ÉC O L E P O L Y T EC H N IQ U E

FÉ D ÉR A LE D E L A U SA N N E

CISBAT 2013
PROCEEDINGS VOL. I

CLEANTECH FOR
SMART CITIES & BUILDINGS
From Nano to Urban Scale

4-6 September 2013

EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland

IBPSA-CH Cambridge
University
C6 Diffuse daylight autonomy: Towards new targets
Paule B., Pantet S., Boutiller J., Sergent Ch., Valentin E. Roy N. ............................................335
C7 Daylight and productivity in a school library
Pniewska A., Brotas L. ..............................................................................................................341
C8 Multipoint simultaneous illuminance measurement with high dynamic range photography
Yang X., Grobe L.O., Wittkopf S.K. ...........................................................................................347
P51 Simulating daylight propagation through complex fenestration systems in an urban context
using a variable sampling subdivision scheme
Basurto C., Kämpf J., Scartezzini J.-L. .....................................................................................353
P52 Assessing lighting appearance using pictures: Influence of tone-mapping parameters and
lighting conditions in the visualization room
Cauwerts C., Bodart M., Labayrade R. ......................................................................................359
P53 Investing in building energy retrofits for economic, environmental and human benefits the TBL
Srivastava R., Loftness V., Cochran E. .....................................................................................365
P54 "Door-Window" daylighting evaluation in traditional houses of Iran
Tahbaz M., Djalilian S., Mousavi F. ...........................................................................................371

Indoor Environment Quality and Health

H1 The human body as its own sensor for thermal comfort

Veselý M., Zeiler W., Boxem G., Vissers D.R. ..........................................................................379
H2 Field assessment of CO2 removal effectiveness with underfloor air distribution
Baker T.A., Love J.A. ................................................................................................................385
H3 Motivating individual emission cuts through different communication pathways:
The potential of reciprocal information flows
Dantsiou D., Sunikka-Blank M., Steemers K. ...........................................................................391
H4 Combined effects of occupant behaviour pattern and building structure on thermal comfort
Drakou A., Tsangrassoulis A. ....................................................................................................397
H5 Behavioural nudges towards domestic energy efficiency: occupant comfort and the limits
for savings from user feedback programs
Gillich A., Sunikka-Blank M. ......................................................................................................403
H6 A new ventilation control strategy for office buildings
Lü X., Lu T., Viljanen M. ............................................................................................................409
H7 Learning from our experiments: monitored environmental performance of low energy
buildings in Scotland
Sharpe T., Shearer D. ...............................................................................................................415
H8 Reviewing overheating assessment in the context of health risk - a demonstration of the
effects of retrofit in future climates
Lee W.V., Steemers K. ..............................................................................................................421
H9 Assessment of aerodynamic discomfort in outdoor public spaces. Case of study:
City 800 homes - Bouzareah in Algiers, Algeria
Mestoul D., Bensalem R., Daoudi N.S. .....................................................................................427
P95 Detecting temperature set-point profiles from simplified user feedback: results of a
field test
Adolph M., Kopmann N., Streblow R., Müller D. .......................................................................433
P96 Effects of indoor environmental quality in schools on student performance and well-being
Cochran E., Magnuson K., Papi Reddy N., Kolosky A., Srivastava R. .....................................439
P97 Visual condition in University: an experimental performance evaluation activity
Dessi V., Fianchini M. ................................................................................................................445
P98 Role and impact of Islamic values on urban sustainable behaviour in the Arab world
Elgayar W. ..................................................................................................................................451

iv
 DOOR WINDOW DAYLIGHTING EVALUATION IN
TRADITIONAL HOUSES OF IRAN
Mansoureh Tahbaz, Shahrbanoo Djalilian, Fatemeh Mousavi
School of Architecture, Shahid Beheshti University, Iran

ABSTRACT
In Middle East, Iran is one of the places with lots of daylight all year round. Because of its long
term civilization history, Iranian traditional architecture has seen a great amount of daylighting
experiences, including 6 daylighting systems with 20 kinds of wall and ceiling windows [1]. One
of them, door window , is the most common used in different places such as halls and
their adjacent rooms in traditional Houses in all parts of Iran. Uncover the daylighting design
principles used in this kind of window is the subject of this article.
To achieve this aim, Ameri House Complex in Kashan with an appropriate diversity of rooms
and spaces has been chosen as a case study [2]. In days during May, July and Jan of 2011-12, the
field study was performed to gather all needed daylight data from 13 different chosen rooms of
this house. The illumination data were gathered on the roof (as the reference point) and inside the
rooms. Data such as the reflectance of the interior surfaces, the dimensions and other properties of
the rooms were recorded as well.
Subsequently, using the criteria and calculating methods introduced in handbooks of lighting and
daylighting, all the information were analyzed in four steps of: room specification and geometry,
neighbourhood condition, analyzing the field data and the illumination distribution of each room
in a pattern year that was simulated using Radiance Software.
The results showed that in Ameri House - as a sample of traditional houses in hot arid climate of
Iran - daylighting design was performed in 4 levels. 1) Neighbourhood conditions to have at least
40-degree visible sky angle for the main spaces. 2) Specification of the main spaces and their
adjacent rooms to have the best view and daylighting condition. 3) Depth and geometry of the
rooms and details of the windows to help appropriate visual uniformity or diversity of illumination
according to the function of the room.
Keywords: door window, Useful Daylight Illuminance (UDI), Perimeter Zone, No sky line

