility in patterns of social connections, and the behaviors attributed with his

status. 2.8.2 Key Assumptions of Structural Functionalist Theory

1. The theory assumes that a successful society has a stable structure in which

different institutions perform unique functions that contribute to the

maintenance of whole system.

2. Functionalism generally assumes that institutions perform beneficial functions

(they do good things) for the individuals and society.

3. It also maintained that the failure of one institution to perform its routine

function, will affect the other parts and this will lead to the emergence of

social problems.

4. The theory sees the society as a living organism made up of components part,

which functions harmoniously for the survival of the entire system. If any

35
 parts ceases to function to contribute to identifiable advantageous function

neither does it promote values, peace among members of the society, it will

not be passed on from one generation to the subsequent (Schaefer, 2002).

2.4.2 Applicability of the theory

When relating the theory to understand the social problem of kidnapping in Nigeria

and its implication on the socioeconomic development; structural functionalism

speculates that, the economy which is component of the social system is not working

well. This is due to the mismanagement that arises within the political sector. This

dysfunction within the system results in great degree of poverty, unemployment,

denial as well as marginalization. The consequence is pictured in the high crimes rate

of which kidnapping is at the lead.

The socioeconomic condition in Southern Kaduna is ignored and there is no

significant action from the governments to provide infrastructures and services such

as security, hospitals, employment, good roads and communication networks which

serve as a barrier for the security agencies to perform their functions as earmarked in

maintaining peace in the area. The offense of kidnapping has been observed as

productive and functional to its perpetrators. The lucrative character of kidnapping

makes it very desirable.

Kidnapping as perceived in some parts of Nigeria and especially in Southern

Kaduna is recognized as a dysfunctional or the fault of the governments of all levels

to perform its basic functions such as guaranteeing protection, integrity, and security

of the people in the southern Kaduna. According to the advocates of theory, if an

36
institution ceases to performed its vital role, it will badly affect the whole society,

hence what is occurring in Kaduna state and Southern Kaduna in specific where

government as an institution that ensures the protection of the lives and property is

woefully failing because according to previous studies kidnapping is accompanied by

a communal crisis between the herdsmen and the farmers.

This problem has terribly affected multiple families. The families of Southern

Kaduna sacrificed so much money that they could use to assist their pupils in paying

ransoms for the released of the casualties of abduction. The theory assumes that social

problems within society emanates from the failure of an organization to function as

committed. The theory also emphasized that for a society to developed, maintain its

stability, peace, order and harmony, the structures and institutions that made up the

society must be strengthen, enhanced, improved and standardize to meet its functions

it was established for.

2.4.3 Criticism

In the 1960s, functionalism was castigated for being incapable to account for social

change, or for structural rejections and conflict (and thus was often called "consensus

theory").

Another criticism directed at functionalism is that it encompasses no sense of agency,

that individuals are seen as tools, working as their role expects.

The most complicated forms of functionalism are founded on “a highly developed

concept of action” and as was explained above, Parsons took as his starting point the

individual and their actions.

37
Another criticism grounded against the functionalist theory is on the organic unity of

the society which must be mentioned for social system to exist as well as the way in

which social institutions fulfill those necessities.

Another criticism describes the ontological assertion that society cannot have "needs"

as a human being does, and even if society does have needs they need not be met.

Anthony Giddens argues that functionalist explanations may all be rewritten as

historical accounts of individual human actions and consequences.

Despite the drawbacks of the theory, it is still very vital for explaining the way

society stay stable and functional. Functionalism is very impactful because it looks at

every aspect of society, how it functions, and how that helps society function. This

theory helps combine all aspects of society to meet the needs of the individuals in the

society. Functionalism shows us how our society stays balance. The theory is very

important for explaining the social problem of kidnapping in Nigeria.

38
 CHAPTER THREE

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF SOUTHERN KADUNA AND

KIDNAPPING AND SOCIOECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF SOUTHERN

KADUNA STATE

3.1 Introduction

This chapter comprised biography, location, economy of Kaduna State, Southern

Kaduna and effects of kidnapping on socio-economic development of Southern

Kaduna.

3.2 Biography and Location of the Study Area

Kaduna state was established on 27th May, 1967 out of the former Northern region by

the then government of General Murtala Mohammed. Katsina State was created out of

it in the state creation exercise of 1987. Its capital is Kaduna.

Kaduna state is found at the centre of Northern Nigeria. It has a political

importance as the former administrative headquarters of the North during the colonial

period. The state shares borders with Niger State to the west, Zamfara, Katsina and

Kano states to the north, Bauchi and Plateau States to the east and FCT Abuja and

Nassarawa state to the south. Kaduna State occupies 46,053 square

kilometres(National population commission of Nigeria III, 2006).

Zaria is one of the crucial communities in Kaduna state and is very prosperous in

history. Queen Amina ruled Zaria and was remembered as an outstanding heroin her

sovereignty extended as far to Bauchi in the east and extending as distant south as the

River Niger. She built a walled town wherever she acquired. Kadunna State

39
contributes the meeting juncture of the earlier histories of Nigeria. It is the residence

of Nok which provided its name to the ancients culture of Nigeria - the Nok culture.

