POLYMER

“
• A polymer is made up of monomers connected
or interlinked to each other in a form of a chain.
The combination of the monomers to form a
polymer induces a reaction called
"polymerization".

• Synthetic polymers are widely known as

"plastic", which in greek-"plastikos"- means to
be/can be molded or shaped.

• Monomers such as styrene, ethylene,

propylene, phenol are made up of Carbon,
hydrogen and oxygen chains.
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TYPES OF
POLYMER
 POLYETHYLENE (PE)
Low-density polyethylene
(LDPE)
is produced by free-radical
polymerization at high temperatures
(200C) and high pressures (above
1000 atm).
The high-density polymer
(HDPE)
is obtained using Ziegler-Natta
catalysis at temperatures below 100C
and pressures less than 100 atm.

- versatile synthetic resin made from the polymerization of ethylene.

Polyethylene is a member of the important family of polyolefin resins. It is
the most widely used plastic in the world, being made into products
ranging from clear food wrap and shopping bags to detergent bottles and
automobile fuel tanks. It can also be slit or spun into synthetic fibres or
modified to take on the elastic properties of a rubber.

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 POLYPROPYLENE (PP)
- also known as polypropene, is a thermoplastic polymer used in a wide
variety of applications. It is produced via chain-growth
polymerization from the monomer propylene.

- Polypropylene is a tough, rigid and crystalline thermoplastic produced

from propene (or propylene) monomer. It is a linear hydrocarbon resin.
The chemical formula of polypropylene is (C3H6)n. PP is among the
cheapest plastics available today.

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 Poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE)

- is a synthetic fluoropolymer of tetrafluoroethylenethat has numerous

applications. The well-known brand name of PTFE-based formulas
is Teflon by Chemours..
- Chemours was a spin-off from DuPont, which originally discovered the
compound in 1938.
- PTFE is a fluorocarbon solid, as it is a high molecular weight compound
consisting wholly of carbon and fluorine.

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 Poly(vinyl Chloride) (PVC)
& Poly(vinylidene Chloride) (PVDC)
PVC:
- a synthetic resin made from the polymerization of vinyl chloride. Second
only to polyethylene among the plastics in production and consumption.

PVDC:
a synthetic resin produced by the polymerization of vinylidene chloride. It is
used principally in clear, flexible, and impermeable plastic food wrap.

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 ACRYLATE POLYMER
• They are also commonly known as acrylics or polyacrylates.

• a group of polymers noted for their transparency, resistance to

breakage, and elasticity.

• Other acrylate polymers are formed by polymerizing an ester of this

acid, such as methyl acrylate.

• One of the most important acrylic polymers is poly(methyl

methacrylate), or PMMA, which is sold under the trade names Lucite
and Plexiglass.

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 Condensation Polymers
HISTORY
- The first plastic (Celluloid) and the first artificial fiber (Rayon) were
produced from cellulose.
- The first truly synthetic plastic was bakelite, developed by Leo Baekland
between 1905 and 1914.
- The synthesis of bakelite starts with the reaction between formaldehyde
(H2CO) and phenol (C6H5OH) to form a mixture of ortho- and para-
substituted phenols.
- Research started by Wallace Carothers and coworkers at DuPont in the
1920s and 1930s eventually led to the discovery of the families of
condensation polymers known as polyamides and polyesters.
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 Condensation Polymers
• any kind of polymers formed through a condensation reaction—where molecules
join together—losing small molecules as byproducts such as water or methanol.
• formed by polycondensation, when the polymer is formed by condensation
reactions between species of all degrees of polymerization, or by condensative
chain polymerization, when the polymer is formed by sequential addition
(by condensation reaction) of monomers to an active site in a chain reaction

COMMON CONDENSATION POLYMERS

• POLYAMIDES - They arise from the reaction of carboxylic acid and an
amine. Examples include nylons and proteins.
• POLYESTERS - They arise from the reaction of carboxylic acid and an
alcohol. Examples include polyethyleneterephthalate

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 STRUCTURES
AND PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES
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 POLYTHYLENE
STRUCTURE:

PROPERTIES:
Polyethylene absorbs almost no water. The gas and water vapor
permeability (only polar gases) is lower than for most
plastics; oxygen, carbon dioxide and flavorings on the other hand can
pass it easily.

