IELTS Reading TFNG/YNNG

TRUE/FALSE/NOTGIVEN

TASK 1

Passage: The Thames Tunnel

The Thames Tunnel was a tunnel built under the River Thames in London. It was the first
subaqueous tunnel ever built and many people claimed it was the Eighth Wonder of the World
at the time it was opened. It was opened in 1843 to pedestrians only and people came from far
and wide to see the marvel. The day it was first opened, it attracted fifth thousand people to
enter the tunnel and walk its length of almost 400 metres. The Thames Tunnel was used by people
from all classes. The working class used it for its functional use of crossing from one side of the
river to another, while for the middle classes and upper classes, it was a tourist experience. In
the age of sail and horse-drawn coaches, people travelled a long way to visit the tunnel, but this
was not enough to make the tunnel a financial success. It had cost over £500,000 to complete
which in those days was a considerable amount of money. However, even though it attracted
about 2 million people each year, each person only paid a penny to use it. The aim had been
for the tunnel to be used by wheeled vehicles to transport cargo so that it could bring in a profit.
But this failed and the tunnel eventually became nothing more than a tourist attraction selling
souvenirs. In 1865, the tunnel became part of the London Underground railway system which
continues to be its use today.

Questions 1-8
Are the following statements true, false or not given according to the information in the passage?

 True = the statement matches the information in the passage.

 False = the statement contradicts the information in the passage.
 Not Given = the information is not found in the passage.
1. The Thames Tunnel was the first tunnel ever built under a river.
2. The Thames Tunnel was the Eighth Wonder of the World.
3. People were drawn from all over to see the Thames Tunnel.
4. The tunnel was used more by the middle and upper classes.
5. People were able to travel by sea or land in those days.
6. The aim of the tunnel was to turn a profit as a tourist attraction.
7. Statues of the tunnel could be bought as souvenirs.
8. The tunnel is no longer used as a pedestrian walkway to cross the river.
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TASK 2
Pyramid Building
The most famous pyramid is the Great Pyramid of Giza which is actually only one of over a
hundred surviving pyramids. There is a long-standing question about how the pyramids were
built given the lack of technology over 4,000 years ago but scientists are piecing together the
puzzle. The blocks which make up the pyramids were hewn from quarries and then transported
to the pyramids for construction. This was an incredible feat considering the distance that the
raw materials had to travel and their enormous weight. The transportation of the materials was
either by river using a boat or by land using a wooden sledge. Given the softness of the ground,
the wheel would have been of little use had it been invented at that time. It is believed that the
sand in front of the sledge was wet with water in order to facilitate the movement of the sledge
and reduce friction. These sledges were pulled manually or sometimes by using beasts of burden
depending on the ease at which the sledges could move over the ground. Interestingly, two
thousand years after the pyramid building era of the Ancient Egyptians, the Romans moved stones
using similar techniques at Baalbek. Once the blocks arrived at the pyramid construction site, it
is thought they were moved into place using a ramp and pulley system.
The Old Kingdom period in Ancient Egyptian history is also known as the pyramid building era.
The Ancient Egyptians achieved the most remarkable feats of building work which have still not
been surpassed, particularly given the primitive technology used to build them. There is nothing
remotely mystical or magical about how the pyramids were built as is commonly thought. Further
still, while popular belief is that the Great Pyramid was built using slave labour, this theory has
since been debunked. The first building made in a pyramid shape is thought to be the Stepped
Pyramid which consists of six steps placed on top of each other in a pyramid shape to create the
world’s first superstructure. The credit to finally achieving a smooth sided pyramid goes to
Imhotep, an architect commissioned by King Sneferu. The pyramids were not an instant
achievement, but the achievement of trial and error.
Questions 1-8 : Decide if the statements below are True, False or Not Given according to the
information in the passage.
1. The controversy over the method used in the construction of the pyramids has been solved by
scientists.
2. It is possible that Ancient Egyptians could have lubricated paths to aid transportation by sledge.
3. Sleds were dragged by animals not humans.
4. The Romans learned the techniques of moving huge stones from the Ancient Egyptians.
5. The building work of the Ancient Egyptians is unrivalled.