3.3 Economy of Kaduna state

Farming is the major stay of the economy of Kaduna state with approximately

80% of the population industriously committed in agriculture. Cash and food crops

are developed and the harvest includes: yam, cotton, groundnut, tobacco, maize, beans,

guinea corn, millet, ginger, rice and cassava. Around 180,000 tonnes of groundnut are

generated in the state yearly. The main cash harvest is cotton which the region has a

relative benefit in as it is the dominating producer in the nation. Additional important

employment of the people is animals farming and poultry agriculture. The animal

raised includes cattle, sheep, goats and pigs (Bank of Agriculture, 2020)

Kaduna state is consecrated with minerals which constitute clay, serpentine, asbestos,

amethyst, kyannite, gold, graphite and siltimanite graphite, which is base in Sabon

Birnin Gwari, in the Birnin Gwari local government. This is a significant natural

substance utilized in the industry of pencils, crucibles, electrodes, generator brushes

and other sundry components. Kaduna state is an urban as well as a

cultured/cosmopolitan industrialized state with over 80 commercial and

manufacturing industries.

Goods varying from carpets, textiles, reinforced tangible materials, bicycles

assembly, toiletries and cigarettes in the region. Customer goods generated range from

dairy commodities to soft drinks, flour and groundnut oil. Leading enterprises in the

state are the Federal Super Phosphate Fertilizer Company PLC, Ideal Flour Mills PLC,

40
New Nigerian Packaging Company PLC, Peugeot Automobile Nigeria PLC, United

Wire Products Limited, Bus and Refridgerated Van Manufacturing Co, Kaduna

Furniture and Carpets Company Limited, Electricity Metres Company Nigeria

Limited and Rigid Pack Containers Limited, Zaria among others("Encyclopedia

Britannica, 2019).

There is more over the National Leather Research Institute, Zaria, the Defence

Industries Corporation of Nigeria and the country's third petroleum refinery are

similarly located in Kaduna State. Kaduna state has several tourist inducements and

relaxed five notable hotels such as Durbar and Hamdala Hotels, among others, Tourist

attractions comprise the Nok Cultural Safe at Kuwi in Jema's Local Government Area,

the Maitsirga Water falls in Kafanchan, the Legendary Lord Lugard bridge in Kaduna

town, the Kerfena Hills in Zaria and the Palace of the Emir of Zaria. There are again

contemporary parks and gardens (KRPC, 2019).

3.4 Southern Kaduna

Kaduna State has twenty three Local Government areas out of which Southern

Kaduna has eight, while northern Kaduna has fifteen. Southern Kaduna refers to the

area located to the south of Kaduna city, the capital of the state. The area shares

common boundary to the Northwestern and east with the Jos Plateau and Bauchi and

to the south, with the Federal Capital Territory. Today, the eight local government

areas of Southern Kaduna, namely, Jaba, Jema'a, Kachia, Kagarko, Kaura, Kauru,

Sanga and Zangon Kataf constitute one senatorial district out of the three senatorial

districts of the state. Southern Kaduna is multi-ethnic and pre-dominantly occupied by

41
largely non-Muslim ethnic groups: Jaba, Ninzom, Atyap, Nindem,

Kagoma,Kaningkon, Kagoro, Fanstwan, Numana, Mada, Moroa, Attakar, Ayu, Kataf,

Baju, Sanga, Numbu, Dagam, Kibo, Karshi., Ningwam, Gwandara, Yeskwa and so on.

The remaining fifteen local government areas constitute central and northern

Kaduna senatorial zones and these are predominantly occupied by Hausa-Fulani

Muslims who form a majority population in the state. According to the 2006 National

Population Census result, Kaduna state has a population of 6,792,169. The eight local

governments of Southern Kaduna put together have a population of 1,792,169, i.e.,

less than 30% of the state's population (Nat. Population census, 2006).

Due to good and favorable weather and climate, Southern Kaduna witnessed an

influx of several ethnic groups into the area from about the sixteenth century. The

issue of who arrived in the area first among the various ethnic groups is

understandably a subject of dispute among the people. The main occupation of the

people southern Kaduna is predominantly agriculture and small businesses scales.

3.5 Kidnapping and Socio-Economic Development of Southern Kaduna and

Nigeria at Large

A study conducted by Badamasi S. Et al, (2018) their study revealed that

kidnapping has serious effects on development of Nigeria that kidnapping in Kaduna

state and its southern parts has an obvious implication on the interested foreign

investors in the state and the nation in general. On the account of the systematic

occurrences of the incidence, traveler‟s advisory is being issued by nations to their

citizens discouraging them not to travel to some unstable regions in Nigeria including

42
Kaduna, due to upsurge abducting in the state.

This will therefore, have an adverse effect on economic possible development of

Kaduna state. Kidnapping does not only scare away foreign investors, but also pulled

down the image of the state in eyes of local investors, travelers as well as those who

may wish to settle in the state. The proliferation of the nefarious incidence the state in

2016 and 2019, has implicated the courage and enthusiasm of the people particularly

when it comes to issue of security.

