INTRODUCTION:

We often hear that health is wealth and this is very true. No matter how hard we study
or work to earn a living, without good health, everything is futile.
One of the NSTP-CWTS service component is Care for Health which aims to give
knowledge on medical related field and extend health services needed in the community. It
includes basic nutrition; common communicable diseases such as HIV/AIDS, SARS, COVID 19
pandemic; and Basic First Aid.
 Terms to be considered in the study of health:

Health Education - The sum total of the experiences which favorably influence habits, attitudes
and knowledge relating to individual community.
Hygiene – the science of promoting and prolonging health.
Public Health – the science an art of preventing disease, promoting and prolonging life through
DEEPENING IN DETAILS:
organized effort.
Sanitation – refers to the establishment of environmental conditions favorable to health.
A.School Health – to
Introduction includes
HealthallEducation
the acts carried out in a school system in the interest of the
students’ health.
How do we define health? As per definition of World Health Organization (1948) - Health
According
is a state to Fuentes
of complete (1999),
physical, women
mental andtend
socialtowell-being,
live longer and
and are
notgenerally
merely the farabsence
healthierof
than men. Yet they visit the doctor twice as often. This is partly because of their basic
disease or infirmity.
biological functions – such as menstruation, pregnancy, childbirth and menopause; which
We need to study health for the following reasons;
require medical intervention.
1. Medical healthstates
She further records show
that that
there current
is an that and
increasing current health practices
predominantly silent are poor.
crisis in men’s
2.health
People’s attitude towards health does not lead to hygienic living.
and well-being. Due to lack of awareness, poor health education, and culturally induced
3.inLack
theirof basic
work information
and regarding
personal lives, men’s health matters.
health and well-being are deteriorating steadily. In the
4.1920’s,
Habitsthe
affect
life expectancy of males and females washealth
health and the school can develop habits.
roughly the same. Now, life expectancy
among males is over 10% lower or 7 years shorter than that of female. The primary reason is
Principles
that men Underlying Healthup to think that is unmanly to react to pain in their bodies. Thus,
had been brought
men are at greater risks for several of the top illness- heart disease, cancer, suicide and
1.accidents
Heredity, andenvironment
violence. and mode of living determine one’s health.
2. The students’ health is a joint responsibility of the home, the school and the community.
3.Three (3) Agent
Teaching healthCarriers
in theof Contagious
school Diseasein the hands of the Health teacher.
is principally
4. Health education is included in the curriculum starting from kindergarten up to college.
5.1. The
Manhealth– Manspecialist
spreads aofcontagious
the schooldisease
shoulddirectly
have a or indirectly.
better He is said sympathy,
understanding, to be a carrier even
if he has not been sick with the disease (so called asymptomatic).
cooperation and support in order to have an effective health education.
6. Better accomplishment of the medical and dental and nursing services of the school lies in
Direct
the transmission
health instruction– can
andbethe
infected throughof
development talking sleeping
the health, or holding
attitude and hands
habits.with the
sick person.of the teacher’s health is important to the health education program as well
7. The promotion
as to thetransmission
Indirect – canofbeeducation.
quality and cost infected through handling the things used or touched by an
8. Whatinfected person.
constitutes a valuable element in the health education of the student is the
professional skill and initiative of the teacher.
9.2. ItWater
is very– essential
drinking water is another
to develop carrierpractices
the health of the disease
of thesuch as contaminated
student starting fromwater
kindergarten
(bacteria or fungus).
until he becomes old enough to understand the scientific reasons upon which these
practicesWe alsorest.get the disease by using the glass and spoon of a sick person.
3. Food – Food is also a carrier of disease, like uncovered foods that is exposed to flies, rats,
cockroaches and other insects; and improper food handling.
Fitness and Healthy Living

Refers to your own optimal health and over all well-being. Fitness is your good health at
its very best. Healthy living to most people means both physical and mental health are in
balance or functioning well together in a person. In many instances, physical and mental health
are closely linked, so that a change (good or bad) in one, directly affects the other.
A person who is fit, is one who have:
1. stamina and optimism in dealing with everyday emotional ups and downs and the different
mental challenges that often encounter in any workplace.
2. reduced risk for many health problems.
3. an attitude of looking feeling the best in his/her life.
4. physical strength and endurance to handle in times of emergency.
5. a better future to become an asset in our country, and a
6. chance for a quality life and ready to face challenges.
Nutrition – is the process of getting food into your
body and using it as raw materials for growth,
fuel for energy, vitamins and minerals that keep
your body health and functioning properly.

Two classes of Nutrients

1. Macronutrients – are the nutrients which are relatively in large quantity and made up of
bulks of all diets. It comprises of Carbohydrates, Proteins and Fats.
2. Micronutrients – are the nutrients which are needed in smaller quantity which serves as
calorie sources, but plays an essential role in the body chemistry. It comprises Vitamins
and Minerals.
Basic Elements of Food

Food – is a substance put together by nature into plant or animal life.

