Examination Control Division | y Candi Eohe Back E Z { Full Marks ‘TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY {TUTE OF ENGINEERING rogram! Pass Maris 2068 Magh Subject: - Hydropower es are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable Attempt All questions. VY The figures in the margin indicate Full Marks VY Assume suitable dara if necessary. =) by a) b) How discharge of a stream or river ean be computed by slope area method. (6) Following velocities were recorded in a stream with a current meter. (61 Depthabovebedim) | 0 | 1 To 2 le, Seles Velocity m/s Too os 07 | 08 | 08 Find the discharge per unit width ofa stream near the point of measurement, Depth of flow at the point was 5m. 4 Discuss the factors considered during installing a rain-gauge station. Show with mathematical equation thatthe center of pressure of any lamina immersed under liquid is always equal or below its centroid. [4] ‘A 3.6m x 1.5m (depth x width) rectangular gate is vertical and is hinged at point Oism below the center of gravity of the gate, The total of water is 6m. What horizontal force must be applied at the bottom of the gate to keep the gate closed? How major head loss in a pipe due to friction can be estimated? Discuss with derivation of equation. [8] ‘A rectangular channel 5.4m wide and 1.2m deep has a slope of 1 in 1000 and is lined ‘pith good rubble masonry, for which Manning’s n = 0.017. It is desired to increase the discharge to a maxinzum by changing the channel slope or the form of section. ‘The dimension of the section may be changed but the channel must contain the same amount of fining, Compute the new dimensions and probabie increase in discharge. [8] Discuss the design philosophy and criterion of desilting basin (6 water level 405m, bed level 350m. (10) RL ‘A concrete gravity dam has the maximum of dam 410m, d/s face slope starts at e! 400m, d/s slope 2:3, tail water is nil, w ofthe dam is vertical, uplift pressure is 100% at beel. Angle of friction of bed fe 37°. Weight of concrete is 24vm'. Check the stability of dam (jp overturning (i) siiding (il) rushing. Mention your recommendations. Briefly discuss with mathematical equation the hydraulic design and stability criterion of a simple cylindrical surge tank. ° e ‘A Peiton Wheel develops 5 MW power under 320m head at efficiency of 78' of peripherial veldcity of wheel to jet velocity is 0.46, specific speed diameter of bucket circle and size of buckets. Take coefficient of discharge as 0.9 (10) (8)Examination Control Division Y Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as pt lar / Back TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY ITUTE OF ENGINEERING bi Pass Marks rogramme | BE rine 2068 Bhadra Your (Part | MI / I Subject: - Hydropower ¥ attempt any Five questions. Y. The figures in the margin indicate Full Marks. Assume suitable data if necessary. 1, a) Dedine an expression for total pressure and center of pressure on a curved surface I ») a) b) a) b) ») °) fully submerged in a static mass of liquid, If two pipes of diameter 'Dj and 'd' and equal length L are arranged in parallel, the loss of head for a flow of Qis WY If the same pipes ae arranged in series the loss of head for the same flow Q is ht If d = 0.5D, find the percentage of total flow through each pipe when placed in parallel and the ratio(H/h). Neglect minor losses and assume f to be constant. (3] How discharge can be estimated through a venturimeter? What conditions must be satisfied for a triangular channel section to be most economical? [4-4] ‘A trapezoidal channel is to be designed to carry 280m’/min of water. Determine the cross- sectional dimensions of the channel if the slope is 1 in 1600, side slopes 45° . and the cross section is to the minimum. Take C = 50 SI units. (8] Define catchment area, mass curve, infiltration, percolation, runoff and performance , 6] characteristics of a pump. Compute the stream flow from the following measurements. [10] Distance(m) 10/06/12, 18)] 24] 30] 36] 42748 | 54 | 6.0 16.6 Depth (m) | 0 | 0.3 | 1.29] 2.16 | 2.55 | 2.22 | 1.68 | 1.41 | 1.05 | 0.63 | 0.421 0 | Vox(nn/s) | 0 [0.42 | 0.57] 0.78 | 0.87 | 0.81 | 0.75 | 0.69 | 0.63 | 0.54 | 0.457 O | voslavs) | 0 [0.21 [0.36] 0.54 [0.60 | 0.30 | 0.51 | 0.45 0.39 | 0.33 | 0.301 O | With appropriate sketches, describe the procedure of designing a desilting basin. (8) Find the minimum safe width for an elementary profile of a gravity dam of 20m height. The specific gravity