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6. Some people believe that magic may have been used by the Ancient Egyptians to build the
pyramids.
7. The Great Pyramid was built using slave labour.
8. It took more than one attempt to get the construction of the pyramids right.

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TASK 3

Passage: Beethoven
Composer Ludwig van Beethoven was born on or near December 16, 1770, in Bonn, Germany.
He is widely considered the greatest composer of all time. Sometime between the births of his
two younger brothers, Beethoven’s father began teaching him music with an extraordinary rigour
and brutality that affected him for the rest of his life. On a near daily basis, Beethoven was
flogged, locked in the cellar and deprived of sleep for extra hours of practice. He studied the
violin and clavier with his father as well as taking additional lessons from organists around town.
Beethoven was a prodigiously talented musician from his earliest days and displayed flashes of
the creative imagination that would eventually reach farther than any composer’s before or since.

In 1804, only weeks after Napoleon proclaimed himself Emperor, Beethoven debuted his
Symphony No. 3 in Napoleon’s honor. It was his grandest and most original work to date — so
unlike anything heard before that through weeks of rehearsal, the musicians could not figure out
how to play it. At the same time as he was composing these great and immortal works, Beethoven
was struggling to come to terms with a shocking and terrible fact, one that he tried desperately
to conceal. He was going deaf. At the turn of the century, Beethoven struggled to make out the
words spoken to him in conversation.

Despite his extraordinary output of beautiful music, Beethoven was frequently miserable
throughout his adult life. Beethoven died on March 26, 1827, at the age of 56.

Questions 1 – 6
Are the following statements True, False or Not Given according to the information in the
passage?

1. It is not known exactly when Beethoven was born.

2. Beethoven suffered cruelty at the hands of his father.
3. Beethoven was denied hours of sleep as a punishment for poor performance.
4. Beethoven’s father was also a talented musician.
5. Beethoven’s Symphony No. 3 was inspired by a famous man.
6. In the early 1800’s Beethoven struggled to follow a conversation.

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YES/NO/NOT GIVEN

TASK 4

But salt is also an essential element. Without it, life itself would be impossible since the human
body requires the mineral in order to function properly. The concentration of sodium .ions in the
blood is directly related to the regulation of safe body fluid levels. And while we are all familiar
with its many uses in cooking, we may not be aware that this element is used in some 14,000
commercial applications. From manufacturing pulp and paper to setting dyes in textiles and
fabric, from producing soaps and detergents to making our roads safe in winter, salt plays an
essential part in our daily lives. Salt has a long and influential role in world history. From the
dawn of civilization, it has been a key factor in economic, religious, social and political
development in every corner of the world, it has been the subject of superstition, folklore, and
warfare, and has even been used as currency.

Questions 1-5: Are the following statements Yes, No or Not Given according to the
information in the passage?

1. It is possible to live without consuming salt.

2. Sodium ions control body fluid levels.
3. Salt has only culinary uses.
4. Salt deficiency results in diseases.
5. Salt has been used as money.

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TASK 5

Nature is abundant with sweet foodstuffs, the most common naturally occurring substance being
fructose, which is found in almost all fruits and berries and is the main component of honey. Of
course, once eaten, all foods provide one or more of the three basic food components – protein,
fat, and carbohydrate – which eventually break down (if and when required) to supply the body
with the essential sugar glucose. Nature also supplies us with sucrose, a naturally occurring sugar
within the sugar cane plant, which was discovered and exploited many centuries BC. Sucrose
breaks down into glucose within the body. Nowadays, this white sugar is the food industry
standard taste for sugar – the benchmark against which all other sweet tastes are measured. In
the U.S.A. a number of foods, and especially soft drinks, are commonly sweetened with High
Fructose Corn Syrup (HFCS), derived from corn starch by a process developed in the late 1960s.
And man has further added to nature’s repertoire by developing a dozen or so artificial
sweetening agents that are considered harmless, non-active chemicals with the additional
property of sweetness to cater to his sweet tooth.

Questions 1 – 6
Are the following statements True, False or Not Given according to the information in the
passage?

