SEQUENCE and SERIES What | Need to Know Sequence and series are important concepts in many branches of Mathematics. Its applications are numerous in the different fields, this include biology, physics, investments, accountancy, and arts. Many of the mathematical problems can be related to sequence and series. In this lesson, we will illustrate what is a series and can differentiate a series from a sequence. We will also review the definitions and different types of sequences and series. What’s In Suppose you have this pattern below: ® e ® @@ © 00 000 0000 i oand ad a How many dots have you observed for each figure? What would be the next figure looks like? Can you guess what the pattern is? How many dots would you need to build the 20" triangle? Problems like this form patterns called sequence and finding the total number of dots needed to form each triangle involve finding their sum and ‘such sum is called a series. 10Recall the following definitions: A sequence is a function whose domain is the set of positive A series represents the sum of the terms of a sequence. If a sequence is finite, we will refer to the sum of the terms of the sequence as the series associated with the sequence. If the sequence has infinitely many terms, the sum is defined more precisely in calculus. What's New Activity 1: Identity the following items as sequence or series. Write smaller case letter s for sequence and capital letter S for series on the space provided before each number. 1, 34649412415 +..418 5. 1, 0.1, 0.01, 0.001, iActivity 2: Maze Puzzle ‘Maria and her family transferred to a new place outside the city. She love the place very much. She was even so excited to go to her new school and to meet new friends. Her school is just a walking distance away from her new home. Today is her first day to her new school. She tells her parent that she wants to go to school on her own. She was planning to go to school by foot. She walked and walk and even ask some people she passed by. Where is my school? Am I lost? Where do | go now? Maria spouted... Can anyone help me find my school? Instruction: Answer the following items in the box to help Maria find her way to her new school. You can use coloring materials to color the path up to the finish line. START 1.What is the next 2. For the 3.What is the sum term of the 13 \ Sequence 2, -6, 18, of the sequence? sequence below? -54, 162 find its 3.5,7,9,11, ... 3,5,7,9,11, g sum. 15 122 | 35 | atti i+ 5. Is 1+0 1+0 001 6. Find the sum pero eed + 0.0001 an of the sequence a sequence? : 6,18, ia NA ittustration of a Scere sequence? Y Y 122 7. Find the 5” Finish Line term of the 8. The ellipsis dot sequence w/ the 24 \ indicates that the general term of an sequence/series is =5n-1. infinite, & 12What is It A "series" is what you get when you add up all the terms of a sequence; the addition, and also the resulting value, are called the "sum" or the "summation". For instance, "1 " is a sequence, with terms "1", "2", "3", and "4"; the corresponding series is the sum "I +2 +3 +4", and the value of the series is 10. A sequence is alist of numbers (separated by commas), while a series is a sum of numbers (separated by “+” or *—" sign). As an illustration, 1 + is a sequence, and 1, + is its associated series. The sequence with nth term is usually denoted by {as}, and the associated series is given by Ssai+az+a3t+...+an Difference between sequence and series: ‘Sequence Series Set of elements that follow a pattern | Sum of elements of the sequence Order of elements is important ‘Order of elements is not so important Finite sequence: 1,2,3,4.5 Finite series: 142434445 Infinite sequence: 1,2,3,4, Infinite Series: 17243+4+... A finite series is the sum of the first n terms of a sequence. It is also referred to as the nth partial sum of a sequence. An infinite series is the sum of all the terms of an infinite sequence. TYPES OF SEQUENCE AND SERIES An arithmetic sequence is a sequence in which each term after the first is obtained by adding a constant (called the common difference) to the preceding term. If the mth term of an ( | arithmetic sequence is an and the ‘common difference is d, thenThe associated arithmetic series with n terms is given by Arithmetic Series An arithmetic series is the sum of an arithmetic sequence. Formulas for Arithmetic Series: on S,=3 (4 +4,) 7 3124 +(n-1)d] where a, is the first term 4, is the n*term nis the number of terms d is