Project Report

On
Comparison of BLDC and AC motors in Electric Vehicles
submitted towards the partial fulfilment of the
requirement for the award of the degree of

Bachelor of Technology
in
Electrical Engineering

Submitted by
RUSHIV BANSAL
2K20/EE/227
RAMAN KUMAR JHA
2K20/EE/213

under the able supervision

of
Sh. Krishna Dutt

Delhi Technological University

Bawana Road, Delhi-110042
November-2021

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 CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE NO.

Declaration 3
Certificate 4
Acknowledgement 5
Abstract 6
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 7
1.1 Different Motors used in EVs 7
1.2 Electric Vehicles 8
1.2.1 Components of EVs 8
1.2.2 Factors for choosing Motor 9
CHAPTER 2 TYPES OF MOTORS USED 10
2.1 BLDC Motor 10
2.1.1 Out Runner Type 10
2.1.2 In Runner Type 11
2.2 Three Phase Induction Motor 12
2.3 Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor 14
2.4 Switched Reluctance Motor 16
CHAPTER 3 COMPARISON PARAMETERS 17
3.1 Power-to-Weight Ratio 17
3.2 Torque-speed Characteristics 18
3.3 Efficiency and Mileage 20
3.4 Cost of Controller 22
3.5 Cost of Motor 22
3.6 Other Parameters 23
3.7 Conclusion 23
CHAPTER 4 MATLAB/SIMULINK DEMONSTRATION 24
REFERENCES 26

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 DELHI TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
(FORMERLY Delhi College of Engineering)
Bawana Road, Delhi-110042

DECLARATION

We hereby certify that the work, which is presented in the project entitled
“Comparison of BLDC and AC motors in Electric Vehicles” in fulfillment of the requirement
for the award of the Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electrical Engineering and
submitted to the Department of Electrical Engineering, Delhi Technological University, Delhi
is an authentic record of my own, carried out under the supervision of Sh. Krishna Dutt.
The work presented in this report has not been submitted and not under consideration for
the award for any other degree of this or any other institute.

Name: RUSHIV BANSAL Name : RAMAN KUMAR JHA

Roll Number: 2K20/EE/227 Roll Number : 2K20/EE/213
B.Tech, Electrical Engineering B.Tech Electrical Engineering

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 DELHI TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
(FORMERLY Delhi College of Engineering)
Bawana Road, Delhi-110042

CERTIFICATE

To the best of my knowledge, the report comprises original work and has not been
submitted in part or full for any Course/Degree to this university or elsewhere as per the
candidate’s declaration.

Place: Delhi Sh. Krishna Dutt

Subject Teacher name

and signature
Date: 26.04.2022

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 DELHI TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
(FORMERLY Delhi College of Engineering)
Bawana Road, Delhi-110042

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

On the very outset of this report, we would like to extend our heartfelt gratitude to the people
who helped us in completing this project on time. Without their active guidance, help,
cooperation and encouragement, we would not have made headway in the project.
We would like to thank Sh. Krishna Dutt for his conscientious guidance and encouragement to
accomplish this project.
We are extremely thankful and pay our gratitude to him for his valuable comments and
suggestions on this project which helped us in improving it.
We would also like to thank the Department of Electrical Engineering, Delhi Technological
University for giving us the opportunity to work on this project.

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 DELHI TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
(FORMERLY Delhi College of Engineering)
Bawana Road, Delhi-110042

ABSTRACT

Electric vehicles with higher energy efficiency, low maintenance cost and
pollution free operation, are offering great alternative to popular
conventional IC engine vehicles. Also, with the advancement in technology,
electric vehicle manufacturers are able to overcome the traditional
drawbacks of electric vehicles, making it more and more suitable for
modern day transportation. A motor in an electric vehicle provides the
necessary force for the propulsion of a vehicle, which makes it the heart of
electric vehicles.

