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 NO:10
11 pages

Lateral Loads
1- Seismic loads.
2- Wind loads.

F8
F7
F6
F5
Fb F4
F3
F2
F1
ground level

Total seismic load Story Forces

Pressure Suction

(0.00)

Wind load acting on the structure

Ce = - 0.8

Fb = Fi

Shear Diagram Overturning Moment

(0.00)

Elevation

4th year civil

Structral
2015-2016
 Lateral Loads
Introduction.

1- Seismic loads.
2- Wind loads.

1. Seismic Loads:

( )

Seismic sources
1- Movements of tectonic plates
2- Movements of faults
3- Volcanoes
4- Failure of roof of large cave
5- Mankind effect (explosion, fill and in-fill of dams ..... etc.)

6- Undefined reasons

Page No.
Types of surface waves

Love wave
Rayleigh wave

Love wave Rayleigh wave

Di Di
rec rec
tio tio
no no
fp fp
rop rop
ag ag
ati ati
on on

Pa
rt icl Pa
e rtic
mo le
ti on m oti
on

Classification of earthquakes

1- Deep focus earthquakes Epicentral

distance
Focal depth > 300 km Epicenter

2- Intermediate focus earthquakes l

n tra
300 km > Focal depth > 70 km Focal e e
oc anc
depth p
y t
H dis
3- Shallow focus earthquakes
Focal depth < 70 km
Focus
or Hypocenter

Page No.
Methods of measuring earthquakes magnitude

The Richter Scale

- The magnitude of most earthquakes is measured on richter scale.
- It was invented by Charles F. Richter in 1934.
- The richter magnitude is calculated from the amplitude of the
largest seismic wave recorded for the earthquake, no matter what
type of wave was the strongest.

The Mercalli Scale

- It is another way to measure the strength of an earthquake.
- It was invented by Giuseppe Mercalli in 1902.
- This scale uses the observations of the people who experienced
the earthquake to estimate its intensity.

Page No.
Methods of analysis of structures under seismic load

1- Equivalent Static Load (Simplified Modal Response Spectrum).

2- Multi-Modal Response Spectrum Method.

3- Time History Analysis.

Page No.
1- Equivalent Static Load (Simplified Modal Response Spectrum).

Fundamental period(T1)

T1 < 4 T C and T1 < 2.0 Seconds

where:
TC = Response Spectrum Curve

1 H 60 m
H =
H

2 L 4.0
B B L
L =
B=
H

Page No.
3 Uniform shape

4 Uniform statical system

Sec 4
Sec 3

H Sec 2

Sec 1
Sec 1 Sec 2
Core Shear wall

Sec 3 Sec 4
Solid Slab Flat Slab

Page No.
 (Lx / L y )

(e o )
(x , y

e > 0.15 L

Page No.
 L2
L1

H
L3 L1
L > 0.15 H

L1 - L 2 L1 + L 3
< 0.20 < 0.20
L1 L

Page No.
 L2
L1
H
L3 L1

L L < 0.15 H

L - L2 L 1 + L3
< 0.30 < 0.50
L L
L1 - L 2
< 0.10
L1

Page No.
2- Multi-Modal Response Spectrum Method

Sd (T)

Response Spectrum
Curve

Time (Sec)

Response Spectrum Curve

( Rotation Displacement

3- Time History Analysis.

Page No.
Equivalent static load method:
(Simplified Modal Response Spectrum Method)

Fb Fb
1 2

L B
Elevation Side View
Y
X
re
Mo tical
Fb Cri
B

L ( More Critical )
Fb
2
Plan

X ,Y
Manual
More Critical

Y X

0.3 E Fx E Fx

E Fy 0.3 E Fy
ET = 0.3 E Fx + E Fy ET = E Fx + 0.3 E Fy

Page No.