of the dam material is 2.25. Calculate the principie and shear stresses at the toe of such dam. Take the uplift factor k as 0.45. [3] ‘With appropriate expressions, discuss how the wall thickness and size of penstocks [6-2] are determined. What is the stability criteria of a simple circular surge tank? [8] Design a Pelton wheel turbine with following data: Design discharge = 2m'/s Net head = 605m Overall efficiency = 87% ‘Why surge task and forebay are provided in hydel, power plant system? Mentio: functions of intake. Explain with neat sketches, various failure mechanisms of an earthen dam, “Write a short note on planning a hydro power project23. TRIBNUVAN UNIVERSITY Ean. INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING [Level Examination Control Division | Programme | BI 5) 2070 Bhadra F ‘Subject: - Hydropower (CE660) Y Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable. Y Attempt All questions. Y The figures in the margin indicate Full Marks. Y Assume suitable data if necessary. 1, Define the terms specific gravity, and specific weight. Differentiate between Newtonian and Non Newtonian fluid showing diagram of variations of shear stress with velocity gradient. (2+4] 2. What do you mean by a.channel of hydrailically best section? Shows that the hydraulic niean depth for a trapezoidal channel is half the depth of flow. [2+6] 3. Two reservoirsare connected by a pipe line which is 20 em in diameter for the first 5m and 30 cm in diameter for the remaining 20 m. The entrance and exit are sharp and ‘change of section is sudden. If the water surface in the upper reservoir is 6 m, above that in the lower reservoir, calculate head losses and rate of flow. Take f = 0.01 for all cases. (8] 4... What is the use of manometer? Show the working principle of inverted manometer with er neat sketch. 5.:, Define with application of stage discharge curve in hydropower project. [6] 6. What is the function of forebay? Describe the types of surge tank. [2+3] 7. Estimate primary and secondary enefgy from the data given below. [10] Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May] Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct [Nov | Dec en 30 | 28 | 24 | 29 | 18 | 37 | 65 | 90} 74 | 56 | 42 | 39 Net head available = 102 m Discharge capacity = 55 m"/s Overall efficiency = 76% 8. How does a centrifugal pump work? Mention the parameter that govern dimensioning of power house. - G43] 9. Mention with neat sketches different types of spillway gates. (6] 10. A hydropower plant was designed for 150 m®/s under the head of 46 m. If the speed of the turbine is to be 165 rpm and overall efficiency is 86.5%, determine the number of units required and output of each unit, ifthe propeller turbine of specific speed 234 is selected. [8] 11. Determine the uplift presstre force on a gravity dam of 40m height, 10 m top width with ws face vertical and the base width = 30 m. The tail water depth is 5 m and the free board is 3 m, What will be the uplift pressure force when there is a drainage gallery at a distance of 6 m from ws face? . 12. Explain different types of intake used in hydropower projects with neat s ae P.672B TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY | Exam, INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING | Level BE Tull Marks | 80 Examination Control Division | Programme |e. | pass Marks |32_ | 2070 Magh ea A/T (hi [3 hrs. Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable. Attempt All questions. v v ¥ The figures in the margin indicate Full Marks, Y Assume suitable data if necessary. 1. How do you measure difference of pressure between any two points in a pipe? Explain with neat sketch and mathematical expression. (6) 2. Caleulate dimensions of a most efficient trapezoidal channel section having side slopes SHEAV with n = 0.012 consider bed slope 1 in 2000 which carries water at a velocity of a 0.50 mis. 3, Anisosceles triangle plate of base 4 m and altitude 6 m is immersed vertically in water. It axis of symmetry is parallel tothe free surface and at a depth of 6 m from the free water ‘surface. Calculate the magnitude and location of the total pressure force. 