In this project we will see the most widely used motors in the electric
vehicle industry. We will compare their advantages, disadvantages and
characters and will list factors on which the leading electric vehicle
manufacturers are shifting their focus from one motor to other motors.
Different types of electric motors are compared on the basis of certain
parameters which should be considered for selecting a particular motor
type for electric vehicle application. Comparison is tabulated for some
parameters. Also, characteristic graphs of different motors are included at
some points.
We have also tried to inculcate some simulations to help us infer the results
and help us to draw comparison and parallelism between different motors.

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 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 DIFFERENT MOTORS USED IN ELECTRIC VEHICLES

Electric vehicles are not something new to this world, but with the
technological advancement and increased concern on controlling pollution
has given it a tag of future mobility. The core element of the EV, apart
from Electric Vehicle Batteries, which replaces the Internal Combustion
engines is an Electric motor. The rapid development in the field of Power
electronics and control techniques has created a space for various types of
electric motors to be used in Electric Vehicles. The electric motors used for
automotive applications should have characteristics like high starting
torque, high power density, good efficiency, etc.

Various types of Electric Motors used in Electric Vehicles

1. DC Series Motor
2. Brushless DC Motor
3. Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM)
4. Three Phase AC Induction Motors
5. Switched Reluctance Motors (SRM)

The Brushed DC series motor was the most widely used motor in the 1900s.
However, with the advancement in technology in power electronics, the
manufactures moved from brushed to brushless motors, primarily during the
last 10-15 years. This was so since the brushed motors had advantages such
as:

1. Higher torque to weight ratio

2. Increased torque per watt of power input (increased efficiency)
3. Increased reliability and lower maintenance requirements
4. Reduced operational and mechanical noise
5. Longer lifespan (no brush and commutator erosion)

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 6. Elimination of ionizing sparks from the commutator (ESD)
7. Near-elimination of electromagnetic interference (EMI)

Over their brushed counterparts. With more and more advancements, use
of AC motors began to grow in the industry. Companies using AC motors
like Tesla, have become profoundly successful in this field.

1.2 ELECTRIC VEHICLES

1.2.1 COMPONENTS OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES

In EV’s, electric energy is the main source of power for propulsion of a

vehicle. In electric vehicles, electrical energy is converted into mechanical
(rotational) energy by electric motors. This rotational energy is applied to
wheels of a vehicle through an appropriate transmission system which in
turn causes propulsion. A vehicle with four motors can be considered as
the most efficient model in electric vehicles. Electric vehicles can use
electric energy as a sole source of power or can use batteries in
conjunction with gasoline engines to power the vehicle. Battery, electric
motor and controller are the core components of any electric vehicle.
Electric vehicle can be broadly represented as:

Basic components of an electric vehicle Electric motors are also specially

designed for their specific use in electric vehicles. Electric vehicles may
incorporate AC or DC motors as per design engineer’s choice or depending

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on the intended use of electric vehicle. Over the years there has been
significant research in the field of electric motors and different types of AC
and DC motors have been developed. This gives electric vehicle
manufacturers a wide range of different electric motors to choose from as
per their requirement. Selection of a particular type of motor for an electric
vehicle must be done judiciously as motor characteristics affect the overall
performance of a vehicle.

1.2.2 FACTORS FOR CHOOSING MOTOR FOR AN EV

Different types of motor exhibit different characteristics, which makes it

important to evaluate motors on some basic parameters for choosing a
particular type of motor for an electric vehicle. Electric motors used in
electric vehicle should have important attributes like

1. Simple design

2. High specific power (power output per weight of motor)

3. Low maintenance cost

4. Efficiency

5. Good speed control.

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 CHAPTER 2
TYPES OF MOTORS USED

2.1 BRUSHLESS DC MOTOR (BLDC)

It is similar to DC motors with Permanent Magnets. It is called brushless

because it does not have the commutator and brush arrangement. The
commutation is done electronically in this motor because of this BLDC
motors are maintenance free. BLDC motors have traction characteristics
like high starting torque, high efficiency around 95-98%, etc. BLDC motors
are suitable for high power density design approach. The BLDC motors are
the most preferred motors for the electric vehicle application due to its
traction characteristics.

