New Dynamic English Grammar and Composition-8

DYNAMIC
ENGLISH GRAMMAR
&
COMPOSITION
8
Author
Krishna Prasad Regmi
Shubharambha Publication Pvt. Ltd.

Kathmandu, Nepal
Published by:
Shubharambha Publication Pvt.Ltd.
Kathmandu, Nepal
URL: www.shubharambhapublication.com.np
E-mail: shubharambha.publication@gmail.com
www.facebook.com/shubharambhapublication
Book: Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book -8
Author : Krishna Prasad Regmi

Layout Design : Ram Malakar
Copyright © : Publisher
New Edition : 2077
© : Publisher
No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted by means (electronic,
photocopying, recording or otherwise) without prior written permission from the
publisher. Any breach of this condition will entail legal action and prosecution.
Printed in Nepal
Preface
Dynamic English Grammar and Composition has been designed according to the new
English Curriculum prescribed by the Curriculum Development Centre. The series
comprises of ten textbooks from grade one to grade ten. The present book is an
amalgamation of survey of rules, structures and forms presented in lucid modern
English and illustrated with numerous examples.
The aim of this book is to bring about a change in teaching and learning English
grammar and composition-a change that will enable the learners to use grammar
in context using both inductive and deductive approaches aiming to develop four
language skills immensely. Practice in composition tasks will help to develop the
learner’s writing skills. It will encourage to writing their own thoughts, ideas and
feelings.
This new edition contains huge examples and their application to communicative
approach that will increase the quality learning of English grammar. It is thought that
this change will improve the standard and acceptability of the book and I will consider
the attempts fruitful if students find the book fruitful.
I have left no stone unturned for the meaningful presentation of subject matter to
make it reader friendly. Detailed description of grammatical structures and adequate
exercises on them, plenty of guided and free writing composition with enough
practice questions, an adequate amount of vocabulary related sections and as much
as necessary self study materials have been presented in the following chapters.
I am thankful to Shubharambha Publication Pvt. Ltd. for their encouragement,

co-operation and help in preparing this book.
At last, I would like to assure all the concerned teachers, students and readers that
constructive comments and suggestions shall be tremendously appreciated and
incorporated in the upcoming edition.
The Author
contents
Chapter I: Grammar
Articles.............................................7-18 Concord........................................88-100
Relative Clause................................ 19-23 Voice.............................................101-117
Prepositions.....................................24-34 Question Tags...............................118-128
Sentence Transformation................ 35-46 Conditional Sentences..................129-135
Reflexive Pronouns......................... 47-52 Connectives..................................136-146
Tense................................................53-73 Grammar I....................................147-149
Reported Speech.............................74-87 Grammar II...................................150-151
Grammar III ..................................152-153
Chapter II: Writing
Interpretation of Charts & Graphs....154-158 Story Writing.................................176-179
Broken Dialogue...............................159-169 Paragraph Writing.........................180-184
News Story........................................170-173 Essay Writing.................................185-195
Writing Leaflet..................................174-175 Letter Writing................................196-202
Writing Biography.........................203-204
Chapter III: Reading Chapter IV: Listening

Seen Texts........................................205-248 Listening.......................................264-267
Unseen Texts....................................249-263 Chapter V: Speaking
Speaking.......................................268-272
Chapter VI: Vocabulary

Collective Nouns...............................273-273 Irregular Verbs.............................281-284
Diminutives......................................274-274 Antonyms....................................285-287
Home of Creatures.......................... 275-275 Synonyms....................................288-290
Objects and Sounds..........................276-276 Glossary.......................................291-301
Parents and Young............................277-277 Model Question...........................302-312
Regular Verbs...................................278-280
Test Specification Grid
Listening (10) Speaking (15) Reading (40) Writing (35)

Question Types: Question Types: Question Types: Question Types:
a. Multiple Choice 1. Interview- 5 Marks a.Short-answer 1. Guided writing 2x5 =
b. Fill in the gaps 2.Describing, questions 10 Marks
c. True/False persons, pictures, b. Ordering Ask any two questions.
d. Tick the correct charts, a sequence of c. True/False a.Interpreting charts
answers events or retelling a d. Matching and diagrams
e. Ordering story- 10 marks e. Multiple choice b. Dialogues
Materials: Materials: f. Fill in the blanks c. Biographies
a. Cassette/Monitors' Questions for 1. Two seen texts d. News stories
voice interview, pictures, (10+10)20 Marks e. Curriculum vitae
b. Pictures, maps, maps, diagrams, etc. 2. Two unseen texts f. Leaflet
diagrams, etc. Note: (10+10) = 20 Marks 2. Free writing 1x15=15
Note: The monitor/teacher Note: Marks
The monitor plays requires to relate the Shor t-answer a. Personal letter
listening text and language functions questions can be asked b. Letter of apology
provides any 2 types of while assessing from both seen and c. Essay writing (150
questions mentioned students' speaking unseen texts. However, words)
above each carrying 5 performance. the other types of 3. Grammar 10 marks
marks. questions should not a. Tense
be repeated. b. Preposition
Vocabulary items c.Articles
can also be asked in d. Relative Clauses
matching, fill in types. e. Voice
f. Reflexive Pronouns
g. Reported Speech
h. Subject Verb
Agreement
i. Question Tag
j. connectives
Type of questions:
a. Fill in the gaps
b. Multiple choice
c. Transformation
Note:
There will be 10
questions each carrying
1 mark.
Phonetic Symbols
Consonant Sounds Vowel Sounds
Symbols Words Symbols Initial Medial Final Spelling
/k/ s king, pick, cat /i: / O{ eat meat see ee, ea, ie, eo, e, ei
/g/ u gate, ghost /I/ O it sit city i, u, o, e, y, a
/ŋ/ ª sing, sink /e/ P egg pen - e, ie, ea, ue
/tƒ/ r chair, match /æ/ of act man - a
/dʒ/ h jug, judge /a: / cf arm large car a, ear, ar
/z/ h is, zoo, balls /ə/ c ago perfect the a
/ʒ/ h genre, pleasure, /ʌ/ c up but - o, u, ou, u, oe
garage
/t/ 6 tree, mat /ʒ: / cM earth bird sir ir, ur, er, ear
/d/ 8 do, middle /ɒ/ cf] on hot - o, a, ow
/ø/ y thank, with /ɔ: / cf]M all ball saw a, aw, au
/ð/ b those, breathe /ʊ / p - book - u, ou, o, oo
/n/ g nose, man /u: / pm ooze move two o, oo, wo, ue, ou
/p/ k pot, map Diphthongs
Symbols Initial Medial Final Spelling
/f/ km fan, potato, /eI/ PO eight same say a, ay
laugh
/b/ a bag, bulb /aI / cfO{ ice might sky uy, igh, ie, y, eye
/v/ e van, save / ɔI/ cf]O{ oil voice boy oy, oi
/m/ d man, same / Iə/ Oc ear real here ear, eer, ere
/j/ o yak /ʊə/ pc - influence poor our, ocr, ure
/r/ / red, carry /eə/ Pc area chair rare air, ear, ere, eir,
are
/l/ n late, sell /aʊ / cfp out loud cow o, ow, ew
/w/ j walk / əʊ/ cp old home go ou, ow
/ʃ/ z shoes, sugar,
wish, chef
/s/ ; sun, miss
/h/ x house, yahoo
S T ART
T
GE
ED
ARTICLES
Read the following description.

A telescope is an instrument that allows people to see distant
objects. The telescope is an important tool in astronomy, or the
study of planets, stars, and other objects in outer space. There
are two basic types of light telescopes: refracting telescopes and
reflecting telescopes. A refracting telescope uses lenses. A lens is
a curved piece of glass that refracts, or bends, light. A reflecting
telescope uses mirrors. Some telescopes use both lenses and
mirrors.
A refracting telescope is a tube with one or more lenses at each
end. Light from a far-off object enters the far end of the tube. The lens or lenses at that
end, called objective lenses, bend the light. They focus it at a point near the other end of
the tube. The light forms an image, or picture of the object, at this point. The lens or lenses
at this end, called the eyepiece, magnify the image.
Reflecting telescopes are much more powerful than refracting telescopes. A reflecting
telescope has a curved mirror at the bottom of the tube. Light from an object reflects, or
bounces, off the mirror. The mirror focuses the light at a point in the tube. A second mirror
sits in the way of this focused light. It sends the light out the side of the tube, through an
eyepiece. A lens in the eyepiece magnifies the image formed by the light.
The coloured words a, an and the are articles. They are demonstrative
Do you adjectives. There are two types of articles in English. They are indefinite
Know? a, an and definite the.
Speaking Practice
Answer these questions based on the given description.
a. What is a telescope?
b. What is a lens?
c. What is a refracting telescope?
d. What does the mirror do?
e. What does a lens in the eyepiece do?
Listening Practice
Repeat these words after your teacher.
A An The No articles
a bag an ugly bird the Koran some boys
a star an enemy the Republica few students
a mouse an unused room the Suez Canal many girls
a pet an optician the Atlantic ocean lots of labour
a car an iceberg the Baishayas much salt
a house an ant the wretch less idea
Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8 7

a wire an MP the second all teachers
a duck an eye doctor the moon both shops
a watch an amber the South several workers
a bird an operator the telephone no farmers
Grammar Focus : Indefinite Article: A, AN

1. 'A' and 'an' are used only with singular countable noun: A is used with a consonant sound
and an is used with vowel sound: Examples: a ball, a book, a hand, a hen, a school, an
orange, an elephant, an ant,etc.
2. After many, such, quite, rather, what, etc.
What a beautiful girl she is! Many a boy is absent. He missed such an opportunity.
3. In the sense of one: I have a pen. She has a bike. They have an ox. We have a ewe.
4. Singular countable noun starting with consonant letter having vowel sound are followed
by 'an': an hour, an honest boy, an honourable teacher, an hourly plan, an heir,etc.
But when they are pronounced as consonant; use 'a': Example: a horse, a hat, a house, a
hall,etc.
5. The English vowels a, e, i, o, u, don’t sound always vowel, they sound consonant
sometimes. Examples: a university student, a euro, a one eyed girl, a ewe, an heir, an
honourable person,etc.
6. To show frequency with time, distance or weight: once a year, twice a week, many times
a year, fifty rupees a kilo, etc.
7. Use 'a' before an abbreviation having consonant sound and ‘an’ before vowel sound.
Examples: an SP, an IGP, a DSP, an FM station, a CDO, a DEO, an AIGP, etc.
Abbreviation with vowel: A, E, F, H, I, L, M, N, O, R, S, X
Abbreviation with consonant: B, C, D, G, J, K, P, Q, T, U, V, W, Y, Z
8. With some phrases: a lot of, a few, a number of, a bit much, a capriccio, a chicken in every
pot, a damn sight, a good deal, a little, a positive, a posteriori, a non domino,etc.
9. With the following expressions: make an attempt, make a profit, have a pain, take an
interest in, have a look, as a result, at a glance, in a hurry, have a rest, on a diet,etc.
10. With units of uncountable noun: a liter of water, a kilo of sugar, a lump of sugar, a bunch
of keys, a pouch of milk, a bowl of soup, a spoon salt, a pinch of salt, a cup of tea, a glass
of milk, a meter of cloth, a plate of rice,etc.
8 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8

Instant Practice
Put A or AN in the blank space where necessary.
____ pencil ____ car ____ apple
____used car ____ egg ____ modern car
____ envelope ____ young woman ____ umbrella
____ old woman ____ hour ____ one-dollar bill
____ honour ____ five-dollar bill ____ house
____ hotel ____ banana ___ instrument
____ big banana ____ musical instrument ____ exercise
____ answer ____ easy exercise ____ question
____ difficult exercise ___ insolent question ____ university
____ usual question ____ old university ____ unusual issue
____ new university ____ hard lesson ____ LG set
Grammar Focus: Definite Article 'The'
Used with:
1. Adjectives as the subject: The poor are honest. The beautiful are praised.
2. Adjectives which represent the social groups: the poor, the young, the rich, the deaf,
etc.
3. Daybreaks: in the evening, in the morning, in the afternoon.
4. Family names and castes: the Limbus, the Magars, the Chhetries, etc.
5. Groups of Islands: the British Isle. the West Indies, etc.
6. Historic events: the Independence Day, the Martyr's Day, the Democracy Day, etc.
7. Historical buildings: the Taj Mahal, the Kathmandu Mall, the Buddha Mall, etc.
8. Hotels, restaurants, theaters, etc: the Soaltee, the Barahai Movies, etc.
9. Mountain Ranges: the Mahabharat range, the Churia range, the Himalayas,etc.
10. Museums and libraries: the Chhauni museum, the national museum, the British library,
the American library, the central library, etc.
11. Musical instruments: He always plays the flute. I like to play the madal. Do you know how
to play the piano?
12. Name of canals: the Gandak Canal, the Panama Canal, etc.
13. Name of deserts: the Saraha, the Thar, the Gobi,etc.
14. Name of directions: the east, the north, the west, the south, etc.
15. Name of inventions: He invented the Television. Who invented the mobile?

16. Name of newspaper: The Republica, The Nagarik Daily, The Himalayan Times, etc.
17. Superlative degree of adjective: He is the tallest boy in our class.Mt. Everest is the highest
peak in the world.
18. Name of ships, aero planes: the Titanic, the Nepal Airlines, etc.
19. Nationalities, races, positions: the Nepalese, the Chinese, the Black, the White, the
Principal, the King, the president, the Prime-Minister, the clerk, etc.
20. Noun + definite clause: The students in this school are obedient. The people in this town
are honest. The water of that bottle is impure.
21. The celestial bodies: the sun, the earth, the sky, the moon, etc.
22. Ordinal numbers: the first, the third, the fifth, etc.
23. Organs of human body: the heart, the head, etc.
24. Parallel comparatives: The more you try, the more you learn. The more you work, the
more you earn.
25. Parts of the house: the kitchen, the bedroom, the restroom, the guestroom, the living
room, etc.
26. Period of history: the classical age, the Elizabethan age, the post-modern age, etc.
27. Periods of decades: the sixties, the eighties, etc.
28. Physical position: the first, the middle, the bottom, etc.
29. Plural names of countries: the UK, the USA, the Philippines, etc.
30. Political parties: the UML, the Republican, the R.P.P, etc.
31. Religious books/Religious groups: the Ramayana, the Bible, the Quran, the Hindus, the
Muslims, the Christians, etc.
32. Repeated nouns: There is a dog in my house. The dog is very faithful. She bought a pencil
yesterday. She lost the pencil.
33. Singular, plural, countable, or uncountable nouns if it is indicated: The milk of that glass is
hot. This is the plot of land where I was born.
34. Some of/one of/both of/most of + the + nouns: One of the girls is talent. Both of the boys
tried hard. Most of the youths are unemployed.
35. The + gerund/abstract noun + of : The building of this college was very cheap. The
intention of our friends was not to quarrel with them.
36. The + noun + relative clause: The boy who is wearing red shirt is my brother. The girl who
is first in class eight is my sister.
37. With rivers, seas, oceans: the Gandaki, the Nile, the Red sea, the Indian Ocean, etc.

38. With special meals: the birthday party, the wedding party, etc.
Grammar Focus: Omission of Article
1. Before material nouns: Gold is an expensive metal.
2. Before plural nouns: Horses are animals.
3. Before proper nouns: He lives in Canada. They saw Krish at the bus station.
4. Before school, church, temple, market, college if they are for primary purpose: She goes
to hospital every day. He has gone to school to study.
But, If they are used for secondary purposes, use ‘the’ article: He went to the hospital to
meet his sister. He passed near by the school.
But, if proper noun is compared with, use ‘the’ article: Jiri of Nepal can be compared with
the Switzerland in natural beauty.
But, If they are definite, use ‘the’ article. The gold of that ring is cheap.
But, If they are indicated, use ‘the’ article: The horses in the race, ran well.
But, Name of festivals + holidays takes article 'the'. He came in the Holi vacation. We
enjoy in the Dashain vacation.
6. Name of festivals: Hindus celebrate Dashain. Christians enjoy Christmas.
Grammar Focus: Common Errors
Incorrect Correct
He is a boy with excellent fact of German. He is a boy with an excellent fact of
German.
You speak the perfect Hindi. You speak perfect Hindi.
She has deep distrust of strangers. She has a deep distrust of strangers.
My parents gave me good education. My parents gave me a good education.
We’ve been having a terrible weather. We’ve been having terrible weather.
She has thorough knowledge of the subject. She has a thorough knowledge of the
subject.
Nile is the longest river in the world. The Nile is the longest river in the world.
The Lake Victoria is one of the largest lakes Lake Victoria is one of the largest lakes in
in Africa. Africa.
The Mount Everest is the highest peak in the Mount Everest is the highest peak in the
world. world.
Himalayas are an example of a folded The Himalayas are an example of a folded
mountain range. mountain range.
The Sahara is the largest desert in the Sahara is the largest desert in the world.
world.

Additional Practice: Read these sentences.
1. The man burst into a torrent of foul-mouthed racist abuse.
2. He gave the police a full account of the incident.
3. The murder was the act of a psychopath.
4. He was caught in the act of stealing a car.
5. The more she thought about it, the more depressed she became.
6. I was stopped in the street by a complete stranger.
7. The team gave a good account of themselves in the match.
8. It was pleasantly cold in the house after the steamy heat outside.
9. The new plan for traffic control is on an experimental basis.
10. Lava bubbled a few feet below the lip of the crater.
11. The rain beat against the windows.
12. She had the advantage of a good education.
13. The accident brought his career to an abrupt end.
14. The Prime Minister announced a through investigation into the death of a father in
police custody.
15. The case was dismissed in the absence of any specific proof.
16. A lot of rebuilding took place in the aftermath of the war.
17. The children were rushing about in the garden.
18. A lion is a dangerous animal.
19. The defendant asked for a number of offences.
20. A Committee on Safety of Medicines was set up under the Act.
21. The doctors are affiliated with the Relief Fund.
22. The girl's life was saved because the doctors acted so promptly.
23. A barren woman is regarded as an aberration, almost a social outcast.
24. The dolphin is an intelligent animal.
25. There's a visitor for you. The visitor is waiting outside.
26. The judge described the attack as an abominable crime.
27. He was born in the country and had a deep affinity with nature.
28. The country accepted his claim to the throne.
29. We agreed that the proposal was a good one.
30. The two parties signed a peace accord last July.

31. A captain in the navy ranks above a captain in the army.
32. The Arabs are accredited with the discovery of refinement in the 11th century.
33. They questioned the accuracy of the information in the file.
34. The trees were ablazed with the colours of autumn.
35. For a holiday in a foreign country you need a valid ID.
36. The team gave a good account of themselves in the match.
37. It was a remarkable achievement for such a young player.
38. The series of paintings is quite an accomplishment.
39. Rolando is acknowledged as the best player in the world.
40. The singer was accompanied on the piano by her sister.
41. I bumped into an old acquaintance on the train.
42. The text is escorted by a series of stunning photographs.
43. I drew a line across the page.
44. The students are returning for the start of the new academic year.
45. To get ideas from a member of the public, the police attacked the club.
46. The three smaller parties gained an aggregate of 25 percent of the vote.
47. What is the best course of action in the circumstances?
48. The scandal was an acute embarrassment for the President.
49. He is an acute observer of the social scene.
50. We wandered about the town for an hour or so.
51. The less said about the whole thing, the happier I'll be.
52. According to the old adage, a picture is worth a thousand words.
53. The majority of people affiliated themselves with a religious group.
54. The survivors were adrift in a lifeboat for six days.
55. A taxi driver administered first aid to the victims.
56. The priest was called to administer the last rites.
57. A ship should be documented according to the directions of law.
58. The study showed a deep fear among people to the care of strangers.
59. He put a question to the minister about the recent reforms.
60. The papers were strewn about the room.

assess yourself 1
Put a, an, the or nothing where necessary.
1. Sam bought ___ umbrella yesterday.
2. There is ___ hotel in ___ center of ___ town.
3. I went to ____Church to observe its architecture.
4. It is___ unique watch.
5. I wish you ___best of luck.
6. This is ___expensive book.
7. It is___ unicorn of Hindu religion.
8. He is ___ union leader.
9. I have read______ interesting book.
10. Have you ever seen ___wounded man?
11. ___Americans have their offices in Kathmandu.
12. Harris is ____university student.
13. ___apple has sweet taste.
14. He is ___ better poet than novelist.
15. ___Bagmati is ___ sacred river.
16. He is ___ honour to this profession.
17. ___Banyan is ____ kind of big tree.
18. He is ___ Indian but his wife is ___ European.
19. ___bed of my father is comfortable.
20. I like such _____one thing that entertains me.
21. ___camel is very useful animal in desert.
22. Dallas is ____ city in Texas.
23. Mt. Everest is ___ highest peak in the world.
24. There is ___ little hope of his recovery.
25. She went to ___school to see her friend.
26. There is ___ F.M. station in our village.
27. Ramit got ____ best present.
28. She is not so nice ___ girl as you think.
29. Disease is_____ enemy of human beings.
30. This is ___home of our principal.
31. You know ___little about___ boy who came here on Sunday.
32. Have you had ____ dinner yet?
33. I have______ one-pound coin.
34. Ram has got ___ unique computer.
35. She met ___police at___ station.
36. I like playing ___ guitar.
37. I think, they are___ Indian because they speak Hindi easily.
38. I was playing on ___ground yesterday morning.
39. Mr. Sherpa needs___ pen and___ inkpot.
40. This is ___best idea to solve ___ problem.
assess yourself 2
1. He's ____ electrician.
2. I am penniless. Can you give me____ euro?
3. Honest man speaks ___ truth.
4. ___word to ____ wise is sufficient.
5. I am going out for ____ walk.
6. A crow is ___ animal.
7. His father works in ___ large garage in Washington.
8. I am going to buy ___ hat and ___ umbrella.
9. Bring ___axe to cut this log.
10. His brother is ___ artist.
11. I am looking for___ boy. ___ boy is my brother.
12. Can you tell me who ___president of India is?
13. Dog is ___ faithful animal.
14. Everest is ____ highest peak in ____ world.
15. Gold is ___ precious metal.
16. Have you seen ___one-eyed man?
17. Honesty is___ best policy.
18. I am going away at ___ end of this month.
19. It was published in ___Kathmandu Post yesterday.
20. Jim lives in ___ old house.
21. John plays ___ flute well.
22. Kathmandu is ____ capital of Nepal.
23. John is from ___village.
24. King Francis was ___ hearty king and loved____ royal sport.
25. Let us discuss ____ matter seriously.
26. My brother is ___ M.A. student.
27. It is ___useful article.
28. My sister bought ___expensive sari to herself.
29. It is ___ great help to you.
30. My sister is ____MBBS student.
31. Neeta works in___ hospital.
32. Iraq lies in ___Middle east.
33. New York is ____ very costly place to live in.
34. One evening ___ beggar came to my door.
35. Please bring___ ashtray.
36. Renu is ___ untidy girl.
37. Sam plays ___flute well.
38. He's ___ private detective.
39. I can't ride ___ bicycle.
40. Her father is ___MP.

assess yourself 3
1. If I were late, I could not reach___ station in time.
2. Our English teacher is not ____ Eurasian.
3. Paris is ___ very costly place to live in.
4. I’ve read___ Bible and known about ___Christianity.
5. Picasso was ___ famous painter.
6. Sanskrit is ___ difficult language.
7. Such___ usage of English is incorrect.
8. Teaching is ___use of art.
9. I’ve passed ___B‑EE exam.
10. Selma is ___ useful member of his family.
11. Her brother is___ author.
12. I first met him ___ year ago.
13. I’ve been working as ___secretary in this office since 1995.
14. Seoul is ___ capital of ___ Korea.
15. Students learn to play ___ violin at school.
16. That could be ____useful information.
17. Twelve inches make ___foot.
18. We go to ___ temple to pray.
19. Would you like to be ___ teacher?
20. Yesterday___ euagaric phoned me at___ office.
21. Tulku’s mother recites ____ Geeta every morning.
22. We heard ____ sweet bells over ____ bag.
23. Atlantic Ocean is ___biggest Ocean.
24. Because of ___ things man has discovered, we live longer.
25. Ann wants to learn ___ foreign language.
26. Beethoven was ___ composer.
27. Anita lives in ___ hotel.
28. Binisa works in ___ bookshop.
29. China is one of ___ most industrial countries in Asia.
30. Do you want ____ apple or ____ banana?
31. Everybody loves ____rose.
32. Gina is ____ SEE graduate.
33. He came back home on ___ foot.
34. Sri Lanka is ___island.
35. That is ____ book I like most.
36. Try to give ___look on ____ baby.
37. We live in ___ old house. It has ___beautiful garden behind ___ house.
38. This ship crosses ___Black Sea.
39. We played ___ volleyball yesterday.
40. This is ___weather ___ cuckoo shuns.

assess yourself 4
1. Wisdom is____ gift of heaven.
2. They haven’t read____ Vedas.
3. ___ninth chapter of ____ book is very interesting.
4. I have ____ picture of ______ Alps.
5. ___Lion is ___ king of beasts.
6. That is ____ one way road.
7. What ___ beautiful garden this is!
8. She is ____ untidy girl.
9. Hem’s sister is ____M. Sc. student.
10. I have ____ black and white dog.
11. She is ___honour to this profession.
12. I study in ____SOS School.
13. She has ___ large number of rings.
14. ____ trumpet is ___ musical instrument.
15. ___cuckoo is ___ lazy bird.
16. Copper is ___ useful metal.
17. Do you remember ___ place where you were born?
18. He gave ____ beggar___ one rupee note.
19. ___cats you keep are very well behaved.
20. ___cow is ___ useful animal.
21. She is ___ M.A. in English.
22. The applicant has ___ great deal of important documents.
23. She went to___ theatre at 10 o’clock
24. She works in ___UNO office.
25. That room is ___largest one.
26. ___Sun is going down.
27. ____ son is____ heir of ____ father.
28. He is going to America with______ Nepalese girl.
29. ___Suez Canal is manmade.
30. He is___ one handed person.
31. I need____ good rest.
32. She is ___ honourable teacher.
33. ___ Budhigandaki is ___ river.
34. This is ___place I like very much.
35. Which is ___longest River in ____ world?
36. ___school will shortly close for ____ holiday.
37. ____ horse is ___ noble animal.
38. ___man in ___ red shirt is my brother.
39. ____ rose is ____ sweetest of all flowers.
40. ___earth moves round ____ sun.
assess yourself 5

1. There is______ university in Kathmandu.
2. There was ___ interesting programme on TV last night.
3. He is___ UN representative.
4. I met ___ one-eyed man on ____ way.
5. These cricketers are from___ West Indies.
6. You are ______ architect.
7. This is ___plot where we intend building ____ house.
8. We will have dinner in ____ very nice restaurant.
9. Shopkeepers sell potato by ___kilo.
10. ___drop of poison is enough to kill us.
11. They are ____M. Ed. student.
12. ____ sage was ___ great genius, sagacious and incentive.
13. They live in____ Netherlands.
14. They played____ basketball yesterday.
15. ___oxygen is necessary for all.
16. They’ve decided to buy ____ new car. ____ old one is gone.
17. ___Hindustan Times is very popular in Bihar.
18. There is not ___ cloud in ___ sky.
19. This evening I am going to ___ party.
20. This is ___man who helped us last night.
Vocabulary in Use
Match the following words with their meanings.
billowing humiliation; degradation
abasement swelling; fluttering; waving
enhance recoil in fear or servility; shrink away from
cower improve; make better or clearer
labyrinth noisy, attacking speech
harangue a maze
plaintiff to counter; make unimportant
nullify petitioner (in court of law)
tangible full
replete can be touched

S T ART
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RELATIVE CLAUSE
Last year I visited an exhibition at Bhrikutimandap. It was
the time when I along with my friends learnt many things.
The stalls that we observed were mostly about the computers.
I asked one of the persons on how the computers worked.
The person whom I asked replied that the computers worked
only with the use of electricity. Then, my friend Nabin asked
another person what the advantages of the computers
were. The man whom we asked that question was a computer engineer.
He explained us about so many advantages of the computer and why we
needed it. We, who were satisfied with his answer, visited the next stall afterwards. The
stall where we saw a robot was quite crowded with other people. It was the same stall
which had attracted most of the visitor’s attention. Finally, we visited a stall where
many laptops were kept. I asked one of the staff whose job was to provide the visitors
with the required information. The man who was asked duly replied all my queries
satisfactorily. It was really a great time when I got to learn more about the computer.
In the above given description, the coloured words are relative clause.
Do you A relative clause is a clause that acts as an adjective, in that it describes
Know? or qualifies the subject or object of the sentence.
Speaking Practice
a. When did the narrator visit an exhibition?
b. What were the stalls mostly about?
c. What did the person whom the narrator asked reply?
d. Who was a computer operator?
e. Who duly replied all the narrator’s queries?
Listening Practice
Repeat these WH words and their function after your teacher.
Words Function
Who Describes person in subject
Whom Describes person in object
Whose Describes person in possessive degree
That Describes things in defining relative clauses
Which Describes things in non-defining relative clauses
Where Describes places
What Gives information about subject
Why Describes reason
How Describes the manner of doing things
When Describes time

Grammar Focus: Kinds of Relative Clauses
A. Non-defining relative clauses
Non-defining relative clauses are those which include more information and can be
deleted from the sentence without changing its basic meaning. Generally, a coma is used
to separate the clause in this type of sentence. For example:
Krishal is son of mine, who lives in Kathmandu.
The new shop, which contained many goods, is run by my brother.
B. Defining relative clauses
Defining relative clauses are those clauses that are required to comprehend a sentence
and cannot be deleted. No comas are used in this type of sentences. For example:
Krishal is my son who lives in Kathmandu.
My brother runs the new shop which contained many goods.
Let’s see another example:
That’s the student who failed English class three times.
If you remove “who failed English class three times,” the sentence is incomplete:
That’s the student.
Therefore, the relative clause “who failed English class three times” is essential
information, because it defines which student, specifically, we are talking about.
assess yourself 1
Join the following pairs of sentences with relative clause.
1. The secretary received my call. She was very impolite.
2. A woman won Madan Puraskar in 2010. She wrote a book about her life.
3. The TV programme was very sad. I watched it last night.
4. Binisha is playing on the ground. She is my sister.
5. There is a man waiting for a bus. He is my father.
6. A waitress served us. She was very well-mannered.
7. Alan answered the phone. He was my uncle.
8. Babin is selling newspapers. He is my uncle.
9. They have made a declaration. They support the declaration.
10. Buna is a girl. Everybody praises her.
11. The players have done the best. They must be respected.
12. Dhruba bought some balls. He lost the balls.
13. Guru met a girl. The girl had lost the way.
14. They sold the cat. It was afraid of mice.
15. Here is the bag. He lost it last week.

assess yourself 2
1. She is the girl. She lives nearby my house.
2. The manager warned the clerk. He was very strict.
3. We got into the train. It was crowded with people.
4. This is the village. I was born here.
5. Sony has worn red sari. She is my sister.
6. The first man landed on the moon in 1969. He was Neil Armstrong.
7. He is the salesman. I was speaking of him.
8. I found the bag. I was looking for it for a long time.
9. The thief robbed the bank. He has been arrested.
10. Dr. K. C. is honest. Everyone trusts him.
11. This is the can. It spoilt the milk.
12. He has got the book. He was searching for it.
13. I have a list of agendas. We want to discuss on it.
14. There are the horses. They ran well in the race.
15. Gina is the girl. He cheated me.
16. I’ve found my wallet. I had lost it.
17. The thief has been caught by the police. He made a plan to rob the bank.
18. It is a book. I bought the book yesterday.
19. Many people were injured in the accident. They were heading to Pokhara.
20. The boy loved a girl. He is a doctor.
21. Mr. Neupane is our teacher. He is standing at the gate.
22. The boy was honest. He won the prize.
23. Niru is my friend. She is honest.
24. Show me the path. The path goes to the town.
25. The horse was in the stable. It died yesterday.
26. Pass me a book. The book is on the table.
27. Barun is deaf. You spoke to the boy.
28. The bus was going to Jhapa. It didn’t stop.
29. People met me at the party. They were friendly.
30. She is the girl. I love her.
31. She knows the boy. The boy had stolen her wallet.
32. The little girl was sobbing. The girl had lost her way.
33. Giri got into the bus. The bus was empty.
34. I sold the plot of land. I intended to build the house there.
35. The old man met me at the airport. He gave me some money.
36. A ghost frightens this house. Mr. Adhikari lives there.
37. Basu got a terrific accident. He is in hospital.
38. Dambar failed the driving test. He has sold his bike.
39. My father is a teacher. He loves children very much.
40. Sister Amrita makes everyone happy. She is sick today.

assess yourself 3
Complete the following sentences with correct WH words.