Carbohydrates – comprises of starch and sugar. These are rich in carbon, oxygen and hydrogen
that are said to be energy giving food.
Fats – are needed by the tissues, especially the nerves. They give heat to the body, serve as
pads to the body organs and nerves and gives the body its rounded shape.
Protein – protein foods are said to be the most important of all foods because they keep the
work of the different parts of the body well balanced. Proteins come from both animal
and vegetable sources.
Minerals – are regulating foods. They are taken in by growing plants and become part of the
roots, leaves stems and fruit. Animals eat the plants and get in this way the minerals,
which they need.
Calcium - helps in developing the bony tissue. If calcium is lacking in the diet, the bones may
be soft and poorly formed, and the teeth may decay easily.
Vitamins – are important in our daily diet.
Fat-soluble vitamins- can easily be taken in by fats.
1. Vitamin A – Lack of this vitamin can cause slow growth and night blindness.
Sources: fruits, green and leafy vegetables, eggs and milk.
2. Vitamin D – helps prevent some diseases like rickets.
Sources: eggs, sardines and salmon.
3. Vitamin E – has something to do with the muscle and the nervous system.
Sources: green leaves of spinach, cabbage, cauliflower, carrots and seaweeds.
4. Vitamin K – controls blood clotting. Bone formation and repair.
Sources: leafy vegetables, cheese and liver. Asparagus, coffee, bacon and green tea.

Water-soluble vitamins – most easily be taken in by water. Comprises of Vitamin B complex

and C.
1. Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) – acts as a coenzyme. It plays an important role in many metabolic
processes, including those that convert nutrients into energy.
Sources: liver, pork, seeds and whole – grain cereals.
Deficiency: uncommon, but diabetes and excessive alcohol intake increase the risk.
Beri-beri and Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome.
2. Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) -helps tissues, nerves and vision.
Sources: liver, meat, dairy products, eggs, leafy vegetables, almonds and legumes.
Deficiency: unknown, although diseases and poor lifestyle habits may increase the risk.
3. Vitamin B3 (Niacin) – for cellular function; mental.
Sources: green and leafy vegetables. Wheat germs, beans, peas and prunes.
4. Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid) – plays an important role in metabolism.
Sources: liver, sunflower seeds, mushrooms, root vegetables and whole grains.
5. Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) – essential for nervous system; control sodium/potassium pump,
Sources: Liver, salmon, sunflower seeds and pistachio nuts.
6. Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin) – plays a vital role in metabolic pathways. Helps maintain
neurological function and the formation of red blood cells.
Sources: animal sourced food
Deficiency: Anemia, impaired neurological function.
7. Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) – helps in preventing scurvy; tissue repair; for collagen synthesis.
Sources: citrus fruits, broccoli, brussels sprouts, and bell pepper
Deficiency: Scurvy, poor wound healing.
Water - is not food but plays a very essential part in:
> changing substances for digestion
> helping elimination
> regulating body temperature

Balanced Diet Food

Having a balance diet means eating the right kind and amount of food daily using the
three (3) basic food groups. These will ensure that you will get the essential nutrients your
body needs.

Energy Giving Foods (GO FOODS)

These give you body carbohydrates and fats. Rice, bread, cereals, pasta, and oils and nuts
are examples of energy giving foods.
Body Building Foods (GROW FOODS)
These give you nutrients for building strong bones and teeth. Foods in this group are a
major source of protein. Examples include meat, fish, egg, and dairy products.

Body Regulating Foods (GLOW FOODS)

Help to build up and maintain the immune system; produce healthy looking skin; promote
healing injuries and assist in digestion. Foods that have lots of vitamins, minerals, water, and
fiber such as Citrus fruits, brussels sprout, broccoli, carrots, spinach are common examples of
these group.

Common Deficiency Diseases

The common deficiency diseases among children in the Philippines are brought about by
inadequate nutrients in the body.

1. Marasmus – the most frequent form of protein energy malnutrition. It happens when the
intake of nutrients and energy is too low for the child’s needs.
Caused by: prolonged starvation
Chronic or recurring infections with marginal food intake

Characteristics: severe wasting away of fat

and muscle that appears to be very thin.
2. Kwashiorkor – the second form of protein energy malnutrition. Common in areas of famine
or poor food supply.
Caused by: sufficient calorie intake, but with
insufficient protein consumption.
Characteristics: edema which usually starts
in the lower limbs and spreads in more severe
cases to the face and hands.

3. Marasmic Kwashiorkor – a mixed of protein energy malnutrition.

Caused by: acute or chronic protein
deficiency and chronic energy deficit.
Characteristics: bilateral edema,
wasting, stunting, and mild hepatomegaly

4. Vitamin A Deficiency – result from inadequate intake of Vitamin A, fat malabsorption or liver
disorders.
Deficiency: xeropthalmia or night blindness

5. Vitamin C Deficiency – can occur as part of general undernutrition

Deficiency: scurvy
poor wound healing
prone to infection

6. Vitamin D Deficiency – not getting enough vitamin D to stay healthy.

Deficiency: loss of bone density
that leads to Osteoporosis
Fractures
Rickets (severe cases)
Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI); HIV and AIDS

Sexually transmitted diseases are infections grouped together because they spread by
transfer of organism from person to person during sexual intercourse; but may also be
transmitted through non-sexual means.

Common STI Classifications:

Bacterial: Gonorrhea
Syphilis
Chlamydia
Chancroid

Viral: Genital herpes

Genital warts
HIV/ AIDS
Hepatitis B

Protozoal: Trichomonas

Fungal: Candidiasis

Skin Parasites: Pubic Lice

Scabies
Common Bacterial STI

1. Gonorrhea (Neisseria Gonorrheae)

A bacterium discovered by Neisser in 1879. Typically passed by direct contact between
the infections mucous membranes like in the genitals, anus, and mouth of one person with the
mucous membrane of another.
Causative agent: Neisseria gonorrheae
Incubation Period: usually 3-7 days
Mode of Transmission: sexual contact
Parts affected: Genitals (penis or cervix),
Anus, throat, eyes
Signs/Symptoms:
Male: burning sensation and
Purulent discharge (infection of the urethra)
Scrotal swelling in men
Female: 5-10% has no symptoms, may have vaginal discharge
Pelvic inflammation
Treatment: Doctor’s Prescription
Complication: Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)
Sterility in both sexes, arthritis, blindness,
Heart and kidney damage, skin rash, ectopic pregnancy,
eye damage in newborn
2. Syphilis (Treponema pallidum)
An infections venereal disease caused by spiral-shaped bacteria and maybe congenital.
Causative Agent: Spirochete Treponema pallidum
Incubation Period: 9-90 days (Chronic systemic disease)
Mode of transmission: sexual contact; mother to child; blood transfusion
Parts affected: skin or mucus membrane and into the bloodstream

