INGLES III

TP3

UNIDAD DIDÁCTICA 3
TEMA 7 - READING AND COMPREHENSION

“NON-PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT FOR ADULT PATIENTS WITH FUNCTIONAL

CONSTIPATION”

1. Leé el texto “Non pharmacological treatment for adult patients with functional constipation”
(con ayuda de un diccionario para comprenderlo, si es necesario) y completá el siguiente texto
con alguna de las palabras de la lista:

Study / symptoms / mean / chronic / trials / findings /

life / well / being / reviews / patients

Functional constipation (FC) is a common clinical condition without any specific physiological
causes. The prevalence of constipation ranges from 0.7% to 81% around the world, whereas
the prevalence of FC varies from 2.4% to 27.2%. The ____ MEAN ___________ (1) prevalence
of FC was reported to be 14% in a recent systematic review. FC is a chronic and refractory
condition; a ____ STUDY _____________ (2) showed that 89% of patients with constipation still
reported constipation during a mean follow-up period of 14.7 months. Constipation symptoms
significantly reduce patients’ quality of ___ LIFE ____ (3) (QOL), mentally and physically.
Additionally, it is reported that constipation is related to a higher possibility of obesity. Direct cost
of _____ CHRONIC ____ (4) FC for each patient ranges from $1912 to $7522/year. Considering
that FC makes a significant impact on QOL and influences physical and emotional____ WELL-
BEING ___ (5), it should be considered as a major public health problem.
A number of therapies are used to manage constipation ____ SYMPTOMS ___ (6) for patients
with FC, such as laxatives, selective 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 4 (5-HT4) agonists, etc.
Recent systematic _____ REVIEWS___ (7) reported that laxatives, prucalopride, lubiprostone
and linaclotide are effective for managing FC compared with placebo; however, more events of
diarrhea were reported. Similar _____ FINDINGS ___ (8) were made in several recent reviews
that pharmacological therapies are effective for relieving constipation symptoms, but more
adverse events happen in patients receiving these treatments. Traditional herbal medicine was
reported to be helpful with less adverse events in the treatment of FC; however, recent reviews
concluded that more trials with rigorous design are needed to confirm the effectiveness of
traditional herbal medicine for FC.

Non-pharmacological therapies are popular among patients with FC; however, most of them
lack supportive evidence. A systematic review reporting non-pharmacological treatments for
paediatric constipation concluded that there is a lack of well-designed randomised-controlled
_____ TRIALS _____ (9) to verify whether these treatments are effective. Although several non-
pharmacological therapies were claimed to be beneficial for patients with FC, most of them
lacked supportive evidence. Therefore, we raised the following questions: are non-
pharmacological therapies effective and efficacious for patients with FC? if so, are non-
pharmacological therapies safe for patients with FC? To answer these questions, we will
conduct a systematic review of non-pharmacological therapies for ______ PATIENTS ___ (10)
with FC, hoping to find the answers. In this article, we present a protocol for the systematic
review.
UNIDAD DIDÁCTICA 3
TEMA 8 - READING AND COMPREHENSION

“THE EFFECT OF NUTRITIONAL ELEMENTS ON THE IMMUNE SYSTEM”

1. Leé el texto “The effect of nutritional elements on the immune system” (con ayuda de un
diccionario para comprenderlo, si es necesario) e interpretá/traducí al castellano las siguientes
expresiones médicas, teniendo en cuenta cómo son ulilizadas en el texto de referencia:

Palabra Traducción

Ailments ENFERMEDAD- DOLENCIAS

Human beings HUMANOS

Damaging effects EFECTOS DAÑINOS

Bodies CUERPOS

Thymus TIMO

Spleen BAZO

Lymph nodes GANGLIOS LINFATICOS

Cells CELULAS

Breakdown DESINTEGRACION

Harm DAÑO

Intake NGESTA

Research INVESTIGACION

Balance EQUILIBRIO

Illness ENFERMEDAD

Skin PIEL

Threats AMENAZA

Response RESPUESTA

Disease PATOLOGIA

Die MORIR
Milk LECHE

Dairy products PRODUCTOS LACTEOS

Egg HUEVO

Food ALIMENTO

Dangerous PELIGROSO

Spoilage DESPERDICIO

Chain CADENA

Feeding ALIMENTACION

Cranberry ARANDANO

Flax seed SEMILLA DE LINO

Beans POROTOS

Carrots ZANAHORIA

Tomatoes TOMATES

Fruit FRUTA

Tea TE

Wine VINO

Barley CEBADA

Oat AVENA

Growth CRECIMIENTO

Sugar AZUCAR

Starch ALMIDON

Amount CANTIDAD

Liver HIGADO

Blood SANGRE

Raw CRUDO

Meat CARNE
 Breast cancer CANCER DE MAMA

Blood pressure PRESION SANGUINEA

Wound HERIDA

Healing CICATRIZACION

Surgical QUIRÚRGICO

Risk RIESGO

Intestinal injury LESION INTESTINAL

Bonemarrow MEDULA OSEA

Flu GRIPE

Yolk YEMA DE HUEVO

Bones HUESOS

Platelets PLAQUETAS

Elderly VEJEZ

Hazelnut AVELLANA

Walnut NUEZ

Iron HIERRO

Bowel INTESTINO

Giblets MENUDOS

Whole wheat bre PAN INTEGRAL

UNIDAD DIDÁCTICA 3
TEMA 9 - READING AND COMPREHENSION

“B VITAMINS RELATED TO HOMOCYSTEINE METABOLISM IN ADULTS CELIAC

DISEASE PATIENTS”

1. Leé el texto “B vitamins related to homocysteine metabolism in adults celiac disease patients”
(con ayuda de un diccionario para comprenderlo, si es necesario) y seleccioná la opción
correcta para cada espacio en blanco.
The only treatment for celiac disease is the gluten-free diet. Few (1) ___ STUDIES ___ have
assessed the nutritional adequacy of this diet, especially of B vitamins related to homocysteine
metabolism. The (2) ___ AIM ____ of this study was to assess the nutritional status and serum
concentrations of B vitamins involved in homocysteine metabolism, and to determine whether
the dietary intake of these vitamins are meeting in celiac patients.

Celiac (3) _____ PATIENTS __ treated with Gluten free diet presented inadequacy of dietary
folate intake and low-serum concentrations of folate, suggesting that more attention should be
given to the quality of the nutrients offered, as it constitutes a lifelong (4) ___ TREATMENT __

Celiac disease (CD) is a systemic autoimmune disorder developed in genetically predisposed

individuals by the ingestion of gluten. CD is characterized by an inflammatory process that
occurs in the small intestine resulting in flattening of the villi and loss of absorptive function. The
only treatment for celiac disease is the total exclusion of gluten from the diet avoiding its food
source, such as (5) _____ ALL ARE CORRECT.____ The majority of celiac patients respond
well to the gluten-free diet (GFD). However, there are evidences of nutritional deficiencies in
these patients, mainly related to vitamin B complex.
Folate and vitamins B6 and B12 are, respectively, substrate and essential cofactors for
enzymes in homocysteine metabolism, which is an intermediate metabolite of methionine
synthesis pathway. Inadequate (6) ___ A AND B ARE CORRECT__ of those vitamins is the
most common cause of high concentrations of (7) ____ SERUM _____ homocysteine. About
two thirds of hyperhomocysteinemia cases are related to low or moderate serum concentration
of these vitamins, especially folate. In turn, hyperhomocysteinemia in untreated celiac patients
has been linked to common characteristics of this disease such as abortions, osteoporosis, and
cardiovascular (8) ___ DISEASE ___________________ .
Although some authors have shown hyperhomocysteinemia in treated celiac patients, few
studies have evaluated the role of GFD in providing adequate amounts of nutrients. Thus, the
aim of this study was to assess the nutritional status and serum concentrations of B vitamins
involved in homocysteine metabolism, and to determine whether the dietary intake of these
vitamins is meeting Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) in treated celiac patients.

(1) patients / studies / research / review

(2) aim / conclusion / result / discussion
(3) patients / studies / research / review
(4) study / cohort / treatment / assess
(5) wheat / rye / barley / all are correct.
(6) consumption / intake / eat / A and B are correct
(7) serum / bleeding / urine / blood
(8) disease / sickness / illness / B and C are correct