The good people of Kaduna state are no longer paying visit to their own families

in the villages, even agriculturists frightened going to the farm for fear of falling a

casualty. This will in turn affect the farming outputs and food supply despite the

availability of maximum rain. Also, there is evolving feeling that ransom paid to free

the casualties are used to obtain additional weapons by the kidnappers for other

aspects of lawlessness such as robbery and cattle rustling in the state. Bad economic

conditions of the Nigerian economy, unemployment and weak citizen-security ratio

developed to internal attack against higher and lower average living nationals in the

state. Kaduna state government in 2017 budget was noted to have wasted about two

billion naira on security alone (Sahara reporters, 2017).

The life style of some citizens within and outside Kaduna city has drastically

changed due to rising insecurity, with many citizens imprisoned (indoor) themselves

in offices and homes. Many have built houses, but deliberately failed to complete the

external fittings, presenting their economic incapacity in effort to avoid becoming

casualty of kidnapping. Those with expensive cars, resort to using commercial riders

43
called „”achaba”‟ to withhold their economic level in their day-to-day activities. The

problem has implicated the reciprocal reliance and generous African attitudes among

people, with some rarely respond to friendly greetings to uncommon individuals.

The use of GPS machine for directory to unfamiliar areas as obtained in same

developing nations such as Malaysia is not possible due to low technology

development and inefficient power supply in the state and by addition Nigeria.

Accordingly, people on the highway would hardly be ready to help for direction

advice, due to mistrust and fear to risk abduction. Since its escalation from 2016,

many residents of Kaduna city and setting have only restrict their movement around

their vicinity, which in turn affected business activities social relationships in the

state.

44
 CHAPTER FOUR

ISSUE OF f KIDNAPPING AND ITS EFFECTS ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC

DEVELOPMENT OF SOUTHERN KADUNA.

4.1 Introduction

This chapter provides an excellent analytical explanation on the factors responsible

for kidnapping, the extent, the effects of kidnapping on socioeconomic development

with the view of identifying solutions to problem of kidnapping in Southern Kaduna

and Nigeria in general.

4.2. Causes of Kidnapping in Southern Kaduna

One of the goals of this research has been to examine the cause of kidnapping in

Southern Kaduna.

The publications are full with so numerous findings about the motivating

circumstances for kidnapping. Various studies have been conducted on the factors

inspiring kidnapping as a destructive crime in Nigeria. Nevertheless, the

sophistication of the happening and the new extents it carries makes its motivating

factors relatively endless. Commonly, investigators are sharp to question

socioeconomic, political and religious factors as drivers of kidnapping in Nigeria

(Zannoni, 2003; Ottuh and Aitufe, 2014; Ibrahim and Mukhtar, 2017, Ogbuehi, 2018).

One remarkable correspondence in all the researches on the drivers of kidnapping is

the agreement that the phenomenon opposes mono-causal justifications as it is

propelled by so several influences. Below are some of the causes of kidnapping;

45
4.2.1 Unemployment

Shortages of job opportunities have been observed as drivers of kidnap for ransom

events in Nigeria (Ohakhire, 2010; Ogbuehi, 2018; Ibrahim and Mukhtar, 2017). A

research conducted by Adegoke (2015) found unemployment by a ledge of 88% as the

major driver of kidnap for ransom which is largely committed by the youths. The idea

here is that year-in, year-out able-bodied graduates are being generated in huge

amount without conforming job opportunities to assimilate them. Hence, the crooked

and hampered unemployed teenagers frequently use to immoral actions as a means of

survival (Inyang, 2009).

In same vein, Ejimabo (2013) characterized the happening of pervasive

unemployment among the youths as an obstacle to the management and deterence of

crimes and negligence in the state. Additional study by Inyang and Ubong (2013) also

associated the increase in kidnap for ransom occurrences to the frustration occasioned

by the joblessness of the youths whose emotional commitments rise without any

financial means to compensate them. Substantiating this perspective, Thom-Otuya

(2010) contended that the rate of unemployment in Nigeria is liable for the common

kidnapping incidents across the nation. It is too elevated that it masquerades severe

implications for national advancement. Looking at the consequences of

unemployment on crime causation from psychological standpoint, Inyang (2009)

emphasized that graduates who could not obtain employment after graduation

generate adverse behaviors toward the nation and the system and indicate their

delinquency to secure the employment to the community. Joblessness as the

46
wise-adage goes, “An idle mind is the devil's workshop.”

In Nigeria, several jobless youths are poverty plagued and usually find

convenience in terrible scandals such as kidnapping because they are jobless and

impoverished in the sense that school drop-out and graduates roam around the streets,

both unemployed for years (Ugwuoke, 2011).

4.2.2. Poverty

Researchers associate the mushrooming of kidnapping in Nigeria to endemic poverty

in the country (Thom-Otuya, 2010; Inyang 2009; Ogbuehi, 2018). With a maximum

crude oil generation quantity of 2.5 million containers per day, Nigeria indexes as the

biggest oil manufacturing state in Africa and the sixth biggest oil producer in the

globe (Gwaambuka, 2018). Similarly, the country is the richest in Africa in terms of

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) calculated at 397.30 billion US dollars in 2018, and a

Foreign Exchange Reserves of 41.9 billion US dollars in September 2019 (Census and

Economic Information Centre, CEIC, 2019).