1. Aman saw a lady ______ husband is a teacher.
2. Is that the spot _____ you had an accident?
3. Mr. Sharma _____ is honest, teaches us nicely.
4. His mother will always be grateful to you _____ you help her.
5. I am here _____ I shall remain.
6. Christi is the pretty girl for ___ I wrote this poem.
7. Hiraman lives in a tiny village, ___ we finally located on a map.
8. I don't know the people ____he gave the flowers to.
9. Did you finally meet the man about ___ I was telling you?
10. He was in the city ____ I visited last year.
11. I met my friend _____ brother had died.
12. Mr. Rai is the boy _____ I want.
13. Did you find the ball ___ I threw over the boundary marker?
14. Hari and Mohan____ live in the next village are a close friend of ours.
15. He knows the boy _____ is sitting there.
16. He showed me a woman_____ children go to the same school as ours.
17. I wrote the letter _____ contained the reality.
18. The photograph _____ you saw was taken a long time ago.
19. These are the boys _____ I want to talk.
20. We need to make hay _____ the sun shines.
21. This is the garden_____ he visited last year.
22. Who is the man _____ wife has run away and left him?
23. This is the school _____ belongs to me.
24. We visited the house _____ we were born.
25. Who is the shopkeeper _____ house has been attacked by robbers?
26. Kamala ___ likes quiet places is coming here.
27. Indra Bahadur has planted the rice _____ is ready for the harvest.
28. Mustang is the place ______ they went for hiking.
29. She forgot the tickets ____she had placed next to her briefcase.
30. That is the man _____ came to my home yesterday.
31. Roman sold the house ____ he was born in.
32. That man______ is sitting on the floor is my brother.
33. Rhinos ______ were nearly extinct, are now increasing.
34. The house ______ I don’t like is a model one.
35. My house _____ I was born was built by my father.
36. Nitu showed me the room _____ the murder took place.
37. One of those judges _____ decided the case was wise.
38. My father lost the checkbook ____ he kept his credit card in.
39. Our hotel ______ was destroyed in the fire has been rebuilt.
40. The man ____is the secretary is sitting at the desk.
assess yourself 4

1. He's the person. He wanted to buy your house.
2. This is the chair. My parents gave it to me.
3. We're looking for the ball. We were playing with it.
4. Hira has a friend. He is an engineer.
5. She met a man yesterday. The man was playing the guitar.
6. I met a soldier. He had lost his leg in the battle.
7. We met the children. The children’s parents were sick for many days.
8. I’ve a brother. He is a great singer.
9. This is the lion. It's been ill recently.
10. We threw out the computer. It never worked properly.
11. I'm going to speak to the mechanic. He repaired my car.
12. I've applied for the job. You told me about it.
13. Murari told us a joke. Everybody loved the joke.
14. Raman is a doctor. He treated my father.
15. Sachin is an honest man. I honour him.
16. Rani's the woman. She telephoned the police.
17. Sonam is the boy. He missed the class.
18. Surbir heard some news. The news surprised him.
19. That's the woman. I was telling you about her.
20. His children broke my window. They live in the next street.
Vocabulary in Use
tardy cancel; deny; repeal
reprehensible speech which offends religious sentiments
plaudit believable
harbingers puzzle; mystery
enigma indicators; bringers of warnings
nuzzle complicated; highly convoluted
labyrinthine cuddle; snuggle
credible statement giving strong praise
blasphemy shameful; very bad
abrogate slow; late; overdue; delayed

S T ART
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PREPOSITIONs
People enjoy visiting Florida for its pleasant weather

and because there are lots of things to do there.
White-sand beaches along the coastline attract large
crowds. Many people like seeing and learning about
marine animals at Orlando's Sea World. Biscayne
National Park, on the Atlantic coast south of Miami,
features brightly coloured fish, plants, and corals.
Many birds fly to the Everglades National Park in the
winter on their annual migration, and many other
animals reside there throughout the year. Busch
Gardens in Tampa has hundreds of African animals
roaming in an open environment.
The coloured words in the given description are prepositions.

Prepositions are mostly little words that are used before a noun or
Do
pronoun to show its relation to some other word in the sentence. In
you other words, prepositions link a noun or pronoun to another noun or
Know? pronoun in a sentence. Prepositions are used to show when something
happens, where something happens or where something is going to .
Speaking Practice
a. Why do people enjoy visiting Florida?
b. What attracts the large crowds?
c. What do many people like at Orlando's Sea World?
d. Where is Biscayne National Park?
e. Where is Busch Gardens?
Listening Practice
Repeat these prepositions after your teacher.
on in at to for by
about above over behind from since
beside between below into onto through
after before beyond near of off
away around during past with up

Grammar Focus : Prepositions of Time
Preposition Usage Example
ON days on Sunday, on Monday, on Saturdays, etc.
dates on 3rd December, 2017, on 26th of this
month, etc.
occasions on my birthday, on Mother’s Day, etc.
topic an essay on pollution, a paragraph on
impunity, etc.
IN months in August, January, in May, etc.
seasons in Spring, in Summer, in Winter, etc.
year in 2006, in 2074, etc.
time period in an hour, in 2 weeks, in a month, etc.
AT exact time at 2 o’clock, at 3 pm, etc.
festivals at Dashain, at Tihar, at Chhath, etc.
age at 20, at fifty, etc.
price, speed, degree at 40 km per hour, at 100 degree Celsius,
etc.
SINCE from a certain point of time since my birthday, since Sunday, since 1980,
(past till now) since January, since morning, since childhood,
etc.
FOR over a certain period of time for 2 years, for a day, month, year, decade, for
(past till now) a long time, for a few minutes, for an hour,
for 10 days, etc.
AGO a certain time in the past 2 years ago, 1 month ago, etc.
BEFORE earlier than a certain point of before 2004, before school, before I came
time here, before his marriage, before 10 am, etc.
TO telling the time ten to six, five to ten, etc.
PAST telling the time ten past six, seven past ten, etc.
UNTIL Indicating the beginning and He is on holiday until Friday.
end of a period of time I waited until he arrived.
BY at the latest up to a certain I will be back by 6 o’clock.
time By 11 o'clock, I had read five pages.
Grammar Focus : Prepositions of Place and Direction
IN room, building, street, town, in the kitchen, in London, in the book,
country, book, paper, car, taxi, in the car, in a taxi, in the picture, in
picture, world the world
AT meaning next to, by an object at the door, at the station
for table at the table
for events at a concert, at the party
place where sb does something- at the cinema, at school, at work, at
watch a film, study, work, etc. cinema, at the theatre, etc.

ON attached the picture on the wall
for a place with a river London lies on the Thames.
being on a surface, floor on the table, on the first floor
for a certain side (left, right) on the left, on the right
for public transport on the bus, on a plane
for television, radio on TV, on the radio
BY/NEXT TO left or right of somebody or She is standing by / next to / beside the
/BESIDE something car.
UNDER on the ground, lower than (or The bag is under the table.
covered by) something else The cat is sitting under the car.
BELOW lower than something else but The fish are below the surface.
above ground Skirts are worn below the knee.
OVER covered by something else put a jacket over your shirt
meaning more than over 16 years of age
getting to the other side walk over the bridge
overcoming an obstacle climb over the wall
ABOVE higher than something else, but not a path above the lake
directly over it flying above the clouds
ACROSS getting to the other side walk across the bridge
swim across the lake
THROUGH something with limits on top, drive through the tunnel
bottom and the sides river flowing through the village
TO movement to person or building go to the cinema
movement to a place or country go to London , go to Kathmandu
for bed go to bed
INTO enter a room / a building go into the kitchen / the house
TOWARDS movement in the direction of go 5 steps towards the house
something (but not directly to it) head towards the city
ONTO movement to the top of something jump onto the table
FROM in the sense of where from a flower from the garden
Grammar Focus : Other Important Prepositions
FROM who gave it a present from my friend
OF who/what does it belong to and a page of the book, the picture of a
show palace, a house of the poor
BY who made it a book by Motiram Bhatta
ON Walking and riding on foot, on horseback
entering a public transport vehicle get on the bus, get on the train, get on
the ship
IN entering a car / taxi get in the car
OFF leaving a public transport vehicle get off the train

OUT OF leaving a car / taxi get out of the taxi
BY rise or fall of something prices have risen by 10 percent
travelling (other than walking or by car, by bus
horse riding)
AT for age She learned Russian at 45.
ABOUT for topics, meaning what about We were talking about you.
Grammar Focus: Common Multiple Word Prepositions
According to: as stated by somebody: According to him, it’s a great movie.
Ahead of: further forward in space or time: The girls were ahead of us.
As far as: with respect to: We need to finish it as far as possible.
As well as: and in addition: The moon as well as the stars was shining.
Aside from: excluding: Aside from a few cuts, I’m alright.
Because of: by reason of: Evan walked slowly because of a bruise on his leg.
By means of: by using a thing: He climbed the tree by means of a ladder.
By virtue of: because of: He got the job by virtue of his long experience.
Close to: approximately: The dog is sitting close to the window.
Due to: resulting from: Rising pollution due to unmanaged settlement is rising.
Except for: with the exception of: I had nothing on except for my socks.
Far from: not; not at all: My stay at the hostel was far from satisfactory.
In accordance with: according to a rule: I acted in accordance with my plan.
In addition to: besides: In addition to these boys, other girls will be called soon.
In advance of: ahead of: I walked in advance of my father, singing a song.
In case of: if there should be: Take umbrella in case of rain.
In front of: at or near the front part: The bus stops right in front of our school.
In lieu of: instead of: In lieu of recent events, more caution is needed.
In terms of: as regards: She has no idea in terms of décor.
Near to: close to: His house is near to me.
Next to: alongside: They are sitting next to each other.
On account of: because of sb/sth: He retired early on account of bad health.
On behalf of: instead of sb: I would like to thank you all on behalf of school.

On top of: atop: Living on top of one another is stressful.
Out of: not part of: This is out of my area of expertise.
Outside of: outer side of sth: The outside of the wall needs painting soon.
Owing to: because of: He could not continue with his studies owing to his illness.
Prior to: before sth: I completed the work during the week prior to the meeting.
Regardless of: paying no attention to sth: We welcome all people in our club regardless of
their age.
Subsequent to: after; following: There have been further developments subsequent to our
meeting.
Grammar Focus: Common Errors
Incorrect Correct
He met misfortune. He met with misfortune.
He asked a coffee. He asked for a coffee.
He reached to Kathmandu. He reached Kathmandu.
She married to/with her boss. She married her boss.
I have been playing since a long time. I have been playing for a long time.
The bus is approaching to Budhathum. The bus is approaching Budhathum.
See you on next Friday. See you next Friday.
I am going to home. I am going home.
Of what colour are her eyes? What colour are her eyes?
The child resembles to its mother. The child resembles its mother.
She entered into the room. She entered the room.
I have ordered for his dismissal. I have ordered his dismissal.
We reached at the airport at 9 pm. We reached the airport at 9 pm.
He is good in Public speaking. He is good at public speaking.
I am shocked by his death. I am shocked at his death.
He is pleased by me. He is pleased with me.
He was surprised by me. He was surprised at me.
It was buried by ten feet of snow. It was buried under ten feet of snow.
I was lying flat in the floor. I was lying flat on the floor.

1. I carried on looking for my ring until I found it.
2. We could watch TV instead of reading our books.
3. The water spilled into the floor.
4. The high-definition television fell onto the dirty street.
5. A girl went past them on a bike.
6. This road leads away from the stadium.
7. Tell me about the show you saw.
8. There’s a wooden floor underneath the carpet.
9. Some geese flew over their house.
10. John and Sarah were hiding inside the wardrobe.
11. There was a tree beside the river.
12. A man was walking his dog along the riverbank.
13. She went through a period of emotional change after her marriage broke up.
14. He is always very belligerent towards me.
15. My backpack is bigger than John’s.
16. Dad was angry with us.
17. We were rowing against the current.
18. Is there place for me on this seat?
19. What are you doing at the weekend?
20. You must finish the work by Friday.
21. She’s determined to take part.
22. My soccer team played well during the championship tournament.
23. Sandwiched between the canned goods and the milk, the bread was smashed.
24. I found my pen lying among the books.
25. The bathroom is opposite the kitchen.
26. We go to school every day except Saturday.
27. The high-definition television fell onto the dirty street.
28. The water spilled into the floor.
29. What’s wrong with the computer?
30. Is there a reason for this delay?
31. He is capable of looking after a baby.
32. John is very good at drawing.
33. We agree on most subjects but not politics.
34. A light appeared in the window
35. This word is too difficult for me to spell.
36. I'm very careful about washing my hands before eating.
37. They argued him into withdrawing his complaint.
38. The tiger jumped into the trap.
39. She was forced to marry against her will.
40. I have great admiration for her as a writer.

assess yourself 1
Complete the following sentences with correct prepositions.
1 A girl dived ______ the pool. (in,into,on)
2. We have already got rid ____ small pox. (from, of, by, against)
3. Don’t laugh ____ the poor. (to, for, at)
4. Harry is accused ____ theft. (of, in, at)
5. Why are you staring ___ me? (on, at, to)
6. Why do people believe ___God? (on, in, the)
7. Rubin sits _____ you and me. (upon, between, over)
8. Alan always meets her ______ the way to his office. (on, at, in)
9. Anjan came _____ a taxi. (on, in, at)
10. The postman carried letters ____ the war. (on, during, since, for)
11. We have been waiting for you ____ last Monday. (until, since, from)
12. Kamala has been drinking ____ half past six. (since, from, at)
13. Eroj has been living in his new house ____ last week. (since, far, from)
14. Naina has ten women working ____ her. (of, off, under)
15. I am going ______ America next month. (for, to, in)
16. Bishu always listens to the radio ____ going to the bed. (before, to, in, up)
17. Ramchandra lives _____ Dhading. (in, at, on)
18. Dinesh repented ____ he had missed the train. (before, after, along)
19. Frank walked ____ the end of the street. (to, until, by)
20. Guru was charged ______ shoplifting. (of, for, in)
21. Hama’s mother died ____ cancer. (from, of, by)
22. Induka’s name was excluded ____ the list. (with, upon, from, in)
23. Evan always meets Rita ____ the way to school. (on, in, at)
24. I am not satisfied ____ your explanation. (by, with, from)
25. Junu drew a circle ____ a compass. (with, by, from)
26. Kalu has not received any letter from them ____ a long time. (since, from, for)
27. Where have you been? I’ve been waiting for you ____ fifty minutes.(since, for)
28. Why are you silent? Speak ___me. (with, to, for)
29. Lama heard it _____ the BBC. (at, on, in)
30. My father likes Rebika. She’s always very kind ____ us. (for, to, at)
31. Nabin met sheela, ____Christmas day. (in, on, at)
32. Osama thinks you can succeed___ reporting field. (on, in, the)
33. Punam was working ____ ten hours that day. (since, for, from)
34. Buna will stay here ____ five o’clock. (for, from, until)
35. Wisdom is regarded as the gift___ (from, of, by) heaven.
36. Women dance ___the concert. (in, on, at)
37. Ritu’ll meet you there ____ sharp four o’clock. (in, at, on).
38. Sabin is really grateful ______you ____ your kind help. (to, at, for)
39. I’m sorry ____ getting angry ____ you yesterday. (for, at, to, with)
40. It has been raining ______ last week. (for, since, from)

assess yourself 2

1. An hour was spent to put ____ the fire. (up, along, out, down)
2. Jenny came here ____ her car. (by, in, on)
3. Leave the books ____ the table. (up, on, in, at)
4. Mina and Paru are responsible ___these problems. (on, for, about)
5. Mr. Regmi was born ____ 27th March, 1987. (in, on, at)
6. His cap fell ____ a chair as I was leaving the room. (in, on, at)
7. Utsav’s father lives in Baseri ______ his mother. (to , with, by)
8. Work hard. Hard work is the key ___ success. (to, for, of)
9. Krishal is fond____ eating sweets. (for, with, of)
10. Tulsa always goes to office ____ train. (In, by, on).
11. Nepal became free ____Rana regime ____ 7th Falgun, 2007. (on, in, at, from)
12. Once you can read about it ___ page 50. (in, on, the)
13. Our house is ___the end of the next street. (by, at, in)
14. That house was situated ______ the south of valley. (by, in, to, at)
15. Prabha was waiting____ Saroj ____ the bus station. (in, at, on, for, to)
16. Parash will have finished it ____ tomorrow. (by, from, at)
17. Ram talked _____ you and me. (to, in, on)
18. Rasa has been ___hospital ____ five days. (in, on, at, for)
19. Tulku married ____ an American lady. (to, with, far)
20. What is the solution___ (for, of, to) overpopulation?
21. What is wrong___ (by, in, for, with) you?
22. Unisa always goes to visit her grandma ____ Saturday. (in, on, at)
23. Vishow always quarrels ______ her brother. (with, by, for)
24. Wangden usually goes to school ______ foot. (on, by, in)
25. Carol has been ill _____ cold. (from, with, due to)
26. Sonia has come _____ Gumdi. (through, by, from)
27. Diva is cutting mangoes_____ her knife. (by, in, with)
28. Elisha is leaving Kathmandu___12th January. (on, by, in, from)
29. Garima is proud___ her beauty. (in, at, of)
30. Hemanta married ____ the age of thirty. (in, at, by)
31. We met him___ (in, on, by) chance.
32. Rameshwor passed the S.L.C. ______ 2069. (on, in, at)
33. Gyanu passed___ (away, on, by) in childhood.
34. Herman sat ___ the mat and started doing his homework. (on, in, at)
35. Indira spends a lot of money___ cosmetics. (on, in, at)
36. Junu takes pleasure ____ helping the poor. (on, over, in, with)
37. Kumasi was blamed___ (to, of, for) the accident.
38. Maunata was born ______ July. (in, on, at)
39. Namrata died ______ 10 may 2008. (in, on, at)
40. Aman was tired ____ dancing so much. (at, in, off, of)

assess yourself 3

1. The students are fond___ reading poetry. (to, of, as, about)
2. The players went to Arughat___ (by, from, on) bus.
3. Krishal went to market ____ foot. (on, by, in)
4. Shreekrishna will go to Japan ___the end of this month. (on, at, in)
5. Pemba lives__ Parbat. It is very cold ___spring there. (on, by, in, to)
6. Can you show the Nile ___ the map? (in, on, at)
7. I believe ___the strength of my own mind. (on, to, in, of)
8. Sujata is famous ______ her dance skill. (in, for, to)
9. Kunti was suspicious ___ theft. (for, in, of)
10. Our teachers write ___ Red ink.(on, it, at)
11. Rohit left school ____ the age of nine. (in, on, at)
12. Welcome___ (to, in, on) our new school.
13. What are you doing ____ the weekend?(in, at, by)
14. Our school bell always rings ______ 10. o’clock. (at, on, in)
15. This whiteboard is ___the table. (around, over, above, at)
16. The cap I bought yesterday is ___the table. (in, to, on, over)
17. My pens are lying___ the table. (to, by, in, on)
18. They put the sweets___ (in, into, out of, from) his pocket.
19. The bridge ___the Nile River is very nice. (up, over, above)
20. The cat jumped ___the table. (of, by, off, in)
21. These school going children remind me ___my childhood. (of, about, on)
22. My son has been missing ____ yesterday. (since, from, during)
23. These boys are afraid _____ the cat. (with, of, at)
24. The fan is hanging___ (on, under, below) the ceiling.
25. The green field reminds me ___my village. (of, about, on)
26. The firemen are going to put___ (of, off, out, up) the fire.
27. Manu is clever ____ finding answer. (in, to, for)
28. The hotel is ____ the middle of the city. (in, at, on)
29. The hunter killed a bird ____ a stone. (by, with, from)
30. The ball rolled ____ the ground. (at, on, off, onto)
31. Mr. Bhusal warned us___ (for, about, to) the danger.
32. We talked a lot ___ politics today. (of, about, on)
33. We waited___ her ____ half an hour but she didn’t come. (till, to, for, at)
34. We were supplied___ good stationeries. (in, with, of)
35. You can apply ___the post. (for, to, at)
36. You should sketch ___pencil at first. (in, by, on, with)
37. The price of petrol has increased ___five per cent. (to, by, in)
38. The quality ___ this photo is not different ____that one. (to, of, on, form)
39. The Manager is preparing___ the meeting. (of, about, on, for)
40. A stream flows___ the bridge ___my village. (in, over, under, through)

assess yourself 4

1. Thamel is crowded___ the tourists. (by, with, of)
2. We are pleased ___ our new English teacher. (by, to, with)
3. The students left the room one___ one. (for, by, to, in)
4. The track crashed___ the wall. (in, to, into)
5. There is a picture___ (on, in, at) the door.
6. A small baby is sitting___ the car.(in, on, at)
7. I saw plenty of taxis ____ the airport. (for, on, of, at)
8. We’ll have to go there____ foot as it is getting late. (on, by, at)
9. Dirty shocks are giving ___ foul smell. (of, off, up)
10. These children are obedient ___ their parents. (at, to, for)
11. Why do you always depend ____ us? (to, in, from, upon)
12. Kristina is good ____ mathematics. (at, in, on)
13. Most of the boys are interested___ (on, in, the) football.
14. We are looking___ a good house. (for, to, of)
15. These horses are similar___ (from, to, by) each other.
16. They are small children. Please take care ___them properly. (of, about, on)
17. Why are you surprised___ (for, with, at) my presence?
18. Manu came___ Kathmandu last week. (on, in, from)
19. We suspected him___ stealing money. (on, of, off)
20. Did you go___ a walk last evening? (in, out, among, off, for)
21. The couples married ____ the war. (in, during, on)
22. One of the thieves was running___ the jungle. (by, above, through, at)
23. The cowboys were standing ____ the two trees. (between, on, among)
24. I will arrive there___ 5th July, 2018. (at, in, on)
25. He will be___ (at, in, on) work until 5: 30.
26. They’re taking rest ___a tree. (between, under, along)
27. Such epidemics might develop ___ a serious disease. (up, under, into)
28. Try to phone me ___lunchtime. (in, on, at)
29. Water boils___ (in, on, at) 100 degree Celsius.
30. Are they abided ___ the rule of school? (from, by, at)
31. Why didn’t you go ___holiday last year? (on, in, for)
32. We shouldn’t rely ___others. (for, on, at)
33. A man was walking his dog ___the riverbank. (across, along, through)
34. Congratulations ___winning the competition! (for, on, at, in)
35. Cut the cake ____five pieces. (to, into, in)
36. I shall stitch the dress ___ two hours. (in, within, by)
37. I usually go to sleep ____ midnight. (after, before, at)
38. I visited my grandparents ____ summer. (during, at, in)
39. I will complete my assignment ____ three days. (on, in, for)
40. He pounds nails ____ a hammer. (by, with, at)

assess yourself 5

1. I will visit you ____ saturday. (in, on, at)
2. He is coming here ____ Summer. (on, in, at)
3. Where will you be ____ noon. (in, on, at)
4. I have not seen her ____ January. (from, since, by)
5. The plane is flying ____the clouds. (over, above, up)
6. It has been raining ____ 2 hours. (since, for, in)
7. He puts jacket ____his shirt. (above, up, across)
8. I swam ____ the lake. (along, across)
9. This river flows ____ our village. (though, through, from)
10. The cat jumped ____the table. (into, to, onto)
11. She came ____ horseback. (in, on, by)
12. Please get ____ the rain. (of, off, by)
13. Bring a flower ____ the morning. (in, from, by )
14. I go to walk ____ the morning. (in, at, on)
15. We went to bed ____ 10, O' clock. (on, in, at)
16. We play Deusi ____ Tihar. (on, in. at)
17. I sent best wishes ____Mothers's Day. (in, on, at)
18. What are you looking ____ me? (to, for, at)
19. The cat is sitting ____ a tree. (under, below)
20. I am sick. I am sleeping ____ bed. (on, in)
Vocabulary in Use
abrasive going off the main subject
tangent rough; coarse; harsh
bilk fame
renown cheat; defraud
covert taking credit for someone else's writing or ideas
plagiarism hidden; undercover
engender something subtle; a fine shade of meaning
nuance cause
hangar omplex; difficult to solve
knotty torage area (like garage) for a plane

S T ART
T
GE
ED
SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION
Read the following diary entry.
January 10
Thank God! I have finally won! At last, lady luck has favoured
me. I have taken part in so many competitions and have never
won anything. I was not happy that time. I thought I was so
unlucky. I questioned myself, “Aren’t you able?” But I’ve
always tried my best. Maybe I could have prepared better
for them, but still I did deserve to win at least one of them.
But it made me even more determined to succeed. After all,
I had a point to prove. I know I have a flare for writing. It was
just a matter of proving it by winning. I had to run the final
mile, and today I did! And what a moment it was! Like Emily Dickinson said, ‘Success is
counted sweetest by those who never succeeded’. I was standing in the corner, biting
my poor nails, when I heard the announcement. After that, it was all a blur of faces,
congratulating me, and I walked up the stage. I received a medal and a certificate and a cash
prize. Some of them asked me questions like, “How are you feeling?” “What is there behind
your success?” and so on. Then, I remembered the inspiring words of my father. “Look
at yourself.” “Believe in yourself.” “Never give up your hope.” “Let the time run.” I guess
I’ll decide later on what to do. Right now, I’m just delirious with delight!
A sentence is a set of words that expresses a complete thought.

It must have a subject and a verb, but it may or may not have an
Do you object. A sentence that makes a statement begins with a capital letter
Know? and ends with a period. There are mainly four kinds of sentences in
English language. They are declarative, interrogative, exclamatory and
imperative.
Speaking Practice
Answer these questions based on the given diary entry.
a. What did the narrator think?
b. What did Emily Dickinson say?
c. What was the narrator doing when he heard the announcement?
d. What did the narrator receive?
e. What did the narrator remember when he was asked some questions?
Listening Practice
Repeat these sentences after your teacher.
Assertive Negative Interrogative
I sing a song. I do not sing a song. Do I sing a song?
We visit the park. We do not visit the park. Do we visit the park?
You help the poor. You do not help the poor. Do you help the poor?

He draws a picture. He does not draw a picture. Does he draw a picture?
She combs her hair. She does not comb her hair. Does she comb her hair?
It rains a lot here. It does not rain a lot here. Does it rain a lot here?
They send us parcel. They do not send us parcel. Do they send us parcel?
Grammar Focus : Types of Sentences

1. A declarative or affirmative sentence makes a statement.
Dikshya studies in the UK.
The cows are grazing in the field.
I have a severe headache today.
2. An interrogative sentence asks a question about person, thing or reason.
What do you like to do?
Are you interested in sports?
Do you sing a song?
3. An exclamatory sentence expresses surprise or strong feeling or emotion of an
individual.
Don’t hurry!
What a wonderful day it was!
How strange person he is!
4. An imperative sentence gives an order.
Please help me.
Don’t hate the poor.
Never tell a lie.
Come here.
Go there very fast.
Grammar Focus : Sentence Transformation
A sentence that has an auxiliary verb takes 'NOT' instantly after the auxiliary verb when it is
changed into negative and auxiliary verb comes at the initial position of the sentence when
it is changed into interrogative.
I have learnt a moral lesson. (Statement)
I haven’t learnt a moral lesson. (Negative)
Have I learnt a moral lesson? (Interrogative)
They are playing table tennis. (Statement)
They are not playing table tennis. (Negative)
Are they playing table tennis? (Interrogative)
He will visit the zoo on Saturday. (Statement)
He won't visit the zoo on Saturday. (Negative)
Will he visit the zoo on Saturday? (Interrogative)

If there is a main verb in a sentence, auxiliary verbs DO, DID and DOES are used for V1, V2
and V5 respectively while changing them into negative and interrogative.
We have a party tonight. (Statement)

We don’t have a party tonight. (Negative)
Do we have a party tonight? (Interrogative)
He composed a song yesterday. (Statement)
He didn’t compose a song yesterday. (Negative)
Did he compose a song yesterday? (Interrogative)
Guru teaches us a lesson. (Statement)
Guru doesn’t teach us a lesson. (Negative)
Does Guru teach us a lesson.? (Interrogative)
When HAVE (Has, have and had) verb means possession, DO verb is used for
transformation.
Mohan has a beautiful house in Kathmandu. (Statement)
Mohan doesn’t have a beautiful house in Kathmandu. (Negative)
Does Mohan have a beautiful house in Kathmandu? (Interrogative)
They have a swimming pool in their house. (Statement)
They don’t have a swimming pool in their house. (Negative)
Do they have a swimming pool in their house?? (Interrogative)
Sushila had a beautiful garden in her house. (Statement)
Sushila didn’t have a beautiful garden in her house. (Negative)
Did Sushila have a beautiful garden in her house? (Interrogative)
Sentences containing HAS TO / HAVE TO and HAD TO take DOES, DO and DID for
transformation.
A good student has to learn well. (Statement)
A good student doesn’t have to learn well. (Negative)
Does a good student have to learn well? (Interrogative)
They have to submit their homework on time. (Statement)
They don’t have to submit their homework on time. (Negative)
Do they have to submit their homework on time? (Interrogative)
You had to decorate your room. (Statement)
You did not have to decorate your room. (Negative)
Did you have to decorate your room? (Interrogative)
Transformation of imperative sentences
Write an essay. (Imperative)
Don’t write an essay. (Negative)
Will you write an essay? (Interrogative)
Let me tell you a story. (Imperative)
Don’t let me tell you a story. (Negative)

Will you let me tell you a story? (Interrogative)
Let’s have a meeting tonight. (Imperative)
Let’s not have a meeting tonight. (Negative)
Shall we have a meeting tonight? (Interrogative)
Transformation of sentence into negetave
Affirmative Negative
a few / very few not many
a lot of/enough much (uncountable), any (elsewhere)
all none
already/just/lately/recently yet
always/ever never
and so and neither
any of/some of/most of none of
anyone no one/none-object
as soon as no sooner…. than
as … as …not so
either ….or… neither …nor…
everyone no one/none
if unless
must need not (necessity), must not (prohibition)
often/usually seldom
only/alone none but
some no (in the beginning)
somebody nobody
someone no one
something nothing
sometimes never (negative), ever (question)
still any longer/anymore
too/also/as well either
Examples
A few students learn Dutch now. Not many students learn Dutch now.
I have a lot of poem books. I don’t have any poem books.
All of them are smart teachers. None of them are smart teachers.
I have already passed my driving test. I haven’t passed my driving test yet.
He always speaks the truth. He never speaks the truth.