PE can become brittle when exposed to sunlight, carbon black is usually

used as a UV stabilizer.

Polyethylene burns slowly with a blue flame having a yellow tip and
gives off an odor of paraffin (similar to candle flame). The material
continues burning on removal of the flame source and produces a drip.
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 POLYPROPYLENE
STRUCTURE:

PROPERTIES:
MECHANICAL: it is the commodity plastic with the lowest density. With
lower density, moldings parts with lower weight and more parts of a
certain mass of plastic can be produced.

THERMAL: The melting point of polypropylene occurs in a range, so the

melting point is determined by finding the highest temperature of
a differential scanning calorimetry chart.

CHEMICAL: It can be dissolved in nonpolar solvents such

as xylene, tetralin and decalin. Due to the tertiary carbon atom PP
is chemically less resistant than PE. Also, Polypropylene at room
temperature is resistant to fats and almost all organic solvents.
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 Poly(tetrafluoroethylene)
STRUCTURE:

Common name: Teflon

PROPERTIES:
- it can be used at any temperature between -73°C and 260°C
with no effect on its properties. It also has a very low
coefficient of friction. (In simpler crude terms, it has a
waxy or slippery touch.) Even materials as "sticky" as
rubber, adhesives, bread dough, and candy won't insects that
stick to a Teflon-coated surface

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 Poly(vinyl Chloride) Poly(vinylidene Chloride)
STRUCTURE: STRUCTURE:

Common name: PVC

Common name: PVDC

PROPERTIES:
- It is a remarkable barrier against water, oxygen, and
aromas. It has a superior chemical resistance
to alkalis and acids, is insoluble in oil and organic
solvents, has a very low moisture regain and is impervious
to mold, bacteria, and insects. But it is soluble in polar
solvents.

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ACRYLATE POLYMER
STRUCTURE:

Polyacrylonitrile

poly(methyl methacrylate)

Poly(methyl acrylate)

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ACRYLATE POLYMER
PROPERTIES:
POLYACYLONTILE (PAN):
has properties involving low density, thermal stability, high
strength and modulus of elasticity. These made PAN an essential
polymer in high tech. Its high tensile strength and tensile modulus
are established by fiber sizing, coatings, production processes, and
PAN's fiber chemistry.

Poly(methyl acrylate) (PMA):

Is a hydrophobic synthetic acrylate polymer. PMA, though softer
than polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA),is tough, leathery, and flexible.
It is soluble in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) also, PMA is water-
sensitive.

Poly(methyl methacrylate)(PPMA):
PMMA is an economical alternative to polycarbonate (PC) when tensile
strength, flexural strength, transparency, polishability, and UV
tolerance are more important than impact strength, chemical
resistance and heat resistance.
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CONDENSATION POLYMER
STRUCTURES:
POLYAMIDES