However, the World Poverty Clock as at June 2018 disclosed Nigeria as the

center of poverty with half of her people, around 87 million citizens, living in severe

scarcity on less than 1.90 US dollar a day; and that in every sixty seconds six

Nigerians slink into poverty (Onu, Bax, Adamu and Ibukun, 2019). Evaluating the

above tragic image about the social and economic fact of the state, it is no shock that

many researchers found positive correlation between poverty and kidnapping in

Nigeria. Therefore, the ever-widening extent between the wealthy and the poor

associated with bad governance characterized by corrupt practices verge to develop

47
weaken and hopeless propensities in the teenagers due to their actual or perceived

sense of economic denial.

Thom-Otuya (2010) alleged that majority of Nigerians suffer from scarcity of

essential amenities vital for social progress, increased unemployment rate, communal

unrest and abject poverty epitomized in the evolving hovels in nearly all the cities.

Therefore, according to him, poverty is an ingredient encouraging lawlessness not

only in Nigeria but across the globe. Arewa (2013) substantiates the correlation

between poverty and criminality arguing that, Nigerians are undergoing from

economic denial and its consequential criminality because the nation as a whole is

defined by pervasive poverty and social mistreatment.

4.2.3. Communal Conflict between the Herders and Farmers of Southern

Kaduna

Ibrahim and Mukhtar (2017) affirmed that the motivating conditions for kidnapping in

Nigeria go beyond mere classifying them into these two common types. They swung

their assertion on the fact that, the goals and purposes of the criminals with concern to

kidnapping acts differ. While some of the delinquents kidnap for motives varying

from slavery, ritual, sex, trafficking to foreign nations for pandering, and other illicit

activities, others indulge into kidnapping for the motives of adoption, marriage,

begging, camel racing, retaliation, killing and ransom. These numerous objectives

account for the explanation that, there is no mono-causal rationale for the concept of

kidnapping as its drivers are inferred by the expectations and goals of the perpetrators.

This is exceptionally accurate because kidnapping in southern Kaduna differed as it

48
has a nexus with communal crisis.

4.2.4. Greediness and Moral Decadence

Selfishness, ethical decadence and the quest to reap wealthy quick syndrome have

been recognized as circumstances stimulating kidnapping (Ogbuehi, 2018; Inyang and

Ubong, 2013; Inyang, 2009; Nnamani, 2015). Depicting the youth quest to get rich

syndrome, Nnamani (2015) contended that the exhibit of funds by the rich people

associated with the societal emphasis on material wealth, and the functions played by

especially the traditional rulers in bestowing traditional titles to any affluent person

without challenging the basis of their wealth makes some youths venture into

criminality so as to make wealth overnight.

This is more worrisome considering the fact that the society seems to be quite

when an individual that is known to be poor today, according to Inyang (2009),

unexpectedly comes out with material wealth yet nobody dare question the source of

their sudden wealth. This motivates moral decadence as so multiple unhappy youth

yearning for to be like them would not flinch to mortgage their sincerity to obtain

wealth regardless of the means. In line with this, Inyang and Ubong (2013) propose

that selfishness and rapaciousness is an important aspect predisposing kidnappers to

brutalizing and dehumanizing their fellow humans in the quest for sharp wealth.

4.2.5. Drugs and Proliferation of arms

Other factors recognized as driving kidnapping comprise easy access to hard drugs

and upsurge of arms and military tools (Nnamani, 2015). In his study, Nnamani

proclaimed that there is intense relationship between easy access to hard drugs and

49
preponderance of kidnap for ransom. This assertion is pivoted on the fact that the

modus operations of the kidnappers are so violent that it can merely be perpetrated by

those under the effect of hard drugs.

Inyang (2009) on his part indicates the majority of kidnapping to the increase of

arms in the country. Nigeria is said to account for about 70% of criminal small arms

in West Africa (Eribake, 2016), highest of which enter into the nation through its

passable frontiers. Failure of the security apparatus of the Nigerian government over

time, with chronic disputes incidents has greatly boldened the strength of kidnappers.

According to Ibrahim & Mukhtar (2017), numerous youths find themselves becoming

kidnappers because they were sufferers of ethnic or religious dispute condition who

had been radicalize and forfeited their belongings, in that respect lost confidence in

the competent of law enforcement mechanisms. The kidnappers accessed weapons

either from their ethnic, religious or politicians supporters against their enemies in a

dispute condition, or through jeopardizing security staff from which they later utilize

for abduction.

4.2.6 Nature of Nigerian politics

Nevertheless, Inyang (2009) associated the mushrooming of abducting to the nature of

politics played in the nation where competent bodied youths are usually recruited and

trained with projectiles during election campaigns to serve as guards and political

criminals of their pay masters. As soon as the elections are past, these youths (thugs)

are made worthless as they usually do not have any employable capabilities or talents,

even where they do; they are hardly rewarded with jobs or any gainful assistance.