I wrote a poem and so did he. I didn’t write a poem and neither did he.
Some/most of the girls are playing. None of the girls are playing.
Anyone can do it. No one can do it.
As soon as i came, he left. No sooner I came than he left.
Hem is as clever as Niraj. Hem is not so clever as Niraj.
Either he or his friends are bad. Neither he nor his friends are bad.
Everyone is powerful. No one is powerful.
If you go there, you will see them. Unless you go there, you won’t see them.
You must go there. You neednot go there.
They often/usually come here. They seldom come here.
Only I visited the park. None but I visited the park.
Some students will go to the zoo. No students will go to the zoo.
Somebody was knocking at the door. Nobody was knocking at the door.
Someone has called me. No one has called me.
Something is required for us. Nothing is required for us.
She is still living here. She is not leaving here any longer.
Irish likes mangoes, too. Irish doesn’t like mangoes, either.
assess yourself 1
Change the following sentences into negative and interrogative.

Affirmative Negative Interrogative
I write a poem.
I am writing a poem.
I have written a poem.
I have been writing a poem.
I wrote a poem.
I was writing a poem.
I had written a poem.
I had been writing a poem.
I will write a poem.
I will be writing a poem.
I will have written a poem.
I will have been writing a poem.

assess yourself 2

He draws a picture.
He is drawing a picture.
He has drawn a picture.
He has been drawing a picture.
He drew a picture.
He was drawing a picture.
He had drawn a picture.
He had been drawing a picture.
He will draw a picture.
He will be drawing a picture.
He will have drawn a picture.
He will have been drawing a
picture.
assess yourself 3

I sing a song.
I am singing a song.
I have sung a song.
I have been singing a song.
I sang a song.
I was singing a song.
I had sung a song.
I had been singing a song.
I will sing a song.
I will be singing a song.
I will have sung a song.
I will have been singing a song.

assess yourself 4
Underline subject and predicate in the following sentences.

1. The assistant pressed her lips.
2. I can only carry two at a time.
3. A thousand people were there.
4. I can type 50 words a minute.
5. Don’t go too near the forest.
6. He was driving at 50 miles an hour.
7. She died on a Tuesday.
8. The storm showed no signs of abating.
9. May god bless you!
10. She kissed him on the lips.
11. Steps are to be taken to abate pollution.
12. He was assisted in the deception by his wife.
13. He had an abhorrence of waste of any kind.
14. Have a seat.
15. May joy and peace abide in us all!
16. You'll have to abide by the rules of the club.
17. Not a drop of alcohol passed my lips.
18. Everyone has the right to good medical care.
19. What a cute baby it is!
20. A gentle form of exercise will increase your ability to relax.
21. Almost everyone has some musical ability.
22. He was a man of extraordinary abilities.
23. A woman of her ability will easily find a job.
24. Let them play basketball.
25. The whole building was soon ablaze.
26. He reluctantly gave up his claim at the meeting recently.
27. Amir wrote the slogans clearly on the wall.
28. Barun generously donated money at the event in the morning.
29. Hira angrily denied the allegations at the party meeting.
30. Gunjan went there in the morning.
31. He was badly injured on the playground a week ago.
32. He spoke wisely in class yesterday.
33. I will wait eagerly till tomorrow.
34. He behaved badly at a reception two days ago.
35. I will write the story in detail at my country house very soon.
36. She works hard in the kitchen the whole day.
37. I came hurriedly into the room in the morning.
38. Dibakar talked to her emotionally at the door two days ago.
39. Arjun eagerly read the letter at the office during the break.
40. The old woman slowly walked to the market in the evening.

assess yourself 5
Change these sentences into negative and interrogative.

1. Binod had had his meal.
2. Boost up your cultural programme.
3. Everybody likes her.
4. Everyone admires her beauty.
5. Everything is fair in love and war.
6. All goods were destroyed in the fire.
7. Ganesh had bought a new laptop.
8. Have a glass of milk.
9. Induka always submits her work in time.
10. Junu bought some apples.
11. Kamal bought something on Saturday.
12. Lalu found something in the room.
13. Muna gave me some tips to solve my problem.
14. Nawaraj has a new bike.
15. Om had a nice car yesterday.
16. Pratik has a golden watch.
17. Rita has to guide her brother.
18. Simran got a terrific accident yesterday.
19. Tsering is a well known doctor.
20. Utsav is still playing in the national team.
21. Vijay killed a snake with a stout stick.
22. Yuban cut his finger.
23. Anuj often goes to school on foot.
24. Binod put the book on the table.
25. Carmen put the light on and went in.
26. Dhan Raj saw a jackal in the zoo.
27. Evan searched his brother everywhere.
28. Frank shot the tiger.
29. Guru showed me the greatest respect.
30. Hitraj brought several projects in his village.
31. Indra Sir teaches us English.
32. Januka tried to read a newspaper.
33. Kundan used to go to bed early.
34. Lila worked hard all day yesterday.
35. Muskan’s father has given up smoking.
36. Nina’s jokes made us laugh at the party.
37. Osama does her work perfectly.
38. Puskar has invited us for dinner today.
39. Rohit passed the ball to Denga.
40. Sabita had performed well in the drama.

assess yourself 6

1. I must go there.
2. These cats bark much at night.
3. They sometimes go to the cinema.
4. Mr. Regmi taught them a good moral lesson today.
5. Natasha gets me to write a poem for her.
6. Our sisters have already seen that film.
7. Let her close the window.
8. Let them do what they like.
9. Let us be prepared for 10 minutes.
10. Mr. Tony teaches English.
11. His brother sold his new car.
12. Kaman likes to visit new places.
13. Ekbal worked in London.
14. Nil sometimes comes to me.
15. Nirmala has read a lot of books.
16. Somebody stole my pen.
17. Nuka solved the problem.
18. Pawan is somehow clever.
19. Manage these documents in proper order.
20. Rahul drives a taxi.
21. Tom has already told us a story.
22. Unima has to help her father in the field.
23. Vishnu knows that all works are equal.
24. We mostly like red colour.
25. Somebody broke the chair.
26. Rajesh buys some books.
27. Samundra drank a lot of water.
28. Rosanna bought some notebooks.
29. Hurry up.
30. Swami has his shoes polished.
31. She cleans her room every morning.
32. Opal has a saloon.
33. Pukar had cut his finger in the field.
34. We generally help the needy people.
35. She had had a good journey.
36. Someone is inviting me.
37. They have many options.
38. Labish has some money today.
39. Some of you can play well.
40. Someone comes to meet you.

assess yourself 7
1. They often like listening to the music.
2. Monika always goes to temple on Saturdays.
3. Something is wrong.
4. Netra always listens to the radio in the evening.
5. Dinesh bought many books yesterday.
6. Eliza is coming, too.
7. Someone is missing.
8. Furba is interested in music.
9. Ganga knew the way to your house.
10. Hema made her sister prepare a cup of tea.
11. Inkar sang beautifully.
12. Someone hit her on her head.
13. Jasmine shut the door.
14. I will help you.
15. Kristina told us an interesting story.
16. Lena was made to take some medicine.
17. Muna went to Salyantar.
18. They have bought some books.
19. They sit under the tree.
20. Natasha will have enjoyed the programme.
21. Osyka wrote a letter.
22. Paru shut the door.
23. Someone has stolen my pen.
24. Take medicine according to doctor’s prescription.
25. That bag has some cakes.
26. The boy has stolen my watch.
27. Abishek has to solve these problems.
28. The servant shut the door
29. Some books are kept in the bag.
30. There is some news today.
31. They found something in the room.
32. Susana bought some apples.
33. Bimala never prepares food.
34. They always shut the gate.
35. They had the news published.
36. They wrote a story.
37. We would like to have some food for breakfast.
38. You asked some questions.
39. You’d better go now.
40. Frank betrayed his friend.

assess yourself 8
Change these sentences into affirmative.

1. They don’t have to go there now.
2. Did she complete her homework?
3. Did Sunita appear in the exam?
4. Does he owe any money?
5. Don’t take antibiotics.
6. Has he stolen my wallet?
7. Niru never gets angry with me.
8. Does it often rain in summer?
9. Don’t put any sugar in my milk.
10. No one helped her yesterday.
11. Don’t tell it to anyone.
12. Nobody has bought this book yet.
13. None of you performed well.
14. Dikshya didn’t build the house.
15. Fulmaya doesn’t like singing.
16. Has he been to Dhading?
17. I did not write a letter.
18. Jay didn’t go to school yesterday.
19. None of them were invited.
20. Krishna does not buy old books.
21. Nobody goes outside.
22. I needn’t write to her.
23. Lakesh does not like fishing.
24. Nilkantha does not have any questions to practice.
25. Chuda is not working there any longer.
26. Hom must not attend the meeting.
27. Katappa never loses his courage.
28. Darpan never reads such magazines.
29. How did they select the employee?
30. Vishnu did not tell us what had happened.
31. We have not read any story books lately.
32. I need not do it now.
33. Is there any news today?
34. They did not enjoy the party.
35. They have not eaten meal yet.
36. Was she dancing in the concert?
37. We did not get the hotel very good.
38. Will she be preparing tea?
39. You needn’t write to her.
40. Neither Ram nor Hari was honest.

assess yourself 9

1. Clean this room.
2. Get this letter posted.
3. Colour this picture.
4. Speak to your brother.
5. Wash your coat.
6. Buy a bicycle.
7. Help the helpless.
8. Tell me your email address.
9. Try to do this exercise.
10. Let him go to market.
11. I am singing a song.
12. We have bought a house.
13. You were at the party last week.
14. They will see me tomorrow.
15. He has new uniform.
16. She had a fine coat.
17. It is going to rain soon.
18. Let's do this exercise.
19. Let's have each other.
20. Let's go to library.
Vocabulary in Use
tawdry forgiveness; pardon; release
reprieve obvious
plausible praiseworthy
obdurate establish firmly in a position
laceration hurry; accelerate; rush
hasten a cut
ensconce stubborn
creditable can be believed; reasonable
blatant a respite; postponement of a sentence
absolution of little value; gaudy

S T ART
T
GE
ED
REFLEXIVE PRONOUNs

Personally I myself have always prided myself on being able to look after myself in whatever
situation I happen to find myself. My father himself always taught me to take decisions.
“You should make your own mind up yourself and let other people get on with things by
themselves.” Those are the very words themselves that he used. I don't know what you
yourself do. I mean we are all supposed to try and make the best of ourselves. I guess from
what you yourself look like that you have a reasonable job. I don't imagine that you earn
as much as I myself do. I assume that you and your family are yourselves struggling to pay
the rent or the mortgage? What exactly do you yourself do for a living?' For a moment
the arrogant young man turned round on himself. When he turned back he found himself
staring at himself in the mirror. The other 'self' had slipped away and was now enjoying
herself in another part of the room talking to a young man who was looking very pleased
with himself.
In the above given description, the coloured words are reflexive

Do you pronouns. The pronoun called reflexive is the pronoun when the action
Know? done by the subject turns back (reflects) upon the subject.
Speaking Practice
a. Why has the narrator prided herself?
b. What did the narrator’s father teach her?
c. What words did he use?
d. What are we all supposed to try and make?
e. What had the other 'self' done?
Listening Practice
Repeat these personal and reflexive pronouns after your teacher.
Personal pronouns Reflexive pronouns
I Myself
We Ourselves
You Yourself/yourselves
She Herself
He Himself
It Itself
They Themselves
Singular: self (myself, yourself, herself, himself, itself)
Plural: selves (ourselves, yourselves, themselves)

Grammar Focus : Use of Reflexive Pronouns
Reflexive pronouns are used when you do something to yourself.
 She hurt herself when she fell off the ladder.
 Look at yourself in the mirror.
Many reflexive verbs do not have the idea of doing something to yourself.
 Did you enjoy yourself at the party?
 Behave yourself comfortably!
Reflexive pronouns are used for showing emphasis.
 I made it myself.
 She told me the news herself.
Reflexive pronouns are used as object or complement when they refer to the same thing
as the subject.
 I fell over and hurt myself.
 Bibek wrote about himself lots of times.
 We suddenly found ourselves in the middle of a crowd.
 The company's directors have given themselves a big pay rise.
 Mira didn't look herself usual self.
 I saw the man fall and hurt himself.
 Giving themselves a pay rise wasn't very diplomatic of the directors.
1. Be careful not to cut yourself with that knife.
2. Bears like to rub themselves against a tree.
3. Can we just help ourselves?
4. Come in, everybody, and find yourselves a seat.
5. Did the children behave themselves?
6. Did you do all this electrical wiring yourself?
7. Have yourselves a good time.
8. I don't agree with it, myself.
9. I hope you enjoy yourself.
10. If you're going to succeed in life, you must believe in yourself.
11. John was looking at himself in the mirror.
12. Kate fell and hurt herself.
13. My back was very painful, but I managed to get myself dressed.
14. My brother repaired this computer himself.
15. One should learn to be wise oneself.
16. Our cat washes itself after every meal.
17. Paru has a very high opinion of herself.
18. The bird washed itself by splashing in a puddle.
19. The children cleaned their room all by themselves.
20. The kettle will switch itself off automatically.

assess yourself 1
Add correct reflexive pronoun to the following sentences.
1. If people work too hard, they can make _____ ill.
2. The poor widow poisoned _____.
3. The students cleaned their classroom _____.
4. The teacher said to the boys, “keep _____ clean".
5. The women _____ can make life free for them.
6. If somebody attacks you, you need to be able to defend _____.
7. If you want to eat, help _____.
8. It cleaned _____ with the tongue.
9. An aeroplane flew _____.
10. Don’t you deceive _____?
11. Everything in the world changes _____.
12. God helps those who help _____.
13. Good students search the answers _____.
14. Bipul cannot control _____ when he is angry.
15. Dikshya climbed the tree _____.
16. Kshitiz cooked rice _____.
17. Eros does his duty ____.
18. Frank has settled his problems _____ in difficulties.
19. The teacher is pointing to _____.
20. My brother set a hard disk_____.
21. Nit washed _____ when he got up.
22. Oman cheated _____as he wanted to cheat us.
23. I cannot repair my computer____. It needs an expert.
24. I did my homework _____.
25. I don’t want you to pay for me. I’ll pay for it_____.
26. They found it out _____.
27. They grow vegetables _____ instead of buying them from shops.
28. One should not harm _____.
29. My son polished his shoes _____.
30. I repaired my cycle _____.
31. The teacher wrote an essay _____.
32. I wash _____ when I get up.
33. Don’t worry about it. I will do it _____.
34. If you wish, I will go there_____.
35. Kamala was sitting by _____ in a corner of the cafe.
36. We found _____ at stake.
37. We must check _____ from doing evil things.
38. We must do _____ for our survival.
39. We must make _____ good citizens of our country.
40. We painted our rooms _____.

assess yourself 2
1. My brother can dress ______.
2. The apples fall down _____ after they ripe.
3. The monkey carries its baby_____.
4. The people remove the obstacles _____.
5. They carried the table _____.
6. They cleaned the school _____.
7. Immature drivers are not allowed to drive by _____.
8. Let us develop our country _____.
9. Let’s paint the house _____.
10. Mother Teresa helped the poor _____.
11. We saw the Prime Minister _____.
12. My father does his work ______.
13. Natural things grow _____ without our efforts.
14. Prasuna bought her a wrist watch _____.
15. Prim cut _____ while he was shaving this morning.
16. Ramu does everything _____.
17. We removed the stone form the road _____.
18. Sabin completed his homework _____.
19. Sami had a great holiday. She enjoyed _____ very much.
20. We are responsible for misfortune _____.
21. She combed her hair _____.
22. She considers _____ the brave.
23. The cat chocked _____.
24. She consoled _____.
25. She was talking to ______.
26. The giraffe pulled the leaves _____.
27. Some people are always talking about _____.
28. Some people are very selfish. They only think of _____.
29. The film _____ wasn’t very good but I liked the music.
30. Some people often deceive _____.
31. Sue doesn’t think she’ll get job _____.
32. The mangoes fall down _____ when they are ripe.
33. The baby stood _____.
34. The birds fly _____.
35. We couldn’t get back into house. We had locked _____.
36. The box was too heavy for me to lift by _____.
37. Socrates poisoned _____.
38. Biro cut his hair by _____.
39. Do you sometimes talk to _____.
40. Don’t worry about Tom and me. We can look after _____.

assess yourself 3
1. Anuska dressed _____beautifully.
2. The horse hurt _____ while running.
3. Our leaders _____ are very unpopular due to corruption.
4. They consider _____ the powerful.
5. We always eat food _____.
6. They destroyed the house_____.
7. We exerted much pressure_____.
8. They enjoyed _____at the party.
9. We developed our village_____.
10. They gave _____ a lot of trouble.
11. They have landed _____ in difficulties.
12. Very young children should not go swimming by _____.
13. If you request him, he’ll do it _____.
14. I’m not going to do it for you. You can do it _____.
15. It stopped hammering _____.
16. The teacher explained _____ for us.
17. It’s our own fault. We should blame _____ for this.
18. We seldom see _____ as others see us.
19. I will see it _____when I am free.
20. We’d never met before, so we introduced _____ to each other.
21. What I did was very wrong. I’m ashamed of _____.
22. Mina, Do it______.
23. Can’t you phone him _____?
24. They fought among _____.
25. Why didn’t you clean it _____?
26. They have got _____ into a mess.
27. Yesterday, I wrote an essay _____.
28. You can explain it_____.
29. They have gone to their home _____.
30. Our children hid _____inside the house.
31. His ox broke its horn _____.
32. The cat _____ found a bone.
33. The chair fell_____ on the ground.
34. You can look at in the mirror _____.
35. Students, clean your class _____.
36. Did you cut your finger ____.
37. You expressed_____ very imperfectly.
38. Have you broken this bench _____?
39. You must do all the exercises _______.
40. They must do their homework ______.

assess yourself 4
1. Do you like to talk about_______?
2. Eroj fell and hurt______ on the ice.
3. Frank said that he______ could meet us at the airport.
4. Gupta burnt______ with the match.
5. Iman ______ will deliver the speech.
6. I shave_____ every morning.
7. John hurt______ when he fell on the pavement.
8. Kamal______ wrote to me.
9. Manu______ will attend the meeting.
10. Smith______ will speak to us.
11. Tulasa looked at______ in the mirror.
12. Upama people like to talk about _______.
13. The ambassador______ will sign the agreement.
14. Yam cannot dress ____. He is only 2 years old.
15. Preeti cut______ with a pen-knife.
16. Tripti killed ___________.
17. Mr. President______ attended the meeting.
18. We enjoyed______ in the concert.
19. They______ will wait for you.
20. You______ have to do it, boys.
Vocabulary in Use
achrymose desist; go without; withdraw
haughtiness damaged; destroyed; ruined
enshroud gullible; ready to believe anything
credulous cover
blighted arrogance; pride
abstain tearful; sad
tedium deliberately make something difficult to understand
repudiate an excess
plethora shun; eschew
obfuscate boredom

S T ART
T
GE
ED
TENSE
Read the following texts.

Nepal is famous for birds. Danphe is a beautiful, multi-coloured bird. It is also our national
bird. Pandas are also beautiful animals. They are found in China. Cheetahs live in Asia and
Africa. They live in hot, flat places. A cheetah can run one hundred kilometres an hour but
only for a few minutes. It can catch deer. Giraffes also live in Africa. Giraffes are very tall. They
can eat leaves 6 meters high.
One day a dog walked in the street. He found a piece of meat. He wanted to eat alone, so he
ran towards the forest with the meat in his mouth. On the way he came to a narrow bridge
across the stream. When he crossed the bridge, he saw his own image at the clear water of
the stream. He thought that there was another dog with a similar piece of meat. He wanted
to have that piece, too. He jumped into the stream to snatch the piece of meat from the other
dog. Sadly, he lost his own piece in the stream. He got out of the water and walked away
feeling sad and angry at himself.
I will go to my village tomorrow. I will take the early bus. I will be travelling with my father. I
will have taken help of my father. He will be helping me there because he knows a lot about
it. I will have visited different places of my village by the end of this week. I will go to river
and swim there. I will go to forest and enjoy the scenery. I will have returned to Kathmandu
by next Sunday.
Do you Know? The given texts represent present, past and future tenses.
Speaking Practice
Answer these questions based on the given texts.
a. How many tenses are there in English?
b. Which tense does the first text represent?
c. Which tense does the second text represent?
d. Which tense does the third text represent?
e. What verbs in the text represent present tense?
f. What verbs in the text represent past tense?
g. What verbs in the text represent future tense
Listening Practice
Repeat these structures after your teacher.
Tense Structures
Simple Present s+v1/v5+obj
Present Continuous s+is/am/are+v4+obj
Present Perfect s+has/have+v3+obj
Present Perfect Continuous s+has/have+been+v4+obj
Simple Past s+v2+obj
Past Continuous s+was/were+v4+obj
Past Perfect s+had+v3+obj

Past Perfect Continuous s+had been+v4+obj
Simple Future s+will/shall+v1+obj
Future Continuous s+will/shall+be+v4+obj
Future Perfect s+will/shall+have+v3+obj
Future Perfect Continuous s+will/shall+have+been+v4+obj
Going to Future Tense s+is/am/are+going to+v1+obj
Grammar Focus: Simple Present Tense
Manuel and Lila have a busy lifestyle. Manuel is a doctor at a hospital.
He works at night, so he goes to work at 7:00 p.m. and comes home
at 7:00 a.m. His wife Lila works at a bank. She goes to work at 8:00
a.m. and comes home at 6:00 p.m. They don’t see each other a lot
during the week. They also have two children, Labish and Dikshaya.
Every morning they all have breakfast together at 7:30. Then, Labish
and Dikshaya go to school, and Labish goes to work. Manuel washes
the dishes, and then goes to bed. Dikshya usually does her homework
at a friend’s house in the afternoon and Labish has soccer practice.
Manuel gets up at 4:00 p.m. At 6:00 p.m., he has dinner with Lila, Labish, and Dikshaya.
After dinner, he goes to work. Manuel and Lila have a busy schedule during the week, but
on weekends they relax.
Do You Know ?: In the given description, the coloured words are in simple present tense.
Subject Auxiliary Verb Main Verb
I, We, You, They sing a song.
He, She sings a song.
I, We, You, They do not sing a song.
He, She does not sing a song.
Do I, we, you, they sing a song?
Does he, she sing a song?
Affirmative: (Sub+V1/ v5+obj)
Negative: (Sub+do /does+ not +obj)
Interrogative: (Do/Does +sub + obj +?)
Quick Tip : Simple present tense tells us about the things that are permanently true. Let’s
observe the following table:
 It is used to express universal, general truths.
The sun sets in the west. Water freezes at 0°C.
The sun shines bright. Blood is thicker than water.
Water flows down. Man is mortal.

 It is used to express habitual actions, regular actions.
I always go to temple on Saturdays. He visits his uncle once a week.
I wake up early in the morning. She has a bath every day.
 It is used to express scheduled future actions, future actions with present time table.
The train leaves at 6:00 pm.
I take the first bus tomorrow.
 It is used to express English proverbs and quotations.
Slow and steady wins the race.
Honesty is the best policy.
 It is used to explain events in the live commentaries.
Mr. Rai catches the ball and kicks it away to the players.
 It is used to express timetable and travel management.
Our school assembly starts at 9:00 am.
The first bus leaves at 7:30 am.
 It is used with simple future tense, in the clauses of cause and effect.
If you call me, I will come to you.
If you beat him, he will cry.
 It is used tell about someone’s job or profession.
My father is a teacher. She works in a consultancy.
 It is used to describe events, situations, or actions described in stories, dramas,
fictions, films, etc.
In Hatchi, the dog always goes to take his owner at the train station for 8 years.
At last the man commits suicide.
 It is used with the following adverbs: always, seldom, daily, usually, occasionally,
hardly, now-a-days, rarely, sometimes, never, generally, frequently, often, every day,
every week, every month, every year, once a week, twice a day, thrice a month,
whenever, after, every time, etc.
I always drink coffee.
We usually put on school dress.
You rarely complete your homework.
He never tells a lie.
Our teachers take test once a week.
Grammar Focus: Present Continuous tense
I met my grandmother after a long time. I love my grandmother very
much. At this moment, I am sitting on her lap. She is telling a story. I
am listening to it fondly. I am laughing at her story. Kaman is my father.
He is a farmer. At present, he is working in the field. My mother is
preparing food for him. My sister and brother are playing in the garden
with their friends. The village life is very pleasant. The sun is shining
brightly today. The sky is clear. Everything is going on perfectly here.
Do You Know?: The verbs in coloured letters are in present continuous tense.
I am singing a song.
We, You, They are singing a song.
He, She is singing a song.
I am not singing a song.
We, You, They are not singing a song.
Am I singing a song?
Are we, you, they singing a song?
Is he, she singing a song?
Affirmative (Sub + is/am/are+v4+obj)
Negative (Sub + is/am/are+ not+v4+obj)
Interrogative (Is/Am/Are+Sub+v4+obj+?)
Quick Tip: Present continuous tense describes the things that are happening or existing for a
period of time without interruption.
 It is used for an action going on at the time of speaking.
The classes are going on.
The principal is observing the classes.
 It is used for an action that is planned to take place in the near future.
My father is going to the USA tomorrow.
They are going to India next month.
 It is used for a long- term process and development.
The population density in Kathmandu is increasing.
The number of vehicles in cities is increasing.
 It is used for a changing situation.
My handwriting is improving slowly.
His health is getting worse.
 It is used for a temporary situation.
We are living on a rent house.
My sister is taking dance classes.
 It is used for a temporary action which may not be actually happening at the time of
speaking.
We are doing a research on this problem.
He is writing a book on grammar and composition.
 It is used after short expressions that draw attention like: Stop! Listen! Look! Don't
disturb! Don't cross the road! After 'but today, but now', etc.
Wait a minute! I am coming.
Listen! Somebody is calling us.
Don’t disturb! I am listening to news.

 It is used with the following adverbs: now, still, at present, at the moment,
at this time, this morning, afternoon, evening, next day, week, month, year, soon, in
the near future, tomorrow morning, etc.
I am drawing a picture.
We are painting the wall at this moment.
They are inviting an exhibition today.
I am coming there soon.
Grammar Focus: Present Perfect Tense
I am a student studying in grade 8. My exam is coming near. I am quite worried about the
exam. On Sunday, my English exam is going to start. I have revised only five chapters so far.
My friend Hem has already revised seven chapters and Suraj has completed nine chapters
till now. The clock has shown that it is ten o’clock now. My English teacher has told me not
to stay late at night. Thus, I am going to sleep now.
Do You Know ?: The verb forms in coloured letters are in present perfect tense.
I, We, You, They have sung a song.
He, She has sung a song.
I, We, You, They have not sung a song.
He, She has not sung a song.
Have I, we, you, they sung a song?
Has he, she sung a song?
Affirmative (Sub + has/have+v3+obj)
Negative (Sub + has/have+ not+ v3+obj)
Interrogative (Has/Have+sub+v3+ obj+?)
Quick Tip: The present perfect tense is the form of verb that expresses an action done in a
period up to the present.
 It is used to denote a completed action in the recent past.
I have just taken my lunch. She has just come from Dhading.
 It is used to denote recent past actions which have results in the present.
She has played football. (She is sweating)
Rohit has cut his leg. (It's bleeding)
 It is used with 'since + point of time or for + period of time’ to denote an action beginning
at sometime in the past and continuing up to the present moment.
I haven't seen him since last year.
I have taken leave for 2 days.
 It is used to express interesting incidents or experiences.
Joe has seen a one-legged person.
I have spent two years in the USA.
We have read Muna Madan.

 It is used with the following adverbs: already, recently, always, ever, lately, never,
not + yet, just, today, this morning, since, for, all the time, etc.
I have never been to the sea.
Denga has recently bought a computer.
We have already visited the park.
Grammar Focus : Present Perfect Continuous Tense
Sony and Sonia are best friends. They have been spending time together since they were
young girls. Every morning, they get dressed and walk to the post office together. They have
been walking together to the post office every morning for the past 5 years.
Lately, Sonia has not been feeling well. Sony has been walking to post office alone each
morning. Then she visits Sonia at home. She has been bringing Sonia her letters and emails
every morning for 2 weeks. She hopes for her speedy recovery soon.
Do You Know ?: In the above description, the verb forms in coloured letters are in
present perfect continuous. The present perfect continuous tense is the form of
verb that expresses an action that started somewhere in the past and is continuing up
to now to the present. The action might continue up to the future too. Let’s observe the
following table:
Subject Auxiliary Verb Auxiliary Verb Main Verb
I, We, You, They have been singing a song.
He, She has been singing a song.
I, We, You, They have not been singing a song.
He, She has not been singing a song.
Have I, we, you, they been singing a song?
Has he, she been singing a song?
Affirmative (Sub +has/have +been +v4 + obj)
Negative (Sub+has/have+not+been+v4+obj)
Interrogative (Has/Have +sub+ been +v4 +obj+?)
a. This tense is used for an action which began at some time in the past and is still
continuing.
We have been living in a flat for 2 years.
I have been teaching here since 2072.
b. ‘Since +point of time', 'for +period of time + now', 'all +present time: all this morning,
afternoon, evening, all this week, month, years’.
He has been composing a song all this morning.
We have been studying here since our childhood.
c. It is used used with these verbs: stay, live, wait, work, sleep, read, etc.
He has been working for two hours.
I have been waiting here since morning.

Grammar Focus : Simple Past Tense
This winter I learned to skate! A friend of mine had an extra pair of skates. He persuaded
me to go skating with him one Saturday afternoon in February. I borrowed the skates and
we went skating!
It was cold outside! We wore hats, scarves, and mitts to keep warm. He showed me how
to put on the skates. He helped me walk onto the ice. He showed me how to start moving.
He also showed me how to stop! I moved very slowly at first and lots of people skated past
me. When I fell nobody laughed at me. Instead, they helped me get back up. I kept trying!
Soon I felt much better. I liked skating!
Do You Know ?: In the above given description, the verbs in coloured words are in simple
past tense. The simple past tense is used to describe the completed actions in the past. Let’s
observe the following table:
I, We, You, They sang a song.
He, She sang a song.
I, We, You, They did not sing a song.
He, She did not sing a song.
Did I, we, you, they sing a song?
Did he, she sing a song?
Affirmative (Sub + v2 + obj)
Negative (Sub +did + not+v1+obj)
Interrogative (Did+ sub + v1 + obj+?)
 It is used to denote an action completed in the past.
His mother died of pneumonia last month.
I visited Pokhara on Saturday.
 It is used to express past habits.
She went to club every day. (But not now)
Joe ran miles every morning.
 It is used to express the historic events.
The earthquake destroyed many monuments in Nepal.
Flood in terai took many lives.
 It is used with when clause.
When his brother came in, he started drawing a picture.
When the bell rang, the students stopped playing.
 It is used with the following adverbials:
yesterday, ago, last night, week, day, month, year, century, in the past, in + past time,
just now, a few minutes ago, long time ago, three days ago, when, while, until, before,
after, once, as soon as, in 2005, etc.
I met my old friend yesterday.

