PHYSICS

INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT

NAME: ALVIYA RIZWAN

CLASS:12 A
ROLL NO:3
SCHOOL:KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this “physics Investigatory Project “on the

topic “Faraday’s law of Electromagnetic Induction” has been
successfully completed by
ALVIYA RIZWAN of class XII-A under the guidance of Mrs.C.
Manjula in particular fulfillment of the curriculum of Central Board
of Secondary Education [CBSE] leading to the award of annual
examination of the year 2022-23

Teacher-In-Charge External Examiner

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I have taken efforts in this project. However, it would have been

possible without the kind support and help of many individuals.
I would like to thank my principal Shri. Mithilesh Kumar Singh and
school for providing me with facilities required to do my project.
I am highly indebted to my Physics teacher Mrs. Manjula for her
invaluable guidance which has sustained my efforts in all the stages
for this project work
I would also like to thank my parents for their continuous support and
encouragement.
My thanks and appreciations also go to my fellow classmates and the
laboratory assistant in developing the project and to the people who
have willingly helped me out with their abilities.
 INDEX

 Certificate
 Acknowledgements
 Aim
 Introduction
 Theory
 Law
 Derivation
 Apparatus
 Working
 Applications
 Conclusion
 Bibliography
 AIM
To determine the Faraday’s Law of electromagnetic induction
using a copper wire wound over an iron rod and a strong magnet
 INTRODUCTION
Faraday’s law of induction is a basic law of electromagnetism that
predicts how a magnetic field will interact with an electric circuit
produce an electromotive force (EMF). It is the fundamental operating
principle of transformers, inductors, and many types of electrical
motors and generators. Faraday’s Law is the result of the experiments
of the English chemist and physicist Michael Faraday.
Electromagnetic induction was discovered independently by Michael
Faraday and Joseph Henry in 1831; however, Faraday was the first to
publish the results of his experiments. Faraday explained
electromagnetic induction using a concept he called lines of force.
These equations for electromagnetics are extremely important since
they provide a means to precisely describe how many natural physical
phenomena in our universe arise and behave. The ability to
quantitatively describe physical phenomena not only allows us to gain
a better understanding of our universe, but it also makes possible a
host of technological innovations that define modern society.
Understanding Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction can be
beneficial since so many aspects of our daily life function because of
the principles behind Faraday’s Law. From natural phenomena such
as the light, we receive from the sun to technologies that improve our
quantity of life such as electric power generation, Faraday’s Law has
a great impact on many aspects of our lives.
 THEORY
Magnetic flux:
The magnetic flux (often denoted Φ or ΦB.) through a surface is the
component of the B field passing through the surface. The SI unit of
magnetic flux is the weber (Wb) (in derived units: volt-seconds), and
the CGS unit is the maxwell. Magnetic flux is usually measured with
a fluxmeter, which contains measuring coils and electronics that
evaluates the change of voltage in the measuring coils to calculate the
magnetic flux. If the magnetic field is constant, the magnetic flux
passing through a surface of vector area S is ϕ B=B . A=BAcosΘ where B
is the magnitude of the magnetic field (the magnetic flux density)
having the unit of Wb/m2 (Tesla), S is the area of the surface, and θ is
the angle between the magnetic field, we first consider the magnetic
flux through an infinitesimal area element dS, where we may consider
the field to be constant.
Faraday’s law mathematically:
 Law
Faraday’s law describes how the production of a magnetic field takes
place by an electric current and conversely how a change in the
magnetic field creates a current via the conductor. Furthermore,
Faraday’s law is a fundamental relationship whose derivation takes
place from Maxwell’s equations.
The most widespread version of Faraday’s law states:
“The induced electromotive force in any closed circuit is equal to the
negative of the time rate of change of the magnetic flux through the
circuit”
This version of Faraday’s law strictly holds only when the closed
circuit is a loop of infinitely thin wire and is invalid in other
circumstance.
A different version, the Maxwell Faraday equation, is valid in all
circumstances.
When the flux changes- because B changes or because the wire loop
is moved or deformed, or both- Faraday’s law of induction says the
wire loop acquires an EMF, defined as the energy defined as the
energy available per unit charge that travels once around the wire
loop. Equivalently, it is the voltage that would be measured by cutting
the wire to create an open circuit and attaching a voltmeter to the
leads.
 Faraday’s Law Derivation
Consider a magnet approaching a coil. Consider two-time instances
T1 and T2.
Flux linkage with the coil at the time T1 is given by NΦ1.
Flux linkage with the coil at the time T2 is given by NΦ2
Change in the flux linkage is given by
N(Φ2 – Φ1)
Let us consider this change in flux linkage as
Φ = Φ2 – Φ1
Hence, the change in flux linkage is given by
NΦ
The rate of change of flux linkage is given by
NΦ/t
Taking the derivative of the above equation, we get
N dΦ/dt
According to Faraday’s second law of electromagnetic induction, we
know that the induced emf in a coil is equal to the rate of change of
flux linkage. Therefore,

