INGLES III

TP2

TEMA 4
READING AND COMPREHENSION

The Epidemiological Approach to Medicine

a. Which terms in the text have the following meanings?

1. The study of the distribution and determinants of disease in a population.

___epidemiology___
2. The rate of death in the first year of life. ___infant mortality rates___
3. Death rates standardised for age and sex. ___standardised mortality ratio__

b. Determine if the following statements are TRUE/CORRECT or FALSE/INCORRECT.

1. More money is spent on preventive medicine than on curative medicine. FALSE

2. In developed countries, death rates rise steeply after middle age. TRUE
3. In developing countries, death rates in the first few years of life are usually very
low. FALSE
4. Infant mortality rates are a useful index of the healthiness or otherwise of a
country. TRUE
5. The male appears to be biologically the weaker sex. TRUE
In the USA whites have higher death rates, age for age, than non-whites.
6. Seven Day Adventists often die of lung cancer. FALSE
7. In countries where health care has to be paid for directly, poorer people are less
healthy than richer people. TRUE

TEMA 4
VOCABULARY

EPIDEMIOLOGY
1. Complete the sentences. Look at A and B opposite (“Epidemiology”) to help you.

a. The proportion of episodes of illness that end fatally is the __CASE FATALITY___ rate.

b. The proportion of people who die in a particular period is the_ DEATH/MORTALITY_

rate.

c. The proportion of babies born in a particular period is the __BIRTH___ rate.

d. The proportion of patients who are still alive five years after treatment is the five-year
__SURVIVAL__ rate.

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 e. Ten per cent of the population have perennial rhinitis at any time. This is the
_PREVALENCE_.

f. Every year, 0,5-1,0% develop the condition. This is the __INCIDENCE_.

2. Complete the text using the correct grammatical form of each word. Look at the table and at
A, B and C opposite (“Epidemiology”) to help you.

(1) MORE COMMON

(2) HIGHEST

(3) COMMON

(4) LOWEST

(5) LOW

(6) UNCOMMON/RARE

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3. Find prepositions in A, B and C opposite (“Epidemiology”) that can be used to make word
combinations with the words in the box. Then use the correct forms of the words to complete the
sentences.

Affected / association / incidence / lead / rare

a. Recent surveys showed that the ___INCIDENCE OF___ HIV cases had come down in
the southern states of India.

b. Epidemiologic data suggest an _ASSOCIATION WITH__ obesity and depression, but

further studies are needed.

c. Appropriate preventive measures should __LEAD TO___ a reduction in the mortality

rate.

d. Thalassaemia is ____RARE IN_____ people of Northern European origin.

e. Male and female soldiers are equally __AFFECTED BY_____ post-traumatic stress
disorder.

TEMA 5
READING AND COMPREHENSION

Overweight and obesity

a. Read the text above and find the sentences below. Translate the principal idea into
Spanish.

1. Obesity is the result of an energy imbalance where energy intake exceeds energy
expended over time.
La obesidad es el resultado de un desequilibrio energético donde la ingesta de energía supera
el gasto de energía en exceso.

2. Lifestyle factors associated with obesity are Increased consumption of foods with high
levels of sugar and saturated fats, as well as a reduction in physical activity.
Los factores del estilo de vida asociados con la obesidad son el consumo aumentado de
alimentos con altos niveles

1. Obesity affects long-term health by______________________________

2. The cost of obesity in Australia was______________________________

3. _______________higher rate of obesity__________________________

4. Self-perception of own body weight among men and older women has implications
for______________________________________________
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TEMA 5
VOCABULARY

DATA PRESENTATION

1. Complete the table with the words from “Line graph” from Data presentation 2.

Verb Noun
Decrease decrease
Drop drop
Fall fall
Increase increase
Rise rise

2. Choose the correct words to complete the description of the bar chart. Look at A and C from
“Data presentation 2” to help you.

Figure 6 shows that the overall number of cases of HIV (1) _Dropped____ (dropped / remained
the same) yearly until 1988, then (2) Rose_ (rose / dropped) (3) _gradually______ (sharply /
gradually). Cases in heterosexual men and women (4) _increased____ (increased / fell) (5)
_steadily___ (steeply / steadily), especially for people exposed abroad. The number of infected
people injecting drugs (6) ___fell_______ (fell / rose) after (7) __reaching a peak_______
(reaching a peak / dropping) in 1987. This may be because of the development of needle
exchange schemes. Mother-to-infant transmission (8) _accounted____ (represented /
accounted) for a small number of cases. Careful management of labour greatly reduced the
number in the late 1990s.