2.1.1 OUTER RUNNER TYPE BLDC

In this type, the rotor of the motor is present outside and the stator is
present inside. It is also called as Hub motors because the wheel is
directly connected to the exterior rotor. This type of motors does not
require external gear system. In a few cases, the motor itself has inbuilt
planetary gears. This motor makes the overall vehicle less bulky as it
does not require any gear system. It also eliminates the space required

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 for mounting the motor. There is a restriction on the motor dimensions
which limits the power output in the in-runner configuration. This motor
is widely preferred by electric cycle manufacturers like Hullikal, Tronx,
Spero, light speed bicycles, etc. It is also used by two-wheeler
manufacturers like 22 Motors, NDS Eco Motors, etc.

(a) (b)

Fig (a) BLDC Hub Motor (b) Bosch BLDC Hub motor used by 22 motors

2.1.2 IN RUNNER TYPE BLDC MOTOR

In this type, the rotor of the motor is present inside and the stator is
outside like conventional motors. These motors require an external
transmission system to transfer the power to the wheels, because of
this the out-runner configuration is little bulky when compared to the in-
runner configuration. Many three- wheeler manufacturers like Goenka
Electric Motors, Speego Vehicles, Kinetic Green, Volta Automotive use
BLDC motors. Low and medium performance scooter manufacturers
also use BLDC motors for propulsion.

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 (a) (b)

Fig (a) In runner BLDC motor (b) In runner BLDC used in Ather Electric Scooter

2.2 THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Three phase induction motors are widely used in electric vehicles because
of high efficiency, good speed regulation and absence of commutators.
Three phase AC supply is connected to stator winding, due to which
revolving magnetic field is established. This revolving magnetic field interacts
with stationary rotor conductors, and induced current flows through rotor
conductors. Induced current establishes its own magnetic field. Interaction
between revolving magnetic field and field due to induced currents gives rise
to unidirectional torque. As speed of rotor is different (less) than speed of
revolving field (synchronous speed), these motors are also called as
asynchronous motor.

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 (a)

(b) (c)

Fig (a) Induction motor (b) Torque speed characteristic of Induction motor (c) Three
phase induction motor characteristic under flux-oriented control

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In permanent magnet motors, the magnets contribute to the flux density B.
Therefore, adjusting the value of B in induction motors is easy when
compared to permanent magnet motors. It is because in Induction motors
the value of B can be adjusted by varying the voltage and frequency (V/f)
based on torque requirements. This helps in reducing the losses which in
turn improves the efficiency.
Tesla Model S is the best example to prove the high-performance capability
of induction motors compared to its counterparts. By opting for induction
motors, Tesla might have wanted to eliminate the dependency on permanent
magnets. Even Mahindra Reva e2o uses a three-phase induction motor
for its propulsion. Major automotive manufacturers like TATA motors have
planned to use Induction motors in their cars and buses. The two-wheeler
manufacturer TVS motors will be launching an electric scooter which uses
induction motor for its propulsion. Induction motors are the preferred choice
for performance oriented electric vehicles due to its cheap cost. The other
advantage is that it can withstand rugged environmental conditions. Due to
these advantages, the Indian railways has started replacing its DC motors
with AC induction motors.

2.3 PERMANENT MAGNET SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR

The permanent magnet synchronous motors are one of the types of AC

synchronous motors, where the field is excited by permanent magnets
that generate sinusoidal back EMF. It contains a rotor and stator same
as that of an induction motor, but a permanent magnet is used as a rotor
to create a magnetic field. Hence there is no need to wound field
winding on the rotor. It is also known as a 3-phase brushless permanent
sine wave motor. The permanent magnet synchronous motor
diagram is shown below.