We heard this story 2 years ago.
My father became sick last month.
Grammar Focus : Past Continuous Tense
Past continuous tense describes the things that were happening or existing for a
period of time without interruption in the past. Let’s observe the following table:
I was singing a song.
We, You, They were singing a song.
He, She was singing a song.
I was not singing a song.
We, You, They were not singing a song.
Was I singing a song?
Were we, you, they singing a song?
Was he, she singing a song?
Affirmative (Sub +was/were +v4+ obj)
Negative (Sub +was/were +not+v4+ obj)
Interrogative (Was/Were +sub+v4+ obj+?)
 It is used to denote an action going on at sometime in the past.
I was reading all morning yesterday.
He was visiting temple at this time yesterday.
 It is used to refer to a temporary situation in the past.
We were living in hostel during school.
I was taking computer classes.
 It is used with while clause.
My maternal uncle came while I was sleeping.
 It often occurs with ' all +past time':
all day yesterday, all last night , Sunday, week, month year, at this time yesterday, at
this moment yesterday, etc.
The farmers were working in the field at this time yesterday.
The volunteers were distributing goods all last Saturday.
Grammar Focus : Past Perfect Tense
The past perfect tense is the form of verb that expresses an action done in a period in the
past. Let’s observe the following table:
I, We, You, They had sung a song.
He, She had sung a song.
I, We, You, They had not sung a song.
He, She had not sung a song.

Had I, we, you, they sung a song?
Had he, she, it sung a song?
Affirmative (Sub +had +v3 + obj)
Negative (Sub +had +not+v3 + obj)
Interrogative (Had +sub+v3 + obj+?)
 It is used to denote an action completed before a certain moment in the past.
She had met me in Budhathum in 2017.
We had seen him last three years before.
 It is also used to show which of two actions in the past happened earlier than the
other.
I went to post the letter after I had written it.
We had submitted the project before the deadline expired.
 Simple past for 2nd action, past perfect for 1st action.
The patient had already died before the doctor examined him.
 As soon as +past perfect + simple past (If two actions happen in the past one after
another)
As soon as they had completed their work, they went out for playing.
Grammar Focus : Past Perfect Continuous Tense
The past perfect continuous tense is the form of verb that expresses an action that
started somewhere in the past and was continuing upto some point of time in the
past. Let’s observe the following table:
Subject Auxiliary Verb Auxiliary Verb Main Verb
I, We, You, They had been singing a song.
He, She had been singing a song.
I, We, You, They had not been singing a song.
He, She had not been singing a song.
Had I, we, you, they been singing a song?
Had he, she been singing a song?
Affirmative (Sub +had +been +v4 + obj)
Negative (Sub +had + not+ been +v4 + obj)
Interrogative (Had +sub+ been +v4 + obj+?)
This tense is used for an action that began at certain point in the past and continued up to
that time.
By the time I met him, Mr. Thapa had already been working there for six months.
I had been trying to get her on the phone.
Grammar Focus : Simple Future Tense
The simple future tense is the time that will come after the present or the event that
will happen then. Let’s observe the following table:

I, We, You, They will sing a song.
He, She, It will sing a song.
I, We, You, They will not sing a song.
He, She, It will not sing a song.
Will I, we, you, they sing a song?
Will he, she sing a song?
Affirmative (Sub +shall/will +v1 +obj)
Negative (Sub +shall/will +not+v1 +obj)
Interrogative (Shall/Will +sub+v1 +obj+?)
 This tense is used for an action that has still to take place.
We will come to your house this Saturday.
I will buy a laptop tomorrow.
 It is used with 'If clause'.
If you call me, I will come to your house.
If it rains, we’ll stay at home.
 I (don’t) think, I (don’t) expect, I am sure, probably + simple future tense
I think she will surely win the match.
I am sure I will be first this time.
I don’t think he will pass the driving test.
 It is used with the following time adverbials:
soon, tomorrow, tonight, shortly, next (time, day, week, month, year) in a few (minutes,
days, weeks, months years), etc.
I will call you after this class.
They will marry in a couple of weeks.
Grammar Focus : Future Continuous Tense
The future continuous tense is the time that expresses an ongoing action at a certain point in
the future. Let’s observe the following table:
I, We, You, They will be singing a song.
He, She will be singing a song.
I, We, You, They will not be singing a song.
He, She will not be singing a song.
Will I, we, you, they be singing a song?
Will he, she be singing a song?
Affirmative (Sub +shall/will +be +v4 +obj)
Negative (Sub +shall/will +not+ be +v4 +obj)
Interrogative (Shall/Will +sub+ be +v4 +obj+?)

 It is used for an action going on at some time in future.
I will be sleeping at this time tomorrow.
 It is used for future events that are planned.
He will be performing a song next month.
 Adverbials: at this time tomorrow, at this moment tomorrow, etc.
We will be playing football at this moment tomorrow.
I will be drawing a picture at this time tomorrow.
Grammar Focus : Future Perfect Tense
The future perfect tense is the form of verb that expresses an action completed before
a particular point in the future. Let’s observe the following table:
I, We, You, They will have sung a song.
He, She will have sung a song.
I, We, You, They will not have sung a song.
He, She will not have sung a song.
Will I, we, you, they have sung a song?
Will he, she have sung a song?
Affirmative (Sub +shall/will +have +v3 + obj)
Negative (Sub +shall/will +not+have +v3 + obj)
Interrogative (Shall/Will +sub+ have +v3 + obj+?)
Uses:
 It is used to indicate the completion of action by a certain future time.
We will have reached there by 2 o’clock.
I will have posted this letter by tomorrow.
Our exam will have been over by the end of Chaitra.
Before you go, I will have completed my project work.
 By + time, before + time, in + period of time.
The company will have completed the project in three years.
By 2030, scientists will have discovered the cure on AIDS.
I will have bought a car by 2035.
Grammar Focus : Future Perfect Continuous Tense
This tense is used to refer to ongoing activities lasting through the present into the future.
Let’s observe the following table:
Subject Auxiliary Verb Aux Aux Main verb
verb verb
I, We, You, They will have been singing a song.
He, She will have been singing a song.
I, We, You, They will not have been singing a song.

He, She will not have been singing a song.
Will I, we, you, they have been singing a song?
Will he, she have been singing a song?
Affirmative (Sub +shall/will +have+been+v4+obj)
Negative (Sub +shall/will +not+have+been+v4+obj)
Interrogative (Shall/Will +sub+ have+been+v4+obj+?)
 'By, before + future time' and 'for+ period of time'
By next year, she will have been working in this office for three years.
 'In + period of time' and 'for + period of time'
I will have been learning computer for a month by next Saturday.
Grammar Focus : Going to Tuture Tense
This tense is used to refer to the likely future actions.
Let’s observe the following table:
We, You, They are going to sing a song.
I am going to sing a song.
He, She is going to sing a song.
We, You, They are not going to sing a song.
I am not going to sing a song.
He, She is not going to sing a song.
Are we, you, they going to sing a song?
Am I going to sing a song?
Is he, she, going to sing a song?
Affirmative (Sub + is/am/are + going to + v1 + obj)
Negative (Sub + is/am/are + not+ going to + v1 + obj)
Interrogative (Is/Am/Are + sub+ going to + v1 + obj+?)
 It is used to express intention.
I am going to be a teacher.
I am going to write a poem.
 It is used to describe that something is beyond our control.
The dog is going to die.
The top of the tree is going to fall.
 It is used for planned action.
I have written a letter. I am going to post it.
 It is used without a time expression.
I am going to paint my room.

Grammar Focus : Summary of All Tenses
SIMPLE
She sang She sings She will sing

yesterday. everyday. again tomorrow.
PROGRESSIVE
She was singing She is singing She will be singing

at 9 am yesterday. right now. at 6 pm tonight.
PERFECT
1 2 1 2 1 2
When she retired, So far, When she retires, she
she had sung she has sung will have sung all her
all her life. all her life. life.
PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
1 2 1 2 1 2
When she retired, When she retires, she
She has been singing will have been singing
she had been singing for 40 years.
for 40 years. for 40 years.
Grammar Focus : Tense Contrasts

A. When + simple past + past continuous
First action-main clause that has already been started
Second action-when clause that interrupts the first action
When the teacher entered the class, the students were singing.
He telephoned me, when I was watching TV.
B. When/by the time+ simple past + past perfect
First action-main clause in which one action had already completed before another
started
Second action-when clause
When the teacher entered the class, the students had already gone.
By the time I reached the bus station, the bus had already left.

C. When+ simple present + simple present/future
First action-when clause
Second action-main clause that is the result of first action
When the teachers go to the class, the students greet them.
When I beat him, he will be angry.
D. While + past continuous + simple past
First action-while clause
Second action-main clause
While it was snowing, they started climbing up the mountain.
While they were discussing, I drew a fine picture.
E. Simple past + after, that, what, as soon as + past perfect
First action-another clause
Second action-main clause
He arrived at the bus stop after the bus had gone.
Surya started crying as soon as he had heard of his brother’s death.
F. Past perfect + by the time, before, until + simple past
First action-main clause
Second action-another clause
The bus had gone before we arrived at the station.
The patient had died before the doctor examined him.
G. If/unless + simple present + simple future: to talk about particular time in future
If I learn well, I will score better grade.
Unless I go there, they won’t come to us.
H. As/when +simple past + simple past: one action caused another action
As I rebuked her, she started crying.
When I saw him, I ran away.
She cried when I beat her.
I. While + past continuous + past continuous: two actions are happening at the same
time
While I was sleeping, my brother was reading.
The class was going on while I was reading in the library.
J. Going to/Present Continuous + time word
It is often possible to use either tense:
I'm seeing her next week. I'm going to see her next week.
The going to future is very common, especially in conversation.
If there is doubt about which of the two futures to use, it is better to use going to. With
the verbs go and come, it is better to use the present continuous. Present continuous +
time word is generally used for plans arranged for a particular time in the future.

assess yourself 1
Change the following sentences into different aspects of tense.
Tense Sentences Sentences
Simple Present I eat rice. We play a game.
Present Continuous
Present Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous
Simple Past
Past Continuous
Past Perfect
Past Perfect Continuous
Simple Future
Future Continuous
Future Perfect
Future Perfect Continuous
Going to Future
assess yourself 2
Simple Present He sings a song. She draws a picture.
Present Continuous
Present Perfect
Simple Past
Past Continuous
Past Perfect
Simple Future
Future Continuous
Future Perfect
Going to Future

assess yourself 3
Put the correct form of the verbs to complete the following sentences.
1. I ___ an application for leave. (write)
2. A bad carpenter ____with his tool.(quarrel)
3. Amish______ (make) me sing a song.
4. Did he ____ you his camera? (show)
5. Bikas ______ (have) his house decorated.
6. Diva ____ (sell) the clothes gifted to him.
7. By 2020, robots ____ many of the jobs that people do today. (take over)
8. Computer technology ____ a long way since the 1970s. (come)
9. Dharma ____ (get) his clothes stitched.
10. Every time I visit my uncle, he ________ happy.(become)
11. Hari _____ (sit) on a chair and _______ (write) a story.
12. Yuban ____ a new car last week. (buy)
13. Dip had his clothes _______ (wash).
14. Jitu ____ at a ripe old age. (die)
15. Kushal ____ for the crown. (fight)
16. Did you think you ____ me somewhere before? (see)
17. She has bought some clothes; she ____ herself a blouse. (make)
18. Lal____ freely when he had drunk alcohol. (express)
19. He would have passed if he ____ hard. (study)
20. Muskan ____ here for the last five years. (work)
21. She used to visit us every week, but she ____ now. (rarely come)
22. Don’t cross the road, the bus ____ here. (come)
23. The old beggar was ____ by a mad dog. (bite)
24. Netra____ his work. He doesn’t need to do it again. (do)
25. The next term ____ on 19th December. (begin)
26. She ______ a new pen last week. (buy)
27. Osan____ slave of low desires. (become)
28. Does he________ (study) hard?
29. The phone rang while he ____ home assignment. (do)
30. Puran____ play football when he was twenty. (use to)
31. Everyday my aunt ____ a plate. (break)
32. The news ____ my dinner. (spoil)
33. Rohit____ unconscious since five o’clock. (be)
34. Sachin ____ for the examination. (sit)
35. Tony ____ hold of the wrong end of the stick. (get)
36. She ____ worried about something. (look)
37. Unique ____ the last word on the matter. (say)
38. Vijaya ____ by a scorpion. (bite)
39. Yam jumped off the van while it ____ (move).
40. The pollution in Kathmandu Valley ______day by day.(increase)

assess yourself 4
1. Here ____the train.(come)
2. We __ (play) football at this time yesterday.
3. Hurry up! The programme ____ (start) soon.
4. Sony____ (cut) her finger. It is still bleeding.
5. I ____ (dream) that I was in Singapore.
6. Goma____ (never see) the sea.
7. Hema____ a lot of work today. (do)
8. We ___ (be) reading our book yesterday.
9. Indira____ a strange noise since last week. (hear)
10. Jessica____ English for seven years. (study)
11. We ____ her since we met a month ago. (not see)
12. They ____ him for five years. (know)
13. Yamuna____ in a hospital before starting a clinic. (work)
14. We ___ (be) going to visit Pokhara soon.
15. I____ into town later on. Do you want a lift? (drive)
16. The students____ my work at 2 o’clock. (finish)
17. I ____ my work by Sunday. (complete)
18. They____ something burning. (smell)
19. We ___ (be) reading a book.
20. Baman ____ there since 1997. (work)
21. Damodar___ this book in a few days. (finish)
22. We____ (visit) India last year.
23. They____ your house this afternoon. (pass)
24. We ___ (complete) our course.
25. I ____all evening. (sleep)
26. He and I ____an answer now. (write)
27. I ____asleep (fall) while I was reading.
28. We____ here until he comes back.(be)
29. The postman ____this letter by tomorrow. (post)
30. Mahesh ____this work in ten minutes. (finish)
31. I am listening and ____about it.(speak)
32. They ___ (harvest) the paddy all morning.
33. I am not feeling well. I ____sick.( be)
34. They ___ (dance) in the disco at present.
35. We __ (not love) to watch television.
36. I am sure you ____the exam. (pass)
37. We __ (complete) our course next year.
38. I am used to ________only five in a day. (smoke)
39. We ___ (build) a dam last year.
40. They ___ (build) the bridge for several months.

assess yourself 5
1. I’m sure I ____ him at the party last night. (see)
2. If she sings a song, I ____ (dance).
3. Mr. Giri ____ the village a couple of months ago. (leave)
4. It ____ since early morning. (rain)
5. Maya ________ (already do) her work.
6. It is the first time he ____ (travel) by plane.
7. My father ____here by 3 o’ clock. (arrive)
8. It seemed to me that she had never ____ so well. (sing)
9. Jim’s grandmother ____ in 1989. (die)
10. Liquid ____ in 0˚C. (freeze)
11. Mira doesn’t ____ her teeth in the evening. (brush)
12. Listen! Someone ____ at the door. (knock)
13. Look! Your sister ____ coming. (be)
14. My father never _______alcohol.(drink)
15. No one ____ (come) here lately.
16. No sooner we had come in the base camp than everyone ____eating.(start)
17. Oh dear! I ____. (sneeze)
18. Ramita had her daughter ________ (milk) the cow.
19. Our country ________ by 2020. (progress)
20. Peter (paint) ____the portraits after he (draw) ______a rough sketch.
21. Our exam ____from the 2nd of this month.(start)
22. Rita _____ (arrive) after the class had started.
23. My small son ________ (eat) all his chocolate before I got home.
24. Our guests____. They are sitting in the garden. (arrive)
25. People of Nepal___ (have) struggling for peace process.
26. My father ____ a businessman.(be)
27. Presently, my father ____ for an NGO. (work)
28. Rita ____ to be a doctor. (want)
29. Saru ____ (take) part in music competition.
30. Sham finished doing his homework, ________ you finish, Gopal? (Do)
31. A better day for a drive could not have been ____. (choose)
32. Someone has ____ my purse. (steal)
33. A puppy ____ twice as much fifteen years ago. (cost)
34. Sheena ____ her case. (pack)
35. A rolling stone ____no mass.(gather)
36. Shakespeare ________ (write) many famous plays.
37. After the storm we ____ a spell of fine weather. (have)
38. The blood ____ in their veins. (freeze)
39. Amish made me ________ (laugh).
40. She________ a book now.(read)

assess yourself 6
1. They ___ (not finish) their work,yet.
2. We ___ (not play) since Sunday.
3. They ___ (write) a book since March.
4. We ___ (play) since four o’clock.
5. The boy has ____ across the Indus. (swim)
6. We ___ (visit) Pokhara for our educational tour.
7. The earth ____ round the sun. (move
8. Our faithful dog ____ his blind master. (lead)
9. The village ____ its appearance completely since 2011. (change)
10. Mr. President ____the great mountaineers.(honour)
11. The village master ____ his little school students. (teach)
12. Our school principal ____to speak to you. (want)
13. A poor diet ___ to bad health. (lead)
14. The Shah Dynasty ___ (have) ruling in Nepal for 140 years.
15. Why is this soup ____ bad? (taste)
16. The sun ___ (rise) in the east and ___ (set) in the west.
17. The toast was ____ with great enthusiasm. (eat)
18. The water in the pond ______ (freeze) last night.
19. Yedu never ____ me a chance to speak. (give)
20. They __ (play) the piano for two days.
21. Yaman rarely ____to his office on time.(go)
22. They ___ (live) in the city for 10 years.
23. Anup stayed at school to ____ his homework. (finish)
24. They ___ (plant) crops for five years.
25. Help! I ____ down. (fall)
26. The monkeys ___ (be) chattering.
27. Her father ____ last month. (die)
28. They ___ (prepare) for marriage since July.
29. We ____ for his call since 6:30 (wait)
30. They ___ (read) a story book for a month.
31. We ____ beneath a spreading oak. (lie)
32. They ___ (play) the drums all night.
33. We thought her dying when she ____. (sleep)
34. When I ____ my dinner, I went to bed. (have)
35. This book is not long. I ____ it by lunch time. (read)
36. We ___ (learn) English now.
37. Two and two ____four.(make)
38. Unless we ____ now we can’t be on time. (start)
39. We ____the work on time.(complete)
40. By the time we got there, the man___. (already die)

assess yourself 7
1. I don’t believe in ghost. I ____the ghost. (not see)
2. I have ____ a million tears. (weep)
3. I have finished my homework and ____ my copy in the bag. (keep)
4. Unisha knows all about that film because she ____ it thrice. (see)
5. We meant to repair T.V, but we ____ time to do it today. (not have)
6. I reported him that I ________my work.(finish)
7. When Jack arrived home, Carol _______ (already cook) food.
8. I will phone you when I ____the house.( get into)
9. I wish I _____mathematics. (know)
10. When I saw Purina, she ____ a letter. (write)
11. I wish I ____a cycle. (have)
12. When we reached the cinema, the film ____. (already start)
13. I_____ to Kathmandu tomorrow.(go)
14. When Neeta pushed Rita, she ____ into the pond. (fall)
15. Anita ___ (already answer) this question.
16. By next May, we ___ (live) here for five years.
17. Whenever he needs money, he ___ (come) to me.
18. You ___ (complete) your homework by tomorrow.
19. You ___ (go) to Pokhara tomorrow.
20. They ___ (plant) the seedlings of rice now.
21. They promise that they___ (not fight) again.
22. Our friends ___ (not help) us in need.
23. We ___ (go) home tomorrow.
24. You___ (help) us many times in the past.
25. His family members ___ (visit) Lumbini this year.
26. They ___ (praise) him for his exceptional contribution.
27. These boys ___ (live) here for two years.
28. I’ll ___ (work) here for five years by the end of this month.
29. I’ll ___ (teach) for twenty–five years next June.
30. I ___ (suffer) from fever for three days.
31. Ana ___ (not answer) this question yet.
32. They ___ (play) cricket at this time tomorrow.
33. She ___ (leave) before you go to see her.
34. Ansu ___ (cook) food since morning.
35. She ___ (not swim) tomorrow.
36. The children ___ (read) for exam.
37. I will finish my work and then ____to you. (come)
38. The dog ___ (be) at the door.
39. By the time this letter reaches you, I ___ (leave) the country.
40. The earth ___ (move) round the Sun.

assess yourself 8
Simple Present The mosquito bites us. They learn a lesson.
Present Continuous
Present Perfect
Simple Past
Past Continuous
Past Perfect
Simple Future
Future Continuous
Future Perfect
Going to Future
Vocabulary in Use
kindle calm; peaceful
enfranchise fake; false
counterfeit give voting rights
abhor harmful; poisonous; lethal
noxious hate
hamper hinder; obstruct
bigot lucky charm
talisman narrow-minded, prejudiced person
placid payment for work done
remuneration to start a fire

S T ART
T
GE
ED
REPORTED SPEECH
Read the following sentences.

Direct Speech Indirect Speech
Aman said, “I can’t find my book.” Aman said that he couldn’t find his book.
Manu said, “I feel ill.” Manu said that she felt ill.
Mom said, “My car won’t start.” Mom said that her car wouldn’t start.
Peter said, “John is hitting me.” Peter said that John was hitting him.
Sara said, “It’s time to leave.” Sara said that it was time to leave.
Hama said, “Work hard.” Hama suggested to work /working hard.
Mom said, “May you be good.” Mom wished that I might be good.
He said, “Are you fine?” He asked me if I was fine.
I said, “What a lovely flower it is!” I exclaimed with joy that it was a lovely flower.
We use reported speech when we are saying what other people say,
Do you think or believe. It is used to repeat what someone had previously said.
Know? The two ways of narrating are direct speech and indirect speech.
Speaking Practice
Answer these questions based on the given sentences.
a. What are the two ways of narrating?
b. What is direct speech?
c. What is indirect speech?
d. What punctuation marks are used in the direct speech?
e. What punctuation marks are used in the indirect speech?
Listening Practice
Repeat these sentences after your teacher.
I said, “I am leaving this week.” I said that I was leaving that week.
He said, “These are my books.” He said that those were his books.
She said, “I am working here.” She said that she was working there.
They said, “We are tired today.” They said that they were tired that day.
She said, “I am sleeping now.” She said that she was sleeping then.
Jana said, “I will visit you tomorrow.” Jana said that she would visit me the next day.
Dip said, “I called you yesterday.” Dip said that he had called me the day before.
She said, “My father will come soon.” She said that her father would come soon.
The sentences in the direct speech have two parts. One is separated with comma (,)
and the other one is enclosed with the inverted comma (“….”) e.g. He said, “I love my
nation.” direct (the 1st part separated with the comma is called the reporting part or
verb and the 2nd part is known as the reported speech.) It has the following parts:

a. Reporting subject
b. Reporting verb
c. Reporting object
For example, My father said to me “You are an honest boy.” In this sentence
My father-Reporting subject
Said to-Reporting verb
Me-Reporting object
You are an honest boy.–Reported speech
Thus, indirect or reported speech is a report of what somebody has said without using direct
words.
Grammar Focus : Changes in Reported Speech
1. Tense Change
Direct Indirect
Simple present Simple past
Present continuous Past continuous
Present perfect Past perfect
Simple past Past perfect
Past continuous Past perfect continuous
Will/shall/can/may Would/should/could/might
Will/shall/can/may+have+v3 Would/should/could/might+have+v3
Has to/have to + v1 Had to + v1
Do not/doesnot+v1 Did not+v1
Must Had to
Would/should/could/might No change
Had + v3 No change
Had better/ought to/used to No change
Universal truth No change
2. Adverbial Change
Direct Indirect
this that
these those
here there
today that day
now/just then
thus so
hence thence
tomorrow the following day/the next day

yesterday the previous day/the day before
next day/week/month the following day/week/month
the day before yesterday two days ago
last week/month/year the week/month/year before
ago before
hither thither
tonight that night
come go
3. Person Change
Person Subjective Objective Possessive Self-form
case case
1st I Me P1 P2
My Mine Myself
We Us Our Ours Ourselves
2nd You You Your Yours Yourself/Yourselves
3rd She Her Her Hers Herself
He Him His His Himself
It It It Its Itself
They Them Their Theirs Themselves
4. Reporting Verbs and Joining Words Change
Reporting verbs Joining words
statement told / said that
request asked / requested to / not to
command told / said / ordered / commanded to / not to
yes/no question asked / enquired / questioned if / whether
w-h question asked / enquired / questioned w-h words
exclamation asked / exclaimed that / w-h words
optative wished / blessed / cursed that
5. Punctuation Mark Change
“ ” (Inverted comma),? (Question mark), ! (Exclamation mark) and, (comma)-full stop (.)
Grammar Focus : Reported Speech of Different Types of Sentences
1. Universal Truth
He told us, “The world is round.” He told us that the world is round.

She said, “My brother is living in She said that her brother is living in Australia.
Australia.”
Partita said, "The sun rises in the East." Partita said that the sun rises in the East.
My father said, “We are mortal”. My father said that we are mortal.
Tulsa said, “Time and tide waits for none” Tulsa said that time and tide waits for none.
Dina said, "Asia is the largest continent." Dina said that Asia is the largest continent.
2. Conditionals II and III
Active: Kunal said to me, “If I were you, I would go and meet her.”
Passive: Kunal told me that if he were me, he would go and meet her.
Active: Lok said, “If I had done well, I would have got better result in exam.”
Passive: Lok said that if he had done well, he would have got better result in exam.
However, tense is changed in case of conditional I.
Active: Guna said, “If you request Mohan, he may help you.”
Passive: Guna said that if I requested Mohan, he might help me.
3. Assertive Sentences
If the reporting verb (said, said to, asked) is in the past tense, the speech is changed into past
tense
said, said to said, told
Pal said, "I sit in the garden." Pal said that he sat in the garden.
Pal said, "I'm sitting in the garden now." Pal said that he was sitting in the garden
then.
Pal said, "I have sat in the garden." Pal said that he had sat in the garden.
Pal said, "I have been sitting in the garden." Pal said that he had been sitting in the
garden.
Pal said, "I sat in the garden yesterday." Pal said that he had sat in the garden the day
before.
Pal said, "I was sitting in the garden." Pal said that he had been sitting in the
garden.
Pal said, "I had sat in the garden." Pal said that he had sat in the garden.
Pal said, "I had been sitting in the garden." Pal said that he had been sitting in the
garden.
Pal said, "I will sit in the garden tomorrow." Pal said that he would sit in the garden the
next day.
Pal said, "I can sit in the garden." Pal said that he could sit in the garden.
Pal said, "I may sit in the garden." Pal said that he might sit in the garden.
Pal said, "I would sit in the garden.” Pal said that he would sit in the garden.
Pal said, “I don’t sit in the garden.” Pal said that he didn’t sit in the garden.
Pal said, “I have to sit in the garden.” Pal said that he had to sit in the garden.

The verb tense remains the same in reported speech if the introductory verb is in present
or future tense.
Active: Kim says, “I am ready to go there.”
Passive: Kim says that he is ready to go there.
Active: Ray will say, “I may come to you.”
Passive: Ray will say that he may come to me.
Active: Ali has said, “I have finished it.”
Passive: Ali has said that he has finished it.”
4. Modal Verbs
He said, “I can sing a song.” He said that he could sing a song.
Krish said to me, “I may buy an auto.” Krish told me that he might buy an auto.
Nil said, “You must practice hard.” Nil said that I had to practice hard.
(necessity)
Min said to me, “You must obey your Min told me that I must obey my parents.
parents.” (duty/law/truth)
Joe said to me, “I shall appreciate it.” Joe told me that he should appreciate it.
The students said, “We would apply for The students said that they would apply for
visa” visa.
Bin said, “I could run faster” Bin said that he could run faster.
Dip said to me, “I might meet him” Dip told me that he might meet him.
She told me, “We should be really happy.” She told me that they would be really
happy.
However, shall and should with first person pronoun (I, we) change into would.
Active: Kale said to me, “I shall do it for you.”
Passive: Kale told me that he would do it for me.
Active: Tony said, “We should be proud of you.”
Passive: Tony said that they would be proud of me.
5. Interrogative Sentences
asked, said to, said asked, enquired of, questioned,
interrogated
He said, “Do you like me?” He asked me if I liked him.
He said, “Does he go to office?” He asked me if he went office.
He said, “Did you watch that video He asked me if I had watched that video the
yesterday?” day before.

He said, "Is it snowing outside?" He asked if it was snowing outside.
He said, "Are you single or married?" He asked me whether I was single or
married.
He said, “Were you present in the He asked if I had been present in the
programme?” programme.
He said, “Has he called you?” He enquired if he had called me.
He said, "Have you got a phone?" He wanted to know whether I had got a
phone.
He said, "Can you swim?" He asked if I could swim.
He asked, "How old are you?" He asked how old I was.
He said to me, "Where do you live?" He asked me where I lived.
She asked, "What time does your office She asked what time my office started.
start?"
She asked, "When will you come to me?" She asked when I would go to her.
He said, “Had you phoned him?” He asked whether I had phoned him.
6. Imperative Sentences
said, said to ordered, commanded, advised, suggested,
requested, prayed, begged, persuaded,
warned
"Don't drink alcohol!" the doctor warned The doctor warned me not to drink alcohol.
me.
"Don't give up," she said to her students. She told her students not to give up.
"Get out!" he said. He told me to get out.
"Leave the room," he told me. He told me to leave the room.
He said to me, "Help the poor man." He told me to help the poor man.
He said to me, "Walk slowly!" He told me to walk slowly.
He said, "Don't hesitate”. He persuaded me not to hesitate.
I said to Pabi, “Open the door.” I told Pabi to open the door.
Min said to Alan, “Don’t work from Min threatened Alan not to work from the
tomorrow.” next day.
Mother Said, "Don't argue with each other”. Mother told me not to argue with each
other.
The General said to the soldiers, “Be ready The General commanded the soldiers to be
for parade.” ready for parade.

7. Optative Sentences
said , said to said, told, prayed, blessed, wished, bade
He said to me, “May you be victorious!” He wished me that I might be victorious.
She said to Rita, “May you ruin soon!” She cursed Rita that she might ruin soon.
He said, “Good bye, Sir!” He bade sir goodbye.
Mother said to me, “May you get good Mother blessed me for good grade.
grade!” Mother blessed me that I might get good
grade.
Tom said to me, “May you prosper." Tom wished that I might prosper.
8. Exclamatory Sentences
said, said to cried, exclaimed, applauded, confessed, bade
Gun said, "Alas! How fool I have been." Gun confessed with regret that he had been very
fool.
He said to me, “Congratulation!” He congratulated me.
He said, “Hurrah! My sister has come.” He exclaimed with joy that his sister had come.
He said, “What a beautiful flower it is!” He exclaimed with joy that it was a beautiful
flower.
I said to him, “Thank you!” I thanked him.
She said, “Alas! She passed away.” She expressed her sorrow that she had passed
away.
9. Hopes, Intentions and Promises
said, said to promised, hoped, threatened
He said, "I'll return your book tomorrow." He promised to return my book the next day.
He promised that he would return my book the
next day.
He said, "I'll be back by midnight." He promised to be back by midnight.
He promised that he would be back by
midnight.
They said, "We should arrive before They hoped to arrive before nightfall.
nightfall." They hoped that they would arrive before
nightfall.
He said, “I’ll shoot you!” He threatened to shoot me.
He threatened that he would shoot me.