1. Fructose is the main constituent of honey and is present in almost all fruits and berries.
2. Sucrose is known as table sugar and chemically consists of glucose & fructose.
3. Sucrose is a common form of sugar found in the sugarcane plant, which was earlier discovered
and exploited.
4. Artificial sweeteners developed by man are considered to be harmful as they consist of active
chemicals.
5. High Fructose Corn Syrup (HFCS) is a sweetener made from corn starch which is commonly
used in soft drinks.

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TASK 6

Teens 'not damaged by screen time', study finds

There is little evidence of a link between the amount of time teenagers spend on devices and
their general wellbeing, a study has suggested. It counters claims that teenagers' mental and
physical health could be damaged by excessive screen time. Even just before bedtime, being
online, gaming or watching TV is not damaging to young people's mental health, study authors
said. They questioned the methodology of previous studies.
"While psychological science can be a powerful tool for understanding the link between screen
use and adolescent wellbeing, it still routinely fails to supply stakeholders and the public with
high-quality, transparent and objective investigations into growing concerns about digital
technologies," said Professor Andrew Przybylski, Director of Research at the Oxford Internet
Institute (OII) and co-author of the study.
Earlier this year, the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health (RCPCH) reached a similar
conclusion to the Oxford University study, but did suggest parents tell their children to put down
their devices in the hour before they go to bed. Dr Max Davie, from RCPCH, said of the new
study: "The controversy around screen use and adolescent wellbeing has always suffered from
an excess of opinion relative to data, and this paper helps to correct this, "The analysis is
robust and suggests an overall population effect too small to warrant consideration as a public
health
problem. They also question the widely held belief that screens before bedtime are especially
bad for mental health. "However, none of this is intended to suggest that screen time cannot
become excessive in individual cases, and we would still suggest that families follow our
guidance published earlier this year. We continue, for now, to recommend that screens be
avoided for one hour before bed since there are other reasons beside mental health for
children to need a good night's sleep."
But others felt the study did not go far enough. Dr Bernadka Dubicka, chair of the child and
adolescent faculty at the Royal College of Psychiatrists, said: "Although this is a well conducted
study involving a large data set, the conclusions can only be limited. "The study looks at how
long children spend looking at screens but not at what harmful content they might see. We
know that screen time is not the main driver of mental illness, but dangerous online content can
have an enormous impact on young people and their mental health.
"As a frontline clinician, I regularly see young people who have deliberately hurt themselves
after discussing self-harm techniques on social media. Urgent research is needed to explore the
complex relationship between online content and young people, with particular attention given
to the most vulnerable."
Source: BBC News website (Text edited for this practice exercise.)

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Questions 1-4
Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in the Reading Passage? Write:
YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer.
NO if the statement contradicts what the writer thinks.
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to know what the writer's point of view is.
1. Viewing an electronic screen before going to sleep at night is harmful.
2. Psychological science can explain the connection between computer use and mental and
physical health problems in teenagers.
3. The RCPCH advise that kids should not view electronic devices in the 60 minutes leading up
to bedtime.
4. Watching online violence is detrimental to the mental wellbeing of adolescents according to
Dr Dubicka.

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TASK 7

Nature or Nurture?

A A few years ago, in one of the most fascinating and disturbing experiments in behavioural
psychology, Stanley Milgram of Yale University tested 40 subjects from all walks of life for their
willingness to obey instructions given by a ‘leader’ in a situation in which the subjects might feel
a personal distaste for the actions they were a called upon to perform. Specifically, Milgram told
each volunteer ‘teach-subject’ that the experiment was in the noble cause of education, and was
designed to test whether or not punishing pupils for their mistakes would have a positive effect
on the pupil’s ability to learn

B Milgram’s experimental set-up involved placing the teacher-subject before a panel of thirty
switches with labels ranging from ’15 volts of electricity (slight shock) to ‘450 volts (danger –
severe shock) in steps of 15 volts each. The teacher-subject was told that whenever the pupil gave
the wrong answer to a question, a shock was to be administered, beginning at the lowest level
and increasing in severity with each successive wrong answer. The supposed ‘pupil’ was, in
reality, an actor hired by Milgram to simulate receiving the shocks by emitting a spectrum of
groans, screams and writhings together with an assortment of the statements and expletives
denouncing both the experiment and the experimenter. Milgram told the teacher-subject to ignore
the reactions of the pupil, and to administer whatever level of shock was called for, as per the
rule governing the experimental situation of the moment