50
Therefore, in order to manage, they employ the arms given to them by their political

champions in illegal means to make a living. Still, other researchers are of the view,

academics such as Ogabido (2009), Nworah (2009), Arewa (2013), Thom-Otuya

(2010), Nnamani (2015) disseminated the opinion that, bad and corrupt governance

are the conditions liable for the rise in kidnapping occurrences in Nigeria.

Though, Ogbuehi (2018) argues that some people use kidnapping as a means of

taking vengeance or political vendetta. This occurs in some instances among the

politicians and sometimes among the ordinary citizens, particularly among the Fulani

herdsmen in some northern states in Nigeria. However, causes of Kidnapping in

Kaduna and its Southern parts are in the same vein with causes of the social problem

with slight difference in that kidnapping is in Southern Kaduna is embedded to the

situation of insecurities and conflicts among the communities of the area.

4.2.7 Ritual and Spiritual Proclivity

Oyewole S, (2016) in his study, opinion that one of the main reasons of kidnapping in

Nigeria is the preponderance of ritual and spiritual proneness. Kidnapping for ritual

involves assassinating or severing the body part of abducted individuals for the

motive of using it as an object of ritual sacrifice purpose to obtain ritual wealth,

favour, prestige, achievement, power and protection. several politicians seek

protection and victory in elections from virtuous forces by manipulating ritual, charms

and many structures of cultic exercises. It was observed that politicians utilized all

forms of missiles to safeguard themselves against assassination and all that

distinguishes the current political geography. According to Jegede CO (2014)

51
Kidnapping for ritual is an illegal convulsion of an individual in order to kill and/or

sever part of his or her body for the intention of ritual sacrifice. Meanwhile, many

people were kidnapped with their head being cut off, eyes eliminated, genital and

breast slashed, arm and leg injured. All these part of the body are being cut off as

component for sacrifice to acquire huge money, political appointment or fame.

4.3 The Extent of Kidnapping in Kaduna and its Southern Part

Kaduna State in North West Nigeria has suffered a near tripling of destructive

occurrences involving armed groups in the past year. According to the Armed Conflict

Location and Event Data Project, the 220 violent incidents have resulted in

approximately a thousand casualties. Also, there have been about 400 individuals

abducted for ransom and hundreds of districts demolished resulting in the expulsion

of more than 50,000 people.

Over the last year, Kaduna has reported the elevated number of incidents of

political turmoil and victims in northern Nigeria save Borno State the core of the

Boko Haram insurgency. The findings of Ayuba, M. R, (2020) indicates that

kidnapping for ransom happening was found to be one of the great prevalent and

pervasive violations in north western Nigeria primarily Southern Kaduna. This view

of the participants corroborates the statement of the Nigerian Acting Inspector

General of Police who publicized that 79.8% of the national total of kidnappings was

recorded in the three northern geopolitical zones, with northwest being the hotspot

where 365 people were abducted in the first quarter of 2019.

52
4.4 Socioeconomic Effect of Kidnapping in Southern Kaduna and at Large

Nigeria

The unpleasant impacts of kidnapping in Nigeria are various, and include economic,

social, physical, medical, political, international, psychological/emotional, and moral

effects. For this research the socioeconomic effects of kidnapping will be analyzed

which was one of the goal of this research.

4.4.1 Economic Effect

The economic consequences of kidnapping comprise direct and indirect costs. At the

individual degree, the expenses include the economic value of money that may be lost

to kidnappers, while the indirect economic cost of abducting include payments on

preventive measures, such as the employment of personal security personnel.

At the governmental status, the economic impacts of kidnapping encompass the

expenditure on security and security mechanisms. Much wealth has been wasted on

ransom payments. The former Inspector General, Sir. Mike Okiro, published that 15

billion naira have been paid as ransom to kidnappers between 2006 and 2009. The

enormous sum of money paid as ransom payment could involves the State economy

negatively, as it could have been utilize for investment and economic improvement.

Similarly, Nigeria relinquishes substantial amount of earnings when immigrants

working in the international oil corporations are assaulted. Out of uncertainty, people

tend to stay open from the working atmosphere and the antagonistic consequence is

invariably on the economy (Dode, 2010). Ransom paying for discharge of fatalities of

kidnap frequently affects both the government and family economy. Many people

53
usually went as distant as borrowing to rescue their families out from the hands of

Kidnappers.

In many examples, it is frequently the bread winners of households that are

usually targeted, the implication is constantly felt extremely within the household,

whereby fellows of such families will have to feed themselves and modify to their

normal daily recreations, until they achieved the discharge of the casualty. Ekpe,

2009,: cited Iyang & Abraham, 2013, if the tendency of Kidnapping proceeds, future

advancement subordinate could be moved away and Southern Kaduna and Nigeria at

large could be deprived of development coalitions and opportunities (Akpan 2010). It

could hampered the majority of investment and capital accumulation Nigeria from

overseas for national development. Kaduna state government in 2017 budget was

broadcasted to have wasted approximately two billion naira on security alone (Sahara

reporters, 2017).