7) 4. A pipe line (AB) conveying oil (specific gravity = 0.90) has diameters 250 mm and 500 mn at A and B respectively. The center line of the pipe at B is 5 m above that at A. Ifthe 5 intensities at A and B are 125 Kpa and 75 Kpa and the discharge is 225 liter per second. Find the loss of head and the direction of flow. {8] s B . (Cente line z 4 5, ‘Defize cavitations erosion in spillway? Explain with neat sketch of different types of ‘energy dissipator used on hydropower plant. [244] 6. What are the objectives of the provision of draft tube for the reaction turbine? Write notes ‘on the working principal of governors. - (243) 7. Howpeak flow is estimated by using emperical method and Gumbel’s distribution? (2+4} 8, Discuss with neat sketch the force acting on a gravity dam. (6) 9, What criterias do you consider while designing and laying out a hydraulic tunnel. Explain. (343) 10, Design a peltron turbine with following data: . (8) Overall efficiency = 87% Discharge (Qd) = 1.8m°/s Net head (H) = 605 m 11 From the following data of flow ata given site for an average year compute and draw a ower duration curve, Assume an average net available head of 100 m and a combined furbine generator efficiency of 89%, Determine the primary and secondary energy available during a year if the plant capacity is fixed at power corresponding to the flow ~ available for 45% of time. 20) How 1500] 600 | 500 1 450 | 400 | 360 [ 340 | 300 | 280 | 200 | 140 | 100 Y%time | £1 10 ]20 | 30 | 40 | 50 | 60 | 70 | 80 | 90 | 12, What do you understand by economical diameter of penstock pipe? Why it is necessary to remove the sediment of flow in hydropep ¢ gproject? 623 TRIBHUVANUNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING | Level Full Marks [82 | Examination Control Division | Programme | BEL Pass Marks | 32 | if, 2071 Bhadra Year/ Part [T/T | J Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable. Attempt All questions, The figures in the margin indicate Full Marks. Assume suitable data if necessary. SARK . What factors should be considered in, selecting a site for a stream gauging station? Describe briefly the procedure of using a current meter for measuring velocity of streams. (3+3] 2. State Bemoulli’s equation. Mention the assumptions made. How is it modified while applying in real practice? [141+2) 3. A pipeline supplies 0.09 m/s water from a reservoir to a building. The pipe is 2 km long and 0.15 m diameter with friction factor 0.025. It is desired to increase the discharge by 25% by insialling another pipeline having same friction factor in parallel with this over half the length. Recommend a suitable diameter of the pipe to be installed. (8) .4,,, What is meant by economical channel section? Prove that triangular channel section will be most economical when each of its slopes is 1:1 and sloping sides makes an angle of 45° with vertical. - (245) = 5." A rectangular plate 0.6 m wide and 1.2 m deep lies within a water body such that its plane is inclined at 40° to'the horizontal and the top edge is 0.70 m below the water surftce. Deteimine the total pressure force on the plate and the location of the center of pressure. [8] | What are the functions of forebay? Describe briefly about layout of forebay on hydropower project with neat sketch. - (243) 7. What is the flow duration curve? Describe in brief the parameters influencing planning of hydropower projects. | (2+6) 8, @) Why draft tube is used in Francis turbine? How does a centrifugal pump works? Discuss. B43] b) Whats the significance of a governor in'a turbine? 8) 9, What criterias do you consider while designing and laying out a hydraulic tunnel? Explain. 6 10, Draw a typical layout of powerhouse with Francis turbine. How would you fix the appropriate dimension of the powerhouse? (243) 11-List out any five types of spillway used in hydropower projects in the dam reserve’: "system, Explain briefly the most suitably type of spillway inthe contest of Nepalese river site. [2+4} 12. What is an elementary profile of 2 gravity dam? What condition should be satisfied for such profile? Explain with mathematical expression. (8) te P65Py INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING Examination Control Division S. ‘TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY 2071 Magh es Doe KAAS 1. The sector shown in figure below consists of a cylindrical surface ‘i ‘Subject: - Hydropower (CE560) ‘Candidates are required to give their answers ia their own words as far as practicable. “Attempt All questions. _ ‘The figures in the margin indicate Full Marks “Agsume suitable data if necessary. of which AB is te trace, supported by a structural frame hinged at C the rength of te gate is 4m determize the gaguitude and location of the horizontal and vertical component