Sign/Symptoms:
Primary Stage: painless chancre or initial sore (ulcer of syphilic)
Secondary Stage: (1 wk-6 months after appearance of chancre and may include):
rash, patchy hair loss, sore throat, swollen glands
Diagnostic test: darkfield illumination test, Kalm test
Treatment: Antibiotics per Doctor’s prescription
Complication: Severe damage to nervous system and other body organs,
Heart disease, severe illness or death (newborn)
3. Chlamydia (Chlamydia trachomatis)
Is a common sexually transmitted infection caused by bacteria. Also known as the silent
Sexually transmitted infection (STI).
Causative Agent: chlamydia trachomatis
Incubation period: 2-3 weeks (male)
No symptoms (female); rare
Mode of transmission: sexual contact
Infants can be infected during vaginal delivery
Parts affected: cervix, urethra, rectum, throat and eyes
Signs/ Symptoms:
Male: discharges (penis); burning and itching of urethral opening;
burning sensation (urination)
Female: Itching and burning (vagina); painful intercourse; pelvic inflammation;
vaginal discharge
Diagnostic test: culture test; microscopic examination of discharges from urethra
or cervix
Treatment: Antibiotics as prescribed by doctors
Complications: sterility; prematurity and stillbirths; infant pneumonia and
eye infections (infants) or blindness in severe cases
 4. Chancroid (Haemophilus ducreyi)
A bacterial transmitted infection that causes open sore on or around the genitals of men
and women.
Chain of HIV Infection:
Causative Agent: haemophilus ducreyi
Incubation period: 3-7 days
Mode of transmission: sexual contact Infectious
(skin to Agent
skin contact with open sores)
HIV
Parts affected: genitals
Signs/Symptoms:
Susceptible: Reservoir:
HostMale: papule or tender elevated bump (early signs); Humans
Humans painful ulcers (open sore eroded or ragged edges)
Female: bumps on the labia, anus or thighs
burning or painful urination
Diagnostic test: fluid samples (sore)
Treatment: Antibiotics as prescribed by doctor; or surgery
Portal of ENTRY: Mode of Transmission: Portal of EXIT:
Complications: urethral fistula; rectovaginal
Lining of the vagina, Sex
fistula; Blood
rectum and opening inguinal
of theabscess Injection Drug Use Semen
VIRALurethra
INFECTIONS:
in males Mother to Child Vaginal Fluid
Wounds or breakage Other transfer of body
in the skin fluid Breast milk
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
Four Body Fluids known to transmit HIV:
1. Blood
2. Is a virus that attacks the body’s immune system. If HIV is not treated, it can lead to AIDS
Semen
3. Vaginal/Cervical Fluid syndrome). There is currently no cure. Once the people get HIV,
(Acquired Immunodeficiency
4. Breast milk
they have it for life. But with proper medical care and the adherence of the infected person to
his/herSextreatment,
without aHIV can beand
condom controlled. People–with
sharing needles evenHIV whoorgetpiercing
tattoo effective HIV treatment
needles can resultcan
in
live transmission
the long, healthy of
lives and protect their partners.
HIV.

This
Risk organism is a retrovirus, which means it can reproduce itself by taking over the machinery
of HIV Transmission:
of the humanTransmission
1. Sexual cell. HIV attacks a specific type of immune system cell in the body – known as
CD4 helper cell or T cell.
2. Blood Transmission (infected blood and blood products)
3. Mother to Child Transmission (during pregnancy, delivery, and breastfeeding
How HIV attacks the Immune System:
Activities that do not allow HIV Transmission:
1. Casual contacts (ex. food and utensils, shaking hands, hugging or kissing, coughing,
sneezing, using public phone, or visiting hospital)
2. Feces, urine, saliva, sweat, tears
3. Donating blood
4. Sharing Toilets
5. Insect bites
6. Swimming pools

Three (3) Stages of HIV

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

AIDS is the late stage of HIV infection that occurs when

the body’s immune system is badly damaged because of
the virus. HIV kills CD4 cells or T cells. Healthy adults
generally have a CD4 count of 500 to 1,500 per cubic
millimeter. A person with HIV whose CD4 count falls below
200 per cubic millimeter will be diagnosed with AIDS. A
person can also be diagnosed with AIDS if they have HIV
and develop an opportunistic infection such as pneumonia, is one that takes advantage of a
unique situation.
If untreated, HIV can progress to AIDS within a decade. There’s no cure for AIDS, and
without treatment, life expectancy after diagnosis about three years. This may be shorter if the
person develops a severe opportunistic illness.
Opportunistic Infection – an infection or malignancy that attack the body by taking advantage
of an immune system that has been severely weakened by an advanced HIV infection.