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This motor is also similar to BLDC motor which has permanent
magnets on the rotor. Similar to BLDC motors these motors also have
traction characteristics like high power density and high efficiency. The
difference is that PMSM has sinusoidal back EMF whereas BLDC has
trapezoidal back EMF. Permanent Magnet Synchronous motors are
available for higher power ratings. PMSM is the best choice for high
performance applications like cars, buses. Despite the high cost, PMSM
is providing stiff competition to induction motors due to increased
efficiency than the latter. PMSM is also costlier than BLDC motors. Most
of the automotive manufacturers use PMSM motors for their hybrid
and electric vehicles. For example, Toyota Prius, Chevrolet Bolt EV,
Ford Focus Electric, zero motorcycles S/SR, Nissan Leaf, Hinda Accord,
BMW i3, etc use PMSM motor for propulsion.

PERMANENT MAGNET SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR OF TOYOTA PRIUS 2004

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2.4 SWITCHED RELUCTANCE MOTOR

Switched Reluctance Motors is a category of variable reluctance motor

with double saliency. Switched Reluctance motors are simple in
construction and robust. The rotor of the SRM is a piece of laminated
steel with no windings or permanent magnets on it. This makes the
inertia of the rotor less which helps in high acceleration. The robust nature
of SRM makes it suitable for the high-speed application. SRM also offers
high power density which are some required characteristics of Electric
Vehicles. Since the heat generated is mostly confined to the stator, it is
easier to cool the motor. The biggest drawback of the SRM is the
complexity in control and increase in the switching circuit. It also has
some noise issues. Once SRM enters the commercial market, it can
replace the PMSM and Induction motors in the future.

Fig – SWITCHED RELUCTANCE MOTOR

They consist of a stator with excitation windings and a magnetic rotor with
saliency. Rotor conductors are not required because torque is produced
by the tendency of the rotor to align with stator produced flux wave in such
a fashion so as to maximize the stator flux linkages that result from a given
applied stator current. Switched reluctance motor produces torque by
variable reluctance method. When stator coils are energized, variable
reluctance is set up in the air gap between the stator and the rotor. Rotor
tends to move to a position of least reluctance thus causing torque.
Switched Reluctance motor has characteristics like high starting torque,
wide speed range and good inherent fault-tolerance capability, which
makes it suitable for electric vehicle application. Some parameters that
must be taken into account while comparing above motors for choosing a
best suited motor for required electric vehicle application are power-to-
weight ratio, torque-speed characteristics, efficiency, cost of controller,
cost of motor.

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 CHAPTER 3

COMPARISON PARAMETERS

3.1 Power-to-Weight Ratio

Power-to-Weight Ratio is very important criteria for any vehicle (be electric
or gasoline) because lesser the weight more efficiently will the car run and
will be able to attain higher speeds more easily.

Power-to-weight ratio for electric motors is usually calculated using the peak
power of motor. Power-to-weight ratio for an electric motor is obtained by
dividing the peak power output of motor in KW by weight of motor in Kg. Unit
of power-to-weight ratio of motor is KW/Kg. A motor with higher power-to-
weight ratio is more suitable for EV application. Same type of motor with
same ratings is designed and manufactured differently by different electric
motor manufacturers and hence there can be a slight difference in their
weights. Here, we will consider mean weight of motor to calculate their
power-to-weight ratios. Now, if we consider different types of electric motors
with same power, voltage and speed ratings

The graph shows that the BLDC

motor has highest power-to-weight
ratio among all other motors. It is
followed by the induction and
switch reluctance motors. Second
to the last is synchronous motor
and the DC series motor has the
poorest ratio.

Therefore, in this aspect the BLDC

motor is the best suited motor.

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3.2 TORQUE-SPEED CHARACTERISTICS

The performance and suitability of an electric motor for a particular

application can be decided by its torque-speed characteristics. Torque-
speed characteristics are also called as mechanical characteristics. The
ideal mechanical characteristics of an electric motor for electric vehicle
application are as

Fig – Ideal Torque – Speed characteristics for an EV

When electric vehicle is used where frequent staring/stopping is required,

motor is operated in constant torque region, while at high speed; it is
operated in constant power region.