of the 10 Inydostatic pressure on the gate.” 2. What js-water hammer and what are its effects? How the water hammer pressure is, wirtblated forthe gradual closure ofthe valve in the pipe? 3, Find the pressure difference between the container ‘Aand Bas shown in figure liquid Water ofsp sr Mercury |. How the discharge of a stream or river can be computed by slope area method. . State Bemoulli’s equation of motion along one dimensional streamline flow of an incompressible fiuid. Also’ explain the significant of various energy terns with assumptions = Dae P.63 tm, BH] 7) (9) 233)6, Beplain the level of studies involved in reconnaissance, prefeasibility and feasibility studies of the hydro power project. @) 7, Explain the hydraulic design criteria of a setting basin, - 5] 8. Design a Pelton turbine with the following data: 19 Design discharge = 2 m°/s Net head = 605 m Overall efficiency = 87% Specific speed = 100 , ‘Assure the ratios and coefficients from their standard range. 9. Check safety against sliding and overtuiniig for the -gravity dam shown in figure. ‘Assume, unit weight of water = 9.81 KN/m, unit weight of concrete = 24 kN/m angle of internal ‘friction © =-37°, uplift coefficient = 80%, Consider self-weight, hydrostatic pressure and uplift pressure only. Mention your recommendations. tesa “1 42.0mr 4.0 | . * 10. Explain with neat sketch, different types of intakes and its suitability in hydropower 61 projects. 11, Define cavitation. Write about cavitation phenomenon over the spillway. pay.” 12. Whats the purpose of governor? Write’ about the governing of Francis Turbine. [244] ae P.64‘TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY { Exam, 23 EERING ~ | Level INSTITUTE OF ENGIN! , Examination Control Division | Programme BEL 2072 Ashwin [Year/Part_[ 1II/TL lo ae wie ts f 7 Subject: - Hydropower (CE660)__ their own words as far as practicable. Candidates are required to give their answers in t v Y Attempt All questions. The figures in the margin indicate Full Marks. v “Assume suitable data if necessary. . Classify the fluid flows with examples: (i) Compressible versus Incompressible 5 (i) Laminar versus Turbulent and (ii) Steady versus Unsteady. [24242] a (3*3] 2. Define the following terms: i) Froude number ii) Specific energy iii) Best hydraulic section A rectangular channel, 8 m wide and 1.5 m deep, has a slope of 0001 in 1 and is lined ‘ith smooth concrete plaster. It is desired to enhance the discharge to a maximum by Ghanging the dimensions of the channel but keeping the same amount of lining. Find the rete plaster, take new dimensions and percentage increase in discharge. For smooth conc! Manning's constant = 0.015. (10) low. The 4. The data pertaining to a stream-gauging operation at a gauging site are given bel mnt meter is v = (0.55 N + 0.04)m/s. Calculate the discharge in : (8 rating equation of the curre the stream. - [Dist from left edge (m) 0]10 | 40 | 7.0 [10.0 | 11.0 2] Depth (m) 0| 15 [25 | 35 | 24 0 Revolution of current meter at 0.6d_| 0 | 40 60 | 120 | 125 0 Duration of observations (s) 0 | 100 | 100 | 150 | 150 | 0 5, Sketch the layout of hydropower scheme showing different components parts. B) 6. What are the major sources of electric power generation? Discuss the relative merits and demerits of hydropower, as compared to thermal power. (243) 7. Describe the forces that possibly acted to the gravity dam. Show them in neat and clean sketch. Describe the stability requirements of gravity dam. (9) 8. Differentiate between a Surge Tank and a Forebay. (4 9. Explain the design principle and criteria of settling basin with neat sketches of basin and discuss the different component of the basin. an 10. Differentiate between Pelton turbine and Francis turbine with the help of their performance characteristics. (6) 11. What is meant by economical diameter of penstock pipe? Why is it necessary to work out (343) in hydropower plant? 