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3. Which type of graph would best represent the following data?

a. Birth rates in the UK from 1980 to 2010. Line graph/bar chart

b. Incapacity due to five different causes from 1995 to 2005. Bar chart

c. Sources of ionizing radiation in the UK. Pie chart

TEMA 6
READING AND COMPREHENSION

“CASE 24-2019: A 39-YEAR-OLD WOMAN WITH PALPITATIONS, ABDOMINAL PAIN, AND

VOMITING”

Seleccionar la respuesta correcta sobre el caso clínico publicado:

1. On clinical examination the patient presented with________

b) Loose stools and pain in the right lower abdomen in the presence of
menses.
c) Pain on the left lower abdomen with a fever of 39, 4 ºC.
d) Ongoing nausea, vomiting and pain in the left lower abdomen.
e) A and B are correct.

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2. The patient experienced the onset of symptoms_________
a) One day before the current presentation.
b) Three years before the current presentation.
c) Eleven weeks before the current presentation.
d) On the day of the current presentation.

3. The patient´s past medical history included_________

a) Nephrolithiasis, asthma, allergic rhinitis, chronic back pain, depression,
gastroesophageal reflux disease, severe dysmenorrhea.
b) Shoulder replacement, Reduction mammoplasty, and removal of an ovarian
cyst.
c) Nephrolithiasis, asthma, allergic rhinitis, chronic back pain, depression,
gastroesophageal reflux disease, severe dysmenorrheal and her previous
surgeries.
d) All are correct.

4. The patient´s __________included acetaminophen, intranasal fluticasone,

inhaled fluticasone propionate, albuterol, promethazine, ondansetron,
polyethylene glycol and a multivitamin.
a) Drug history
b) Social History
c) Past Medical History
d) Family History

5. Which of the following statements is NOT true about the patient?

a) Chest radiography and CT of the abdomen revealed a source of infection.
b) Her tachycardia was out of proportion to the pain, findings and imaging
studies.
c) This patient had no history of bleeding.
d) The hypovolemia was not severe enough to lead to this degree of tachycardia.

6. Decide if the following statement is True or False. Justify in Spanish.

The diagnosis of nephrolitiasis, intoxication from substance use, serotonin

syndrome and ovarian teratoma as the cause of her tachycardia is unlikely.
TRUE/
FALSE…………………………………………………………………………….

7. Which of the following findings are consistent with a diagnosis of Grave´s

disease?
a) Elevated T 3 and T4 levels;
b) Thyrotropin receptor antibody level, TSI (Thyroid Stimulating
Immunoglobulin) index of 7,5 and marked hyperemia.
c) The prominent size of the thyroid gland.
d) All are correct.

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 8. Because of the severity of her presentation, the patient was admitted to the
Intensive Care Unit (ICU) for further_________
a) Hospitalization
b) Antithyroid medication
c) Treatment
d) Physical examination

9. During the current hospitalization the patient responded well to treatment with
an improvement in her clinical symptoms and was_________ home.
a) Admitted
b) Discharged
c) Improved
d) A and B are correct.

10. The patient had follow-up visits with her endocrinologist. However, the results of
thyroid-function tests performed a few months later were suggestive of
poor_________ to treatment, with high free T4 and total T3 levels. The patient
was lost to follow-up.
a) Adherence
b) Compliance
c) Diagnosis
d) A and B are correct.

TEMA 6
VOCABULARY

RESEARCH STUDIES

1. Complete the sentences with a word from the texts (“Research studies”).

a. People who are not receiving the experimental treatment, but who are otherwise the
same as those receiving it are ______________________.

b. A trial in which neither the subjects nor the researchers know who is receiving the
treatment is a _____________ - __________________ trial.

c. A study that follows the participants over many years is a _______________ study.

d. A _________________ is a group of people with similar characteristics.

e. Allocation to groups is ________________ if all participants have equal chance of being

in either group.

f. A harmless substance given to some participants to test the effect of a trial substance is
a _________________.

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 g. Something that might be a part of the cause of a disease is a _____________ factor.

h. Something that might cause confusion about the cause of a disease is a

______________ variable.

2. Study the research questions below, and in each case decide which of the research study
types mentioned in the texts (“Research studies”) would answer the questions best. Use the
index or a dictionary to look up any unfamiliar words.

a.

b.

c.

d.

a. _______________________________________

b. _______________________________________

c. _______________________________________

d. _______________________________________