Common illnesses include: (so called syndrome)

 Pneumonia
 Tuberculosis
 Oral thrush – a fungal infection the mouth or throat
 Cytomegalovirus (CMV) – a type of herpes virus
 Cryptococcal meningitis – a fungal infection in the brain
 Toxoplasmosis – a brain infection caused by a parasite
 Cryptosporidiosis – caused by intestinal parasite
 Cancer, including Kaposi’s Sarcoma and Lymphoma

The shortened the life expectancy linked with untreated AIDS isn’t a direct result of the
syndrome itself. Rather it’s a result of the diseases and complications that arise from having an
immune system weakened by AIDS.
PREVENTION:
1. Alphabet of HIV Prevention (ABCDE)

Abstinence: Do not have sex. In the case of adolescents, delaying sexual debut (age of first
sexual encounter) will help.
Be monogamous: Have ONE sexual partner.
Correct and consistent use of CONDOM and safer sex practices.
Do Not inject drugs.
Education and Early detection

2. Preventing HIV transmission thru blood and blood products by:

 Blood safety programs
 Universal precaution
 Harm reduction
3. Preventing transmission from Mother to Child
HIV – positive women can still give birth to HIV- negative babies if they follow certain

Precautions:
 Take ARVs during pregnancy
 Deliver the baby thru caesarian operation
Use infant formula instead of breast milk
HIV testing:

P Pre-testPcounselling

Screening Test Confirmatory Test (if positive)

HIV antibody detection:
Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay – - Western Blot or Immunoblot
(ELISA)
HIV antigen Test
Test
HIV

Post-t ePost test counselling

If tested positive:
 Seek early medical treatment
 Adopt a healthy lifestyle and positive attitude

Three (3) Basic Components of Treatment of Care

1. Regular blood test to determine amount of HIV in the blood.
2 Provision of anti – retroviral drugs
3. Treatment of opportunistic infections.
SARS (SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY)
SARS-Cov is a common form of virus that typically leads
to upper respiratory tract illnesses. This virus killed 774 people
and there were 8,098 cases worldwide in the months following
its emergence in November 2002. It is thought to be an animal
virus from an as yet uncertain animal reservoir, perhaps bats,
that spread to other animals (civet cats) and first affected
humans in the Guangdong province of Southern China in 2002.
Transmission:
 Primarily from person to person and in droplets from coughing and sneezing.
 Symptoms occurred mainly during second week of illness, which corresponds to the
peak of virus excretion in respiratory secretions and stool, and deteriorates clinically in
severe cases.
Most cases of human to human transmission is in the health care setting, in the absence
of adequate infection control precautions. SARS spread to over 24 countries before health
authorities managed to contain it. Due to the implementation of appropriate infection control
practices brought the global outbreak to an end.
Ways of transmitting the virus includes:
 Hugging and kissing
 Sharing utensils for eating and drinking
 Speaking to others within a distance of 3 feet
 Touching someone directly
If droplets from an infected person land on an object such as door knobs or a telephone or
any other things, the person who touches is vulnerable of having the virus.
Signs and Symptoms:
 symptoms appeared 2 – 7 days after a person was exposed to the virus and may take up
to 10 days
 high fever 38.0
 mild respiratory and flu like symptoms
Other early symptoms included:
 aches
 chills
 diarrhea (10-20% people)
After 7-10 days symptoms that may develop:
 dry cough
CORONAVIRUS (COVID-19)
 Coronavirus
shortness ofare breath
a family of viruses that can cause
 low oxygen levels
illnesses such as the common in thecold,
body known
severe as hypoxia
acute
respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory
syndrome (MERS). In 2019, a new coronavirus was
Complications:
identified as the cause of a disease outbreak that
 pneumonia
originated in China.
 The
longvirus
termisdamaged
known astothe liver, kidneys,
severe acuteand lungs syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2).
respiratory
The above
The disease complications
it causes were more disease
is called coronavirus likely triggered in those 60Inyears
2019 (COVID-19). Marchof age and
2020, above;
the World
and most
Health people with(WHO)
Organization SARS made
declareda full
therecovery.
COVID-19 outbreak a pandemic.
Public health groups, including the U.S. Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and WHO, are
Laboratory the
monitoring Test:pandemic and posting updates on their websites. These groups have also
issued
 recommendations
blood tests for preventing and treating the illness.
Below are the
 stool tests latest of updates of COVID-19 cases: (As of August 31,2020 from DOH)
 tests of nasal secretions Worldwide Philippines
 Total
imaging test to
number detect pneumonia
of cases: 25.1 million 220,819
Total recoveries 16.5 million 157,562
Treatment:
Total number of deaths 844 thousand 3,558

 During the 2003(COVID

Coronavirus outbreak,
19) ispeople withcaused
an illness SARS inbythe U.S. did
a virus thatnot
canneed to enter
spread quarantine.
from person to
The WHO recommended:
person
 Isolation
The virusofthat
patients
causes COVID-19 is a new coronavirus that has spread throughout the
 Useworld.
of barrier technique including filter masks and goggles.
 Supportive
Covid-19 symptoms
care sincecan
no range
drugs,from mild antibiotics
including or no symptoms to severe
appeared to be illness.
effective; instead
the use of medications to relieve symptoms.
Mode of transmission:
 Close contact from person to person (about 6 feet or two arm lengths) with a person
Prevention:
Aswho
withhas Covid-19.
other infectious diseases, some simple steps would help prevent the spread of
 Direct
SARS-CoV. contact
These from respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or
include:
talks.
 Wash hands frequently or the use of alcohol- based products.
 Avoid
Indirect contactthe
touching by eyes,
touching a surface
mouth, or object
and nose that hashands.
with unclean the virus on it, and then by
touching
 Cover the your
mouthmouth, nosewith
and nose or eyes.
tissue when coughing or sneezing.
 and
Signs Avoid sharing of food, drinks, and utensils.
Symptoms:
Signs
 Stay 2 feet andaway
symptoms of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) may appear 2 – 14 days
of people
after exposure.
Clean surfacesThis time
with after exposure
disinfectant and before having symptoms is called the
regularly
incubation period.
 Anyone with symptoms of SARS would limit interaction with other people until 10 days
Common signs and symptoms can include:
after
 Fever their symptoms improve.
 Cough
 Tiredness

Early symptoms of COVID-19 may include a loss of taste or smell.