The casualties‟ work-place will similarly be implicated adversely. If the fatality

was a business man or woman, the industry will undergo some obstacle pending his or

her rescue. In a formal company, the challenges are tremendous as the absence of the

casualty will cause hardship within the system, and the production will automatically

be affected as well.

4.4.2 Social Effect of Kidnapping

The danger of kidnapping has facilitated a sense of insecurity in Nigeria. Kidnapping

implicates the social life and social connections of several people who are carried

captives in their homes from dusk to morning, for the suspicion of being kidnapped.

54
As a result of kidnapping, night trip has become a high-risk venture. Similarly,

numerous people have been compelled out of their recently completed buildings by

kidnappers. People are coerced to present an unfinished look of poverty by not

painting the exterior walls of their houses. Numerous people are scared to acquire or

use new motor vehicles for the uncertainty of kidnappers.

In respects to inter-personal connection, kidnapping has also provided to a

reasonably elevated status of distrust among people of Southern Kaduna. Kidnapping

creates high level of suspicion among the people. According Soyombo (2009) "an

innocent interaction could jeopardize confidence and since researches have indicated

that perpetrators of Kidnapping usually employ colleagues, families, neighbours,

coworkers, househelps, etc. To solicit relevance information which can be used to

kidnap fatalities, there could high degree of uncertainty and distress in social

interaction among partners of the neighborhoods in southern Kaduna.

The assaults on Buda and Kemara Rimi are the latest in a sustained campaign of

turmoil targeting farming districts in southern Kaduna, which has been

ongoing ,which is characterized by murder, killing, looting, rape, coerced

displacement, land occupation and kidnappings for ransom. Children and teachers in

Southern Kaduna are no longer safe in schools and places of worship because the

kidnappers are usually targeting schools and places of worship.

The farmers of Southern Kaduna are no longer comfortable in their farmlands,

they either dismay to go to the farms or leave the produce unharvest and this

circumstance created poverty, starvations and other social vices. Most devastating, it

55
has been remarked that, it is the anxiety of kidnapping that has contributed to the

current elevated need for police escort by various public officials in the state, thereby

further weakening the ineffective police personnel that could have been deployed to

highway crime management.

Summarily, Kidnapping constitutes a veritable menace to Nigeria‟s endurable

development in the light of the following: it leads to loss of life, a danger to public

safety, it sabotages economic growth and advancement by way of capital and

investment flight, It results in negative understanding of Nigeria on multinational

event, with its malicious consequences on trade, tourism and Foreign Direct

Investment (FDI), it creates an environment of public insecurity, thereby threatening

the possibilities of societal improvement it has frequently led to loss of investment

capital, closure of enterprises, and unemployment etc. In effect, the increasing

tendency of kidnapping in Nigeria has, more than anything else, created security and

economic climate that hinder bearable national development. In the words of Raheeb:

In the midst of all these, the Nigerian economy is the utmost fatality. The nation

suffers the tremendous brutal of the entire story. This comprises poor and adverse

image at global arena, increase in unemployment ratio, danger of an apparent descent

to a castaway state, huge loss of sources of resources from taxes, tourism, hotels,

housings, etc. (2008: para 8).

4.5 Solutions to the Problem of Kidnapping in Southern Kaduna

According to previous researches conducted by Turner (1998), Akpan (2010),Iyang

and Abraham (2013), Chukuigwe, N. ; Albert, C.O among others the following are

56
some of the recommended solutions to the problem of kidnapping in Southern Kaduna

and Nigeria.

Training Anti-Kidnapping Agents

Any government that wants to fight kidnapping successfully must employ and equip

competent agencies to fight the problem. When law enforcement mechanisms are

vigorously involved, the incidence of this scandal can be diminished.

Strengthen the Security Agencies

Government should strive to make the security agencies very powerful and all the

needed equipment to facilitate them to perform their duties effectively should be made

functional. When the security agencies are empowered with contemporary equipment,

they will feel motivated to always ready to eradicate this devastating illegal activities.

Seriously Punishments for Offenders

Soft penalty does nothing to prevent criminals. When the government deals with

kidnappers severely, rarer kidnappings will occur because it is widely known that

even if the kidnappers are caught they get released without facing the actual penalty.

Job Creation

Creating employment for nationals, particularly for the youth, can have an enormous

impact in the combat against the crime. When people are gainfully engaged, they do

not prefer to perpetrate crimes.

Tackling the conflict between herdsmen and farmers;

The kidnapping in Southern Kaduna has a strong relationship with the communal

conflict of the people in Southern Kaduna, hence, when the crisis is curbed and

57
control to dearest level, Kidnapping will simultaneously curtail.

SIM Cards Registration

The service providers have to re-check their strategy effectively to assure every line is

registered before it commenced working. Because that will facilitate them to track in

and out-going call by every client in the Network, as well as track their location

through utilizing GPS network, in order to traced and interfere every call from the

kidnappers and track their location which is detectable by the network provider. After

all, the perpetrators employed phone-based procedure for negotiation of ransom.