10. Requests and Suggestions
said, said to suggested, warned, asked, advised, invited,
begged, taught, forbade, urged
"Please, improve for the exam," he said. He urged me to improve for the exam.
"Take care of your health," I said. I advised him to take care of his health.
“You had better help me” she said. She advised to help her.
I said to him, “Please bring my newspaper.” I asked him to bring my newspaper.
He said, “Could I know your name?” He asked for my name.
I said to him, “Please guide me to solve this I requested/asked him to guide me to solve
problem” that problem.
Juna said to Mina, “Please don’t tell anyone Juna begged Mina not to tell anyone about
about my secret!” her secret.
Our teachers said to us, “Don’t smoke.” Our teachers advised/ forbade/ prohibited
us not to/to smoke.
She said, “Could you please be quiet,” She asked/requested me to be quiet.
She said, “Please help me.” She requested to help her.
She said, “Water, please.” She asked for water.
She said, “You ought to care your parents.” She advised me to care my parents.
She said, “Why don’t you do it yourself?” She suggested that I should do it myself.
The doctor said to me, “Stop drinking!” The doctor advised/suggested me to stop
drinking.
11. Offers
said suggested, ordered, urged, advocated,
requested
He ordered me, “Let them go.” He ordered to let them go.
He said, “Let’s have a party tonight.” He suggested to have a party that night.
He suggested that they should have a party
that night
He said, “What shall I do for you?” He asked what he should do for me.
They said to the teacher, “Let us come in, They requested to the teacher to let them
sir.” go in.
12. Miscellaneous sentences
He says, “Meet me at the party. He says that we are to meet him at the party.
He said, “You might visit the park.” He requested me to visit the park.
He said to me, “Close the door, will you?” He told me to close the door.

"We are playing football," she explained. She explained that they were playing football.
"I have lost my bag," he admitted. He admitted that he had lost his bag.
"She went to Baseri," I thought. I thought that she had gone to Baseri.
He said, "I wish I were in Japan." He said that he wished he had been in Japan.
He said, "I would rather drive." He said that he would rather drive.
He said to me, “They'd better stay up." He suggested to stay up.
"I may call you," she promised. She promised that she might call me.
He said, "I must wash these dishes.” He said that he had to wash those dishes.
He said, "We must do it on time." He said that they had to do it on time.
assess yourself 1
Change the following sentences into reported speech.
1. Aman said to me, "Be careful!"
2. My mother said to me, "Buy some bananas for me,"
3. Biren said to me, "Did you ever live in Arughat?"
4. Mother said to me, "Go and help your father."
5. I said to her, "George has forgotten his books”.
6. Manu said to me, "Go and see Tom”.
7. I said to her, "Have you brought any money for me?"
8. He said to me, “May you be courageous!”
9. She said to me, "I did not write the letter”.
10. My father said to me, "Pick that bag up and put it on the table”.
11. The boss said, "Switch on the fan and bring me a glass of water."
12. Inspector Rai said to me, "Take this man to the office.”
13. The teacher said to us, “Be ready to answer my question.”
14. My manager said, “Do you really come from India?”
15. She asked me, “Do you take coffee or not?”
16. My friend said to me, “Do you want to go by air or road?”
17. My teacher said to me, “Don’t repeat such mistakes again.”
18. The beggar said to the little boy, “Do you have anything to tell me?”
19. She said to her servant, “Hurry up. It’s getting late.”
20. She asked me, “Is anyone there?”
21. My mother said to us “May you both be happy!”
22. The designer said, “How smart you are!”
23. The librarian said to us, “Please don’t whisper in the library.”
24. The waiter said to me, “Shall I bring you a cup of tea?”
25. Grandfather asked us, “Shall I stay here or go away?”
26. Bikash said to me, “I’m living in London now.”
27. The teacher said, “Sit down, boys.”
28. Deepak said to his friend, “Please try not to be late."
29. The cowboy said to his friend, “Take off your hat.”
30. Biru said, “Kunti wasn’t feeling well.”

assess yourself 2

1. Akbar said, “I have killed the snake.”
2. Bipasa said, “I want to go on holiday but can’t afford it.”
3. Gauri said to me, “I had planned a trip.”
4. Kusalata said to me, “Have you seen Sweta?”
5. I said, “Don’t walk in the sun, girls.”
6. My father said to me, “May you pass the exam!”
7. Jitu said to Monik, “Don’t quarrel with each other.”
8. The electrician said, “Don’t touch these wires.”
9. Ganesh said, “How can you say that she is not a thief?”
10. Hira said, “I speak the truth.”
11. Intu said, “The horse died in the night.”
12. Reetu said to me, “The train will have arrived after an hour.”
13. Hem said to his wife, "I’ll probably be late tonight.”
14. Hritik said, “Father, do you love your wealth more than us?”
15. Ishwor said, “I have not done this work.”
16. The priest said, “ May god save you all !”
17. He asked a boy, “Would you give me a drink, please.”
18. He said, “Alas! Our toes are too strong.”
19. Kale asked me, “Do you need any money right now?”
20. Abash asked me, “What will you buy for me?”
21. The teacher asked me, “Would you mind closing the door?”
22. He enquired, “When do you intend to pay the bill?”
23. Jitu enquired me, “When will you leave for London?”
24. The manager enquired, “Do you agree with this idea?”
25. He said, “Alas! My friend has died.”
26. Manju said to her, “May you go to the hell!”
27. The coordinator said to her, “Please speak loudly.”
28. He said to me, “Bina likes to sing a song.”
29. The captain said to soldiers, “Come here immediately.”
30. Bulbul said to me, “I arrived here yesterday.”
31. Carol said to me, “I went to the USA last year.”
32. The curator said to me, “I will have managed it by lunch time.”
33. The waitress said to me, “Shall I bring you a glass of water?”
34. My son said to me, “When will you sleep?”
35. The interviewer said to me, “You had written a novel, hadn’t you?”
36. Megan said to me, “You have cheated me.”
37. The judge said to me, “You have spoken very well.”
38. My father said to me, “Bravo! You have done well!”
39. Amrita said to us, “Go outside and play.”
40. He said to us, “Will you help me in need, please?”

assess yourself 3

1. Alisha said, “Bring your book, Bishal.”
2. Bhanu said to me, “Congratulations!”
3. Kulman said, “Death is the ultimate goal of life.”
4. Hema said, “Honesty is the best policy.”
5. Dhiraj said, “How cruel he is!”
6. Keisha said, “How’s your father?”
7. Amir said, “Hurrah! My aunt has come.”
8. Farina said, “I came here today.”
9. Garima said, “I do not understand her problem.”
10. He said, “I had bought a novel.”
11. Ina said, “I had worked all morning.”
12. Java said, “I have a pen.”
13. Kaka said, “I haven’t seen Ravi recently.”
14. Lale said, “I shall have finished writing a story.”
15. Mane said, “I was reading a book.”
16. Naira said, “I will read a book.”
17. The scientist said, “If you heat water, it evaporates.”
18. He said, “Let them walk freely.”
19. Mama said, “May God save us!"
20. Guru said, “May you succeed!”
21. The passenger said, “Oh! I have missed the train.”
22. Mr. Manu said, “Oh! That’s a nuisance.”
23. One of the travellers said, “Oh! What a beautiful scene it is.”
24. My sister said, “They are getting married next month.”
25. Teacher said, “The earth goes around the sun.”
26. Maya said, “They had a nice journey to America.”
27. Gautam said, “Truth is always bitter.”
28. The visitor said, “What a dreadful creature it is!”
29. My father said, “What a lazy boy you are!”
30. Sumin said, “What do you like to do?”
31. The instructor said, “Why didn’t you put on the brake?”
32. My friend said, “Why don’t you buy a flat?”
33. He said, “Do you have any time to do it?”
34. The mechanic said, “Will you help me, please?”
35. He said, Bravo! You have done well.”
36. Nirab always says, “I like milk.”
37. Lale said to me, “Do you go now?”
38. One of my friends said, “Alas! I am ruined!”
39. Hitesh said to Alana, “Go home at once.”
40. My friend said to me, “Did you return from Kathmandu yesterday?”

assess yourself 4

1. We said to him, “We will surely find you tomorrow.”
2. Nandi and Manu said, “We will have gone by 9:20 am.”
3. They said, “We will go to Salyan tomorrow.”
4. Sudan said, “My mother was washing some dishes in the kitchen.
5. Simran said, “How wonderfully it works!”
6. My friends said, “We were staying in hostel last month.”
7. She said, “You are making a doll.”
8. They said, “We were preparing for our exam.”
9. She said, “Will you listen to such a man?”
10. They said to her, “We met your dad here yesterday."
11. The young boy said, “Uncle, what is that queer object?”
12. Unisia said, “Two and two makes four.”
13. The teacher said to the boys, “You should not break the school rules.”
14. The teacher said to her, “Do not read so fast.”
15. The policeman said to us, “Where are you going?”
16. Mr. Sharma said, “When did that accident take place?”
17. An old man said to her, “Don’t push me.”
18. The old man advised the boys "Don't go swimming in the river.”
19. The man told me, "I’ve ordered your book but it hasn't come yet."
20. The duty master said, "The money has not been claimed yet."
21. The captain said, “Have we lost the game?”
22. Suzan said, “Anita had bought some books.”
23. Sushi said to Pratik, “Go away.”
24. Susan whispered, “I’ve drawn the picture.”
25. Peter asked Mary, "Have you finished yet?"
26. Nobody was injured in the accident," my brother said.
27. Neil was told, "You are not tall enough to get in the Police."
28. Neeta said to me, “I am sleeping now.”
29. Salina said, “Let’s buy the story books.”
30. Rubin said to me, “Help me".
31. Rosa said to Deepak, “Why didn’t you go to market?”
32. Magmata ordered me, “Take a look at yourself in the mirror”
33. Luna said, “Why don’t you look at in the cupboard?”
34. Lila said, “Lomu, where have you put my bag?”
35. Krishna said to me, “Where do you live, Amish?”
36. Kina said, “It may rain tomorrow.”
37. Sumi said, “My parents are very well.”
38. Sheena said, “We have won the match.”
39. She will probably reply, “I’m too busy to go to the wedding."
40. She said, “Will you consider my application?”

assess yourself 5
Change the following sentences into direct speech.

1. Badri asked them what they wanted.
2. Bhupal said that his mother had died the previous year.
3. Father forbade Ram to quarrel.
4. Harry assured him that he would pay him back.
5. He asked his father what he should do.
6. He asked them whether they would listen to such a man.
7. He confessed that he had been very foolish.
8. The teacher congratulated us saying that we had done well.
9. He ordered his servant to lock the door.
10. Jim proposed that they should wait for the award.
11. He requested me to eat slowly.
12. Giri said that he had seen her two days before.
13. He suggested travelling by train.
14. He told us that he had waited an hour.
15. We asked her how often she visited her grandfather.
16. They asked him who he was.
17. The doctor told the patient not to smoke.
18. I forbade him to do that work.
19. The doctor advised me to take a morning walk every day.
20. Joni confessed that she had done a great mistake.
21. Lolita said that she was coming that week.
22. Manish reminded his sister to order the books.
23. Sunil asked Devi if she was ill.
24. Mr. Singh asked us what we were talking about.
25. Ram said that he had bought her pen there.
26. Yeshiva asked what time it was.
27. Kalpana said that she was living in Koteshwor then.
28. Selma told me to take off my shoes.
29. Trisha asked her father when the next letter would come.
30. Anurag asked me when I would sleep.
31. My mother asked me where I lived.
32. She exclaimed with joy that it was a beautiful place.
33. Om requested me to let him go.
34. She said that the earth moves round the sun.
35. The captain commanded soldiers to march quickly.
36. Grandmother told them not to make so much noise near her.
37. Sumatra wished me a good afternoon.
38. The doctor asked whether I had taken the medicine.
39. We said that we had written many proposals the day before.
40. They told me that I had to go into that matter.

assess yourself 6
Change the following sentences into indirect speech.

1. My father angrily said, “What a stupid fellow you are!”
2. Nina said to me, “What do you want?”
3. The stranger asked, “Where do you live?”
4. His brother said to him, “Why don’t you take your meal?”
5. The teacher said, “You'd better labour hard to get success”.
6. All of them said, “We had made the biggest mistake.”
7. Babu said, “How clever I am!”
8. Dambar said to Ali, “I had helped you last week.”
9. Binod said, “What a fool I am!”
10. Nina said to me, “What is your problem?"
11. He said to me, " I have an urgent work now."
12. She said to me, "I am fine here."
13. They said to me, " We are visiting the zoo today."
14. We said to them, " We saw a lion yesterday."
15. You said to me, " I do not know this boy."
16. Raj said to me, " I must see doctor tonight."
17. Electron said to me, " Our class is off today."
18. He said to me, " Work hard."
19. She said to me, " Don't make noise."
20. They said to me, We are having some problems."
Vocabulary in Use
temper self denying; refraining from indulging
rescind free-spirited; carefree
pliable active at dawn and dusk
objective clear pronunciation; accent; articulation
lackluster stubborn; willful
headstrong dull; monotonous; bland
enunciation unbiased; not subjective
crepuscular flexible; not stubborn
blithe retract; repeal
abstemious to moderate; soften

S T ART
T
GE
ED
CONCORD
Food provides the body with energy it needs for everything it
does, from repairing damaged cells to sleeping. A calorie is a
measure of the amount of energy a food can produce. The body
changes the calories in food to energy. When a person eats more
food than the body needs, the body changes the extra calories
into fat. Eating less food than the body needs will cause a person
to lose weight. The number of calories needed by a person each
day depends on how much energy a person's body uses. For example, an active child usually
needs more calories than an adult who works at a desk.
In the above given description, the coloured words are in subject-verb

Do you agreement pattern. Singular subject must always agree with singular
Know? verb and plural subject must always agree with plural verb.
Speaking Practice
a. What does food provide the body?
b. What is a calorie?
c. What happens when a person eats more food than the body needs?
d. What is the result of eating less food?
e. Who need more calories?
Listening Practice
Repeat these singular subjects after your teacher.
anyone everyone someone no one everybody anybody
nobody somebody everything nothing anything something
each every either neither much little
one another enough other politics mathematics
Grammar Focus : Subject Verb Agreement
1. Singular subject V5/was / is / has takes singular verb:
He has an ability to communicate with people effectively.
The dog always barks in the morning.
All his money was spent on clothes.
Sony is an honest girl.
2. Plural subject V1/were/ are/ have takes plural verb:
Cats love mice.
The poor are honest.
All your friends were jealous of your success.
These students are obedient to their teachers.

3. Modal auxiliary verbs such as will/would/ can/ could / shall / should / may / might /
ought to/ must/need to/dare to/used to, etc. are always followed by plural verbs
even if the subject is singular.
I will convey this message to your parents tomorrow.
I would appreciate it if you could kindly help me.
What shall I do for you?
We should have good communication skills.
It may rain today.
We might defeat them if we played well.
They can overcome any difficult situations.
He could attract the attention of others with his dancing skills.
You ought to take care of yourself first.
I must complete this project right now.
We need to be there on time.
Most of them dare to delay the work.
They used to organize a dancing competition every year.
4. Two or more nouns or pronouns joined by 'and' often require a plural verb.
She and I are living together.
Ram and Sita are an ideal couple.
A cat and a dog do not cooperate each other.
My father and mother are going to the market today.
But, if the noun suggests one idea to the mind or refers to something, the verb is
singular.
Thread and needle is required to sew this cloth.
Rice and curry is my main food.
Time and tide waits for none.
5. Two or more subjects joined by 'as well as', 'with', 'together with', 'along with',
'accompanied by', 'including', 'in addition', ‘no less than’, etc. take verb according to the
former subject.
The teacher as well as his students is going to the library.
My father with his friends always goes for yoga.
The goat together with other cows grazes fondly.
The manager along with all his staff works hard.
The captain accompanied by other players is coming today.
The Prime Minister including his ministers has resigned from his post.
This exercise in addition to many other is difficult to solve.
The class contains no less than 50 students.

6. Some nouns ending in –s are plural in form, but singular in meaning like:
a. Field of study/subjects: mathematics, linguistics, statistics, economics, ethics,
physics, politics, gymnastics, athletes, etc.
b. Diseases and Injuries: measles, shambles, rabies, AIDS, mumps, tuberculosis, syphilis,
paralysis, crisis, diabetes, shingles, rickets, etc.
c. Games and Sports: rounders, table tennis, checkers/ draughts, noughts and crosses,
musical bumps, fives, billiards, bowls, darts, dominoes, etc.
This statistics is incorrect.
Mathematics is a difficult subject.
Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease.
Billiards has a wide scope.
Table tennis seems suitable game for you.
7. Some nouns like staff, cattle, livestock, people, vermin, poultry, sheep, deer, salmon,
fish, police, outskirts, stairs, arms, swine, gentry, and clergymen take plural verb.
The Cattle are grazing in the field.
These stairs are difficult to climb.
The police are investigating the case.
The Sheep were grazing in the field.
I have 20 staff working for me.
Many young people are out of work in Nepal.
They live on the outskirts of the city.
But a sheep/ deer/ fish/ policeman/ clergyman takes singular verb.
A deer is grazing in the field.
A policeman is on duty.
Our one ship was lost in the forest.
A clergyman is a male priest or minister in the Christian Church.
This fish tastes horrible.
8. Two or more nouns qualified by each or every, joined by 'and' require singular verb.
Each and every boy has not done homework.
Every teacher, parent and student is conscious about value based education.
Every student and every teacher is in school uniform.
9. If the subject of a sentence begins with 'either of / neither of / each of / one of /
everyone of + plural nouns, it must be followed by singular verb.
Either of these players plays well.
Neither of them has good communication skill.
Each of these books is good for students.
One of the boys doesn’t have his book.
Every one of the students enjoys my class.

10. Two or more nouns/pronouns corrected by 'either.....or.....’ and 'neither......nor......'
take verb according to the latter subject.
Either Som or I am good at English.
Neither you nor Diraj learns well.
Either he or we have many problems.
Neither Buna nor her friends are going for hiking.
11. Phrases beginning with -a crowd of / a band of/ a group of / a herd of / a flock of / a
gang of / a regiment of / a set of / a team of / a pack of / a pride of +plural nouns take
both plural and singular verbs.
A whole crowd is/are going to the field.
A group of girls is / are helping each other.
A herd of deer is/ are coming to our village.
A flock of sheep is/ are grazing.
12. Phrases beginning with a chain of / a bunch of / a bouquet of / a batch of / a galaxy of
/ a series of / a packet of +plural nouns generally take singular verb.
A bunch of flower is on the floor.
A galaxy of stars is seen in the sky.
13. Subjects that are about specific quantity or amount, distance, measurement and
arithmetic sums often have a singular verb.
Fifty miles is a long distance.
Twenty meters of cloth is required to cover the area.
Forty thousand rupees is enough for my study.
Twelve hours equals to a day.
Ten months is enough to finish this task.
Six plus three equals nine.
Twelve minus five is seven.
Ninety dollars is a lot of money.
14. Plural noun which is a proper noun for some single object or some collective unit must
be followed by a singular verb.
The United States is one of the most developed countries in the world.
The Arabian Nights has got mammoth popularity.
Tom and Jerry pleases many children.
15. Some nouns like scissors/ shorts/ pants/ jeans/ trousers/ binoculars/ tongs/ pliers take
a plural verb but a pair of trousers/ shorts/ pliers/ pants/ jeans/ binoculars/ tongs/
pliers take a plural verb.
These pants are torn.
These scissors do not cut very well.
A pair of trousers is required for me.

16. Collective nouns such as committee, crew, government, parliament, jury, staff, family,
team, audience may take either singular or plural verb.
Our team is/are performing nicely.
The audience was/were asking to repeat the song.
The committee has/have planned to appoint the President.
None of the players is/are good.
The government has/have already lost majority.
The jury has/have retired to consider its verdict.
All my family enjoy/enjoys football.
17. The subject of a sentence beginning with some of / most of / all of / a few of / a lot of
+ plural nouns take a plural verb but some of / most of/ all of + uncountable nouns take
a singular verb.
Most of the people are poor in Nepal.
All of us belong to an aristocratic family.
A few of them disobey us.
A lot of people were there at the party.
18. Indefinite pronouns as subjects have the following type of agreement:
Always Singular: anyone, everyone, someone, no one, everybody, anybody, nobody,
somebody, everything, nothing, anything, something, each, every, either, neither, much,
little, one, another, enough, other
Always Plural: both, few, many, several, others
Either singular or plural: more, most, none, any, all, some
Is there anyone in the class?
Everyone has a special quality.
Someone is knocking at the door.
No one wants to be ruined.
Everybody knows the Prime Minister.
Either of us has a problem.
One of the teachers is coming.
Several people are attending the ceremony.
None of us are hard working.
All of them enjoy the party.
19. Gerund and to-infinitive as subject is always followed by singular verb.
To delay justice is to deny justice.
Smoking in public places is against the law of the country.
Exchanging things which are of about equal value is fair exchange.
Lightning never strikes twice in the same place.
Nothing succeeds like success.
To err is human.
Caring for someone should begin with those closest and dearest to you before others.

20. Agreement in Different Structures
WH + plural verb + plural noun Who are these people?
What are the students doing?
WH + singular verb + singular noun What is there in the field?
Who was arrested yesterday?
No + plural noun + plural verb No helpers are required to finish this work.
No + singular noun + singular verb No helper is required to finish this work.
A number + plural noun + plural verb A number of people are honest in Nepal.
A number of files are missing.
The number + plural + singular verb The number of Ministers is 64 in Nepal.
The number of teachers is 35 in this school.
There +singular verb + singular noun There is a visitor outside your office.
There is a beggar asking for money.
There + plural verb + plural noun There are five doctors in the room.
Many a + singular noun + singular verb Many a small boy is working in factories.
Many + plural noun + plural verb Many small boys are working in factories.
Here + singular verb + singular noun Here comes the actor.
Here + plural verb + plural noun Here are some apples for you.
Pair + singular noun + singular verb The pair of trousers is lost.
Couple + plural noun + plural verb I saw a couple of men get in.

1. A hundred kilometers is a long distance.
2. Neither boys nor girls are interested in hockey.
3. Ali and Gem go to the club once a week.
4. Everyone loves this place.
5. All students are considering this problem seriously.
6. Neither the teachers nor the student seems happy with the new timing.
7. All the people present were shocked.
8. Arjun and Manhari are brothers.
9. Frank, along with his friends, has gone on a picnic.
10. Manu and Ana walk to school.
11. Both the complainants have to be present for the hearing.
12. Bread and jam goes well with milk.
13. Different models of cars are available in this showroom.
14. Each minute is precious.
15. Previously the jury were divided on its verdict.

16. Either the ministers or the administration has to take the decision.
17. Many students were present for the ceremony.
18. Either you or your friends are wrong.
19. Fifty paisa is equal to half a rupee.
20. Pickwick Papers was written by Charles Dickens.
21. Half a kilo of sugar is left.
22. The United Nations is taking an important decision against North Korea.
23. Just a minute of your time works.
24. My best friend and severest critic is my brother.
25. The mob have scattered now.
26. No one has heard from him for the past ten months.
27. One of the delegates has just finished his speech.
28. The jury was united on its verdict.
29. Ramhari or Ganesh was present at the party.
30. The news is true.
31. Saba and Alan are waiting at the bus stop.
32. It is such a beautiful day that everyone is enjoying it.
33. Ten thousand rupees is a lot of money.
34. The Harry Potter is still very popular with children.
35. An angry crowd has assembled at the accident site.
36. The army is on the march.
37. A committee has been formed.
38. The colour of those flowers is appealing.
39. A list of invitees was prepared.
40. The committee are/is divided on this matter.
41. The dog or the cat has eaten up the food.
42. A mass of cotton wool and other materials are left on the table.
43. The furniture in that show room is expensive.
44. A white cat and a black cat are sitting on the window sill.
45. These designer tables and chairs cost quite a lot.
46. Two-thirds of the work is complete.
47. Watching this programme is quite odd.
48. Yam and Ali are brothers.
49. You and he are invited.
50. The king needs an heir to the throne.
Grammar Focus : Common Errors
Incorrect Correct
Everyone are responsible in this class. Everyone is responsible in this class.
Ram along with his brothers are present. Ram along with his brothers is present.
He, not his friends are good. He, not his friends is good.
Rice and curry are my best food. Rice and curry is my best food.
The captain and first boy are good. The captain and first boy is good.
Many a small girls is working in circus. Many small girls are working in circus.

assess yourself 1
Complete the following sentences with correct verb forms.

1. A crowd of people____ (is/are/were) shouting.
2. Most of the birds ___ (fly/flies) in the sky.
3. A dictionary ___ (tell/tells) you about the words.
4. Biru and Jonu, like their mother ___very tall.( is/am/are/have)
5. All her dreams ___ (has/have) come true.
6. Each and every student ____ unique. (is/am/are)
7. All she ___ (want/wants) is to be happy.
8. Do you ___ (want/wants) to eat a pear?
9. Each boy and girl____ present at the party yesterday. (is/was/were)
10. Dogs ___ (bark/barks) when they ___ (is/are) hungry.
11. Everyone ___ (need/needs) food, shelter and love.
12. He ___ (bring/brings) goods from the supermarket.
13. Everyone ___ (was/were) watching the movie in silence.
14. He is a student and so___ (is/am/do) I.
15. Five kilometers ___covered in an hour. (is/am/are)
16. She, not me____ (is/are/has/have) going to see the movie.
17. A refrigerator___ (keep/keeps) food cool.
18. Vivek ___ (is/am/are) afraid when he ___ (ride/rides) the horse.
19. He is one of the boys that ____ absent from my class yesterday. (is/was/were)
20. I along with my family members ___ (am, are, is) fond of MOMO.
21. He together with many other friends ___ (play/plays) with me.
22. I have done my job so___ (have/has/done) she.
23. John bought some fruits so____ (had/did/bought) they.
24. Large amount of money ___ (is/are) spent every year to control girl trafficking.
25. Let ______ (my/him/me) do what he wants.
26. My brother ___ (has/have) a car as he ___ (is/am/are) older than me.
27. Her brother and I ___ (has/have) a room for ourselves.
28. Neither Harry nor Krishna ____ (is going/will be going/went) home now.
29. One of my friends ____ waiting for me.(has been/have been/is being)
30. Some of the fools ___ (is/are) making a noise in the street.
31. Neither Kamala nor her daughter____ (make/makes) lunch in the morning.
32. One of the books ___ (is/are) lying on the floor.
33. She put the book on the table, it____ (will/would/should) be safe.
34. Some men of the village ___ (come/comes) and sit down at his table.
35. That night every one of the boat crew ___ (was/were) down with fever.
36. The biscuits in the packet ___ (is/are) sour.
37. The cow ___ (eat/eats) grass, from my field and destroys the crops.
38. The poet and the leader ____ died. (is/are/have been)
39. The price of the shoes____ (is/are/has) Rs. 400.
40. The quality of papers _____ good. (is/are/were)

assess yourself 2

1. A farmer with five sons____ (works/work/working) in field every morning.
2. Each of the girls ___ (have/has) some problems.
3. A few students ____ not interested at all. (are/is/has)
4. Every farmer, worker, and student ____been called to the party. (has/have/are)
5. A fridge ___ (keep/keeps) food cool.
6. Everybody who___ (has/have/is/was) heart problem must get rest.
7. The news ___ (has/have) spread to a crowd of people.
8. Every girl always ______ homework. (do/does/did)
9. An old man with his daughter___ coming to our residence. (is/are/has)
10. Anyone ___ (is/are) welcome.
11. Each of them ___ (ask/asks) him many questions.
12. Everyone from the village ___ an umbrella with them. (has/have)
13. He ___ (spent/spends) his childhood in Pokhara.
14. He and I ___ (am/is/are) busy.
15. It ___ in northern part of our country. (lie/lies)
16. Jitu or his friend ___ (was/were) there.
17. Most of his days ___ (is/are) spent on hunting.
18. One of the pens ___ (is/are) lying on the floor.
19. Most of the people ___ (follow/follows) Hinduism.
20. They ___ (cheat/cheats) in exam.
21. Neither Mohan nor they ___ (has/have) understood my questions till now.
22. Neither of the rooms we visited____ (was/were/nothing) suitable.
23. One of the key persons in my life ___ (was/were) my English teacher.
24. People living in village___ (is/are/has) honest and simple.
25. People____ know what the future will be. (don’t/doesn’t/didn’t)
26. Someone has forgotten ____ (his/her/their) books.
27. Sorrow or happiness________ unknowingly.(comes/come/are coming)
28. The elephant from the forest ___ (destroy/destroys) the villages.
29. The girls from the hostel ___ (wear/wears) blue dress.
30. The helicopters ___ faster than the birds. (fly/flies)
31. They ___ (neglect/neglects) their household needs.
32. We ___ (go/goes) to the park.
33. The majority of people today ___ (own/owns) mobile phones.
34. We ___ (has/have) a bunk bed.
35. When the sky ___ (turn/turns) dark, we ___ (walk/walks) back home.
36. Whenever I touch, it ___ (hurt/hurts).
37. The quality of these red apples ___ (was/were) not good.
38. We ___ (are/were/was) younger when we came to this house.
39. The ship, with its crew, ___ (was/were) lost.
40. The news ___ (is/are) true.

assess yourself 3

1. A gang of rough boys____ (is/am/are) laughing.
2. Bread and Butter ___ (is/are) his only food.
3. A group of boys____ (is/am/are/have) taking lunch now.
4. Either Sara or Nita____ (has/have/was) taken my purse.
5. A group of girls____ learning swimming. (is/are/have)
6. Every evening, I ___ (take/takes) my dog for a walk.
7. A lot of boys____ coming. (is/am/are)
8. But my dog ___ (bark/barks) at strangers.
9. Dictionaries ___ (tell/tells) you about words.
10. Each of them___ gone out. (has/have/are having)
11. He loves singing but he____ not interested in dancing. (is/are/have)
12. Every book and notebook___ (has/have/had) been torn by the little child.
13. Mathematics ___ (is/are) not difficult, if you labour hard.
14. Fifteen minutes ___ (is/are) allowed to each speaker.
15. He and I____ good friends. (am/are/will)
16. He does not ___ (studies/study/has studied) hard.
17. He plays football and so ___ (is/does/do) I.
18. He will come to school and so ___ (would/will/do) they.
19. Many a good man____ been addicted to drugs. (has/have/are having).
20. Monkey ___ (climb/climbs) the trees but the dogs ___ (do not, does not)
21. Everybody ____holiday. (enjoy/enjoys/don’t enjoy)
22. My bed ___ (is/am/are) the lower one because I ___ (is/am/are) younger.
23. My brother who travels many places ___ coming home today. (is/am/ are)
24. The Arabian Nights ___ (is/are) still a great favourite.
25. Nepali, as well as Sanskrit ____ very interesting language. (is/am/are)
26. Ninety rupees ___ (is/are) too much for this bag.
27. No news ______ good news. (is/am/are)
28. No one ___ (was/were) willing to eat that food.
29. Smoking fifteen cigarettes ___ (is/are) bad for health.
30. Some of the boys in my class ____quite interesting. (is/am/are)
31. Somebody ___ (has/have) stolen my book.
32. The earth ___ (move/moves) round the sun.
33. The horses ___ fast. (run/runs)
34. The house ___ (is/are/was) built five years ago.
35. The teacher and all the students ____ going for a picnic. (is/am/are)
36. The teacher with his students, ____ presented the paper. (has/have/are)
37. The temperature ___ (varies/vary) when altitude changes.
38. The temple and the god___ (are/is/am) named after the name of the place.
39. The tiger ___ deer. (kill/kills)
40. We ___ (walk/walks) back home.