POLYESTER

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 PROPERTIES
POLYAMIDES
• Both have excellent
mechanical properties includi
ng high tensile strength, high
flexibility, good resilience,
low creep and high impact
strength (toughness).
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POLYESTER
• Polyester is very durable: resistant to
most chemicals, stretching and shrinking,
wrinkle resistant, mildew and abrasion
resistant.
• Polyester is hydrophobic in nature and
quick drying. It can be used for insulation
by manufacturing hollow fibers.
• Polyester retains its shape and hence is
good for making outdoor clothing for
harsh climates.
• It is easily washed and dried.
 ECONOMICALLY
IMPORTANT
POLYMERS
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 PVC-U
• Approximately half of all
PVC plastic is used in the
manufacture of pipes.
• PVC pipes are strong,
lightweight and low-reactive,
making them well-suited in
sanitary, underground-wiring
and water-distribution
applications.
• PVC water pipes do not wear,
rot or rust, and are a
dependable and affordable
material for potable-water
piping.
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• PVC plastic is commonly used to form
the insulating material on electrical
wires.
• resistant to heat, and it offers excellent
abrasion and solder resistance.
• A PVC conductor jacket insulates
electrical wires and offers additional
protection to unshielded cables.
• fire retardant, chemical- and oil-resistant,
mechanically stable, impact resistant,
elastic and, because of its biocides,
prevents the growth of microbials (harmful,
disease-causing pathogens).
 FRP
• FRPs have many advantages in indoor, outdoor and infrastructure applications.
First they are very strong and rigid, offering an outstanding strength-to-weight
ratio. Secondly, they exhibit a high creep resistance in the long term, excellent
resistance to weathering and temperature changes (no softening or brittleness),
a good resistance to UV radiation, humidity and atmospheric pollution, and a
high impact strength. Moreover, these materials exhibit a low flammability
(depending on choice of resin), a good dimensional stability and a good thermal
resistance.

• FRPs have found application in the construction sector in areas such as bridge
repair, bridge design, mooring cables, structural strengthening and stand-alone
components

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 Polymerics (Polyutherane and EPS)
• Rigid polyurethane and expanded polystyrene foams have excellent physical,
thermal and acoustic properties for building insulation applications. Used as
insulation in buildings they deaden noise as well as helping to reduce heat loss
and, as a result, energy consumption and heating costs.

• one kilogram of oil used in the manufacture of EPS thermal insulation will save
the equivalent of 75 kilograms of oil during every 25 years the house or building
is standing. This is a very effective example of energy and environmental
conservation.

• EPS is extremely light but still capable of withstanding heavy loads. It can be
used as a substitute for heavier materials to lighten the overall weight of major
constructions. Weight is a key factor, both in the transportation of materials to
building sites, and the handling of them when they arrive. Polymeric products
are easily transported and many jobs which once required heavy plant and
machinery can now be carried out without it.
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 Polymerics (Polyutherane and EPS)
• Pipes – (pvc, polypropylene, and polybutelyne) widely used to carry domestic
and mains water, sewerage, gas and even underfloor heating. Plastic pipes
have high corrosion resistance to the fluids and chemicals they have to carry
(including water), can be used above ground, and are easily manufactured in a
range of shapes and sizes

• Rigid polyurethane foam is used to insulate steel pipes, enabling them to carry
hot water supplies for district heating systems efficiently, while modern
techniques also allow deteriorating underground pipes made from clay or
concrete to be replaced or repaired using polymer based resins, without having
to dig up the road

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 Polymer Impregnated Concrete
• the most developed of polymer-concrete products
• In the presence of a high polymer phase, the compressive strength can be
increased four times or more, water absorption is reduced by 9%, the freeze
thaw resistance is enormously improved, and, in contrast to conventional
concrete, PIC exhibits essentially zero creep properties.

• The ability to vary the shape of the stress-strain curve presents some
interesting possibilities for tailoring desired properties of concrete for particular
structural applications.
• EXAMPLES: • • Beams – ordinary reinforced
• Bridge decking beams and posttensioned beams

• • Tunnel lining support systems • • • Underwater habitats

• Pipes – PIC supports about twice as • • Dam outlets, offshore structures,
much hydrostatic pressure as underwater oil storage vessels,
impregnated pipe ocean thermal energy plants
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• • Desalting plants
 Polymer Impregnated Concrete
EXAMPLES:
• Bridge decking
• Tunnel lining support systems
• Pipes – PIC supports about twice as much hydrostatic pressure as impregnated
pipe
• Desalting plants
• Beams – ordinary reinforced beams and posttensioned beams
• Underwater habitats
• Dam outlets, offshore structures, underwater oil storage vessels, ocean thermal
energy plants

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 THE END
THANK YOU!

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