Quitting Ransom Payment

The kidnappee's family should abstain from compensating ransom in sorrow and

hesitations a little longer or cease the ransom payment to the kidnappers because it

always serves as a motivational factor for the perpetrators to maintain exploring in the

horrible act.

Consolidation and Adoption of a Re-Modified System of Community Policing

The unification and adoption of a modified system of community policing idea would

be a veritable security information source to the security mechanisms. The recent

security outfits formed to police the neighborhood should be recurring and revealing

and reporting any uncertain movement about kidnapper's hideaways.

They should be empowered with trucks and communication equipment and

synthetic ties with the security mechanisms in order to attain their required operations.

After all, the kidnappers are human beings, and the security forces are not miraculous;

they need data to facilitate them to work appropriately and diligently. (i)Any

58
government bureaucrat, civil office holder, or politician set up-relations with

kidnappers. Such betrayer supposed to be excluding from competing and striving for

any governmental responsibility, and it will be rest ensured discourage others not to

part-take and participating in the illegal act. (ii) Any complete/uncompleted building

caught lodging kidnap casualties should be confiscated or demolished for prospective

occurrence and decent and safe society.

Stoppage of Small and Light Arms Proliferation

Based on the African Union Summit Concerning Silencing Gun (2020), the surge and

escalation in light and small arms trade have implicates on the protection of the weak

society, encompassing kids, women, and the ages as well as the infrastructure.

Moreover, the illicit cycle of arms develops a culture of turmoil and volatile society

through criminal impact and unlawful smuggling. Small and light arms ownership

present power, without even fulling the catalyst.

This weapons coercive potent manipulated by the perpetrators to deal with their

kidnapees to coerce with their demand without opposition and hesitation. The

government needs to regulate it passable boundaries to content illicit discharges of

weapons. Also, the local black-smith have to be regulated and controlled on their

creation because they frequently generate and develop weapons that end up in the

immoral hands or with the perpetrators such as kidnappers and other delinquents.

4.5 Discussion of the Major Findings

With respect to the factors prompting kidnapping in the region, the study indicated

that poverty is recognized as one of the major catalysts of kidnapping for ransom in

59
Southern Kaduna. This finding corroborate with that of Thom-Otuya (2010) who

argued that the abject poverty in which most Nigerians are floundering is responsible

for extensive of kidnapping in the nation. The indication of the poverty is reasonably

obvious in terms of the amount of adult beggars, high number of out of school

children, street hawkers, bench warmers and under shades among others.

The study revealed that the chronic unemployment is similarly another factor why

youth indulge into kidnapping that these youths end up deeming kidnapping as a rapid

means of making wealth, this is similarly confirms earlier researches by Ohakhire

(2010); Ogbuehi (2018); Ibrahim and Mukhtar (2017); Ayuba (2020) that lack of

employment is of the drivers for kidnapping for ransom in Nigeria. This is further

corroborates the earlier findings made by Inyang and Ubong (2013) that the

happening of kidnapping for ransom grow due to scarcity of employment

opportunities for crowding youth which dishearten them and ultimately directs them

to perpetrating many forms of crimes comprising kidnapping.

The study found that the payment of ransom to the kidnappers to be one of the

primary catalysts of kidnapping in the Southern Kaduna because kidnapping is

perceived as lucrative business venture. According to the victims confirmed in Ayuba,

M.R, (2020) Stoppage of paying money to kidnappers is the only way to deter the

incidence.

This study also found that the prevailing communal disagreement between the

herdsmen and the farmers in Southern Kaduna to be the main catalysts of kidnapping.

This finding corroborates with earlier study of Ibrahim and Mukhtar (2017), that the

60
failure of security apparatus of Nigerian government over times, with frequent

conflicts occurrences has largely boldened the strength of kidnapper. They further

affirmed that the youth find themselves becoming kidnappers because they were

previously fatalities of ethnic or religious conflict circumstance who have been

radicalized and misplaced their belongings.

Furthermore, the study revealed that poor governance, decadence of moral

standards and values, nature of Nigerian politics are some of the factors motivating

kidnapping within the country.

The kidnapping for ransom phenomenon was found to be high to a great extent

and one of prevalent and pervasive crimes in Kaduna and its Southern Kaduna, this

was in line with the assertion of the Nigerian Acting Inspector General of Police who

disclosed that 79.8% of the national kidnapping was recorded in the three northern

geopolitical zones, with Northwest being the hot-spot where 365 people were

kidnapping in the first quarter of 2019.

The study revealed that kidnapping has an obvious consequences and

implications on the socioeconomic development of Southern Kaduna because

frequent occurrences of the incident will intimidate not only foreign investors but also

local as travellers advisory is being issued by countries to their citizens deterring them

to travel some states in Nigeria including Kaduna state. This will have an adverse

effect on economic growth and development of Southern Kaduna.