Other symptoms can include:

 Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing
 Muscle aches
 Chills
 Sore throat
 Runny nose
 Headache
 Chest pain
 The severity of COVID-19 symptoms can range from very mild to severe. Some people
may have only few symptoms. And no symptoms at all. Others may experience worsened
symptoms, such as worsened shortness of breath and pneumonia, about a week after
symptoms start. High risk individuals include:
 Senior Citizen 60 years old and above
 Persons with existing chronic medical conditions (Serious heart diseases, Type I and
Type II diabetes, Chronic Kidney disease, Asthma, liver disease, weakened immune
system diseases and other serious illnesses)

Diagnostic Test:
 Covid-19 Rapid Antibody Test - (IgG and IgM Rapid Antibody Test (RAT)
- An Antibody Test qualitatively detects the presence of IgM and IgG antibodies
against the Covid-19 virus in human serum, plasma and venous whole blood specimen for
the auxiliary diagnosis of Covid-19 infection.
- cannot stand alone as a definitive test in diagnosing Covid-19.

Immunoglobulin (Ig) - a protective protein produced by the immune system in response to

the presence of a foreign substance, called an antigen.
Immunoglobulin M (IgM) – detection of IgM antibody indicates a recent infection.
Immunoglobulin G (IgG) – produced later and lasts long, which can be used as an indicator
of previous or secondary infection.
- Test sample: blood specimen from venous extraction

 Real-time Reverse Transcription- Polymerase Chain Reaction Test (rRT-PCR) assay

- This is currently the recommended test to confirm COVID-19 infection which can
used to detect the virus. Through this assay, SARS-CoV-2 can be detected in nasal or
pharyngeal samples.
- Test sample: nasal or oropharyngeal secretions
Prevention:

Although there is no vaccine available to prevent COVID-19, but we can take steps to
reduce the risk of infection. WHO and CDC recommend following these precautionary
measures to avoid COVID-19:
 Avoid large events and mass gatherings.
 Avoid close contact (maintain physical distancing within about 6 feet, or two meters)
with anyone who is sick or has symptoms; or asymptomatic.
 Stay home as much as possible and keep distance between yourself and others (within
about 6 feet, or 2 meters), especially if you have a higher risk of serious illness. Keep in
mind some people may have COVID-19 and spread it to others, even if they have
symptoms or don’t know they have COVID-19.
 Wash your hands often with soap and water for at least 20 seconds, or use an alcohol-
based hand sanitizer that contain at least 60% alcohol.
 Wear face mask and face shield in public places.
 Cover your nose and mouth with your elbow when you cough or sneeze.
 Avoid touching your eyes, nose and mouth.
 Avoid sharing of utensils, towels, beddings and other household items if you’re sick.
 Clean and disinfect high-touch surfaces, such as door knobs, light switches, electronics
and counters daily.
 Stay home from work, school and public areas if you’re sick, unless your going to get
medical care. If you are sick, avoid public transportation.

Contact tracing Covid-19 Facility Hospital Facility

Covid-19 Pandemic in the Philippines: Its effect to poverty

It is very evident the health protocol imposed by World Health Organization (WHO)
worldwide that we are also must follow in our country for the safety of everyone.
Preventing transmission of the Covid-19 disease requires that we constantly exercise
proper health and hygiene protocol, both in our homes and in public spaces. Authorities have
also strictly advised that we all avoid of large gatherings, avoid using public transportation,
follow “community quarantine” measures, and seek prompt medical attention when there is
exposure to the disease. While all these are sound reminders, there is one glaring problem- the
poor will not be able to follow these.
Below are some aspects of marginalized/poor sector that are affected by the impact of
Covid-19 pandemic:
 Jobs (unemployment; most of them are of daily wage earners, lay-off workers;
irregular workers who don’t have regular health benefits)
  Informal, micro, small-scale businesses (due to stop operation from the risks of
COVID-19 disease; and others would not be able to absorb the shocks to the
economy).

 Daily food consumption (less or limited due to unemployment among members of the
family)
 Health threat (could not provide the necessary/essential goods such as basic food
and medicines, hygiene kits like soap and alcohol; Knowledge deficit on
the prevention of Covid-19 pandemic)
 Education (parents and their children may have difficulty coping the transition of
learning modalities to new normal)

Moreover, government should give more importance to the marginalized sector

(the poorest among the poor) in the community to strengthen communications on
hygiene and health promotion. Local governments, community groups, and the private
sector can join forces and form a local network that could support poorest families in
obtaining accurate and useful information on Covid-19, as well as provide free and
immediate testing, quarantine and medical assistance for suspected cases. Proper food
preparation, adequate sanitation, and hygienic conditions are crucial to health and well-
being, more so in this time of COVID-19 pandemic.
FIRST AID

At any moment, you or someone around you could

experience an injury or illness. Using basic first aid, you
may be able to stop a minor mishap from getting worse.
In the case of a serious medical emergency you may even
save a life. That’s why it is so important to learn first aid
skills.

First Aid- is an immediate care given to a person who has

been inured or suddenly taken ill. It includes self-help
and home care if medical assistance is not available or
delayed.
- it is an assessment and interventions that can be performed by a bystander (or by the victim)
with minimal equipment.