12. In hydropower préject the available river discharge is 340m'/s under the net h able | ead of 27.5 m. If the speed of the turbine is to be 166.7 rpm and overall efficiency is 38% Determine the number of unit required if Kaplan turbine of specific speed 560 rpm in SI 7 unit is selected, P.6122 TRIBHUVANUNT INSTITUTE OF Examination Control Di 2072 Magh Pass Marks [32 | 3h. | Hydropower (CE660) Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable. Attempt All questions: The figures in the margin indicate Full Marks, Assume suitable data if necessary, . Calculate the specific weight, specific mass, specific gravity of one liter of liquid which weighs 10N. io . The gate AB shown in figure below, is hinged at A and is in the form of quarter-circle wall of radius 15 m and width 50 m, calculate the force required P to hold the gate in position. (3) .”'A 950 mm diameter steel pipe carries water at the rate of 1.8 m’/sec. The pipe wall has a thickness of 1 cm. The elastic modulus of steel is 2.11*10° kgffem” and the bulk modulus of water is 2.15%10" kgflem?, Determine the increase in pressure if the valve at the end of “4:0 kam long pipes closed in 3.5 seconds. — . ful Calculate the average rainfall over a catchment area 250 km” by using arithmetic, thiessen and isohytal method. Isohyets drawn for a storm with following data: (24343) Station | Teofiyeal interval (Em) | Arex enclosed (am) | Polygon area (4) | A 1.8-2.0 B 15 B 2.0.2.2 70 31 Cc 2.22.4 50 21 D (2.426 35 133 _ SO inners | Define environmental flow, Discuss power duration curve and its role forthe assessment of amount of hydropower available at a site. 246)6. A conorete gravity dam of given profile is proposed by a designer for implementation Fcmeit share resistance and angle of shearing resistance is 500 KNim’ and °. Check stability of the dam against 36° respectively. Unit weight of concrete is 25 KN/m 4 Ao og (i Overturing (i) Sliding. 7. a) Describe the design criteria of penstock pipe in hydropower plant (5) ' b) What isan intake? Writ briefly about side intake. [+4] & Discuss with neat sketches the arrangement and suitability of vertical and radial gates used in hydropower plants. . [6] a) Differentiate between centrifugal and reci y 4] Lb) Desoribe the working principle of governor. (61 ~g) What isa draft tube? Write the importance of the draft tube. (2+3] 10, Define the following terms: (2%3] a), Viscosity = b) Cavitation - wee P.6023. TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING | Le Examination Control Division Jo 2073 Bhadra Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable. Attempt AUl questions. - The figures in the margin indicate Full Marks Assume suitable data if necessary. eS « a) Classify the fluid fows with examples: (i) Laminar versus Turbulent (ii) Steady versus Unsteady. si (242) ) Discuss surface tension and Capillarity. 4) 2. Find the net hydrostatic force per unit width on rectangular pane! AB in the figure given below and determine its line of action. 10} ‘Gycerin Ve 4 7 Sp. wt.= 12.36 KN/m? = 3. Apipe 5 em diameter is 5 m long and carries a discharge of 0.005 m?/s, Find the loss of head-due to friction. The cestral 2 m length of the pipe is replaced by a pipe 7.5 cm diameter, the changes of section being sudden. Determine the loss of head due to these alternatives considering all losses. Take f = 0.01 for all pipes and contraction loss“ coefficient = 0.5. 4. At known distances from an initial point on the stream bank, the measured depth and 4 ‘vel of a river are shown in table. Calculate the corresponding discharge at this f location. 8 Distance from initial ]“0 | 10 | 20°) 30 |'40 | 50 | 60 | 70 | 80 | 90 | 9 point (m) : _ Depth (mi) o'| 10 | 1.5 | 20 | 25 | 3.0} 45 | 3.0] 20] 15] 0 Mean veocty (m/s) | 0 | 06 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 12114 [46 [43 [10 fos] o . Following table shows the mean monthly flow of a typical river of Nepal. Estimate the primary and secondary energies available ix the river throughout the year, Assume 10% of minimum flow of the series has to be released for environmental flow to the downstream from the dam, Take ovérallefficietcy of the plant is 80% and effective head is 155 m. {10} Month i 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 to | ut 12 Discharge, mils | 1150 | 1140 | 1450 | 1830 | 1700 | 1550 | 1150 | 1000 | 850 | 400 | ago | 960 Note: The months are as per Nepalese calend: 1 as Baishakh and so on. P55| 6. A concrete dam of trapezoidal section is of height 50 m with upstream vertical face. Top | ‘width, base width and freeboard are 4.5 m, 42 m and 5 m respectively. Check the stability of the dam against (i) Overturning (i) sliding (iii) Tension and (iv) Crushing. The unit weight of water is 10 KN/m’, the unit weight of concreté is 25 KN/m? and Crushing __ strength of the material 10 kg/cm’. Take angle of internal friction (=37°), uplift coefficient 0.8. Consider self-weight, hydraulic pressure and uplift pressure only. Mention ‘your recommendation, % 7. With considering turbulent effect, design a settling basin to remove’ the sediment size . greater than 0.25 mm diameter. Assume design discharge of the basin is 10 m/s and trap efficiency as 95%. _ 8. What is the main propose of spillway? List out the different type of spillway used in hydropower projects. ; 9. a) Differentiate between’ impulse and reaction turbines’ with. the help. of their performance characteristics. b) What is the purpose of govemor in a turbine? How does a centrifugal pump works? 