the common difference A geometric sequence is a sequence in which each term after the first is obtained by multiplying the preceding term by a constant (called the common ratio). Geometric Sequence and Geometric Series A geometric sequence is a sequence of numbers in which the ratio between consecutive terms is constant. The formula for the n'* term of a geometric sequence is a, =ar"" where a is the first term and ris the ratio. A geometric series results from adding the terms of a geometric sequence. The formula for the sum of a finite geometric series is a Ser es) r) where 1 is the number c Set gis the first term and r is the ratio ral The formula for the sum of an infinite geometric series is Seen eas where a is the first term and ris the ratio Ir2 Example: 1, 1,2, 3, 5, 8, 13, ... Example 1.1. Find the sum of all multiples of 5 between 1 and 100. Solution: a; = 5 an = 100 d=5 First, we determine how many multiples of 5 (n) there are between 1 and 100. Use the formula, ay = a, + (n — 1d To find the sum, we use the formula, Sy = : (a, + an) Sn= 2G + 100) S20 = 420 Example 1.2. Find x so that x — 1, 2x - 2, and 3x + 6 are terms of a geometric sequence. Solution: Let r the common ratio of the geometric sequence Since r; = rz then we have, 2x-2 _ 3x46 ol 2x-2 (2x — 2)(2x — 2) = (3x + 6)(x - 1) 4x2-8x+4 = 3x2+3x-6 154x2 — 8x + 4 — (3x? + 3x-6) =0 x 11x+10=0 (x= 10)(x- 1) =0 x=10,1 Let's try x = 10, the sequence is 9, 18, 36 - geometric sequence x= 1, the sequence is 0, 0, 9 — not geometric sequence. Therefore, the value of x that make the terms a geometric sequence is 10. Example 1.3. A family saves Php 1000 in January, Php 1200 in February, Php 1400 in March and so on. How much will they save in one year? Solution: Find Siz 1000, 1200, 1400, ... n= one year = 12 months d= Php 200 Use the formula, Sp Si F[2a; + (n— 1d] = [2(1000) + (12 -1)200 6 [2000 + 11(200)} 6 (2000 + 2200) Php 25, 200 is the amount of money they will save in one year. Example 1.5. Determine the first five terms of each defined sequence, and give their associated series. a. (2n)" b.5n-2 Solution: We denote the nth term of a sequence by an, and S = a; + a2 + as + st Bn a. an=(-2n)" First five terms: a: = [- 2(1)]' = - 2, a2 = [- 2(2)]* = 16, as = - 216, ae = 4096, as = - 100000 Associated series: S 2 + 16-216 + 4096 — 100000 = - 96106 b. an=5n-2 First five terms: a: = 5(1) — 2 = 3, a2 = 5(2) 2 = 8, as = 13, ay = 18, as = 23 Associated series: S = 3 + 8 + 13 + 18+ 23 = 65 16What’s More Activity 3 Write A if the sequence is arithmetic, G if itis geometric, H if it is harmonic, F if Fibonacci, and O if itis not one of the mentioned types, 1 1) 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, ee ae 2) 16, 25, 36, 49, 100 7) V3,V4, Tati 9) one sar 9) 3, 8, 13, 18, ..., 48 5) 1,1,2,3,5, 10) 5 geee Activity 4 Find the first five terms and the S» of each of the defined sequence. 1. 3" 3. n?+5n+6 4.(n-1) Activity 5: Problem Solving Solve the following word problems involving sequence and series 1. Astack of soay in the bottom. and so on. Hot }oxes displayed in a groy , 11 boxes in the secon3. A ball {Ssed to a height of 4 meters rebounds t6°40% of its previous height. Find themdistance thesbell has traveled when it “7 fora time et > 4. Apr al ba ri t wi ©... salal or th of 5% — eS per yes 2 \@ second year. What’ the se ’s salary for year § of the confPact? 5. Find the sum || multiples of 6 between 1 and 100. 6. Find x ,X +4, 4x — 8 are terms of a geometric NS Activity 6 A. Fill in the blank with the correct word or phrase to make each statement true. 1. The terms in an arithmetic sequence have a common , while those of a geometric sequence have a common _ att 2. The domain of a sequence is the set of integers. The common ratio is computed by each term by the term preceding it. 4. The ellipsis dot indicate that the sequence is 5. Each term of an arithmetic sequence is computed by __ the preceding term by the common difference. 6. The sum of a finite sequence is called sum. 7. The notation ai refers to the _ of the sequence. 188. The sum of the first n terms of an arithmetic sequence is referred to as the 9. The nth term of a geometric sequence is given by the expression 10. If Irl____ 1, then the infinite geometric series does not have a sum. B. Find the indicated sum of each series. 1, 2444840585 2 342424. 24% 418,16 3. 24442484 4. 34114194... +227 5. dy = In-3; Syo What | Can Do Performance Task: J