assess yourself 4

1. A number of teachers____ fed up with teaching. (is/are/have)
2. Every neighbour in the locality ___ (do/does) a different job.
3. Everybody ___ (has/have) completed the task.
4. Aaron ___ going to the circus today. (is/are)
5. All that glitters___ not gold. (are/was/is)
6. At first both of the participants ___ (was/were) nervous.
7. At night dog ___ (keep/keeps) a watch in our house.
8. Both Ram and Alana____ late for school. (was/were/have)
9. Christians ___ (visit/visits) Church and celebrate Christmas.
10. Dad ___ (feed/feeds) our dog.
11. Either of us ____ capable of doing the job. (is/ are/were)
12. Fire and water ___ (do not/does not) agree.
13. Gambling ___ (mean/means) paying activities of change for money.
14. My dog ___ (play/plays) with the pets of my friends.
15. Getting e-mails from old friends ___ (give/gives) me a lot of pleasure.
16. Good and bad____ two parts of a coin.(is/are/have)
17. Gulliver’s Travels ___ written by swift.(are/were/was)
18. He ___ (say/says) “He will come.”
19. My mother ___ (work/works) in a clinic.
20. He___ (speak/speaks/speaking) loudly.
21. Her grandmother ___ (hear/hears) quite well now as she has a hearing aid.
22. Horse with a long tail ___ my favourite (is/are)
23. I, who ___ (is/am/are) your friend.
24. I, with my friends, ___ at the cricket match (was/were).
25. It ___ (is/are/am) next to a hillock.
26. Linguistics___ the scientific study of language. (is/are/was)
27. Look! There ___ (is/are) a child crossing the road in front of you.
28. Look, the deer______ (is/are/were) grazing.
29. My community’s people ___ (wear/wears) different traditional dresses.
30. Neither of them ___ (like/likes) sitting with these bad boys.
31. Neither you nor he_______ speaking the truth. (is/am/are)
32. Now there ___ (is/are) only a few stars in the sky.
33. One of the students ___ (is/are/have been) blind.
34. One of the teachers____ (is/am/are/have) absent today.
35. My teachers ___ (teach/teaches) us about the origin of the earth.
36. Our happiness or misery___ without information.(come/comes/have come)
37. Our house ___ (has/have) three rooms.
38. Peace is the thing that everybody___(want/wants/has a want).
39. People in Nepal___ (is/am/are/have) simple and honest.
40. Rabin ___ (tear/tears) his books.

assess yourself 5

1. The number of players in the team ____ 18. (is/am/are)
2. A number of boys_____ well here. (play/plays)
3. Someone ___ (bring/brings) coffee for the guest.
4. Raj Shrestha’s house ___ (lies/lie) next to the house of Shyam Gurung.
5. Many a good girl _____ married early. (get/gets)
6. Raju, who ___ (own/owns) this house is in foreign country.
7. He as well as his friends ___ fluently. (speak/speaks)
8. Ram as well as Shyam _____ here. (is/has/are)
9. She ___ (lost/loss) all her money.
10. Aliza is ____ (tall/taller/tallest) than her friend.
11. Smokers ___ (suffer/suffers) from different diseases.
12. Helen is one of the criminals who____ abducted two months ago.(were/was/will)
13. Slow and steady ______ the race. (win/wins/has won)
14. Students from our school ___ (win/wins) the match.
15. Saran ____ (was/were/have been) fishing all day but had caught nothing.
16. Ten kilometers ____ (is/are/were) a long distance to run.
17. One of the players ____ sick today. (is/ am/ are)
18. The cyclones that pass through our state ___ a lot of harm. (do/does)
19. None of the victims _____ got assistance. (has/ have)
20. The dog ___ bone. (like/likes)
21. Either of them ____ a house in Kathmandu. (have/ has)
22. The number of students in class ten ____ (is/are/have been) adjustable.
23. Neither of the villagers ____ hard. (work/ works)
24. The parliament ____ (has/have/have been) passed the bill.
25. Both of us ____ invited to the party. (is, are)
26. The poet and leader ____died. (is/has)
27. The poet and singer____ (is/was/were) coming to our campus next week.
28. The sun ___ (rise/rises) from the east.
29. The wages of sin____ (is/was/were/have) death.
30. The water in these rivers____ polluted. (is/have/are)
31. These decorative items __ (look/looks) more attractive.
32. They ___ (stand/stands) in the middle of the road.
33. Time and tide ___ (waits/wait) for none.
34. To write letters to old friend ___ (is/are) wonderful.
35. We ___ (is/am/are) living in this house for the last four years.
36. We ___ (work/works) for a living.
37. Writing essays on various topics ___ (improve/improves) your English.
38. Writing many letters ____ her happy. (make/makes/are making)
39. You ___ (have/has) broken your finger.
40. You as well as he ___ (is/are) mistaken.
40. He said to us, “Will you help me in need, please?”

assess yourself 6

1. Five and five ____ to ten. (equal, equals)
2. Fire and water ____ not agree. (do, does)
3. Boys ____ stronger than girls. (is, are)
4. Cats ____ fish. (love, loves)
5. Dogs ____ bones. (chews, chew)
6. Reading book ____a good habit. ( is, are)
7. Smoking ____cancer. (cause, causes)
8. Drinking alcohol ____ our health. ( affect, affects)
9. Tej and Raj ____ to school on foot. (go, goes)
10. Shanta always ____ to school on foot. (walk, walks)
11. Fifty thousands ____ a big amount. (is, are)
12. Everybody ____to be successful. (want, wants)
13. Nobody ____ to be poor. (desire, desires)
14. All of them ____ one or another problem. (has, have)
15. One of my fingers ____ cut off. (is, are)
16. Either of these boys ____ me. (ignore, ignores)
17. My brother ____ in a university. (is, are)
18. AIDS ____ a deadly disease. (is, are)
19. Sixty miles ____ a long distance. (is, are)
20. Even a rupee ____ a great value for me. (has, have)
Vocabulary in Use
blunderbuss difficult to understand; obscure
abstruse ancient weapon (type of gun); a clumsy person
envenom recoil; flinch; shy away
cringe to cause bitterness and bad feeling
laconic self indulgence; pleasure-seeking
hedonism using few words; brief; to the point
plumage indirect; slanting
oblique feathers of a bird
tenacious acceptance of fate
resignation stubborn; resolute; holding firm to a purpose

S T ART
T
GE
ED
VOICE

A university course essay is completed in six stages. The
first stage is a private tutorial in which the task and topic
are fully discussed with the tutor. A reading list should be
obtained, detailing useful resource material. The second
stage involves conducting suitable research. Notes are taken
from available literature at the library, and data are collected
from questionnaires, interviews, and surveys. Writing the first
draft is the third stage. First, it is necessary to organize the
content of the essay and produce a brief outline. Next, the
draft is written in the acceptable formal academic style and
it is checked for appropriate language. The Fourth Stage is group discussion, during which
problem areas are analyzed and further ideas and suggestions are noted. The fifth stage
includes reading the resource material again before writing a second draft, using suggestions
from stage four. Once it is completed, all quotations should be checked for errors. The sixth
stage consists of writing the final draft of the essay. A spell-check is required before adding
a title page and compiling a bibliography. The essay should then be submitted before the
deadline for completion.
In the description given above, the coloured words represent passive

voice. Here, the use of verbs exhibits that the passive voice is the form
Do you of a verb used when the subject is affected by the action of the verb in
Know? a sentence. Thus, if the object is affected by the action of the verb, that
is active voice and if the subject is affected by the action of the verb,
that is passive voice.
Speaking Practice
a. In how many stages is a university course essay completed?
b. What is done in the first stage?
c. What is done in the second stage?
d. What is done in the third stage?
e. What is done in the fourth stage?
f. What is done in the fifth stage?
Listening Practice
Repeat these short passives after your teacher.
Active Passive
plays v5 is played is+v3
is playing is+v4 is being played is +being+v3

played v2 was played was+v3
was playing was+v4 was being played was+ being +v3
have played have+v3 have been played have+ been +v3
had played had + v3 had been played had + been+ v3
will play will +v1 will be played will +be +v3
would play would +v1 would be played would + be + v3
would have played would + have +v3 would have been would + have +
played been+v3
to play to+v1 to be played to+ be+ v3
to have played to+ have+ v3 to have been played to +have +been +v3
playing v4 being played being+v3
The students should have prior knowledge of the following type before they start to change
the active sentences into passive.
a. Types of sentences
Declarative I visited the temple yesterday.
Negative I didn’t visit the temple yesterday.
Interrogative Did I visit the temple yesterday?
Imperative Don’t insult the poor.
Optative May you be successful!
b. Types of tenses and aspects
Simple present He writes an essay.
Present cont. He is writing an essay.
Present perfect He has written an essay.
Present perf. Cont. He has been writing an essay.
Simple past He wrote an essay.
Past continuous He was writing an essay.
Past perfect He had written an essay.
Past perfect cont He had been writing an essay.
Simple future He will write an essay.
Future continuous He will be writing an essay.
Future perfect He will have written an essay.
Future perfect cont He will have been writing an essay.

c. Verb forms
V1 eat, sing, swim, take, go, hide, ride
V2 ate, sang, swam, took, went, hid, rode
V3 eaten, sung, swum, taken, gone, hidden, ridden
V4 eating, singing, swimming, taking, going, hiding, riding
V5 eats, sings, swims, takes, goes, hides, rides
d. Subject pronouns
I, we, you, she, he, it, they
e. Object pronouns:
me, us, you, her, him, it, them
Structure
Active: A man threatens us.
Sub + verb + object
Passive: We are threatened by a man.
Object + aux+ v3 +prep +sub
Grammar Focus : Subject and Object Change

We need to consider the following rules while changing the position of the subject and
object:
Active: I beat him.
Passive: He was beaten by me.
Active: He gifted me a good book.
Passive: A good book was gifted to me by him.
Grammar Focus : Pronoun Change Chart
Active voice Passive voice
I Me
We Us
You You
He Him
She Her
It It
They Them
Who By Whom

Grammar Focus: Passive of Different Tenses
Simple I write an epic. (S + v1/v5 +obj) An epic is written (Obj +is/am/are + v3 +
Present by me. by + sub)
I do not write an (S + do/does An epic is not (Obj +is/am/are + not +
epic. +not+v1 +obj) written by me. v3 + by + sub)
Do I write an Do /does +sub Is an epic written (Is/am/are + obj + v3 +
epic? +infinitive + obj) by me? by + sub)
Present I am writing an (S + is/am/are + An epic is being (Obj +is/am/are + being
Cont. epic. v4 +obj) written by me. + v3 + by + sub)
Tense I am not writing (S + is/am/are + An epic is not (Obj +is/am/are + not +
an epic. not + v4 + obj) being written by being + v3 + by + sub)
me.
Am I writing an (Is/am/are + sub Is an epic being (Is/am/are + obj + being
epic? + v4 + obj) written by me? + v3 + by + sub)
Present I have written an (S + have/has+ An epic has been (Obj + have/has + been
Perfect epic. v3+obj) written by me. + v3 + by + sub)
Tense I have not written (S + have/has + An epic has not (Obj +have/has + not +
an epic. not + v3 + obj) been written by been + v3+ by + sub)
me.
Have I written an (Have/has + sub Has an epic been (Have/has + obj + been
epic? + v3+ obj?) written by me? + v3+by + sub?)
Simple I wrote an epic. (S + v2 + obj) An epic was (Obj + was/were + v3 +
Past written by me. by + sub)
Tense I did not write an (S + didn't + v1 + An epic was not (Obj + was/were + not +
epic. obj) written by me. v3 +by + sub)
Did I write an (Did + sub +v1 + Was an epic (Was/were + obj + v3 +
epic? obj) written by me? by + sub)
Past I was writing an (S + was/were + An epic was (Obj + was/were + being
Cont. epic. v4 + obj) being written by + v3 + by+ sub)
me.
Tense
I was not writing (S + was/were + An epic was not (Obj + was/were + not +
an epic. not + v4 + obj) being written by being + v3 + sub)
me.
Was I writing a Was/Were + sub Was a letter Was/Were + obj + being
letter? + v4 + obj being written by + v3 + by + sub
me?

Past I had written an (S + had + v3 + An epic had (Obj + had + been + v3 +
Perfect epic. obj) been written by by + sub)
me.
Tense
I had not written S + had + not + A letter had not Obj + had + not + been
a letter. v3 + obj been written by + v3 + by + sub
me.
Had I written an (Had + sub + v3 Had an epic (Had + obj + been + v3 +
epic? + obj) been written by by + sub)
me?
Simple I will write an (S + will/shall + An epic will be (Obj + will/shall + be +
Future epic. v1 + obj) written by me. v3 + by + sub)
Tense I will not write an (S + will/shall An epic will not (Obj + will/shall + not +
epic. +not + v1 + obj) be written by be + v3 + by + sub)
me.
Will I write an (Will/shall + sub Will an epic be (Will/shall + obj + be +
epic? + v1 + obj) written by me? v3 + by + sub)
Future I will have written (S + will/shall + An epic will have (Obj + will/shall +have +
Perfect an epic. have + v3 + obj) been written by been + v3 + by + sub)
me.
Tense
I will not have (Sub + will/shall An epic will (Obj + will/shall + not +
written an epic. + not + have + not have been have + been + v3 + sub)
v3 +obj) written by me.
Will I have written (Will/shall + sub Will an epic have (Will/shall + obj + have
an epic? + have + v3 + been written by + been + v3 + by + sub)
obj) me?
Going I am going to (S +is/am/are/ An epic is going (Obj+is/am/are/was/
to write an epic. was/were+going to be written by were + going to + be+
to+v1+ obj) me. v3+ by + sub)
Future
Tense I am not going to (S + is/am/are/ An epic is not (Obj + is/am/are/was/
write an epic. was/were + not going to be were + not + going to +
+ going to + v1 written by me. be + v3 + by + sub)
+ obj)
Am I going to Is/Am/Are/Was/ Is a letter going Is/Am/Are/Was/Were +
write a letter? Were + sub+ to be written by obj + going to + be + v3
going to + v1 + me? + by + sub
obj

Grammar Focus : Passive of Modals
Active Passive
(S + modal + v1 + obj) (Obj + modal + be + v3 + by+ sub)
(S + modal +not+ v1 + obj) (Obj + modal +not+ be + v3 + by + sub)
(Aux + s + v1 + obj +?) (Aux + obj + be + v3+by +sub+?)
I can compose a song. A song can be composed by me.
I cannot compose a song. A song cannot be composed by me.
Can I compose a song? Can a song be composed by me?
He may call us. We may be called by him.
He may not call us. We may not be called by him.
May he call us? May we be called by him?
She might defeat us. We might be defeated by her.
She might not defeat us. We might not be defeated by her.
Might she defeat us? Might we be defeated by her?
They should help us. We should be helped by them.
They should not help us. We should not be helped by them.
Should they help us? Should we be helped by them?
It must provide good moral. Good moral must be provided by it.
It must not provide good moral. Good moral must not be provided by it.
Must it provide good moral? Must good moral be provided by it?
She may have taught us. We may have been taught by her.
She may not have taught us. We may not have been taught by her.
May she have taught us? May we have been taught by her?
He might have defeated us. We might have been defeated by him.
He might not have defeated us. We might not have been defeated by him.
Might he have defeated us? Might we have been defeated by him?
You should have written to me. I should have been written to by you.
You should not have written to me. I should not have been written to by you.
Should you have written to me? Should I have been written to by you?
I must have told you. You must have been told by me.
I must not have told you. You must not have been told by me.
Must I have told you? Must you have been told by me?
I ought to have written you. You ought to have been written to by me.
I ought not to have written you. You ought not to have been written to by me.
Ought I to have written you? Ought you to have been written by me?

Grammar Focus : Passive of WH Questions
Active Passive
WH word + aux + sub + verb + obj +? WH word + aux + obj + be + v3 + by + sub?
Where have you bought this laptop? Where has this laptop been bought?
When will she return the camera? When will the camera be returned by her?
How did he send email? How was email sent by you?
Whom did you give my copy? Who was given my copy?
Whom are you waiting for? Who is/are being waited for?
What are you eating? What is being eaten by you?
What did he tell you? What was told to you by him?
What have you done? What has been done (by you)?
Who + verb + Obj +? By whom + aux/be verb + sub + v3 +?
Who stole the chair? By whom the chair was stolen?
Who/whom was the chair stolen by?
Who can solve it? By whom can it be solved?
Who/whom can it be solved by?
Grammar Focus : Passive of Imperatives
Active Voice Passive Voice
(V+ Obj)-order/command (Let + Obj + be + v3)
Loot at the door. Let the door be looked at.
Complete your homework. Let your homework be completed.
Type this essay right now. Let this essay be typed right now.
Teach me a lesson. Let a lesson be taught to me.
Plough the plot of land. Let the plot of land be ploughed.
(Let + obj1 + verb + obj2)-double object (Let + obj2 + be + v3 + by + obj1)
Let me write a love letter. Let a love letter be written by me.
Let him compose a poem. Let a poem be composed by him.
Let him perform a play. Let a play be performed by him.
Let us play football. Let football be played by us.
(Verb + obj)-advice/suggestion (Obj + should/must + be + v3)
Help the needy people. The needy people should/must be helped.
Obey your seniors. Your seniors should/must be obeyed.
Do meditation daily. Meditation should/must be done daily.
Do exercise regularly. Exercise should/must be done regularly.
(please, kindly, do+ verb +obj)-request You are requested to + verb +obj
Kindly guide us. You are requested to guide us.

Please don't drink. You are requested not to drink.
Do help us. You are requested to help us.
Grammar Focus : Passive of Have to/Has to/Had to
Active Voice Passive Voice
(S + have to/has to/had to + v1 + (Obj + have to/has to/had to + be + v3 + by + sub)
obj)
I have to type this letter. This letter has to be typed by me.
Ram has to sing a song. A song has to be sung by him.
They had to cancel the flight. The flight had to be canceled by them.
Verbs not used in the Passive voice
Verbs referring to states of being like have, belong, be, seem, resemble, etc. do not usually
have passive constructions. In that case we either choose another verb or avoid using the
passive.
Active: Then we had breakfast.
Passive: Then brekfast was eaten. (NOT Then breakfast was had.)
Transitive and Intransitive verb
A verb can be either transitive or intransitive. A transitive verb needs an object in sentence
to give complete meaning while an intransitive verb does not need an object in sentence to
give complete meaning. For example:
Transitive verb: send
Active: He sent a parcel.
Passive: A parcel was sent by him.
Here, send is a transitive verb and it needs an object i.e. a parcel to express full meaning.
Intransitive Verb: laugh, happen, die, agree, look, seem, arrive, fall, occur, sleep, be, go, rain,
stay, become, recover, walk, come, live, remain, work, reach, sit, etc.
Active: He sleeps.
Passive: He is slept.
Active: The murder happened at 5 o’clock.
Passive: The murder was happened at 5 o’clock.
Active: He died in a war.
Passive: He was died in a war.
Here, 'sleep', 'happen' and 'die' are intransitive verbs and they do not need object for
expressing full meaning.
Passive Combination with Preposition
Active Passive
Sub + verb + preposition + obj Obj + be + v3 + preposition + sub
I am knocking at the door. The door is being knocked at.
They are looking for me. I am being looked for.
You must go into this topic. This topic must be gone into.
She is asking about you. You are being asked about.
I have to write to him. He has to be written to.

Some Verbs take Other Preposition Instead of `By'
Know, oblige, marry-to
Deal, please, displease, satisfy, dissatisfy, fill, cover-with
Interest, consist, envelope, absorb, contain-in
Surprise, astonish, alarm, amaze, frighten, shock-at
Bury-in/under
Active Passive
She pleased me. I was pleased with her.
The project interests me. I am interested in the project.
Her death shocks us. We are shocked at her death.
He knows us. We are known to him.
His presence surprises them. They are surprised at his presence.
That bottle contains water. Water is contained in that bottle.
Get Passive
Active Passive
Tony assists me. I get assisted by Tony.
Arjun married Aastha. Arjun got married to Aastha.
Causative Verb
Active Passive
He makes me type a poem. I am made to type a poem by him.
He made me write a letter. I was made to write a letter by him.
They make us sing a song. We are made to sing a song by them.
They made us recite a poem. We were made to recite a poem by them.
Passive of Infinitives and Gerund
Active Passive
S + like/dislike/love/hate + noun + v + ing S + like/dislike/love/hate + being + v3
I like people admiring me. I like being admired.
I don't like people criticizing me. I don't like being criticized.
I disgust people looking at me. I disgust being looked at.
Sub + wish/want/love/like+obj1+ to + v1+ Sub+ wish/want/love/like+obj2+ to be+
obj2 v3+ by + obj1
I want him to write an essay. I want an essay to be written by him.
Sub + decide, think, urge, propose, Sub + decide, think, urge, propose, determine,
determine, agree+ to +V1+obj agree + that +obj+should+be+V3
She decided to buy a car. She decided that a car should be bought.

Passive Combination with Manner Adverb
Active Passive
S + verb + obj + manner adv S + be verb + manner adv + v3
They paint the house very well. The house is very well painted.
He was listening to the music slowly. The music was being slowly listened to.
He always speaks to us politely. We are always politely spoken to.
Reflexive Passive
Active: Don't let people insult you.
Passive: Don't let yourself be insulted.
Verb+ Yourself
Active: Prepare yourself for exam.
Passive: Be prepared yourself for the exam.
Impersonal Passive
If we don’t want to identify a specific person as agent, but prefer not to use a passive form,
we can use an impersonal subject. They, we, people, etc. are impersonal subjects.
Active Passive
They said he was a detective. It was said that he was a detective.
He was said to be a detective.
We think he is the principal. It is thought that he is the principal.
He is thought be the principal.
People believe that he married twice. It is believed that he had married twice.
He is believed to have married twice.
They say that English is a global language. It is said that English is a global language.
English is said to be a global language.
People say that she is a bad person. It is said that she is a bad person.
She is said to be a bad person.
Miscellaneous Sentences
Active Passive
I didn't do anything. Nothing was done by me.
You can believe in them. They can be believed in by you.
Bitter gourd tastes bitter. Bitter gourd is bitter when it is tasted.
A lorry knocked down him. He was knocked down by a lorry.

assess yourself 1
Put the simple present tense of the verbs in passive voice.
1. At the Olympic Games gold medal_____ (award) to the winner of each event.
2. Huge crocodiles _____ sometimes_____ (see) in North Queensland.
3. That drains_____ (clear) out regularly and all the rubbish _____ (take) away.
4. The battery in my car_____ (check) quite often and it _____ (change) if it is not
good.
5. The grass_____ (cut) and the field _____ (mark) out before each game.
6. The name of the winner_____ (engrave) on the shield.
7. The paper_____ (deliver) quite early in the morning.
8. Those fans_____ (control) by that switch over there.
9. When thieves_____ (arrest) they_____ (take) to a police station.
10. You_____ (expect) to be quiet in the library and _____ (ask) not to talk.
assess yourself 2
Put the present continuous tense of the verbs in passive voice.
1. That office_____ (redecorate) for the new manager.
2. The cup final _____ (play) at the national stadium next week.
3. The fire _____ gradually_____ (put) out, as far as I can see.
4. The results of the competition_____ (announce) as soon as they are received.
5. This part of the wall_____ (paint) red.
6. Two new tugs_____ (build) at the shipyard now.
7. We think twenty or thirty workers_____ (dismiss) unless business improves.
8. We_____ (show) round the new factory by the manager.
9. Which animal_____ (hunt) next?
10. Who_____ (invite) to the wedding?
assess yourself 3
Put the present perfect tense of the verbs in passive voice.
1. Is it true that a fence_____ (put) round the field?
2. James _____ just_____ (bite) by a snake.
3. Most of the land in that valley _____ already_____ (clear) for settlement.
4. Nothing_____ (say) about the broken window, has it?
5. The corner of this page_____ (tear) by him.
6. The national anthem _____ just_____ (play).
7. The plan for the new airport _____ just_____ (approve).
8. Those clothes_____ (wash) twice already.
9. We _____ not yet_____ (teach) how to do that.
10. Which one_____ (appoint) captain?

assess yourself 4
Put the simple past tense of the verbs in passive voice.
1. Both of the passengers _____ slightly_____ (injure) in the accident.
2. His car_____ (search) when he went through the Customs.
3. Most of these stamps_____ (collect) by my brother when he was much younger.
4. Our team_____ (beat) in the final.
5. The board_____ (clean) at the end of the previous lesson.
6. The injured man_____ (carry) to an ambulance.
7. The sandwiches _____ soon_____ (eat).
8. The spare parts_____ (want) urgently so they_____ (fly) in from the supplier.
9. These books_____ (borrow) from the boys in another class.
10. We_____ (stop) by the police when we came to the barrier.
assess yourself 5
Put the verb in brackets into the passive form of the past continuous tense.
1. A tiger escaped in Paris when it_____ (move) from one zoo to another.
2. He could not use his car yesterday because it_____ (service).
3. One of the men said that he saw a crocodile when the pool_____ (drain).
4. One of the soldiers fainted while the guard of honor_____ (inspect) by the Chief
Minister.
5. The bridge_____ (repair) yesterday so the traffic was delayed.
6. The ship_____ (unload) when we reached the docks.
7. The storm came while the crops_____ (gather) in.
8. Those houses_____ (build) when I came here six months ago.
9. When I went past the hall, I noticed that the chairs_____ (arrange) for a film show.
10. When we arrived at their house we saw that it_____ (decorate).
assess yourself 6
Use the passive form of the past perfect tense of the verb in brackets.
1. He said the bridge _____ (repair).
2. I did not know that their house_____ (sell).
3. We were glad to hear that the men_____ (rescue).
4. He said that the results of the examination_____ (check) very thoroughly.
5. She wanted to know whether we_____ (tell) about the party.
6. I didn't sweep out the room because it_____ (sweep) out already.
7. He was angry because he felt that he_____ (betray).
8. I read in the newspaper that two men_____ (bury) when the walls of a ditch had
caved in on them. Luckily, they_____ (dig) alive out by other workers.
9. The doctor said he_____ (ask) to come and see my brother.
10. He said he hadn't received the letter although it_____ (post) nearly a week before.

assess yourself 7
Put in the passive form of the simple future tense of the verb in brackets.
1. The police said the robbers_____ (identify) fairly soon.
2. His car_____ (repair) tomorrow.
3. Fifty people_____ (invite) to her wedding.
4. That old building _____ soon_____ (pull) down.
5. Anybody who does not stop at the red light_____ (arrest).
6. If nobody claims the lost property, it_____ (sell) at the end of the term.
7. That shop_____ (close) for a week for repairs and renovation.
8. You_____ (injure) if you put your hand too near that circular saw.
9. There are two very fast runners in the next race. I think the record _____ probably_____
(break) by one of them.
10. If you try to go down that road, you_____ (stop) by a policeman.
assess yourself 8
Change the following sentences into passive voice.
1. A cruel hunter killed a bird.
2. Biplab’s dog has bitten me.
3. A cat was looking at a mouse.
4. Can Amir improve his hand writing?
5. A huge wave overturned the little boat.
6. Can you carry the log?
7. The young woman killed a leopard.
8. Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone.
9. Mr. Bhusal pleases us very often.
10. Aren’t you demanding more than the reasonable price?
11. Do not throw stone at the poor dog.
12. Basanta hasn’t cut his hair.
13. Does he speak English?
14. A microbus knocked over a cyclist yesterday.
15. Buna will not protect him.
16. Can you post this letter?
17. A gang of boys stole my money.
18. Ranjita will have bought a car.
19. Columbus discovered America.
20. Robert Frost wrote many poems.
21. Could you guide us correctly?
22. Did Kalyan write a memo?
23. Anurag is not going to buy a computer.
24. Did anybody call your name at night?
25. Does Roman read a book?

assess yourself 9
1. Have they repeated the same mistake?
2. Karma can speak English well.
3. Loma composed this song last year.
4. Manu did not invite his friends to the party.
5. Nisu does every work carefully.
6. Oso gave his son a pen.
7. Pirtam had received your letter when I met him.
8. Has he cut his hair?
9. Rattan has to please all his relatives.
10. Subin has to ring the bell.
11. Tarzan is not reading a book.
12. Has she taken her meals?
13. Bin is speaking the truth.
14. Abiral made his wife to do his work.
15. Anjan pretended to be an industrialist.
16. Dip says Mohan is a procrastinator.
17. Ekbal taught me to read Persian.
18. Fulmaya was drawing a picture.
19. Ganesh was teaching them a lesson.
20. His assistants accused him of different crimes.
21. Nobody will understand his language.
22. How does the boy help the girl?
23. Inkar bought a doll for his son
24. I have kept my wallet in the safe.
25. Everyone knows her well.
26. They must look into the matter.
27. Lila offered him a chair.
28. Nobody could control the fire.
29. They opened the door and entered the house.
30. Kancha had bought the book 2 years ago.
31. I saw him opening the box.
32. Nobody heard a sound.
33. The victim had to call the police soon.
34. Let him sing a song.
35. Men didn’t do household work in the past.
36. Riana has to take care of these children.
37. One should keep one’s premises clean.
38. My brother will decorate this house.
39. The nature itself teaches the beasts to know their friends.
40. We expected them to win the match.

assess yourself 10

1. No one has beaten him at chess.
2. One of the armies has defeated me.
3. People are destroying forest for firewood and shelter.
4. We didn’t care for the environment a few years ago.
5. The council elected him as the president.
6. I sympathized him at the death of his father.
7. Most of us speak English all over the world.
8. We use milk for making butter and cheese.
9. The old man is climbing the precipice.
10. Please bring me some water.
11. Devkota wrote this essay book.
12. Harke is singing a Hindi song.
13. Aryan was writing a love letter.
14. Laya didn’t give me a chance to speak.
15. Binaya has not done any research.
16. The class teacher appointed him the monitor.
17. Bibek helps everybody in need.
18. Tulsa cleans the office every day.
19. Sumy doesn’t accomplish my command.
20. Bhanubhakta wrote many poems.
21. All people loudly cheered the PM’s speech.
22. We have built a dam for irrigating the rice field.
23. The curator of the museum showed us some old coins.
24. Doctors perform operation of the patient.
25. The river swept away many houses last year.
26. They have already reaped the harvest.
27. The principal gave him a prize.
28. Utsav teases his friends very often.
29. The public will learn with astonishment that war is imminent.
30. The Romans expected to conquer Carthage.
31. Our English teacher will teach us a lesson tomorrow.
32. They are going to punish him for the misconduct.
33. They are making cabins in national parks.
34. They don’t open the office until 8:00.
35. We found him guilty of murder.
36. They have pulled down the old house.
37. My students pronounce every word correctly.
38. The Kathmandu post publishes news daily.
39. They will have finished this work by tomorrow.
40. Those girls have to pay special attention to their studies.

assess yourself 11
Change the following sentences into active voice.