INTRODUCTION
The aim of this research is to evaluate daylighting system of door-windows in the different rooms
of a traditional house of Iran. Ameri House Complex in the middle of Iran next to the desert is
chosen as a case study. Kashan has very bright sky illumination and arid-hot climate in summer
and cold sunny winters [3].
Through field photometry at various sites of the house, the study attempts to illustrate the lighting
condition at door-window rooms from the following aspects: the extent of interior lightness,
interior light distribution and glare control during the year from physical aspect of lighting. Since
natural lightness could be evaluated by visual lightness and visual interest [4, 5, 6], investigating
the features from this view would determine the best activity for each site [7]. The correspondence
between sites proximity, geometry, place and shape of skylights and its attachments and interior
lightness from visual lightness and visual interest point of view is a subject which could inspire
designers in natural lighting in contemporary architecture.

CISBAT 2013 - September 4-6, 2013 - Lausanne, Switzerland 371

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
-door
- -
directions, has been chosen as a case study for this research. In some days during spring (25-26
May) and summer (12 July) of 2011 and winter (12 Jan) 2012, the field study was performed to
gather all needed daylight data from 12 different chosen rooms of this house. (Fig 1)

Figure 1: 13 selected rooms of Ameri house in Kashan

A digital Lux meter data logger [8] was used to gather the illumination data on the roof as the
reference point. A simple Lux meter [9, 10] was used to measure the illumination data inside the
rooms in a mesh of 60*60 cm in the height of 70 cm as the reference plane. A color analyzer [11]
was used to determine the reflectance of the interior surfaces as their RGB color. The exact size,
dimension and the ceiling shape of each room were measured by a digital 3D meter [12].
Other properties of selected rooms such as its location in the House, its geographic orientation, its
place in the yard and so on are shown in the information table of each room such as Fig 3. The
location of the window in the room wall, ratio of the window area to the room area, ratio of the
window glazed area to the frame area, and other details such as the materials, colours and shapes
of the frame and glazed part of the window are presented as well. To predict the illumination
inside the selected rooms, the collected data where analyzed as the illumination contours by excel
program in the observation days. To expand the results to a whole year, simulation was performed
by radiance software. True color and false color pictures of light distribution in each room was
illustrated in three times of the day at 9 am for morning, 12 pm for noon and 15 pm for afternoon
condition. (Fig 2)
Using the criteria and calculating methods introduced in lighting and daylighting handbooks, all
the information were analyzed in four steps:
1- Room specification and geometry: B
of the room. The Room index is calculated by
equation 1 where L is the room length from window to the end of the room, W is the room width
parallel to the window surface, H is the height of the window from the floor, R b is mean
reflectance of the room surfaces [13]
Room Index = (1)

The perimeter zone is predicted according to the room dimension and height of the window
[14]. The by equation 2 where Es and Eout are

372 CISBAT 2013 - September 4-6, 2013 - Lausanne, Switzerland

indoor and outdoor illumination respectively, Fo is the orientation factor and dfmin is the minimum
daylight factor inside the room [15].
(2)
2- Neighbourhood
sky is shown in the section of the room and the
sky line of the opposite façade in front of the window [13, 7].
determined as vertical section of the room for a window located in a canyon [13]. In traditional

[16]. This
information will show how much the room is benefiting from sky light.
3-
height) and section of each room using the collected data in spring, summer and winter. 4- The
illumination condition of each room in a whole year that was simulated using Radiance Software.
[17,18]. It shows
-
(300-2000 Lux), -
Fell- as morning, 12 pm as noon and 3
pm as afternoon. (Fig 2)
m was calculated to determine the

- window daylighting
-0.7
function of the places [7]. Uniformity ratio is calculated by equation 3 where Uo is the
uniformity ratio, Emin is the minimum illumination and E Ave is the average illumination inside the
room. [19] (3)

INFORMATION ANALYSIS
The information of each room and its interpretation are shown in tables that one of them is presented
here as a sample for the room G (Fig 2). The other 12 tested rooms (A, B, C, E, F, H, I, K, N, O, P and
Q) in this research have the same detail analysis presented in the main research report. [20]

Room G: definition and geometry

Room G is a combination of two squares of 5.37X3.33 and 9X4.37 meters and the doom ceiling with height of
8.40 that is located in the south part of one of the large yards of Ameri Hosue, face toward the north. The
-windows
with a tall head with colored glass, two doors in two sides and 3 small circle windows in the top of the wall.
The greatest height of the window is 4.21 meters. This room has other windows toward its adjacent rooms in
both sides that present indirect light. The ceiling is covered by some decorative mirrors that can reflect the
light.