48 ji [8] (8) (145) ; (4) 4gaa (ar4] wee BETPERN alate ss 23 ‘TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING Examination Control Division | Programme | BEL 30 2073 Magh [Year/Part [Ti/i Subject: - Hydropower (CE660) fae Y Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable. Y Attempt All questions. Y The figures in the margin indicate Full Marks: —~ Y. Assume suitable data if necessary. 1. Define the terms: "Specific energy and Specific heat. A liquid compressed in a cylinder has a volume of 2000 cm? at pressure 2 MN/mn? and a volume of 1990 cm? at pressure 4 MNim?. What is its bulk modulus of elasticity? bey 2. a) A sector gate with length 3.0 m is mounted on the spillway of a dam as shown. Determine the magnitude and the directiof of the resultant force on the gate. The line ; of action of this pressure force passes thréugh the gate axis, (4) B b) Determine the suitabie size of cadt iron pipe to camry 200 Vs of water with an energy Joss of 20 m in a length of 3000 m. Take friction factor (f) = 0.02. ne 16 3, a) Explain in details the measurement of discharge in ariver using area-velocity method. . [4 b) Differentiate between the Empirical and Rational methods to estimate the peak flow inacatchment. =>. ; : (4 4. Define the following and give one. practical examples for each (i) steady flow (24242 (i turbulent flow and (ii) steady non uniform flow. 5. a) Write the benefits of hydropower over thermal power. ‘ tc b) Estimate installed capacity, firm capacity and annual primary energy of a hydropower | plant, which is constructed in a river having the mean monthly flow data as given in the table. The net head, turbine discharge and overall plant efficiency are 100 m, 20 m/s and 80% respectively. LSHLS+ Month. Jan [Feb [Mar | Apr [May [Jun [tul_ [Aug [Sep | Oct_| Nov | Dec Flow (ay 116 [14 112 [15 [is [25 |50 [40 [30 [22 }20 ]i8 P.57,6. a) Explain the design principle of settling basin with neat sketch of basin and discuss the different components of the basin. {6} b) What do you understand by economical diameter of penstock pipe? What are the functions of forebay? B43) 7. List out three different types of spillways used in hydropower. Describe the occurrence of cavitation in a spillway and write about cavitation erosion. (343) 8. Write three advantages-and three disadvantages of concrete. gravity dam over concrete and dam. Describe the stability requirements of Concrete gravity dam. {444} 9. Draw net sketch of side intake with all components-Discuss suitability of vertical and radial gates used in hydropower plants. (3+4) 10. What is specific speed of turbine? How is specific speed of a turbine different from its speed and how does it help us select a particular type of turbine. [245] we,23 TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING Examination Control Division 2074 Bhadra Level ‘Programme | Pass Marks 32 Time The Y Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable Y Attempt All questions. Y The figures in the margin indicate Full Marks, ¥ Assume suitable data if necessary. 1. a) Define mass density, specific weight, specific volume and specific gravity. (2) b) A liquid compressed in a cylinder has a volume of 3600 cm’ at pressure 4 MN/m” and a volume of 3200 cm’ at pressure 8 MN/m”. What is bulk modulus of elasticity? 4) 2. A vertical rectangular gate 4m x 2m (4 m side being vertical) is hinged at a point 10 cm below the centre of gravity of the gate. The depth of water is 6 m above the bottom of the gate. What is horizontal force must be applied at the bottom of the gate to keep it in vertical position? (8) 3. Define the following and give one practical example for each i) steady and unsteady flow ii) laminar and turbulent flow 4) 4, Find the, normal depth of flow in a triangular channel having longitudinal slope of 0.0004 and side slopes of 1:1 when it carries 1 m’/sec, manning roughness coefficient (n) = 0.014. 