1. Stamps can be bought at any post offices.
2. The fire has been controlled by us.
3. Meal has to be prepared by me every day.
4. The poor must be helped.
5. His words must be listened to by us.
6. They were refused admission.
7. The endangered animals should be preserved.
8. What is being looked for by you?
9. What can be done for you by me?
10. When shall you be called?
11. I had been invited to the party by them.
12. Why is a grammar lesson taught to you?
13. Rice was being harvested at that time.
14. The revolutionaries are being supported.
15. All the small and big market was closed.
16. It was hoped that doctors would cure his disease.
17. The tower of London was formerly used as a prison.
18. The minister’s speech was loudly cheered.
19. Why should I be suspected by you?
20. Honey is made by bees.
21. The boy was praised by teacher.
22. The telegraph wires have been cut.
23. A king may be looked at by a cat.
24. The letter was written by her clerk.
25. The steam engine was invented by Watt.
26. Harsh sentences were pronounced on the offenders.
27. The exhibition was opened by the class teacher.
28. The ship was set on fire and abandoned by the crew.
29. Stones should not be thrown to the dog.
30. Without effort nothing can be gained.
31. By whom has this jug broken?
32. My pencil has been stolen.
33. My pocket has been picked.
34. I was not invited.
35. Nothing was given to me.
36. I was shocked at his death.
37. He is pleased with us.
38. They are astonished at our success.
39. A dead body of a dog was buried under the ground.
40. Water is contained in this bottle.

assess yourself 12
Use the passive form of the verbs given in the bracket to complete the given text.
Yesterday a match (play) between India and Pakistan. All the tickets (sell) one month ago. I
had also bought a ticket but when I reached the stadium almost all the seats (occupy). I could
reach to my seat with a great difficulty. The stadium (pack) to capacity. Slogans (shout) by the
supporters of both the teams. Ultimately both the captain came into the field for the toss.
The coin was in the hands of the Pakistani captain which (toss) up but the toss (win) by the
Indian captain and first batting (elect) by him.
Use the passive form of verbs given in the bracket to complete the given text.
John’s school is going to celebrate its annual function. All the programmes (decide) for the
occasion. Professional dancers (invite) to prepare the prayer dance. A group of boys and girls
(train) for a Bhangara. A few classical music (prepare) by the music teacher. The chief guest
(decide) and invitation card (print). A parody based on patriotic theme (play) by the grade X
students. The function (expect) to be a fabulous one.
Use the passive form of verbs given in the bracket to complete the given text.
Seven tablespoons of cocoa powder (measure) into a small bowl. Half a cup of boiling water
(add). The mixture (stir) until it is smooth. It (leave) to cool down. A half cup of softened butter
(put) in a large bowl. Two cups of white sugar (add). The mixture (stir) until it is smooth. Next,
three eggs (add), and the mixture (stir) again. The dry ingredients (add) next - two cups of
flour, 1 teaspoon of baking powder and 1 teaspoon of baking soda. The last additions that
(make) to the batter is a cup of sour cream and all of the cocoa mixture. The batter (mix) well.
The batter (pour) into two cake tins. The cakes (bake) in the oven for 45 minutes. After the
cakes (cool), chocolate icing (spread) over them and the cakes (decorate). The best part (save)
until the last cakes (eat).
Vocabulary in Use
tentative tribute; honor; praise
resolution support; prop up
plummet puzzling; enigmatic
obliterate short-lived
lamentation a pleasure seeker
hedonist expression of regret or sorrow
ephemeral destroy; demolish; eradicate
cryptic fall suddenly and steeply
bolster determination
accolade not certain

S T ART
T
GE
ED
QUESTION TAGS
Read the following sentences.

He needs some help, doesn't he?
We are away for a few days, aren't we?
It's a lovely weather, isn't it?
It wasn't his mistake, was it?
There is a problem, isn't there?
You're not serious, are you?
You often come here, don't you?
She isn't Nepalese , is she?
Don't exert yourself, will you?
Do you In the above given sentences, doesn't he?, aren't we?, isn't it?, was it?,
Know? isn't there?, are you?, don't you?, is she? and will you? are tags.
Speaking Practice
Answer these questions based on the given sentences.
a. What are question tags?
b. Which punctuation is used in tags?
c. What form of verbs is used in tags?
d. What is a positive tag?
e. What is a negative tag?
Listening Practice
Repeat these contractions after your teacher.
Word Contraction Word Contraction
am/’m aren’t…..? had + v3 hadn’t…..?
are/’re aren’t…..? had better not had…..?
can can’t…..? has + v3 hasn’t…..?
command will you? has to /have to /had to doesn’t/don’t/didn’t…..?
could couldn’t…..? has/have/had+ noun doesn’t/don’t/didn’t…..?
dare not dare…..? have + v3 haven’t…..?
dares doesn’t…..? let(me/us/him/her/them) will you?
do don’t…..? may mayn’t…..?
does doesn’t…..? might mightn’t…..?
did didn’t…..? must mustn’t…..?
don’t/ never + v + o will you? needed didn’t…..?
‘d + better hadn’t…..? needs doesn’t/needn’t…..?

‘d + have + v3 wouldn’t…..? shall shan’t…..?
‘d + rather wouldn’t…..? should shouldn’t…..?
‘d + v3 hadn’t…..? used to + v1 didn’t…..?
‘s + been + v4 hasn’t…..? v1 don’t…..?
‘s + being + v3 isn’t…..? v2 didn’t…..?
‘s + ing isn’t…..? v5 doesn’t…..?
‘s + noun isn’t…..? will won’t…..?
‘s + p.p. (v3) hasn’t…..? would rather not would…..?
had + noun didn’t…..? would/’d + v1 wouldn’t…..?
Tag Questions are a very common feature of spoken English and are used mostly as a social
convention, inviting a response from the other person. They are used to elicit a response or
just as a statement. Tags are also used for asking for an agreement or confirmation. Tag is not
a separate sentence; it is a part of sentence.
Grammar Focus : Rules of Question Tags
1. There should be comma (,) at the end of the statement.
I am from a village, aren’t I?
2. A tag should begin with small letter.
None of them has a key, do they?
3. Affirmative statement has a negative tag and negative statement has a positive tag.
He used to go there, didn’t he? (Positive statement-Negative tag)
Neither of them is honest, are they? (Negative statement-Positive tag)
4. Nouns as subject of the statement should be changed into pronoun.
Hema and Mona were at the party, weren't they?
Let's play a game, shall we?
Let's not sing a song, shall we?
Let him do it, will you?
5. If there is auxiliary verb in the statement, the same auxiliary verb should be repeated
in the tag. Here is a list of auxiliary verbs.
Present Form Past Form
is/am/are was/were
have/has had
do/does did
shall/will should/would
can/may could/might
must had to


You are going to school, aren’t you?
You ought to complete this work, oughtn’t you?
He will visit us tomorrow, won’t he?
Rita can write a poem, can’t she?
He has called us, hasn’t he?
You must follow the rules, mustn’t you?
6. If there is no auxiliary verb in the statement, do, does or did is used in the tag according
to the subject, number and form of the verb.
Sub +v1 (base form) = don’t
They love flower, don't they?
Sub +v2 (past form) = didn’t
He cut his finger, didn't he?
Sub +v5 (‘s’ or ‘es’ form) =doesn’t
Gautam spends much, does't he?
7. If the subject of the statement is ‘this’ or ‘that’ the pronoun in the tag is ‘it’ but if the
subject is ‘these’ or ‘those’, the pronoun in the tag is ‘they’.
This is a nice hotel, isn’t it?
That is not your house, is it?
These are the books I need, aren’t they?
Those are my copies, aren’t they?
8. If there is ‘You and I’ together in the subject of the statement, the pronoun in the tag
should be ‘we’.
You and I are best friends, aren’t we?
You and I were living together, weren’t we?
9. If the verb ‘Have' is used as a main verb the tag will be as given below:
Have=do
We have a house in Kathmandu, don't we?
Has=does
He has a nice car, doesn't he?
Had=did
I had a new bicycle, didn't I?
10. Imperative sentences take 'will you' as a tag. But in the case of ‘Let’s’, ‘Shall we’ is
used.
Help me, will you?
Don't tell a lie, will you?
Please, behave yourself wisely, will you?
Let him play, will you?

Never be late, will you?
Get it done, will you?
Have it, will you ?
Shut your mouth, will you?
Let's not play today, shall we?
Let’s have a party tonight, shall we?
11. A sentence having two clauses takes a tag according to the former clause.
I wish he would pass his driving test, don't I?
I don't think he will visit us today, do I?
It is said that 10% of total students are out of school, isn't it?
12. If there is sub+’d+rather+v1 and sub +’d +better+v1 in the statement the tag will be
wouldn’t and hadn’t respectively.
You'd better go there, hadn't you?
He'd rather call us in his house, wouldn't he?
13. Sentence with negative words such as neither, no, none, no one, nothing, scarcely,
barely, hardly, hardly ever, seldom, never, rarely, nobody, not often, infrequently, etc. are
always followed by a positive tag.
Nobody does homework, do they?
They never play volleyball, do they?
We hardly pass the exam, do we?
Nothing happened to me, did it?
Neither of the students played well, did they?
None of them liked the film, did they?
14. Singular auxiliary verbs (is, was, has, does) change to plural auxiliary verbs (are, were,
have, do) to form tags if the subjects of the statements are somebody, someone,
nobody, no one, everybody, everyone, anybody, anyone, none, neither, etc.
Everyone sings beautifully, don't they?
Everybody is honest, aren’t they?
No one respects a gangster, do they?
Neither of the books is good, are they?
Somebody has found my wallet, haven’t they?
Either of them plays well, don’t they?
15. If the subject of the statement is everything, anything, something, nothing, all +
singular verb, the pronoun in the tags is ‘it’.
Everything is alright, isn't it?
All is well, isn't it?
Something is troubling you, isn’t it?
Nothing interests me, does it?

1. They have a beautiful house in Kathmandu, don’t they?
2. We had a flat in that house last year, didn’t we?
3. He has a new bike these days, doesn’t he?
4. These students have to learn well, don’t they?
5. Those boys had to wake up early in the morning, didn’t they?
6. Rohan has to take tuition classes, doesn’t he?
7. Everybody enjoys this place, don’t they?
8. Everyone is unique, aren’t they?
9. Anybody can come, can’t they?
10. Anyone may contact us, mayn’t they?
11. Somebody is coming, aren’t they?
12. Someone has called you, haven’t they?
13. No one is beyond nature, are they?
14. Nobody respects the criminals, do they?
15. None was respectful work, were they?
16. Let him sing a song, will you?
17. Either of them is obedient to us, aren’t they?
18. Neither of them has seen us, have they?
19. One should respect the nature, shouldn’t one?
20. All of them are honest, aren’t they?
21. You’d better stop talking, hadn’t you?
22. You’d rather go there, wouldn’t you?
23. There used to be a coffee shop, didn’t there?
24. Let me see it first, will you?
25. I ought to respect them, oughtn’t I?
26. You need not worry about me, need you?
27. Everything is perishable, isn’t it?
28. Nothing has happened to me, has it?
29. Something needs to be done soon, doesn’t it?
30. He scarcely spends money on clothes, does he?
31. Let us do this work right now, will you?
32. John barely goes out, does he?
33. Let’s go for a walk, shall we?
34. Yubin hardly talks in English, does he?
35. I seldom go there, do I?
36. Kamal never eats pork, does he?
37. Guru rarely comes on time, does he?
38. He infrequently visits us, does he?
39. Let them go through the project, will you?
40. Let’s not hurry up, shall we?

assess yourself 1
Add correct tag to the following sentences.
1. Harry is a wealthy man, ?
2. Don’t run, ?
3. She has a baby, ?
4. Have a cup of tea, ?
5. Don’t talk much, ?
6. Either Jack or John did it, ?
7. He doesn’t like tea, ?
8. Everybody can dance perfectly, ?
9. Have some more rice, ?
10. Everybody has his coat stitched, ?
11. He doesn’t need to go, ?
12. Everybody saw the accident, ?
13. Have another glass of milk, ?
14. I am a teacher, ?
15. He can speak English very well, ?
16. I am never with you, ?
17. Let me open the door, ?
18. I am right, ?
19. Let me start first, ?
20. I am very late, ?
21. Let them go now, ?
22. I barely know the old man, ?
23. Let us go to the movie, ?
24. I didn’t hurt you, ?
25. Let me open the window, ?
26. None of the books are torn, ?
27. Let me start a new business, ?
28. Nothing was mentioned, ?
29. Let us do that work, ?
30. Nothing is good there, ?
31. One can see it, ?
32. She can’t speak Nepali fluently, ?
33. There are some girls in your class, ?
34. She didn’t paint it herself, ?
35. There is a mosque in that street, ?
36. She doesn’t like fish, ?
37. There lived an old hermit in the forest, ?
38. She drives a car, ?
39. There’s big pond in front of Durbar School, ?
40. She hardly drinks, ?
assess yourself 2
1. All are absent, ?
2. Bishal could pass the exams, ?
3. All is well, ?
4. Boys don’t like to wash, ?
5. Ann’s applied for the job, ?
6. Come as soon as possible, ?
7. Anybody will help you, ?
8. Chase away that monkey, ?
9. Do it yourself, ?
10. Come back soon, ?
11. Don’t touch it, ?
12. Come here ok, ?
13. Don’t drop that test, ?
14. Everyone knows the answer, ?
15. Don’t follow anybody blindly, ?
16. Don’t make a noise, ?
17. Gaurav did not break that pencil, ?
18. Manu passed the exams, ?
19. He has met you, ?
20. I have got a CD player, ?
21. Let’s go to the beach, ?
22. Everyone knows the answer, ?
23. I shan’t do this work, ?
24. Everyone must do it, ?
25. I will go home soon, ?
26. Everyone may get accident, ?
27. I’d like some tea, ?
28. It isn’t ready yet, ?
29. Let’s go for a walk, ?
30. It isn’t very warm today, ?
31. Let’s have food, ?
32. It looks like snow, ?
33. Let’s go out, ?
34. It’s a beautiful day, ?
35. Let’s do our homework, ?
36. My son is sick, ?
37. Neeta never gets angry, ?
38. Open the door, ?
39. You’ve been to Budhathum, ?
40. Your brothers have to practice it, ?

assess yourself 3
1. Everyone witnessed the play, ?
2. Please have patience, ?
3. Everything is perishable, ?
4. Please take a seat down, ?
5. Everything is fine, ?
6. Get out of here, ?
7. Puma hardly passed the exam, ?
8. Go ahead, ?
9. You’d rather go swimming, ?
10. I had dream last night, ?
11. Harry is very clever, ?
12. I’m a mason, ?
13. He has sold the car, ?
14. I’m tired and hungry, ?
15. Gobi broke the glass, ?
16. He has to solve it, ?
17. It’s very cold today, ?
18. Jack’s on holiday, ?
19. Let’s work hard, ?
20. Mind your business, ?
21. You’d do homework daily, ?
22. Her father is a doctor, ?
23. It is going to rain, ?
24. Let’s unite together, ?
25. My aunt came yesterday, ?
26. My sister will help you, ?
27. Neither of the boys laughed, ?
28. Let’s stop writing, ?
29. My brother is sleeping, ?
30. You’d better see a doctor, ?
31. Help the poor, ?
32. John drinks too much, ?
33. Trisha never looks happy, ?
34. You never used to work so late, ?
35. Somebody has called me outside, ?
36. Rotan’s gone to school, ?
37. Sabina had already cooked rice, ?
38. Let’s pretend we are not here, ?
39. Nita never plays well, ?
40. You needn’t go back soon, ?

assess yourself 4
1. He told a lie, ?
2. Somebody has misguided him, ?
3. He used to beat his children, ?
4. Someone is waiting for you, ?
5. He never washes in winter, ?
6. One should not mock at the poor, ?
7. He used to live in Pokhara, ?
8. Bamdev’d write a story, ?
9. He seldom does his homework, ?
10. Sunil seldom goes out, ?
11. You aren’t going out, ?
12. The apples aren’t good, ?
13. He wasn’t feeling well, ?
14. They had eaten bananas, ?
15. They haven’t played well, ?
16. We’d rather prefer coffee, ?
17. You and I completed it together, ?
18. He’d never met her before, ?
19. Ali, bring me your pen, ?
20. Sit here comfortably, ?
21. He’s singing a song, ?
22. Let’s play chess, ?
23. Nina has never been to Pokhara, ?
24. Riva will come here on time, ?
25. Sal looks clean and tidy, ?
26. Nobody can defeat him, ?
27. Rajesh is your own uncle, ?
28. Sue and Joe have not come yet, ?
29. The birds flew away, ?
30. Read the whole book first, ?
31. She has to solve it, ?
32. No one solved the problem, ?
33. Ravi had a sweet dream, ?
34. Sudan looks smart, ?
35. The bus will stop here, ?
36. We’d better go by bus, ?
37. Sit here until I return back, ?
38. They are generally honest, ?
39. Your father smokes, ?
40. They didn’t complain about it, ?

assess yourself 5
1. They’d build a house, ?
2. You left the gas on, ?
3. They’ll wait for you, ?
4. We had dinner at 9, ?
5. You know him well, ?
6. We have already done our task, ?
7. You have played well, ?
8. We must hurry up, ?
9. You can swim well, ?
10. Puma hardly passed the exam, ?
11. Wait a minute, please, ?
12. Students do not go to school on Saturdays, ?
13. The film wasn’t very good, ?
14. She read the Bible, ?
15. The sun is very hot, ?
16. She seldom does the homework, ?
17. Stop that noise, please, ?
18. The sun gives us light, ?
19. Something is troubling me, ?
20. The winter hasn’t been cold, ?
21. They will never give up, ?
22. You like learning English, ?
23. Sita wasn’t ready for the party, ?
24. They are playing beautiful music, ?
25. You answered my invitation, ?
26. No one is present, ?
27. Ravi hasn’t passed the exam, ?
28. She is too young, ?
29. We shall go there, ?
30. You are free this week, ?
31. They ought to be there, ?
32. You like Shakespeare’s play, ?
33. He looks dishonest, ?
34. None helped me last week, ?
35. He never tells lie, ?
36. One can’t tolerate such insult, ?
37. Somebody hadn’t greeted her, ?
38. You’re tired today, ?
39. Pal seldom goes out, ?
40. Seta’s brushed the floor, ?

assess yourself 6

1. Do this exercise, ?
2. Have your work done, ?
3. Copy this answer, ?
4. Let us enjoy the movie, ?
5. Get your tie tied, ?
6. Get your shoe polished, ?
7. Let's separate now, ?
8. Tell me your name, ?
9. Let's call her, ?
10. She has a new bag, ?
11. He had a new bike, ?
12. Let's go to movie, ?
13. They didn't call us, ?
14. We have sung a song, ?
15. I am an engineer, ?
16. I am not a European, ?
17. She'd rather prefer tea, ?
18. You'd better go now, ?
19. You called me yesterday, ?
20. Boys are strong, ?
Vocabulary in Use
bombast to agree to; give in to
acquiesce arrogant, pompous language
oblivious cut short
tenuous someone who appreciates good food and drink
resonant listen to
podium ridicule; spoof
curtail totally unaware
lampoon raised platform
heed echoing
epicure flimsy; not solid

S T ART
T
GE
ED
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

If the weather was nice, I would spend time outside with my children. One of their favourite
things to do was to go to a nearby park. If we rode our bikes to the park, it would take about
10 minutes. If there was a lot of traffic, it could take a little longer. If we had chosen to walk,
it would have taken half an hour. When we got to the park, the kids would choose their
favourite playground equipments to play on. John mostly liked the climbing walls, but if he
climbed too high, he would start to get nervous. Anyway, if I had been interested in those
child games, I would have played with them. The children could have enjoyed much if I had
played with them.
I always had to remind my children, “If you’re not careful, you will fall and hurt yourself.”
Their reaction was usually to roll their eyes at me. My daughter Hichan loves to play on the
swing. On the way to the park, she almost always asks me, “Mom, if there is no one for me
to play with, will you go on the swing with me?” If she finds someone to play with at the
park, she will spend the whole time on the swing. Sometimes I talk to the other parents
who are there. After an hour or so, the kids and I ride our bikes back home. On the way, I
tell them, “If the weather is nice next weekend, we will come back.”
In the above given description, the coloured words represent different

types of conditionals. Conditional sentences have two parts: the if-
Do you clause and the main-clause. Clauses beginning with words such as if,
Know? unless, provided, even if, but for, suppose, etc. are called if clause and
clauses that begin with the subject are called main clause.
Speaking Practice
a. What would I do if the weather was nice?
b. How long would it take if we rode our bike?
c. How long would it have taken if we had chosen to walk?
d. What do I tell them on the way?
e. What would have happened if I had been interested in those child games?
Listening Practice
Repeat these structures after your teacher.
Type If Clause Main Clause
Zero s+v1+v5+obj s+v1+v5+obj
One s+v1+v5+obj s+will/may/can+v1+obj
Two s+v2+obj s+would/might/could+v1+obj
Three s+had+v3+obj s+would/might/could+have+v3+obj
Had+s+v3+obj s+would/might/could+have+v3+obj

Consider the following things:
The order of the clauses is not fixed – the if clause can be first or second.
We never use will or won’t in the if clause.
We never use would or wouldn’t in the if clause.
We never use would have or wouldn’t have in the if clause.
If the if clause comes first, a comma is usually used.
If the if clause comes second, there is no need to use a comma.
Grammar Focus: Different Types of Conditionals
If clause Main clause

LEARNING
ENGLISH (conditional) (result)
Zero conditional
Fact, habits and If I wake up late, I miss the bus.
scientific truths
First conditional If I wake up late

I will miss the bus.
Likely future events tomorrow,
Second conditional
Imaginary situations If I woke up late, I would miss the bus.
in the present or future
Third conditional
If I had woken up I would have
Imaginary situations
late, missed the bus.
in the past
A. Zero conditional
Sometimes sentences with if express certainty rather than possibility. The zero
conditionals are used to talk about something that is always true, or that was always true in

the past:
If you cut your finger, it bleeds. If you heat butter, it melts
If you mix blue and red, you get purple. If you heat water, it boils.
B. First type of conditional sentence: (probable/ cause and effect)
If you labour hard, you can get success.
If you wake up early, you will be fresh.
If you want to post your letter, meet the postman.
If you want better grade in exam, learn well.
If you want to enjoy the nature, you should visit this park.
Take tuition class if you want to pass in exam.
If you desire to see him, you may/might go.
If you’re looking for Hemanta, you’ll find him upstairs.
If she has written a poem, I’ll recite it.
If he has got good communication skill, we will include him in our team.
C. Second type of conditional sentence: (Hypothetical but possible)
If + Past continuous – S + would/ could +V1
If my car was working, I would drive you to your school.
If my cow was giving milk, I would sell it regularly.
If + Simple Past – S + would /could/ might + V1 + object
If you found a job, you would earn money.
If you emailed her, it would reach there soon.
If I had some money, I would give you.
If I were the chief of the program, I would assist you.
D. Third type of conditional sentence: (Hypothetical and impossible)
If + past perfect – S + might/ could/ would + have + V3 + object
Had I wished-for her, she would have taken it positively.
Had you called me, I would have come to you.
If I had known to play well, I would have been famous.
If I had reached there on time, I might have met other friends too.
If you had called me I would have seen you.
If you had called them, they would have visited you. (But you didn’t call him)
If you hadn’t helped her, she wouldn’t have stayed here.
E. Miscellaneous
i. Unless=if not
Unless + affirmative verb= Unless you work hard, you cannot pass the exam.
If + negative verb= If you don’t work hard, you will fail the exam.
ii. Otherwise=If this does not happen/didn’t happen/hadn’t happened
We must play well; otherwise we will lose the match.
They worked hard; otherwise they would fail the exam. = If they hadn’t worked hard,
they would have failed the exam.

Grammar Focus : Common Errors
Incorrect Correct
If you will reach the station on time, you If you reach the station on time, you will catch
will catch the early train. the early train.
If you would have much money, you would If you had much money, you would buy a car.
buy a car.
If the weather would have had nice, we If the weather had been nice, we could have
could have visited the park. visited the park.
I will come there on time unless you want I will come there on time if you want to meet
to meet me. me.
assess yourself 1
Supply the missing clauses in the following sentences.
1. Had I gone to bed earlier, I .
2. Had I had two umbrellas, I .
3. , I’d build a hospital.
4. Had I known the answer, I .
5. , I’d fly in the sky.
6. Had I saved my money, I .
7. Had the brake worked, there .
8. I would have no problem if I .
9. I sleep with the window open unless it .
10. I would give up work if I .
11. , I’d have joined a medicine course.
12. I’d buy a house if .
13. I’d go to the dentist if .
14. , you are welcome.
15. If anyone arrives late, they .
16. If Nima could sing, he .
17. If I had driven more carefully, I .
18. If he had closed the window, his house .
19. If he were a film star, .
20. , I might be able to save some money.
21. , they will come to us.
22. , they would come to us.
23. , they would have come to us.
24. If I am not busy, I .
25. If I bought a car, I .
26. If I could go anywhere in the world, I .
27. If I could sing, I .
28. If I found a burglar in my room, I .
29. If I had known, I .
30. If I had woken up early, I .

assess yourself 2

1. If she ____ (not cover) her face, I’d have recognized her.
2. If she had learned well, she ___ (get) good grades.
3. If she learned well, she ___ (get) good grades.
4. If she learns well, she ___ (get) good grades.
5. If she weren’t married, I _______(marry) her.
6. If the dog barks at the cat, the cat _______(go)away.
7. If we had built plenty of hospitals fifty years ago, we _______(have) no diseases.
8. If you ____ (go) to national park, you will see rhinos and tigers.
9. If you ____ (not study) well, you will fail the BEE.
10. If you call me, I ____ (come) to your house.
11. If you called me, I ____ (come) to your house.
12. If you don’t get enough sleep, you _______(be) sick.
13. If you go to India, you ____ (see) Taj Mahal.
14. If you greeted him, he ____ (greet) you in return.
15. If you had called a taxi, it ____ (be) easier to go.
16. If you had called me, I ____ (come) to your house.
17. If you had worked harder, you_______.(succeed)
18. If you help others, they _______(help) you in return.
19. If you invited us, we ____ (definitely come) to your house.
20. The world would be a better place if all _______(work) hard.
21. If you learn English, you _______(get) job.
22. If you missed that train, you ___ (take) a taxi.
23. If you obey your parents, they _______(be) happy.
24. If you sit down for a few moments, I____ (tell) the manager you're here.
25. If you smoke a lot, you _______(get) health problem.
26. If you want to be a doctor, you _______(study) hard.
27. Iron expands if it ____ (heat).
28. It would be nice if you ______(call) a taxi.
29. The city would look nice if people ___ (manage) waste.
30. The work would have been finished if they ____ (start) on time.
31. They would have been here by now if they ___ (catch) the early train.
32. Turn the television off if you ______(like) to see next channel.
33. Unless they are informed, they ___ (not understand) the worth of it.
34. Water boils if it___ (heat).
35. What will you do if you____ (find) a tiger in your room?
36. If I had lived in America, I______(be) different.
37. If I had stopped smoking, I _____(improve) my health.
38. What would you do if you____ (find) a purse full of money?
39. If I had studied harder, I ______(pass) the exam.
40. What would you have done if you ___ (be) the Prime Minister?

assess yourself 3

1. If you get up late, you____ (miss) your class.
2. If I visit Pokhara, I ___ (see) Phewa lake.
3. If I played, I ___ (win) the match.
4. If I did a job, I ____ (earn) money.
5. If you had waited me, we ___ (go) together.
6. If they had taxi, they ___ (reach) there on time.
7. If she had called us, we ____ (go) to her birthday party.
8. He will show us if he ____ (buy) a camera.
9. He would speak Dutch if he ____ (live) in the Netherlands.
10. Had I obeyed my father, I ____ (not get) problem.
11. If the driver had driven carefully, the accident ____ (not take) place.
12. Had I become lazy, I ____ (not pass) my exam.
13. Would you come if we ____ (invite) you?
14. He will buy a car if he ___ (earn) money.
15. What would you have done if you ______ (get) a lottery?
16. Where would you have gone if you _____ (get) offer to visit?
17. If wood falls into water, it ___ (float).
18. I would have learnt new words if I ____ (have) a dictionary.
19. Students will be punished if they ___ (make) a noise.
20. If you send me a letter, I ____ (write) to you in return.
21. The teacher would have scolded me if ____ (not arrive) school on time.
22. She would get that job if she ____ (speak) politely.
23. What do you do if I ____ (give) you some projects?
24. If you were the victim, how _____ (you feel)?
25. If someone called you at midnight what ___ (you do)?
26. Would you have gone there if you ____ (invite) by them?
27. Elisha would scold me if I ___ (propose) her?
28. His father would have beaten us if we ____ (tease) him.
29. What will you do if I ___ (beat) you?
30. If I requested, he ____ (help) us.
31. If he _______ (know) her better, he could go with her to the party.
32. If I _______ (have) the money, I would buy that suit.
33. If John _______ (be) here now, he would help us.
34. If Hem ________ (be) a good student, he would speak English better.
35. If our room _______ (be) larger, we could study better.
36. If the weather _______ (be) warmer, we would go for a walk.
37. If he ____ (prepare) his lessons every night, he would be a better student.
38. I would go if I _______ (have) more time.
39. John would do it if he _______ (be) not so busy.
40. We would speak better if we _______ (have) more practice.

assess yourself 4
Choose the best answer to complete the given sentences.

1. If I help you, you (will, would) help me too.
2. If I helped you, (will, would) help me too.
3. If I had helped you, you (will, would) have helped me too.
4. If we invite you, you ( would, will) come.
5. If we invited you, you (will, would) come.
6. If we had invited you, you (will, would) have come.
7. Call me if you (have, had) any problem.
8. Tell him if he (doesnot, didnot) help you.
9. Study hard if you (want, wants) to pass exam.
10. You will be fined if you (park, parked) your car here.
11. We would see you if you (are, were) at the party.
12. They would have seen us if they (go, went, had gone) there.
13. Had I had, I (will give, would give, would have given) some money.
14. If you dress smartly, you (will, would) look smart.
15. If she beats me, I (will, would) cry.
16. If he sang, I (will, would) dance.
17. If they invited me, I (will, would) definitely go.
18. If you do not work hard, you (cannot, couldnot) get success.
19. If you smoke you (will, would) suffer from cancer.
20. If you do not exercise, you (won't, wouldnot) be healthy.
Vocabulary in Use
cynical sharp; pungent (used of smells and tastes)
epistle ill-mannered
acrid believing that people act only out of selfish motives
lance a letter (form of communication)
obscure against orthodox opinion
boorish spear; spike; javelin
heresy difficult to understand; partially hidden
terse deeply moving; strongly affecting the emotions
poignant a break; intermission
respite concise; to the point

S T ART
T
GE
ED
CONNECTIVES
Adam left his Sergeant and the Leading Fireman directing the work and climbed over a stile.
The field path beyond climbed a small rise so he could get a better view of the Midwich
terrain. He was able to see several roofs, including those of Kyle Manor, and the Grange also
the topmost stones of the Abbey ruins, and two drifts of grey smoke. A placid scene but a
few further yards brought him to a point where he could see four sheep lying motionless in
a field. The sight troubled him, not because he now thought it likely that any real harm had
come to the sheep, but because it indicated that the barrier zone was wider than he had
hoped. He contemplated the creatures and the landscape beyond, and noticed two cows
on their sides still further away. He watched them for a minute or two, but there was no
movement except for some birds flying overhead. Then he turned and walked thoughtfully
back to the road.
Source: The Midwich Cuckoos by John Wyndham, 1957
Do you The coloured words in the given description are connectives.They are
Know? used to connect to parts of a clause or a sentence. They can also be
used to avoid repetition of grammatical phrases.
Speaking Practice
a. What did Adam do?
b. What brought him to a point?
c. Did the sight trouble him?
d. How did the sight trouble him?
e. What did he notice?
Listening Practice
Repeat these connectives after your teacher.
for and but after before than
until when while till though although
even though despite in spite of how because as
since if unless why however yet
so so that so….that because of nor or
as long as either…or neither…nor as.. as Not only….but also

Grammar Focus : Different Categories of Connectives
Connectives Examples
Addition in addition, and, similarly, likewise, as well as, furthermore, also,
moreover, and then, too, not only ... but also, even
Sequence to begin with, then, next, earlier/later, after this/that, following
this/that, afterwards
Consequence as a result, thus, so, therefore, consequently, thereby, eventually,
then, in that case
Contrast however, on the other hand, despite, in spite of, though, although,
even though, but, on the contrary, otherwise, yet, instead of, rather,
whereas, nonetheless, in contrast
Certainty obviously, certainly, plainly, of course, undoubtedly
Condition if, unless, whether, provided that, for, so that, depending on
Definition refers to, means, consists of
Summary in conclusion, in summary, lastly, finally, to sum up, to conclude, to
recapitulate, in short
Example for instance, for example, just as, in particular, such as, namely, to
illustrate
Reason since, as, so, because (of), due to, owing to, in other words
Time before, since, as, until, meanwhile, at the moment, when, whenever,
as soon as
Grammar Focus : Types of Conjunctions

A. Coordinating Conjunctions
Coordinating conjunctions may join single words, or they may join groups of words.
They always join similar elements: e.g. subject +subject, verb phrase +verb phrase and
sentence+ sentence.
The seven coordinating conjunctions in English are: FOR, AND, NOR, BUT, OR, YET and
SO.
For is used to show relationship between two things.
I prepared rice pudding for I was quite fond of it.
'And' is used to connect items where the meaning is 'also' or 'in addition to' or 'then' or
' following this.'
I pulled down the curtains and locked the door.
He bought a shirt, a shorts and a leather jacket.
'Nor' is used to introduce a nagative statement meaning 'and not '.
I am neither hungry nor thirsty nor tired.
'But' is used to join two opposing or contrasting statements or clauses.
I like pizza but I don’t like cakes.
I can sing a song but I cannot dance well.