3.2.1 BLDC Motors (Series and Shunt)

DC series wound motor has high starting torque. Also, speed decreases with
increase in torque. DC shunt motors have medium staring torque, but speed
decreases slightly with increase in torque. Therefore, DC shunt wound
motors are used in constant speed application. Torque-speed characteristics
of brushless DC motor is more drooping than that of DC shunt motor

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 (a) (b)

Fig – Torque speed characteristics of (a) DC series motor (b) DC shunt motor

3.2.2 Three Phase Induction Motor

Torque-speed characteristics of an induction motor slightly differ with

different values of rotor resistance. Due to presence of breakdown torque,
constant power operation is limited in induction motor.

(a) (b)

Fig – Torque Speed characteristics of (a) 3 phase IM (b) SRM

3.2.3 Synchronous Motor

Synchronous motor operates at synchronous speed only and this speed of

motor is independent of variation in load. Therefore, synchronous motors are
used in vehicle where constant speed is required. The speed at which back

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emf is equal to bus voltage is called as base speed. For switched reluctance
motor, torque below base speed is controlled by Pulse Width Modulation
(PWM) of current while above base speed torque control is possible only
through control of phase turn-on and phase turn-off angles

3.3 Efficiency and Mileage

Motor is an electromechanical device which converts electrical energy into

mechanical energy. Whole of input electrical energy is not converted into
mechanical energy but is lost due to various factors. Electrical efficiency of an
electric motor gives us relation between electrical input and useful mechanical
output of motor and is generally given by ratio of shaft power output and motor
input power. Generally, all electric motors are designed to operate at maximum
efficiency at rated output of a motor. When an electric motor is used in electric
vehicle, motor will be operated at different loads. Therefore, peak efficiency and
efficiency at different loads of a motor must be considered before choosing it
for an electric vehicle application. Efficiencies of different electric motors at peak
load and at 10% load are tabulated below:

MOTOR TYPE PEAK EFFICIENCY EFFICIENCY AT 10%

(%) LOAD (IN %)

DC BRUSHED 85 – 90 80-85
MOTOR

DC BRUSHLESS >95 70-80

MOTOR

AC INDUCTION >90 >90

MOTOR

SYNCHRONOUS >92 80-85

MOTOR

SWITCHED <95 >90

RELUCTANCE
MOTOR

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Mileage for an electric vehicle will be defined as distance travelled (in km)
per kW of energy used like if a car runs 10 km for every 500 W output power
it receives at the crank shaft then the mileage can be calculated as 10 km
divided by the input power to the motor in kW to generate 500 W output
power at the shaft. So, mileage is given as

𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 (𝑘𝑚)

𝑀𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑔𝑒 =
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 (𝑘𝑊)

Now for comparison between different motors, we consider a case where

there is an electric vehicle which runs 10 km for every 500W of power
delivered at the output. We call this output mileage (let). So,

𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 (𝑘𝑚)

𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑀𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑔𝑒, 𝑀′ =
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 (𝑘𝑊)

We will take the same EV for the comparison for different motors. So, output
mileage, M’, is same for all the motors. Therefore, Mileage can be written as:

𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 (𝑘𝑊) 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 (𝑘𝑚)

𝑀𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 ( 𝑋
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 (𝑘𝑊)
𝑘𝑊)

𝑀𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 𝜂 × 𝑀′ or 𝑀𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑔𝑒 ∝ 𝜂

Since the output mileage is considered same for all the motors (since all
motors are being tested on same vehicle and output mileage depends on
the vehicle not the motor), the mileage thus comes out to be directly
proportional to the efficiency of the motor.

Therefore, the mileage will have same pattern as the efficiency.