Considering Lenz’s law,

From the above equation, we can conclude the following

 Increase in the number of turns in the coil increases the induced
emf
 Increasing the magnetic field strength increases the induced emf
 Increasing the speed of the relative motion between the coil and
the magnet, results in the increased emf
 APPARATUS

Two insulated coils of wire

An iron ring.
An ammeter
A strong stationary magnet
 Construction and working
Wrap the two insulated wires around the iron ring
pass a current through one coil
a momentary current will be induced in the other coil— mutual
induction.
If we move a magnet through a loop of wire, an electric current
flowed in that wire.
The current also flows if the loop was moved over a stationary
magnet.

Position of Magnet Deflection in Galvanometer

Magnet at Rest No deflection in the galvanometer

The magnet moves towards the coil Deflection in the galvanometer in one
direction

Magnet is held stationary at the same position No deflection galvanometer

(near the coil)

The magnet moves away from the coil Deflection in galvanometer but in the
opposite direction

The magnet held stationary at the same position No deflection in the galvanometer
(away from the coil)
 Faraday’s Experiment:
Relationship Between Induced
EMF and Flux
 In the first experiment, he proved that when the strength of the
magnetic field is varied, only then current is induced. An
ammeter was connected to a loop of wire; the ammeter deflected
when a magnet was moved towards the wire.
 In the second experiment, he proved that passing a current
through an iron rod would make it electromagnetic. He observed
that when a relative motion exists between the magnet and the
coil, an electromotive force will be induced. When the magnet
was held stationary about its axis, no electromotive force was
observed, but when the magnet was rotated about its own axis
then the induced electromotive force was produced. Thus, there
was no deflection in the ammeter when the magnet was held
stationary.
 While conducting the third experiment, he recorded that the
galvanometer did not show any deflection and no induced
current was produced in the coil when the coil was kept away in
a stationary magnetic field. The ammeter deflected in the
opposite direction when the magnet was kept away from the
loop.
 CONCLUSION

After conducting all the experiments, Faraday finally concluded that if

relative motion existed between a conductor and a magnetic field, the
flux linkage with a coil changed and this change in flux produced a
voltage across a coil.
Faraday law basically states, “when the magnetic flux or the magnetic
field changes with time, the electromotive force is produced”.
Additionally, Michael Faraday also formulated two laws on the basis of
the above experiments.
Faraday’s Laws of Electromagnetic Induction consists of two laws.
The first law describes the induction of emf in a conductor and the
second law quantifies the emf produced in the conductor.
 APPLICATIONS

Electrical equipment works on the basis of Faraday’s law just like

transformers.

Induction cooker works on the basis of mutual induction. Furthermore,

this happens to be the principle of Faraday’s law.

By inducing an electromotive force into an electromagnetic flowmeter,

the recording of the velocity of the fluids can take place.

Musical instruments like electric guitar and electric violin work on the
basis of Faraday’s law.

The basis of Maxwell’s equation is the converse of Faraday’s laws

which states that change in the magnetic field would result in a change
in the electric field.
Bibliography
https://byjus.com/
https://www.vedantu.com/
https://www.youtube.com/
https://www.wikipedia.org/
https://www.britannica.com/
https://ncert.nic.in/
https://www.edn.com/