'Or' is used to connect two different ideas.
Do you like tea or coffee?
'Yet' is used to refer to 'up to the statement'.
I am not yet wise enough to answer that.
Have you finished yet?
B. Subordinating Conjunctions
Subordinating conjunctions join together the clauses of unequal rank or importance.
He told me that I should consult a doctor.
Here that joins together two clauses of unequal rank. "He told me" is the main clause, and
"that I should consult a doctor" is a subordinate clause which is the object of the verb told
in the main clause.
The most common subordinating conjunction used for introducing a noun clause is
that; others are if, unless, when, whether, why and how.
He asked me whether I had seen a little boy who had been missing.
I believe that the house is haunted.
If you invite me to your house, I will come.
You won’t be trusted unless you prove yourself honest.
1. Time Connectives: before, after, when, while, till, until, as long as, as soon as
All these connectives join two actions: first action and second action. 'After', 'when/
while', 'as long as/ as soon as' are placed after the first action whereas 'before, till/ until
are placed after the second action.
They had finished their work (1st action) before the teacher came (2nd action).
After they had finished their work (1st action), the teacher came (2nd action).
The lift came down when she pressed the button.
I saw the criminal while he was running along the road.
Be patient until you deserve success.
We were sleeping as long as we were in bus.
He hurried to hospital as soon as he heard about his father’s death.
2. Reason Connectives: because, as, since, because of, so, lest, therefore:
Reason connectives join a statement and a reason. 'Because', 'as', 'since' and 'because
of 'are placed before reason but 'therefore' and 'so' are placed after reason. 'Because of '
needs a noun phrase, not a sentence.
I left my study because there is no one to pay my school fee.
They didn’t like the house as it was haunted.
I went to hospital since I had a terrible headache.
He stood first in his class because of his sincere dedication.
I don’t know about this problem. Therefore/so, I can't suggest you anything.
3. Purpose Connectives: to, in order to, for, so that, so….that, in order that
Purpose connectives join an action and a purpose. All these connectives are placed before
purpose.

He went to the village in order to/to meet his grandparents.
He telephoned me for inviting to the party.
I visited the doctor so that I could know about my ailments.
I am so scared that even an insect scares me.
We should do exercise in order that our health might improve.
4. Connectives of Condition :if, unless, provided that, as if
If I earn money, I will buy a house in Kathmandu.
You cannot pass the exam unless you study hard.
You will be trusted by all provided that you tell the truth.
She spoke as if she knew everything.
5. Connectives of Unexpected Result: though/ although/ even though/ in spite of /
despite/ however/ nevertheless
All these connectives join a situation and its unexpected result. All these except 'however'
and 'nevertheless' are placed before situation but 'however' and 'nevertheless' are
placed after situation.
We did not eat anything although/ even though/ though we were hungry.
I tried my best, however/ nevertheless I could not secure good marks in the exam.
Despite/in spite of his honesty, nobody trusts him.
Despite/in spite of the fact that I worked hard, I could not get A+.
Although he is small, he is strong.
He can tackle the problems though he is uneducated.
Adverb clause of comparison : than
He is cleverer than his brother.
C. Compound conjunctions
Some compound expressions are used as conjunctions. These are called compound
conjunctions. Some of them are:
As well as
My friend as well as his parents attended the party.
As soon as
We continued our journey as soon as the rain stopped.
As if and as though : Both of these expressions have the same use.
He talks as if he knew how to operate it.
He boasted himself as though he were the owner of the house.
Note that the present tense is used here to suggest that the comparison is true. A past
tense, on the other hand, is used in unreal comparisons.
Even if
He goes to school even if he is sick.
In order that
I joined dance classes in order that I could improve my dancing skills.


Provided that
You can use this room provided that you keep it clean.
So that
I stopped there so that I could see the accident.
On condition that
I will lend you my note on condition that you return it on Saturday.
D. Correlative conjunctions/Connectives in Pairs
All the connectives join a pair of nouns, verbs, adverbs, phrases; clauses, etc. The
conjunctions that are used in pairs are called correlative conjunctions. Some of them
are:
Either…or
You have to either go to school regularly or quit it.
Neither…nor
Neither the teachers nor the students are worried about the quality of sanitation.
Not only…but also
I not only met him but also sent an email.
Whether…or
I don’t care whether you meet him or not.
Whether I go there or not has no meaning at all.
Both…and
He is both talented and hard working.
The house is both beautiful and comfortable.
So…that
He was so talented that he topped the class.
The players are so skilled that they can defeat any teams.
Such…that
Such was the condition of the house that nobody wanted to buy it.
No sooner… than
No sooner did the teacher come than we started reading.
No sooner had she heard about it than she started crying.
E. Relative Pronoun Connectives: who/ whose/ whom/ what/ which/ where/ that/ when/
how/ why
1. Who/ whose/ whom relate person. 'Who' is often used if there is person before the
blank and 'verb' after the blank.
I like the person who speaks politely.
2. 'Whose' is often used if there is person before the blank and 'noun' after the blank
This is the man whose house was destroyed in earthquake.
3. 'Whom' is often used if there is person before the blank and 'pronoun such as me, us,
them, him, her, you' after the blank.
Dikshya is a girl whom everyone likes.

4. Which/ what/ that relate things.
I like that house which has got a beautiful garden.
5. 'What' omits the thing it indicates.
I followed what they told me to do.
6. ‘Where' relates place: 'Where' is often used if there is place before the blank.
I went to the spot where my father got a terrific accident.
7. 'When' relates time. It is often used if there is time before the blank.
It was the time of the year when everyone came out to collect Yarsagumba.
8. How relates manner/ way. How is often used if there is manner/ way before the
blank.
This is how the fox cheated the crow.
9. 'Why' relates reason. 'Why' is often used if there is reason before the blank.
Why I didn’t go to school is because of heavy rainfall.
1. I went home, after an hour
2. All that preparation was for nothing because the visit was cancelled
3. Although he is nearly 80, he is still very active.
4. Ann was fond of Tsering, though he often annoyed her.
5. As far as I can tell, she is enjoying the course.
6. Besides working as a doctor, he also writes novels in his spare time.
7. Coursework is taken into account as well as exam results.
8. Despite applying for hundreds of jobs, he is still out of work.
9. Don't go back to work until you are better.
10. Get your ideas into some sort of order before beginning to write.
11. He is the best teacher, even though he has the least experience.
12. He thinks I dislike him but that just isn't so.
13. He was feeling bad. He went to work, however, and tried to concentrate.
14. I was surprised when he addressed me in English.
15. I'm afraid that it is not finished yet.
16. It is a long time since they left.
17. It is merely a question of time before the business collapses.
18. Our defeat was expected but it is disappointing nevertheless.
19. The book is too long but, nonetheless, informative and entertaining.
20. They abandoned the match because of rain.
21. No one else of my acquaintance was as rich or successful.
22. I've known her at least as long as you have.
23. I'm not so stupid as to believe that.
24. I have great admiration for her as a writer.
25. You can take my car provided that you drive slowly.

assess yourself 1
Supply the correct connectives to the following statements.

1. ____ he was hungry, he didn’t eat anything. (Although, As, Because)
2. ____ I felt ill, I went on working. (Although, Because)
3. ____ I have finished the letter, I’m going to post it. (Although, As soon As, As)
4. ____ it was raining hard, that match was postponed. (As, But)
5. ____ there are no apples in the shop, we have to eat oranges. (So that, As)
6. Archana can come early ____ Maya can’t. (but, as, though)
7. Can you hold my bag ____ I fill this form? (after, when, until)
8. Catch me ____ you can. (if, unless, as)
9. Deepa ____ Kripa arrived school together. (but, and, as well as)
10. Each listens carefully ___ the teacher explains the lesson. (why, when, that)
11. Ganesh ____ Harish study in this school. (but, and, as well as)
12. He ate a lot ____ he was still hungry. (but, as, though)
13. He can speak in English ____ he can’t write in it. (but, however, though)
14. He didn’t tell me the truth ____ he is my best friend. (but, as, though)
15. He didn’t work hard; ____ he failed. (but, therefore, though)
16. He failed ____ he worked hard. (but, as, although)
17. He fell off his bicycle ____ hurt his back. (but, and, as)
18. He missed the train ____ he ran hard. (even though, and, however)
19. He ran away ____ he was afraid. (as, unless, but)
20. He tried ____ did not succeed. (but, and, however)
21. He visited not only Pokhara, ____ also Lumbini. (but, and, as well as)
22. He went to bed ____ he was tired. (because, although)
23. I am hungry ____ I won’t eat right now.(but, therefore, though)
24. I am not leaving ____ I see the doctor. (when, until)
25. I called ____ no one answered. (but, and, though)
26. I didn’t go to school ____ I was unwell. (because, so, therefore)
27. I locked the door ____ I went out. (before, when)
28. I managed to get up earlier ____ complete my work. (to, for, since)
29. I think he is ____ Indian nor Pakistani. (neither, nor, after)
30. I trust him ____ he speaks the truth. (because, so, since)
31. I waited him ____ the train arrived. (still, till, when, while)
32. I will phone you ____ I arrive. (but, when)
33. I won’t have any more to eat ____ I am full. (because, so, therefore)
34. I’ll return your book ____ I say good bye. (after, when)
35. I’ll show you my letter ____ we are having lunch. (so, while)
36. Is that boy fat ____ thin? (also, or, so)
37. It was Saturday ____ the children wanted to enjoy the holiday. (as, and, thus)
38. My sister fried some eggs ____ I made coffee. (because, while)
39. The meeting was boring ____ I went home. (but, so)
40. This lesson will end ____ the bell rings. (when, until)

assess yourself 2

1. ___ you __ your friends are responsible for it. (Either-or, Neither-nor)
2. ____ (Even, Although, Because) she was very dull, she passed the exam.
3. ____ (For, In spite of, Because) of his poverty he can’t buy a coat.
4. ____ (In spite of, Because of, Because) her illness, she didn’t give up working.
5. ____ (Where, When, Which) I was younger, I used to think so.
6. ____ being hard working, Nepalese are still poor. (Despite, However, Though)
7. ____ it is a small city, it is very popular with tourists. (Although, If)
8. ____ Nina ____ Philip bought a new bag each. (Both ... and, Either…or)
9. ____ they spend huge money, no roads are good. (Although, However, Despite)
10.____his blindness, he can walk to proper places. (In spite of, Though, For)
11. Did you hear____ (when, what, where) they said.
12. Don’t give up hope ____ you get success. (as, until, still)
13. Everyone is against you____ (although, because, however) you scold them.
14. Farmers keep cows ____they can get milk and fertilizer. (so, so that, so-that)
15. Gautama Buddha was born in Lumbini ___ (which, where, who) is a holy place.
16. He bought a radio____ (as, so, so that) he could listen to the news.
17. He can’t travel by plane____ (because, because of, so that) his poverty.
18. He did not eat____ (so that, because of, because) it was sour.
19. He did not go to the office____ (as, since, because) he was ill.
20. He didn’t answer the call __ (whether, so, although, because) I phoned twice.
21. He didn’t attend the concert ____ he wasn’t well. (although, because)
22. He didn’t do his homework ____ he was punished. (so, so that, because)
23. He died in the village____ (when, where, whom) he was born.
24. He got punishment ____ he was not wrong. (as if, though, as though)
25. He has become popular ____ (because, in spite of, because of) his honesty.
26. He is ___ handsome ___everybody loves him.(so, so-that, so-and)
27. He is honest___ (when, before, because, though) he is poor.
28. He is intelligent ____ (and, but, so) his brother is dull.
29. He is strong ____ he is thin. (though, despite, however)
30. He is the man____ (who, which, whom, where) we all respect.
31. He knows the value of learning ___ (since, because, that) he is a man of letters.
32. He lost the pen___ (who, which, where) I gave him.
33. He speaks ____ he is chief. (as, when, as though)
34. He tried hard___ (because, but, so that) he did not succeed.
35. He was guilty, ____ (therefore, because of, then) he was punished.
36. He was such an honest man ____ (when, who, that) all respected him.
37. He was very angry ____ (as, although, because, because of) their behaviour.
38. He’s always fond____ (to, because of, for, of) doing a risky job.
39. I am stronger ____ you are. (then, more, than)
40. I asked the boy____ (who, when, how, where) old he was.

assess yourself 3

1. I ate nothing ____ I was very hungry. (because, in spite of, though)
2. I attended the meeting ____ I was very tired that day. (though, because)
3. I bought it ____ you like it. (from, to, because)
4. I buy newspaper ____ I can read about world events.(so, so that, so-that)
5. I cannot lend you the books ____ you return them on time. (unless, until)
6. I could not go to the temple___ (despite, because, because of) the heavy rain.
7. I couldn’t meet the principal ____ he was busy in a meeting. (because, so)
8. I couldn’t sleep ____ I was very tired. (although, despite, because)
9. I didn’t find the book___ (which, when, who, whom) I bought yesterday.
10. I didn’t follow his suggestion ____it was not wrong. (as if, even if, however)
11. I don’t care whether you like it ____not. (or, nor, either)
12. I don’t know____ (which, when, where) Rara lake is located.
13. I don’t know____ (which, whose, whom) daughter she is.
14. I don’t like stories ____ have unhappy ending. (who, which, where)
15. I told you not to go out, ____ you didn’t listen to me. (yet, since)
16. I visited all the relatives ___ (because, as, so that) I could please my mother.
17. I wanted her ____ she refused. (and, but)
18. My brother washed the dishes ____ I was cleaning the table. (until, when)
19. Please wait outside ____ you want to meet him.(if, unless)
20. Rosh ____ likes singing ____ dancing. (whether...or, neither-nor)
21. Run fast ____ you will miss the train. (unless, otherwise, as)
22. She had to walk home ____ she had no money. (although, because)
23. She isn’t a manager and___ is he. (so, nor, or)
24. She lost both her money ____ her passport. (and, but)
25. She may wait outside __ we must tell the principal about it. (so, while)
26. She told me ____ she prefers Chinese food to Italian food. (what, that)
27. She went trekking ____ she knew it would be hard. (if, although)
28. Sometimes they sing for hours ____ friends request them. (when, if)
29. Sunil kept waiting ____ it was 8 o’clock. (until, when)
30. The boy ____ didn’t come to school was seriously ill. (who, whom)
31. The ceremony was ____ long ____ boring. (either .... or, both .... and)
32. The girl, ____ I met in Pokhara, was an engineer. (who, whom)
33. The traffic was heavy ____ he arrived here late. (so, because)
34. They couldn’t win the match ____ they played very well. (although, because)
35. This laptop is expensive ____ very useful. (and, but)
36. What would you do ____ a stranger hurt you? (when, if)
37. You ____ any of your friends can come with me. (or, and)
38. You can use the computer ____ you need to. (if, unless)
39. You may sit ____ you like. (whoever, wherever)
40. I phoned her ____ I visited her. (after, when)

assess yourself 4

1. Ram (and, or) Priya are siblings.
2. Hari is six years old (and, yet) Selma is five.
3. (Since, Although) they are so close in age, they are the best friends.
4. Sheetal will not go anywhere (unless, although) Sabin goes too.
5. They are a naughty pair. One (and, or) the other always comes up with some mischievous
scheme.
6. (Although, Unless) they can’t do without each other, they often quarrel.
7. Sheela loves to play in the park (but, if) Bhawana prefers indoor games.
8. Romeo was very upset (because, until) Juliet started school a whole year before her.
9. You cannot succed (if unless) you work hard.
10. Shreejana is at school, (and, but) she is very happy.
11. Shulav won’t go to sleep (till, unless) you tell her a story.
12. I like reading (because, but) I don’t get much time.
13. I ate an apple( but, and) a toast for breakfast.
14. Shyam will go (after, if) Hari goes.
15. He is taking a rest (because, if) he is ill.
16. Manoj is absent today (since, yet) he has fever.
17. I like him (so, because) he is an honest boy.
18. I’ll help her (since, therefore) she is my best friend.
19. Mandip is weeping (because, so) he had failed the exam.
20. Everybody loves him, (since, so) he is very obedient.
21. He is a kind person (so, since) everyone likes him.
22. (Although, So) she is beautiful, she is not proud.
23. He missed the bus (because, so) he got up late.
24. Ranjit is rich (but, because) he is unhappy.
25. Sovit failed the exam (although, and) he worked hard.
26. He is good.(However, though) a few people like him.
27. He succeeded(because of, despite) his laziness.
28. I love Nepali Khana (and, but) it takes a lot of time to cook.
29. I can neither dance (or, nor) play the piano.
30. I have secured less (so, because) I did not study hard.
31. Mina did not attend the party (because, due to) she was feeling unwell.
32. Muna went to market (so that, to) buy some vegetables.
33. She is looking for a job (for, in order to) earn money.
34. She wanted to be a teacher (as, since) she was a little girl.
35. She went to meet him (but, although) he was not at home.
36. They tried hard (as, but) couldn’t win the match.
37. You will be late (if, unless) you hurry.
38. You will get the prize (if, unless) you work hard.
39. I moved to Pokhara (before, and) I got married.
40. I have been living in Chitwan (as, since) I left school.

assess yourself 5

1. Fire (and, or) water do not agree.
2. Ram (or, and) Laxman are brother.
3. The party was great (and, but) the food was horrible.
4. I couldnot go (though, because) I had no time.
5. I drink hot water (after, before) I sleep.
6. We return back (before, after) school is over.
7. (Despite, Although) he is smart nobody loves him.
8. (Although, In spite of) her beauty, he didnot like her.
9. I could not succeed (though, despite) hard labour.
10. (Despite, Though) we were tired, it was exciting to walk.
11. You are under age (so, so that) you can not vote.
12. She went to the party (to, so that) meet her friends.
13. He is sick (so that, as) he cannot attend the party.
14. You cannot pass exam (if, unless) you study hard.
15. I did mistake. (As, Therefore) I was punished.
16. (Unless, If) you respect me, you won't get respect.
17. He got accident (because, because of ) break failure.
18. She is lost (when ever, where ever ) she goes.
19. India is hotter (then, than) Nepal.
20. He cooked food and (than, then) had it.
Vocabulary in Use
precept uncertainty; vagueness
deprecate frank; honest
candid criticize; denounce
immutable scholarly explanation or interpretation
exegesis unchanging; permanent
trite long life
salacious wealthy; rich; magnificent
ambiguity guiding principle
opulent lecherous; erotic
longevity unoriginal; dull

S T ART
T
GE
ED
GRAMMAR I
1. Rewrite the following sentences selecting the correct options.
a. I saw ____ewe yesterday. (a/an/the)
b. I am shocked____ his death. (to/with/at/by)
c. He lost his bag ____ his carelessness. (despite/because/because of)
d. I do my work ____. (herself/himself/myself)
e. I am a boy, ________? (aren’t you/aren’t I/amn’t I )
a. My brother is _____ university student. (a/an/the)
b. He died _____ Monday. (in/on/at)
c. I saw a man_____ was very ugly. (who/which/whose)
d. Last night we fooled ______. (himself/yourself/ourselves/themselves)
e. We’re good at English, ________?(isn’t we/aren’t we/don’t we)
a. I have seen _____ one eyed man. (a/an/the)
b. My father bought me a cycle ____ Dashain. (in/at/for)
c. The teacher taught us ______ his sickness. (despite/because/because of)
d. We are practicing mathematics ____. (themselves/ourselves/myself)
e. He is a young man, ________? (isn’t he/aren’t they/doesn’t he)
a. He is from _____ UK. (a/an/the)
b. She is working _____ the kitchen now. (in/at/on)
c. We mostly go to river _____ swimming. (for/in order that/to)
d. You must do your work ____. (themselves/ourselves/yourself)
e. You’d better go there, ________? (hadn’t you/wouldn’t you/don’t you)
a. Those students are from _____ USA. (a/an/the)
b. These dogs are fond____ chewing bones. (of/at/on/to)
c. He was very hardworking ____ he got A+ in the examination. (despite/because/so)
d. He is very loyal to ____. (oneself/herself/himself)
e. I’d rather go there, ________? (wouldn't I/ hadn't I /dont'I)
a. I have seen _____ one legged man. (a/an/the)
b. My father bought me a cycle ____ Tihar. (in/at/for)
c. The teacher didn't teach us ______ his sickness. (despite/because/because of)
d. They are practicing mathematics ____. (themselves/ourselves/myself)
e. Niroj is a smart boy, ________? (doesn't he/isn't he/is he)

a. He gave me ____ Euro yesterday. (a/an/the)
b. My father cut his leg _____ an axe. (by/with/because of)
c. Nabin failed the exam ______ his hard labour. (in spite of/because/because of)
d. The tree fell down_______ last week. (oneself/itself/myself)
e. Neither of them is good, ________? (aren’t they/are they/don’t they)
a. A son is _____ heir of his father. (a/an/the)
b. The boy is standing____ the wall. (by/with/against)
c. ___he is poor, he is very honest. (In spite of/Because/Although)
d. The school _______ was closed last week. (oneself/itself/myself)
e. Either of the players is honest, ________? (aren’t they/are they/don’t they)
a. Srilanka is _____ Island. (a/an/the)
b. Many children are deprived ____ education in Nepal. (of/to/in/at)
c. I go to market ____ I can buy some vegetables. (so/so that/so….that)
d. Manu cut his finger ______. (oneself/himself/herself)
e. None of them is good, ________? (aren’t they/are they/don’t they)
a. He is ____ smartest student in our class. (a/an/the)
b. My father fell _____ his bike yesterday. (by/off/of)
c. My brother goes to work _____ earn money. (in order to/for/so)
d. Please Hem, do your work_____. (oneself/yourself/myself)
e. All of them are good, ________? (aren’t they/are they/don’t they)
a. I have ____ one handed friend. (a/an/the)
b. The shopkeeper deals ____ clothes. (by/with/in)
c. The house is ____ beautiful____ everybody likes it. (so/so that/so….that)
d. My son washes his clothes______. (oneself/himself/herself)
e. Somebody has invited me, ________? (hasn’t they/don’t they/haven’t they)
a. It is ____user manual. (a/an/the)
b. He is good ____ mathematics. (in/at/on/by)
c. I won’t come to you____ you come to me. (since/as/for)
d. Muna, take bath ____. (myself/herself/yourself)
e. Nobody is perfect, _______? (don’t they/aren’t they/ are they)

a. I have ____ unanimous plan. (a/an/the)
b. There is a picture hanging ___ the wall. (by/in/on/at)
c. He got accident _____ his carelessness. (because/because of/despite)
d. We found the lost dog____ in the park. (our self/ourselves/oneself/themselves)
e. No one speaks well here________? (doesn’t they/do they/don’t they)
a. You need to help ____ poor. (a/an/the)
b. His father died _____ cancer last week. (by/of/on/at)
c. He ate much____ he was very hungry. (since/because/because of)
d. Most of the players practice _____ well. (yourselves/themselves/ourselves)
e. Everyone is looking at me, ________? (aren’t they/are they/don’t they)
a. My father is ____ NGO officer. (a/an/the)
b. The thief walked ____ the forest. (by/through/across)
c. We go to school ____ gaining knowledge. (for/to/in order that)
d. Education ____ is a great wealth. (oneself/itself/myself)
e. Let’s go there, _____? (will you/shall we/don’t we)
a. My sister is _______secretary. (a/an/the)
b. I've been waiting______ forty minutes. (since/for/in)
c. I'm not better ______the pills. (because of/in spite of/although)
d. Please pull the load_______. (yourself/himself/oneself)
e. Our parents love us, ____? (do they/don’t they/doesn’t they)
a. _____butcher is someone who sells meat. (A/An/The)
b. A young man threw himself _____this bridge last year. (of/away/off)
c. Laura went to the bank ____cash a cheque. (so that/ to /so)
d. The dead body decayed ____ in the forest. (itself/oneself/himself)
e. They have never been to Pokhara, ______? (haven't they/have they/don't they)
a. Could I have _____piece of bread please? (a/an/the)
b. I will meet you ______the airport. (in/at/on)
c. This is the place____ I was born. (where/what/that)
d. He ____ taught us how to use the machine.(oneself/herself/themselves/himself)
e. She's a good teacher, ____? (isn't she/hasn't she/doesn't she)

S T ART
T
GE
ED
GRAMMAR II
1. Change the following sentences as indicated in the brackets.

a. He types a letter. (Into passive)
b. He said, “I am fine today.” (Into indirect speech)
c. He hardly believes us. (Into affirmative)
a. My son is eating an apple. (Into passive)
b. She said, “We are visiting Pokhara next year.” (Into indirect speech)
c. We go to market once a week. (Into negative)
a. We have completed our project. (Into passive)
b. They said, “He has murdered his own wife.” (Into indirect speech)
c. Let’s hurry up. (Into interrogative)
a. He killed a snake with a stick. (Into passive)
b. The teacher said, “I went to market yesterday.” (Into indirect speech)
c. We rarely go there. (Into affirmative)
a. They were playing a game. (Into passive)
b. My mother said, “May god bless you.” (Into indirect speech)
c. He cut his one of the legs. (Into negative)
a. We had visited the park. (Into passive)
b. The captain said, “Be ready for the parade.” (Into indirect speech)
c. Type this letter very soon. (Into interrogative)
a. I can sing a song. (Into passive)
b. The commander said, “Come to the ground at once.” (Into indirect speech)
c. He did not invite us at the party. (Into affirmative)
a. He has to call us. (Into passive)
b. He said to me, “What a beautiful flower it is!” (Into indirect speech)
c. We will go there next year. (Into negative)
a. Help the poor. (Into passive)
b. She said to us, “What do you like?” (Into indirect speech)
c. He read a novel yesterday. (Into interrogative)
a. Write a letter. (Into passive)
b. Sony said to me, “Are you from Nepal?” (Into indirect speech)
c. Nothing happened to me. (Into affirmative)
a. Let me compose a song. (Into passive)
b. He said to us, “I might call you tonight at the party.” (Into indirect speech)
c. He must be here on time. (Into negative)
a. Who was calling you? (Into passive)
b. He said to them, “May you all be ruined.” (Into indirect speech)
c. I put some sugar in tea. (Into interrogative)
a. What are you doing now? (Into passive)
b. His father said to us, “What a fool you are!” (Into indirect speech)
c. None of the players are playing well. (Into affirmative)
a. What have you done for me? (Into passive)
b. The new teacher said, “I don’t like bad students.” (Into indirect speech)
c. He used to call us every Saturdays. (Into negative)
a. What does he do? (Into passive)
b. Kamal said to me, “Don’t insult the poor.” (Into indirect speech)
c. He hit the dog with a stick. (Into interrogative)
a. He said to me, "Write carefully!" (Into Indirect Speech)
b. I have to write a letter. (Into Passive Voice)
c. I put some sugar in tea. (Into Interrogative)
17. Rewrite the following sentences as indicated in the brackets.
a. Help the poor. (Into Passive Voice)
b. I said to him, “Please guide me how this machine works.” (Into Indirect Speech)
c. It has some meaning. (Into Negative)
18. Rewrite the following sentences as indicated in the brackets.
a. Let me write a letter. (Into Passive Voice)
b. He said to us, “Don’t follow that bad company.” (Into Indirect Speech)
c. She has to take the exam. (Into Interrogative)

S T ART
T
GE
ED
GRAMMAR III
1. Fill in the blanks with correct words from the box.

a. Slow and steady ____ the race.
b. I ____ my exam last year.
win wins complete completed
a. One flower ___ no garland.
b. I ___ my exam by 2 o’clock.
make makes will complete will have completed
a. Manners__ a man.
b. At this time yesterday, we ____ in the park.
make makes sat were sitting
a. Every student ____ potential to learn.
b. The sun ____ bright.
have has shine shines
a. Either of the players ___well.
b. My father ____ to Kathmandu tomorrow.
play plays is going goes
a. Neither of the boys ___ notebook.
b. My sister _____last week.
have has marry married
a. All of us ____ about the problem of this school.
b. I ____ here since my childhood.
knows know am studying have been studying
a. Five kilometers ____ a long distance to travel.
b. Our school ____ at 9:00 am.
is are start starts
a. Rice and curry ___ my wholesome food.
b. The sheep ____ in the field.
is are are grazing is grazing

a. Many a good man ___ suffering from cancer.
b. Don’t talk much! The baby____.
is are cries is crying
a. Mathematics ___ my best subject.
b. The earth ____ round the sun.
is are rotate rotates
a. Either he or we____ to swim.
b. He ___me tomorrow.
learn learns see will see
a. Which one of those caps ___his?
b. Don’t go there! The bridge ____.
is are breaks is breaking
a. No news ___ good news.
b. A bad man ____ his tools.
is are blame blames
a. Fifty miles ___a long distance to travel.
b. Many people ___in the flood of Terai.
is are were died were killed
a. A number of people____ present there.
b. The Brazilians____ the world Cup five times.
is are won have won
a. Politics ____a dirty game.
b. I ____gone to Pokhara five times.
is are won have gone
a. One of the boys ___ absent today.
b. I ___him on the way to school last Sunday.
is are met had met

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DYNAMIC

Shubharambha Publication Pvt. Ltd.

Book: Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book -8

Author : Krishna Prasad Regmi

I am thankful to Shubharambha Publication Pvt. Ltd. for their encouragement,

Chapter III: Reading Chapter IV: Listening

Chapter VI: Vocabulary

Listening (10) Speaking (15) Reading (40) Writing (35)

Read the following description.

Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8 7

Grammar Focus : Indefinite Article: A, AN

8 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8

Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8 9

10 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8

Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8 11

12 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8

Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8 13

Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8 15

16 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8

Put a, an, the or nothing where necessary.

18 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8

Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8 19

20 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8

Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8 21

Complete the following sentences with correct WH words.

Join the following pairs of sentences with relative clause.

Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8 23

Read the following description.

People enjoy visiting Florida for its pleasant weather

The coloured words in the given description are prepositions.

about above over behind from since

beside between below into onto through

after before beyond near of off

away around during past with up

24 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8

Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8 25

26 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8

Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8 27

28 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8

Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8 29

30 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8

Complete the following sentences with correct prepositions.

Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8 31

Complete the following sentences with correct prepositions.

32 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8

Complete the following sentences with correct prepositions.

Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8 33

Complete the following sentences with correct prepositions.

34 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8

A sentence is a set of words that expresses a complete thought.

Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8 35

Grammar Focus : Types of Sentences

36 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8

We have a party tonight. (Statement)

Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8 37

38 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8

Change the following sentences into negative and interrogative.

Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8 39

Change the following sentences into negative and interrogative.