First Aider- is someone who takes charge of an emergency scene and gives first aid.

Medical Help- is the treatment given by or under the supervision of a medical doctor at the
scene when transporting a casualty, or at a medical facility.
Casualty- a person who is injured or who is injured or who suddenly becomes ill.

OBJECTIVES OF FIRST AID:

 To alleviate suffering
 To prevent added/further injury or danger
 To prolong life.

CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD FIRST AIDER:

1. Gentle – should not cause pain
2. Resourceful – should make the best use of things at hand
3. Observant – should notice all signs
4. Tactful – should not harm the victim
5. Emphatic – should be comforting
6. Respectable – should maintain a professional & caring attitude
THREE STEPS FOE EMERGENCY SITUATIONS:

1. Check the scene for danger

 Look for anything that might be dangerous, like signs of fire, falling debris, or violent
people. If your safety is at risk, remove your self from the area and call for help. If the
scene is safe, assess the condition of the sick or injured person. Don’t move them unless
you must do so to protect them from danger.
 2. Call for medical
Management help, ifObstruction
for Partial needed with Good Air Exchange
 If you suspect the sick or injured person needs emergency medical care, tell a nearby
1. Heimlich Maneuver
 person to procedure
A first aid call the local
fornumber
dislodgingfor emergency medical services. If you’re alone, make
the call yourself.
an obstruction from a person’s
windpipe
3. Provide care in which a sudden strong
pressure is applied on the
 Remain
abdomen, with the sickthe
between or injured
navel and person, comfort them, try to keep them calm. If you
have basic
the rib cage.first aid and skills, try to treat any potentially life-threatening injuries they
How to have
do it:until professional help arrives.
 Stand behind the person.
FIRST AID KIT ANDPlaceSUPPLIES
one foot slightly in
front of the other for
balance.
 Make a fist with the other
hand.
 Perform between six and 10
abdominal thrusts until the
blockage is dislodged.

2. Self- Abdominal Thrust

 Place fist above navel while grasping fist
with other hand. Leaning over a chair or
counter top, drive your fist towards
yourself with an upward thrust.

Management for Complete Obstruction with No Air

Exchange
 Call for help immediately, if the person becomes unconscious lower the person on his or
her back onto the floor, arms to the side. Clear the airway, if a blockage is visible at the
back ofSITUATIONS
EMERGENCY the throat, reach a finger
NEEDING into
FIRST the mouth and sweep out the cause of the
AID
blockage. Don’t try a finger sweep if you can’t see the object. Begin CPR if the object
remains lodged and the person doesn’t respond after you take the above measures.
A. Foreign Body Airway Obstruction (Choking)
 A
To clear partial
the airwayorof
complete blockage
a Pregnant woman of or
theObese
breathing tubes
person: to the lungs due to foreign body. The onset of
respiratory distress
 Position your maybe
hands asudden with
little bit cough.
higher
than with a normal Heimlich maneuver,
at the base of the breastbone, just above
Causes of Obstruction:
 the joining chewing
Improper of the lowest ribs.
of large pieces of food
 Proceed as with the Heimlich maneuver.
 Excessive intake of alcohol
 Repeat until the food or other blockage is
 dislodged.
The presence of loose upper and lower dentures
 For children – running while eating
 For smaller children of “hand to mouth” stage, left unattended
A partially blocked airway results in either:
 Good air exchange
 Poor air exchange
With complete blocked airway, there is:
 No air exchange
 Assessment:
To clear the airway
Symptoms andofsigns
a choking
depend Infant younger
on what the than 1 year
person old:
has swallowed, so it is important to
 Assume a seated
establish the cause. Look for: position and hold the infant face down.
 Thump the infant gently but firmly
 Burns or blisters at the mouth if the poison is a corrosive substance.
five times on the middle of the back
 Abdominal pains – these can be severe
using the heel of your hand.
 Empty containers, berries or leaves near the casualty
 Turn the infant faceup on your
 Vomiting
forearm, and/or
resting diarrhea
on your thigh –with
this may be bloodstained
 Signs of breathing difficulties
the head lower than the trunk if the
 Possible
infant seizures Using two
is still breathing.
 Casualty
fingers placedmay at thenotcenter
be fully
ofconscious,
the and may lose consciousness at any time.
infant’s breastbone, give 5 quick
chest compressions. Press down
First Aid Management:
about 1 ½ inches, and let the chest
1. Identify Poison
 If therise again in
casualty between each
is conscious and able to talk , ask her what she took. If she is not fully
compression.
conscious, look around for clues. Try to rouse the person and then encourage her to spit
 anything
out Repeat the thatback
is inblows and chest
her mouth.
thrusts if breathing doesn’t resume,
call for emergency medical help.
2. Call for Help
 Call theBegin infant services.
emergency CPR. If one
Tellofthem
thesewhat
techniques openshas
the casualty theswallowed,
airway butwhen
the infant
she took
it and how much you think she took. Give them the container that the substance came
doesn’t resume breathing.
in.
If the child is older than 1 year and conscious give abdominal thrust only. Be careful not to use
3. Soothe Burned Lips
too much
 Ifforce to avoidhas
the casualty damaging ribs aorcorrosive
swallowed internal poison,
organs. it may have burned her lips. Let her
take small sips of cool milk or water to soothe the burns, but let her spit it out.
. POISONING
4. Wipe Away Vomit
 If the casualty vomits, wipe her mouth clean, but do not give her anything to eat or
Poison – isdrink. Help her to
any substance, leanliquid
solid, forward so that
or gas thatfluid
tendscan
to drain
impairfrom heror
health mouth
causesafely.
death when
5. Monitor the Casualty
introduced into the body or into the skin surface. A poisoning emergency can be life
 Monitor the casualty’s condition. Make a note of any change in her level of
threatening.
consciousness, breathing and pulse while you are waiting for help to arrive.