8] 5. Compute the stream flow for the measurement data given below. (0) Distance (m) 0[06 [12 [18 [24 [3.0 [3.6 [42 148 [5.4 |60 166 Depth (m) 0 [0.3 | 1.29 | 2.16 | 2.55 | 2.22 | 1.68 | 1.41 | 1.05 | 0.63 | 0.42 | 0 ‘Velocity (avs) at | 0 | 0.42 | 0.57 | 0.78 | 0.87 | 0.81 | 0.75 | 0.69 | 0.63 | 0.54 | 0.45 | 0 0.2d | Velocity (m/s) at [0 | 0.21 | 0.36} 0.54 | 0.60 [0.30 | 051 | 0.45 | 0.39 [0.33 | 0.30] 0 08d 6. Mean monthly flow for a Nepalese river is given below, the net head of river 150m, overall efficiency of 85%. Assume 10% of water of minimum flow is required to be left for environment and downstream user in the river. Determine the primary and secondary energy produced by the plant, if design discharge is set to 950 m’/s, {10} ‘Month [Jan [Feb [Mar [Apr [May [Jun | July [Aug | Sept | Oct [Nov | Dec } 8 1 “ | Qm%s | 100 | 120 [140 [300 | 350_| 1800 2000 [2520 [2000 [900 [650 | S00 | Assume any other date suitably if required. 7, a) What do you mean by a spillway? Briefly describe on ogee spillway (4) b) A concrete gravity dam has maximum reservoir level 250 m, base level of dam 200 m, tail water elevation 210 m, base width of dam 40 m, location of drainage gallery 10 m from upstream face which may be assumed as vertical. Compute hydrostatic thrust and uplift force per unit length of dam at its base level. Assume 50% reduction in net seepage head at the location of the drainage gallery (s+5}A conical draft tube having inlet and outlet diameters 1.5 m and 2.1 m discharges water at Gutiet with a velocity of 3 nvs. The total length of the draft tube is 7.5 m and 1.5 m of length of draft tube is immersed in water. If loss of head due to friction in draft tube is 0.2 = velocity head at the tube outlet, determine pressure head at inlet of the draft tube. ‘Also find the efficiency of the draft tube. 9. Why settling basin is essential in hydropower electric project in Nepal? Draw a layout plan and section of typical settling basin along with its design criteria. 10. Describe the selection criteria of hydraulic turbines for hydroelectric power plants. 11. Describe various types of spillways used in hydropower plants with neat sketches. (61 B+3) (41 4)Examination Control Division | Programme woM oS AR A « & w Exam. Level 23 ‘TRIBHUVAN UNIVE! INSTITUTE OF ENGINE] 2075 Baisakh | Year /Part | 11/11 Subject: - Hydropower (CE660) Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable. 10. Attempt All questions, The figures in the margin indicate Full Marks Assume suitable data if necessary. . State the Newton's law of viscosity and explain the importance of viscosity in fluid motion. [+4] Define the terms total pressure and centre of pressure. Derive expressions for total pressure and centre of pressure for a vertically immersed surface. [2+3+3] Explain the total energy line and the hydraulic gradient line for fluid flow through a piping system with neat sketch. (4 Find the rate of flow for a rectangular channel 7.5 m wide for uniform flow at a depth of 2.25 m. The channel is having bed slope as 1 in 1000. Take Chezy’s constant C = 55. [8] Compute the discharge of a stream with the following data. (10) Distance from left bank (m)[0| 2 | 4 | 6 | 8 [10] 12 Depth (m) - [69/24/22] 1.0] 06] - Velocity at 0.24 = [0.6 [0.9 | 0.7| 0.6 | 0.4 [Velocity at 0.8d = [0.4 [0.6/0.5] 04] 03] - Determine the primary and secondary energy if the hydrograph as shown below is given net head = 200 m and efficiency = 80%. What is the volume of the pondage required if the firm capacity is increased by 150%. [10] Month [Jan | Feb | Mar| Apr | May [Jun [July | Aug | Sept | Oct | Nov | Dec Discharge | 100 | 120 | 140 | 300 | 320 | 1800 | 2000 | 2510 | 2000 | 900 | 500 | 300 (m/s) I a) What is meant by elementary profile of a gravity dam? Explain for fixing the width of the elementary profile of concrete gravity dam by considering no tension and no sliding criteria. 3+5) b) Why settling basin is essential in hydropower electric project in Nepal? Draw a layout plan and section of typical settling basin along with its design criteria. (343) . What is meant by economic diameter of tunnel? How do you work out it? [1+5} a) What are the functions of forebay? Describe briefly about the layout of forebay on hydropower project with neat sketch. (243) b) Describe the criterions to be considered while designing a settling basin. (5] What are the objectives of the provision of surge tank for the hydropower project? Discuss the various factors which govern the determination of economical diameter of 4] penstock. a0