C As the experiment unfolded, the pupil would deliberately give the wrong answers to questions
posed by the teacher, thereby bringing on various electrical punishments, even up to the danger
level of 300 volts and beyond. Many of the teacher-subject baulked at administering the higher
levels of punishment, and turned to Milgram with questioning looks and/or complaints about
continuing the experiment. In these situations, Milgram calmly explained that the teacher-subject
was to ignore the pupil’s cries for mercy and carry on with the experiment. If the subject was still
reluctant to proceed, Milgram said that is was important for the sake of the experiment that the
procedure be followed through to the end. His final argument was, ‘’You have no other choice.
You must go on’. What Milgram was trying to discover was the number of teacher-subjects who
would be willing to administer the highest levels of shock, even in the face of the strong personal
and moral revulsion against the rules and conditions of the experiment

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D Prior the carrying out the experiment, Milgram explained his idea to a group of 39 psychiatrists
and asked them to predict the average percentage of people in an ordinary population who
would be willing to administer the highest shock level of 450 volts. The overwhelming consensus
was that virtually all the teacher-subjects would refuse to obey the experimenter. The psychiatrists
felt that ‘most subjects would not go beyond 150 volts’ and they further anticipated that only four
per cent would go up to 300 volts. Furthermore, they thought that only a lunatic fringe of about
one in 1,000 would give the highest shock of 450 volts

E what were the actual results? Well, over 60 per cent of the teacher-subjects continued to obey
Milgram up to the 450-volt limit. In repetitions of the experiment in other countries, the percentage
of the obedient teacher-subjects was even higher, reaching 85 per cent in one country. How can
we possibly account for this vast discrepancy between what calm, rational, knowledgeable
people predict in the comfort of their study and what pressured, flustered, but cooperative
‘teachers’ actually do in the laboratory of real life?

F One’s first inclination might be to argue that there must be some sort of built-in animal
aggression instinct that was activated by the experiment, and that Milgram’s teacher-subjects
were just following a genetic need to discharge this pent-up primal urge onto the pupil by
administering the electrical shock. A modern hard-core sociobiologist might even go so far as to
claim that this aggressive instinct evolved as an advantageous trait, having been of survival value
to our ancestors in their struggle against the hardships of the life on the plains and in the caves,
ultimately finding its way into our genetic make-up as a remnant of our ancient animal ways

G An alternative to this notion of genetic programming is to see the teacher-subjects’ actions as

a result of the social environment under which the experiment was carried out. As Milgram himself
pointed out ‘ Most subjects in the experiment see their behaviour in a larger context that is
benevolent and useful to society – the pursuit of scientific truth. The psychological laboratory has
a strong claim to legitimacy and evokes trust and confidence in those who perform there. An
action such as shocking a victim, which in isolation appears evil, acquires a completely different
meaning when placed in this setting

H Thus, in this explanation the subject merges his unique personality and personal and moral
code with that of larger institutional structures, surrendering individual properties like loyalty, self-
sacrifice and discipline to the service of malevolent systems of authority

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I Here we have two radically different explanations for why so many teacher-subjects were
willing to forgo their sense of personal responsibility for the sake of an institutional authority
figure. The problem for biologists, psychologists and anthropologist is to sort out which of these
two polar explanations is more plausible. This, in essence, is the problem of modern sociobiology
– to discover the degree to which hard-wired genetic programming dictates, or at least strongly
biases, the interaction of animals and humans with their environment, that is, their behaviour. Put
another way, sociobiology is concerned with elucidating the biological basis of all behaviour

Questions 1-3

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading

Passage 1?

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

1 Several of the subjects were psychology students at the Yale University.

- Ch?n -

2 Some people may believe that the teacher-subjects’ behaviour could be explained as a positive
survival mechanism.
C. NOT GIVEN

3 In a sociological explanation, personal values are more powerful than

authority.

