VOLCANOES FOUND IN

THE PHILIPPINES
 OBJECTIVES:
❏ Describe the different types of
volcanoes and volcanic
eruption.
❏ Explain what happens when
volcanoes erupt.
❏ illustrate how energy from
volcanoes may be tapped for
human use.
❏ Create a group presentation
that shows different volcanoes
in the philippine.
Volcano: A mound of material that is extruded to the
Earth’s surface from a vent that is connected to a magma
chamber via a feeder conduit.
The nature of the extruded material (and the volcano
itself) depends on the properties of the magma.

Magma: Molten rock within the Earth.

Magma is called lava when it reaches the surface.

Viscosity: a measure of how easily a fluid flows. Water has
a low viscosity, molasses has a much higher viscosity.
Magma Chemical Temperature Viscosity Gas
Type Composition (degrees C) Content

Basaltic 45-55% SiO2; 1000 - 1200 Low Low

High in Fe, Mg,
Ca; Low in K,
Na.
Andesitic 55-65% SiO2; 800-1000 Intermediate Intermediate
Intermediate
Fe, Mg, Ca, Na,
K
Rhyolitic 65-75% SiO2; 650-800 High High
Low in Fe, Mg,
Ca; High in K,
Na
High SiO2 magmas, gaseous and with high viscosity, tend
to plug their vents until the force of escaping magma blows
the vent clear; such magmas cause explosive volcanoes.

Low SiO2 magmas, with little gas and low viscosity, flows
readily through their vents and across the land surface
when the lava escapes the vents.
 Types of volcanic deposits
(photos from USGS)

Lava: Hot (up to 1200 degrees C), fluid, molten rock

that flows along the land surface.
Lava can flow like viscous water, including forming lava
falls.
Pahoehoe: Lava with a ropelike surface texture due to
partial cooling as the lava flowed. Relatively hot, low
viscosity lava.
Pahoehoe
A thick deposit of pahoehoe lava
Aa: Blocky, rough lava flow. Due to high viscosity lava
that flowed pushing chunks of solid and semi-solid
blocks.
Lava tube: A tube
formed by cooling and
solidifying of the lava
walls while fluid lava
continued to flow inside.
Pillows: A form of closed lava tube (with a bulbous
end) that forms when a lava flows into water (e.g., a
lake or ocean) and cools very rapidly.

http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/04fire/background/volcanism/media/pillow_lava_video.html
Pyroclastic material: Debris formed by a volcanic
explosion. Results when magma is very viscous.

Tephra: The general term for all pyroclastic material

that is ejected from a volcano. Different terms apply
according to the size of the tephra. (syn. Ejecta)
Ash: tephra that is finer than 2 mm in diameter.
Lapilli: from 2 mm to 64 mm in diameter.

Blocks: hard fragments greater

than 64 mm in diameter.
Bombs: soft, partially melted fragments greater than
64 mm in diameter.
Tuff: A deposit made up of ash.
Welded tuff: A deposit of pyroclastic material that was
laid down while still very hot and particles become
fused together.
Ash fall: Fallout of very fine ash from the air.
Volcanic ash fall during
mid-day with the
eruption of Mount
Pinatubo in the
Philippines.
Ash flow: Pyroclastic debris that flows downslope.

Lahar: A water saturated slurry of ash and other

volcanic debris that flows downslope.
 CLASSIFICATION OF
VOLCANOES

CLASSIFICATION OF VOLCANOES
 Shield volcanoes:
dominated by lava flows.

Muana Loa Volcano – the world’s

largest volcano. (Hawaii)

http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/maunaloa/ Photograph by J.D. Griggs on January 10, 1985

Cinder cones: dominated
by pyroclastics.
Forms an isolated conical
mound of tephra.

Eve Cone is
a 172
m-high
scoria cone
(cinder
cone) on the
flank of Mt.
Edziza, a
complex
stratovolcan
o in northern
British
Photograph by J.P. Lockwood on 1
December 1975 Columbia.
Internally constructed entirely of layers of pyroclastic
deposits (blocks, bombs, lapilli).

Slopes are steep, at angle of repose.

Angle of repose: the natural maximum angle that a
pile of loose, unconsolidated material will form.
 Stratovolcanoes
Volcanoes that alternate between periods of lava flows
(constructive phase) and periods of explosive eruptions
(destructive phase).

Commonly called “composite volcanoes” because they

are made up of both lava and pyroclastic deposits.

Steep slopes, at angle of

repose or greater.

© Noemi Emmelheinz 2001

 Mt. St. Helens Before

Mt. St. Helens After

The Distribution of volcanoes
2/3 of all volcanoes are along the Ring of Fire that
surrounds the Pacific Ocean.
 Oceanic Ridge Volcanoes

Intrusion of material from the magma chamber creates

new oceanic crust as the sea floor spreads.

Basaltic pillow lavas

dominate the
submerged volcanoes.
The Pacific plate is moving
towards the northwest.

The volcanic islands have

been successively “pushed
off” the hot spot by plate
movement.
Prediction of Volcanic Eruptions

Long Term Short-term

Prediction prediction
Hazard zones have been distinguished around Mt. Shasta
based on topography and past experience with eruptions.

Zone 1: areas likely to be affected

Zone 1 most frequently. Most future flows
from summit eruptions probably
would stay within this zone.
Hazard zones have been distinguished around Mt. Shasta
based on topography and past experience with eruptions.

Zone 1: areas likely to be affected

Zone 2 most frequently. Most future flows
from summit eruptions probably
would stay within this zone.

Zone 2: areas likely to be affected

by lava flows erupted from vents
on the flank of the volcano or that
move into zone 2 from zone 1.
Hazard zones have been distinguished around Mt. Shasta
based on topography and past experience with eruptions.

Zone 1: areas likely to be affected

Zone 3 most frequently. Most future flows
from summit eruptions probably
would stay within this zone.

Zone 2: areas likely to be affected

by lava flows erupted from vents
on the flank of the volcano or that
move into zone 2 from zone 1.
Zone 3: areas likely to be affected
infrequently and then only by long
lava flows that originate at vents in
zones 1 and 2
Prediction of Volcanic Eruptions

Long Term Short-term

Prediction prediction
Surface tilting: recognition of changes in the land
surface due to building pressure in the conduit.
A surface bulge appeared on Mt. St. Helens prior to its
eruption.
April 8, 1980

April 26 May 2
Earthquakes: generated as
the magma moves up the
feeder conduit to the vent.
Movement takes place in a
series of “jerks” as the rock
material breaks. Each
“jerk” produces an
earthquake.
Magnitudes generally less
than 5 M.
The more earthquakes the
further the magma has
moved.
A combination of approaches is likely the key to short-term prediction.
The impact of volcanic eruptions
Group activity. Create a group representation that shows one volcanic
eruption in the philippines this must includes; name of volcano,
when it erupted, where it located, type of volcano, what type of
eruption it posses and what happen after it was erupted.
Note: provide your written output (doc. and images) and PPT.