The study found that kidnapping has an obvious negative consequence especially

in respects to inter-personal relationship; kidnapping has also contributed to a

61
relatively increased level of mistrust among people of Southern Kaduna. Kidnapping

creates outstanding degree of suspicion and uncertainty among the people. According

Soyombo (2009) "a faithful interaction could jeopardize confidence and since

researches have indicated that perpetrators of Kidnapping usually engage friends,

relatives, neighbours, coworkers, househelps, etc. The study further revealed that

kidnapping creates high level of mistrust among people because it involves physical

violence, rape, stealing, and murder money victimization among others.

The study found that there mechanisms to curb the menace of kidnapping such as

Stoppage of paying money to kidnappers, strengthen security agencies, SIM

registration, serious punishment for kidnappers, creation of job opportunities and

handling the problems regarding communal conflict in southern Kaduna.

62
 CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION

5.1 Summary

This study is designed to examine the effects of kidnapping on socioeconomic

development of Southern Kaduna and Nigeria at large, it was saliently found out that

communal crisis between the herdsmen and the farmers of Southern Kaduna as the

major catalyst of kidnapping for ransom in the area and other factors include poverty,

unemployment, standards, payment of ransom to kidnappers, etc. It was found that

kidnapping in Southern Kaduna is on increase to a terrible extent, so rampant in

Kaduna state and Nigeria this present time hardly couple of days without people being

kidnapped. Furthermore, an effect of kidnapping in Kaduna has obvious implications

on the enthusiastic foreign investors in the state, that kidnapping has created

unfavorable atmosphere for businesses in the area. It also created mistrust and fear

among and people of Southern Kaduna are no longer safe in their farmlands, homes,

offices, roads, and a night trip has become risky.

There are mechanisms for tackling the menace of kidnapping which are Stoppage of

paying money to kidnappers, fighting poverty, creating jobs for youths, SIM

registration, tackling the communal conflict in the Southern Kaduna among others.

5.2 Recommendations

Based on the findings of this study the following recommendations were made.

To the Government

The state should make kidnapping a high risk crime a and low reward adventure and

63
criminal justice system must strengthen to effectively arrest, prosecute and give stiff

jail sentences; this will serve as deterrent to those thinking of indulging into the

kidnapping activities.

Federal ministry of agriculture and rural development should double its efforts in

enlightening local farmers on modern techniques of farming so as to enhance their

productivity and boost their harvest.

Equally, the federal government through the ministry of agriculture should further

subsidize fertilizer for poor local farmers.

Once these agricultural strategies are developed and effectively executed, both

the state and local governments should as a matter of necessity provide minimum

basic amenities such as good road network, electricity, pipe borne water, effective

transportation system, healthcare delivery and educational facilities to the rural

communities. These measures will go a long way in preventing massive exodus of the

youths from rural communities to urban areas.

Government (particularly the Local government) should collabourate with the

communities and other stakeholders to host regular community based programmes for

value reorientation among the people. The relevant security agencies especially the

kidnapping squad should be properly equipped and funded to stamp out the

kidnapping in Southern Kaduna.

To Non-governmental Organization

The study recommends that non-governmental organisations should also be part

of the war on kidnapping in Nigeria and neighbouring states, through awareness

64
creation programmes and seminars to educate the people of southern Kaduna on the

destructive effects of kidnapping.

The study also recommends that for kidnapping to reduce, there is to address the

problem of unemployment in the country through direct government intervention

programmes and making sure that policies are implemented corruption free because

even the popular trend in Nigeria like Anchored Borrower, N-Power etc end up

enhanced the strong and weakened the weak by the corrupt officials.

To the people

The study recommends that the fatality's relatives and government should stop

paying ransom to the kidnappers in the country because the money paid as a

motivation to the kidnappers for next actions and also potential kidnappers who see it

as a means of getting sharpe wealth.

Another important recommendation made by study is that, to tame the upsurge of

kidnapping there is need to first handle the conflict between the cattle breeders in

Southern Kaduna by stopping taking law in their and they should report any suspicion

movement to securities for necessary activities and also controlling the proliferation

of arms within the county and making it death penalty to anyone caught with illegal

weapons.

Religious bodies should also engage in the combat of kidnapping as moral

decandance among people also served as a motivating factor for kidnapping.

5.3 Conclusion

This study has examined the effects of kidnapping on socioeconomic development of

65
Southern Kaduna and Nigeria at large. Even though the happening of kidnapping is

not recent in Nigeria, the contemporary extents it takes in current times and its

preponderance have become serious issues of national problem. The study ascertained

the existence of numerous types of kidnapping with kidnap for ransom being the most

prevalent and most trending in Nigeria. This is not independent to the pervasive

poverty and unemployment, the quest for illegal accumulation of money, especially

among the teeming youths. Furthermore, bad administration epitomized in corrupt

practices of public servants and political elites, conflicts in the area under study have

been characterized as some of the motivating conditions for kidnapping in Nigeria.

The study concluded that provisions of basic amenities such as decent road networks,

effective healthcare facilities, adequate educational facilities, preventing communal

crises of other crucial public services such as electricity, quality potable water supply,

equal access to employments will immensely help in addressing the menace of

kidnapping. The study also concludes that if the aforementioned measures are

followed strictly the problem of kidnapping will be reduced to a bearable level.

66
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