C.
WaysSHOCK – is caused
in which when
Poisoning may a large
occur:amount of fluid
is
1. lost from the
Ingestion – bybody.
mouth It is life threatening condition
that develops–ifbythe
2. Inhalation circulatory system fails to
breathing
provide oxygen
3. Injection – by–animal
rich blood
bites,tosting
the organs. Severe
and syringes
bleeding (external
4. Absorption – by & internal)
skin contactis the most common
cause,
The most butcommon
it can also follow of
method fluid loss from:
poisoning is by swallowing
 Severe vomiting
(ingestion). Many cases occur as a result of swallowing poisonous household products, which
 Burns
also cause burns. Moatover large number
casualties of areasbut the elderly is also at risk.
are children,
 Allergic reactions
 Starvation
 Assessment:
D. BURNS – are caused by dry heat (fire or smoke), chemicals or electricity and scalds by wet
Suspect
heat (hot watershock after, The
or steam). for example severe
skin is the body’s bleeding,
natural but also ifbarrier
infection any of and
the following
is made up occur
of
several layers. Any
with no obvious wound:break in the skin allows fluid to escape and germs to enter. As burns may
affect large areas and/ or
 Rapid several
pulse layers
at first, of skin,
which serious
becomes fluid loss
weaker. and time
By the infection canblood
half the result.is lost
from the circulatory system (about 3 liters in an adult), you may not be able to
Depth of Burns
feel the pulse at the wrist.
 Profuse sweating with cold, clammy skin
1. Superficial Burns
 These are Fast
burnsbut shallow breathing
characterized by redness and
swelling
 Skin becomes grey/blue, asofthe
that affect only the surface thecirculatory
skin. system fails of fluid loss worsens.
Unburn is This
a prime example
is seen at the ears, lips, inside the mouth and at the fingertips. If you
press a fingernail then let go, the healthy pink color will not return quickly.
 Casualty becomes weak and feel dizzy He may feel nauseous and may even
vomit.
2. Partial- Thickness Burns
 These are Casualty
burns to starts
the top tolayer
feel very
of thethirsty
skin, and fluid
(plasma) will escape from the body. Also,
 Casualty feels restless and may become if the skin is
aggressive as the oxygen to the brain
not broken, blisters form. The skin will be raw and
reduces. He will be yawning and gasping for air. Eventually he will become
the burns are very painful.
unconscious and his heart may stop.
Full- Thickness Burns
 Aid
First The damage affects all the layers of the skin. These
Management:
burns maybe relatively pain- free as the nerves in the
skin
1. Treat maybeCause
Obvious damaged. Blood vessels, muscle and fat
 Treat severeskin
beneath the will also
bleeding by be damaged.
applying direct pressure to the wound. Raise and support the
injured part so that it is higher than the casualty’s heart. This will slow down the blood
flow to the area.
Assessment:
2. LieAssess the extent
the Casualty Downand depth of the burn. While you examine the casualty, start to cool the
injurytoReassure
stop the burning.
the casualtyCheckandfor:
tell him not to move unnecessarily. Help him to lie down on a
 Severe pain, although
rug or blanket. Do not put anything deep burns
under can
hisbe painless
head; leave it low. Raise and support his
 Fluid – filled blisters
legs as high as you can above his heart.
 Raw patches of skin
3. Loosen Clothing
 Redness
 Loosen any tight and swelling
clothing, around the
especially site of
around histhe injury
neck., chest and waist, that could
Additional Symptoms:
restrict blood circulation around the body.
4. Keep the  Casualty
Pale waxy-
Calmlooking skin – this indicates a deep burn
 Cover himSootwith
around mouth Do
a blanket. andnotburned
warmnose hairsaifhot
hm with thewater.
casualty has inhaled hot smoke
 Breathing difficulties
5. Call for Help
 Call theSymptoms
emergency services.
and sign of Tell them that you suspect shock, and give as much
shock
information
First Aid Management: as you can about the possible cause.
6. Monitor the
1. Cool the Burn Casualty
 Stop
Checktheand note the
burning levelby
process of running
consciousness, breathing
cool water over the and pulse.
burn for Recheck regularly
at least 10 until
minutes, or
medical
until painhelp arrives.
eases. If the sit
If possible, casualty is thirsty,
the casualty downmoisten
and keephis lips
thewith a clean
injured areadamp cloth.
raised.
2. Call for Help
 Make the casualty as comfortable as possible. Call for emergency medical help if
needed.
3. Remove Constrictions
 Skin damaged by burning swells very quickly, so remove or cut away any clothing or
jewelry from the affected area while you are cooling it. Do not remove anything that is
stuck to the burned area.
4. Cover Burn
 Cover the burn to protect it from infection and further fluid loss. Ideally, cover it with
plastic wrap if not available, use a sterile dressing or clean link free cloth, such as cotton.
5. Treat for Shock
 Help the casualty to lie down while keeping the injured area raised and supported. Raise
his legs above heart level and support them on a chair.
6. Monitor the Casualty
 Check and note the casualty’s level of consciousness, breathing and pulse. Keep
checking regularly until the emergency services arrive.
E. HEAT STROKE
 Is a condition caused by your body
overheating, usually as a result of prolonged
exposure to or physical exertion in high
temperatures. This is the most serious form
of heat injury, heatstroke, can occur if your
body temperature rises to 104 (40°C) or
higher.