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TASK 8

Johnson’s Dictionary

For the century before Johnson’s Dictionary was published in1775, there had been concern
about the state of the English language. There was no standard way of speaking or writing and
no agreement as to the best way of bringing some order to the chaos’ of English spelling. Dr
Johnson provided the solution

There had, of course, been dictionaries in the past, the first of these being a little book of some
120 pages, compiled by a certain Robert Cawdrays, published in 1604 under the title A Table
Alphabetically ‘of hard usually English worders’. Like the various dictionaries that came after it
during the seventeenth century, Cawdray’s tended to concentrate on ‘scholarly’ words: one
function of the dictionary was to enable its student to convey an impression of fine learning.

Beyond the practical need to make order out of chaos, the rise of dictionaries is associated with
the rise of the English middle class, who were anxious to define and circumscribe the various
worlds to conquer – lexical as well as social and commercial. It is highly appropriate that Dr
Samuel Johnson, the very model of an eighteenth-century literary man, as famous in his own time
as in ours, should have published his Dictionary at the very beginning of the heyday of the middle
class

Johnson was a poet and critic who raised common sense to the heights of genius. His approach
to the problems that had worried writers throughout the late seventeenth and early eighteenth
centuries was intensely practical. Up until his time, the task of producing a dictionary on such a
large scale had seemed impossible without the establishment of an academy to make decisions
about right and wrong usage. Johnson decided he did not need an academy to settle arguments
about language; he would write a dictionary himself; and he would do it single-handed. Johnson
signed the contract for the Dictionary with the bookseller Robert Dosley at a breakfast held at the
Golden Anchor Inn near Holborn Bar on 18 June 1764. He was to be paid £ 1,575 in
instalments, and from this he took money to rent 17 Gough Square, in which he set up his
‘dictionary workshop’

James Boswell, his biographer, described the garret where Johnson worked as ‘fitted up like a
counting house’ with a long desk running down the middle at which the copying clerks would
work standing up
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Johnson himself was stationed on a rickety chair at an ‘old crazy deal table’ surrounded by a
chaos of borrowed books. He was also helped by six assistants, two of whom died whilst the
Dictionary was still in preparation

The work was immense; filling about eighty large notebooks (and without a library to hand),
Johnson wrote the definitions of over 40,000 words, and illustrated their many meanings with
some 14.000 quotations drawn from Elizabethans to his own time. He did not expect to achieve
complete originality. Working to a deadline, he had to draw on the best of all previous
dictionaries, and to make his work one of heroic synthesis. In fact, it was very much more. Unlike
his predecessors, Johnson treated English very practically, as a living language, with many
different shades of meaning. He adopted his definitions on the principle of English common law
– according to precedent. After its publication, his Dictionary was not seriously rivalled for over
a century

After many vicissitudes, the Dictionary was finally published on 15 April 1775. It was instantly
recognised as a landmark throughout Europe. ‘This very noble work’ wrote the leading Italian
lexicographer,’ will be a perpetual monument of Fame to the Author, an Honour to his own
Country in particular, and a general Benefit to the Republic of Letters throughout Europe.’ The
fact that Johnson had taken on the Academies of Europe and matched them (everyone knew that
forty French academics had taken forty years to produce the first French national dictionary) was
cause for much English celebration.

Johnson had worked for nine years,’ with little assistance of the learned, and without any
patronage of the great; not in the soft obscurities of retirement, or under the shelter of academic
bowers, but amidst inconvenience and distraction, in sickness and in sorrow’. For all its faults
and eccentricities his two-volume work is a masterpiece and a landmark, in his own words,
‘setting the orthography, displaying the analogy, regulating the structures, and ascertaining the
significations of English words’’. It is the cornerstone of Standard English, an achievement which,
in James Boswell’s words, ‘conferred stability on the language of his country’.

The Dictionary, together with his other writing, made Johnson famous and so well esteemed that
his friends were able to prevail upon King George III to offer him a pension. From then on, he
was to become the Johnson of folklore

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Question 1-6: Do the following statements agree with the information given in
Reading Passage?

write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

1 The growing importance of the middle classes led to an increased demand for
dictionaries.

2 Johnson has become more well-known since his death.

3 Johnson had been planning to write a dictionary for several years.

4 Johnson set up an academy to help with the Writing of his Dictionary.

5 Johnson only received payment for his Dictionary on its completion.

6 Not all of the assistants survived to see the publication of the Dictionary.

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