CISBAT 2013 - September 4-6, 2013 - Lausanne, Switzerland 373

Room G: Neighborhood condition

skylight is receiving to it from sky hemisphere. In all parts of the room from floor to the height of 2.30 meter s sky
light is available from the Orosi door-windows. The perimeter zone of the room is 7-11 meters for the short and
long depth of the room (4.90-8 meters) respectively. It shows that the depth of the room and its geometry is
appropriate to prepare enough daylight from skylight.

No sky line area visible sky angle in section

Sky mask visible sky angle in facade

Room G: Field data analysis

Legend of the illumination
contours

Day: 26 May 2011 Day: 12 July 2011 Day: 12 July 2011 Day: 12 Jan 2012
Time: 2:10-2:50 pm Time: 5:25-5:40 pm Time: 5:05-5:20 pm Time: 1:30 pm
Reference light on Reference light on roof: Reference light on Simulated
roof: 75-85 Klux 56 Klux roof: 55-62 Klux perspective
Room temperature: Indoor EAve: 177.83 Lux Indoor EAve: 2900 Lux Left: false color
22 C Indoor Emin: 72 Lux Indoor Emin: 900 Lux Middle: true color
Roomhumidity: 40% Uniformity ratio: 0.4 Uniformity ratio: 0.31 Right: legend
Closed windows Closed windows Open windows
In spring afternoon with reference illumination on the roof of 75-85 Klux and closed windows, almost all parts
of the room has achieved UDI (more than 100 Lux). Summer afternoon with reference illumination on the roof
of 56 Klux and closed windows the uniformity ratio is 0.4. In the same condition with open windows the
uniformity ratio is 0.31 and more than half part of the room in front of the window has exceeded UDI (more
than 2000 Lux) and glare may happen.

374 CISBAT 2013 - September 4-6, 2013 - Lausanne, Switzerland

 Room G: UDI and uniformity condition
Percentage of Percentage of illumination changes in 12/07/2011
9 am
illumination 12 months in the room area floor
100
changes in a year
70 80
in the room area
60 60
floor
50 40
900- >200 40 20
2000 0 30
9 am
0
1% 2% 20 12 pm
300- 10
0-
900 0 15 pm
100
22% 20%
12 pm
100-
300 100
55% 90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
22% of the room area near the window has autonomous UDI 0

(300-2000 Lux) and 75% of it has supplementary UDI (100-

300 Lux) in most part of the year. Glare will happen seldom
only in 1-3% of the room area in a year. This room by
uniformity ratio of 0.3-0.4 is
activities (0.3 0.5 Uo). 15 pm
100
80
60
40
20
0

Figure 2: field information and daylight analysis of one of the sample rooms: Room G

THE RESULTS AND DISCUTION

The study investigates door/window rooms in Ameri house in Kashan from two aspects: 1) Site
proximity including site geometry and skylight features, 2) The extent of interior lightness and
how it distributes

1- The studied rooms in Ameri house were the same in respect of natural lighting-dependent
proximity where natural lighting standards were met, that is to say, all the rooms, even in their
very depths, have the view of the sky and the opposite view has the appropriate height considering
the distance from window wall. Thus, the skyline is always set with respect to the yard
width. The rooms also had a visible sky view angle in section not less than 40° (of 90°) and in
façade not less than 75° (of 180°) and on average 15% to 25% sky hemisphere was visible from
window center.
2- According to skylight features, the light was distributed evenly through the rooms, making
there a suitable place for visual activities. The reason is large bright surface in proportion to the
interior of the room, high ceiling, and large crown of top of the window. Therefore,
in I, F, C, B, A,G, K - more than half of the rooms under study - lies between 0.3 to 0.5,
making them suitable for activities. Rooms P and E with 0.6-
0.7 provide the potential for visual activities at all parts of the room. Rooms H and Q
with less than 0.3 are not suitable for visual activities because of glare problem
or darkness in some parts. Rooms O and N which were in the middle and received illumination
from the ceiling, were the dimmest sites under study with lightness lower than 100 Lux most of
the year. These sites are suitable for rest or passing by.

CISBAT 2013 - September 4-6, 2013 - Lausanne, Switzerland 375

Ultimately, what is so special about Ameri house is that it was built under specific rules and there
are a few points which can be used in contemporary architecture: 1) Controlling site proximity 2)
Controlling depth and geometry of the room 3) Designing special sites (halls- .) located on the
main and long axis 4) Using ceiling skylight in the middle where there is no access to daylight. In
other words this study shows that natural lighting - contrary to artificial lighting - should be
focused from the early designing concepts to the latest details.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to express their appreciation to all responsible people of Ameriha House
and Ezam Co. Ltd. who helped us to carry out the field study in this historical building. Also we
need to thank Shahid Beheshti University as the sponsor of this research.

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376 CISBAT 2013 - September 4-6, 2013 - Lausanne, Switzerland