Signs and Symptoms:

 High body temperature
 Altered mental state or behavior
 Alteration in sweating
 Nausea and vomiting
 Flushed skin
 Rapid breathing
 Increase heart rate
 Headache

First Aid Management:

If someone is overheated;
1. Encouraged them to rest in a cool
location.
2. Remove excess layers of clothing
and try to cool their body down by:
 Cover them with a cool,
damp sheet.
 Apply a cool, wet towel to the
back of their neck.
 Sponge them with cool water.
 Rehydrate fluids and
electrolytes if the person is
able to consume fluids on
their own.
Seek medical help if they develop
signs or symptoms of heatstroke,
including any of the following:
 Nausea and vomiting
 Mental confusion
 Fainting
 Seizures
 A fever of 104°F (40 °C)

PREVENTION:

 Wear loose fitting, lightweight clothing.

 Protect against sunburn.
 Drink plenty of fluids.
 Take extra precautions with certain medications.
 Take a shower or bath.
 Take it easy during the hottest parts of the day.
 Be cautious if you’re at increased risk.
 First Aid Management:
F. DIFFICULTY OF BREATHING

If someoneofisbreath,
Shortness having or
difficulty
dyspnea,of breathing,
is an seek medical help immediately, then:
 Check the
uncomfortable person’sthat
condition airway,
makesbreathing and
it difficult topulse. If necessary, begin CPR.
fullygetLoosen
air intoany tight
your clothing.
lungs. Problems with your
 If conscious, help
heart and lungs can harm your the person use any
breathing. prescribed medication (asthma inhaler or home
Some
people oxygen).
can experience shortness of breath
 Continue
suddenly to monitor
for a short period ofthe person’s breathing until the medical help arrives. DO NOT
time.
assume that
Difficulty the person’s
of breathing condition
is almost alwaysis improving
a if you can no longer hear abnormal
medicalbreath sounds,
emergency suchthan
(other as wheezing.
feeling slightly
windedDO fromNOT:
normal activity, such as exercise).
 Give the person food or drink.
Causes: Common causes include:
 Move the person if there has been a chest or air injury, unless it is absolutely necessary.
 Anemia (low red blood cell count)
 Place a pillow under the person’s head. This can close the airway.
 Asthma
 Wait to see if the condition improves before getting medical help. Get help immed
 Being at a high altitude
G. SOFT TISSUE
Blood clot inINJURIES
the lung
 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), sometimes emphysema or chronic
1. Wound – a break in the continuity of any bodily tissue due to violence, accident, or surgery.
bronchitis
2 Types
 Life of Wound:
threatening allergic reaction
1. Closed
 Lung cancer– without break, impact or blows of blunt objects result in confusions or bruising.
 Near drowning
Sign and Symptoms:
 Pericardial effusion
 Pain
 Respiratory infections, including pneumonia, acute bronchitis, whooping cough, croup,
 Tenderness
and others.
 Swelling
Signs and Symptoms:
 Discoloration
A person with breathing difficulty may have:
 Bluish lips, fingers and fingernails
First Aid Management:
 Chest moving in an unusual way as the person breathes (flail chest or paradoxical
I – Ice or cold packs in the first 24 hours
Cmovement)
– Compress (hot)
 EChest pain
– Elevation
 SConfusion,
– Splinting lightheadedness,
(immobilization ofweakness or sleepiness
the affected part
2. Open
Cough– there is a break in the skin
 Fever
Classification:
 1.Gurgling,
Puncturewheezing,
– sharp, pointed object
or whistling sound 2. Abrasion - friction
 Need to sit up to breathe
 Muffled voice

3. Laceration – tearing of soft body tissue 4. Incision – cut through the skin, tissue
and fats.
First Aid Management:
Home care for minor wounds:
 Wash and disinfect the wound to remove all the dirt and debris.
 Use direct pressure and elevation to control bleeding and swelling.
 Always use sterile dressing or bandage when wrapping the wound.

Seek for medical help when:

 an open wound is deeper than ½ inch
 bleeding doesn’t stop with direct pressure
 bleeding lasts longer than 20 minutes
 bleeding is the result of serious accident
H. CRAMPS
Sudden, involuntary contractions that occur in
various muscle. These contractions are often painful
tightening of different muscle groups.
First Aid management:
 Dorsiflexion or stretch
 Massage
 Deep breathing
 Warm compress

I. MUSCLE STRAIN
An overstretched or torn muscle. This is usually
occurs as a result of fatigue, overuse, or improper use
of a muscle. Common in lower back, neck, shoulder,
and hamstring (muscle behind the thigh).

Symptoms:
 Pain
First Aid Management:
 Cold compress at once
 Elevate limb
 Get medical help
. SPRAIN
A stretching or tearing of ligaments (tough bands of
fibrous tissue that connect two bones together in your
ankle.
Signs and Symptoms:
 Swelling (2-4 hrs.)
 Bruising (after 2 hrs.)
First Aid Management:
R – Rest
I – Ice or cold compress
C – Compression
E – Elevation (3-4 pillows)
K. FRACTURE
Break or disruption in the bone tissue.

Signs and Symptoms:

 Pain
 Swelling
 Loss of function

First Aid Management:

 Immobilize the person (Keep victim still)
 Prevent infection by covering the area
 Splint
CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION (CPR)

This is the combination of rhythmic,

external chest compressions and rescue
breathing. This must be combined for effective
resuscitation of victims of cardiac arrest.