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3.4 Cost of Controllers

Motor controllers are an important part of drive system of an electric vehicle.

Motor controller in electric vehicles offers improved performance, efficiency
and controllability. If an electric vehicle manufacturer wants to build a low-
cost electric vehicle, then choosing a low-cost controller would eventually
affect his choice for motor. For low voltage electric motor widely used in
electric vehicle cost of controllers of different electric motors with same
voltage and output power ratings, is as shown below.

The cost of DC brushless motor is

the highest and way more than its
other counterparts. Induction,
Synchronous and Switched
Reluctance motors have somewhat
similar prices.

DC brushed motors have least cost

but in other parameters it lags far
behind.

3.5 Cost of Motors

One of the important challenges ahead of electric vehicle manufacturers is

to provide consumer with an electric vehicle which is as good as gasoline
vehicle but within an affordable price. Cost of different electric motors with
same voltage and output power ratings are compared as shown below

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 3.6 Other Parameters

CHARACTERISTI BRUSHLES INDUCTIO SYNCHRONOU SWITCHED

C S DC N MOTOR S MOTOR RELUCTANC
MOTOR E MOTOR

COMPLEXITY Complex Simple Complex Simple

Design Design

SELF-STARTING Yes Yes No Yes

POWER DENSITY Highest Average High Very High

POWER FACTOR No No (always Yes (can be No

CONTROL lagging) made lag, lead)

COST Highest Least Moderate Moderate

3.7 CONCLUSION
In this study, we compare five different electric motors for electric vehicle application
on different criterions like power-to-weight ratio, torque-speed characteristics,
efficiency, cost of controller and cost of motor. Comparative evaluation indicates the
following.

1. DC brushed motor are easy to control, provide high torque at lower speeds but
have high maintenance cost, large size, low efficiency. 2. BLDC motor has higher
power-to-weight ratio, but its maintenance cost, cost of controller is high.

3. Three phase induction motor provides efficiency more than 90% at peak load as
well as at 10% load. Three phase induction motor and BLDC motor are the two most
widely used motors by electric vehicle manufacturers.

4. Synchronous motor has higher efficiency at lower speeds and improves battery
utilization and driving range. Synchronous motor is preferred where constant torque is
required. 5. Switched Reluctance motor provides a great alternative to induction motor
and BLDC motor with lower cost of motor and controller, high efficiency at peak load
as well as at 10% load, reliability and fault tolerance capability.

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 CHAPTER 4
MATLAB/SIMULINK DEMONSTRATION
In this section we have used Simulink to generate torque speed
characteristics of DC, AC Induction and Synchronous motors to
experimentally verify the results in the section 3.2 and make comparison
between these motors on the basis of Torque-speed characteristics.
4.1 DC Motor

Fig – Simulink Model of DC Motor

Fig – Torque Speed Characteristics of DC motor

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4.2 AC Induction Motor

Fig – Simulink Model of Induction Motor

Fig – Torque Speed Characteristics of Induction Motor

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 REFFERENCES

1. COMPARISON OF ELECTRIC MOTORS FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLE

APPLICATION Swaraj Ravindra Jape1 , Archana Thosar2 1B.E,
Electrical Engineering Department, Government College of
Engineering, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India 2Professor, Electrical
Engineering Department, Government College of Engineering,
Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India
2. chrome-
extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://core.ac.uk/dow
nload/pdf/147045512.pdf
3. https://www.electrical4u.net/induction-motor/switched-reluctance-
motor-srm-construction-working-types-advantages/
4. https://www.elprocus.com/what-is-a-permanent-magnet-synchronous-
motor-its-working/
5. https://www.thomasnet.com/articles/machinery-tools-
supplies/synchronous-motors-vs-induction-motors/
6. https://circuitdigest.com/article/different-types-of-motors-used-in-
electric-vehicles-
ev#:~:text=Induction%20motors%20are%20the%20preferred,motors
%20with%20AC%20induction%20motors

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