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Chapter5 180620152126
Chapter5 180620152126
Chapter5 180620152126
Chapter 5
Axial Force, Shear, and Bending Moment
• Even for a beam with all forces on the same plane, i.e., a planar beam
problem, a system of three internal force components can develop at
a section: the axial force, the shear and the bending moment
• For members in 3-D systems, there are six possible internal force
components: an axial force, two shear components, two bending
moment components, and a torque.
• The link shown in Fig. 1(a) can resist a force only in the direction of
line 𝐴𝐵. The roller in Fig. 1(b) can resist only a vertical force, whereas
the rollers in Fig. 1(c) can resist only a force that acts perpendicular to
the plane 𝐶𝐷.
• A reaction of these types corresponds to a single unknown when
equation of statics is applied.
• Another type of support that may be used is a pin. In construction,
such a support is realized by using a detail shown in Fig. 2(a). While,
Fig. 2(b) is diagrammatical representation.
Fig. 4: three basic types of idealized supports for planar structural systems. Simple supports:
(a) a pinned support resists two force components, and (b) a roller or a link resists only one directed force
Fixed support: (c) it resists two force components and a moment
Diagrammatic Conventions for Loading
• Frequently a force is applied to a beam through a post, a hanger, or a
bolted detail, as shown in Fig. 5(a). Such arrangements apply the
force over a very limited portion of the beam and are idealized as
concentrated forces.
Fig. 9: loaded horizontal member applies an applied force and a concentrated moment to the vertical member
• If the supports at the ends of a beam are either pins or rollers, the
beams are simply supported, or simple beams, Figs. 10(a) and (b)
• Fixed beam, if the ends have fixed supports, Fig. 10(c)
Fig. 10: Types of Beams
• Restrained beams, one end is fixed and other is simply supported, Fig.
10(d). This beam is restrained from rotation.
• Cantilever beam, fixed at one end and completely free at the other
end, Fig. 10(e)
• If the beam projects beyond a support, Overhanging beam, Fig. 10(f)
• If intermediate supports are provided for a physically continuous
member acting as a beam, Fig. 10(g), Continuous beam.
• The distance 𝐿, between supports is called a span. In a continuous
beam, there are several spans that may be of varying lengths.
• The beam shown in Fig. 10(a) is a simple beam with a concentrated
load, whereas the beam in Fig. 10(b) is a simple beam with a
uniformly distributed load.
• If for a planar beam or a frame, the number of unknown reaction
components, including a bending moment, does not exceed three,
such a system is externally statically determinate.
• These unknowns can be found from the equations of static
equilibrium.
Calculation of Beam Reactions
• When all the forces are applied in one plane, three equations of static
equilibrium are available for the analysis.
𝐹𝑥 = 0 , 𝐹𝑦 = 0 , 𝑀𝑧 = 0
• From straight beams in the horizontal position, the x-axis will be taken
in an horizontal direction, the y-axis in the upward vertical direction,
and the z-axis normal to the plane of the paper.
• The deformation of beams, being small, is neglected when the
equations of statics are applied.
Part B - Direct Approach for Axial Force, Shear and
Bending Moment
Application of the method of sections
• The analysis of any beam or frame for determining the internal forces
begins with the preparation of a free-body diagram showing both the
applied and the reactive forces.
• If a whole body is in equilibrium, any part of it is likewise in
equilibrium.
• Consider a beam shown in Fig. 11, with certain concentrated and
distributed forces acting on it. The reactions can be computed using
equations of static equilibrium. At a section of such a member, a
vertical force, a horizontal force, and a moment are necessary to
maintain the isolated part in equilibrium.
Axial Force in Beams
∆𝑉
or =𝑞
∆𝑥
• For equilibrium, the summation of moments around 𝐴 must be zero.
• From point 𝐴 the arm of the distributed forces is ∆𝑥/2, one has
𝑀𝐴 = 0 ↺ + 𝑀 + ∆𝑀 − 𝑉∆𝑥 − 𝑀 − 𝑞 ∆𝑥 ∆𝑥 2 = 0
∆𝑀 𝑞 ∆𝑥
or =𝑉+
∆𝑥 2
• If the applied load acts upward, the slope of the shear diagram is
positive, and vice versa. The slope is equal to the corresponding
applied load intensity.
• Consider a segment of a beam with a uniformly distributed
downward load 𝑤0 and known shears at both ends, as shown in Fig.
16(a). Since here the applied load intensity 𝑤0 is negative and
uniformly distributed, i.e., 𝑞 = −𝑤0 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡, the slope of the
shear diagram exhibits the same characteristics.
• The linearly varying load intensity acting upward on a beam segment
with known shears at the ends has a diagram as shown in Fig. 16
• The locally applied upward load 𝑞1 is smaller than the corresponding
one 𝑞2 near the right end. Therefore, the positive slope of the shear
diagram on the left is smaller than it is on the right, and the shear
diagram is concave upward.
• When the consecutive summation process is used, the diagram must
end up with the previously calculated shear (reaction) at the right end
of a beam.
Moment Diagrams by Integration of the Shear
𝑥
𝑀= 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶2
0
• Where 𝐶2 is a constant of integration corresponding to boundary
conditions at 𝑥 = 0.
• The meaning of the term 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 is shown graphically by the hatched
areas of the shear diagrams in Fig. 17. The summation of these areas
between definite sections through a beam corresponds to an
evaluation of the definite integral.
• If the ends of a beam are on rollers, pin-ended, or free, the starting
and the terminal moments are zero.
• If the end is built-in (fixed against rotation), in statically determinate
beams, the end moment is known from the reaction calculations.
• If the fixed end of the beam is on the left, this moment with the
proper sign is the initial constant of integration 𝐶2 .
Fig. 17: Shear and moment diagrams for (a) a uniformly distributed load intensity, and
(b) a uniformly increasing load intensity
• By proceeding continuously along the beam from the left-hand end
and summing up the areas of the shear diagram with due regard to
their sign, the moment is obtained.
• The change in moment in a given segment of a beam is equal to the
area of the corresponding shear diagram.
• The slopes of the diagram have the same sign and magnitude as the
corresponding shears on the shear diagram, since 𝑑𝑀 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑉.
• If no shear occurs along a certain portion of a beam, no change in
moment takes place.
• The maximum or minimum moment occurs where the shear is zero.
• In a bending-moment diagram obtained by summation, at the right-
hand end of the beam, the terminal conditions for the moment must
be satisfied.
• If the end is free or pinned, the computed sum must equal to zero.
• If the end is built-in, the end moment computed by summation
equals the one calculated initially for the reaction.
Fig. 19: (b) Shear and (c) bending-moment diagrams for (a) the symmetrically loaded beam
• All four equations can be written as one using the following symbolic
function:
𝑛 0 for 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑎
𝑥−𝑎 = 𝑛
𝑥−𝑎 for 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ ∞
where 𝑛 ≥ 0 𝑛 = 0, 1, 2, . . . .
• The expression enclosed by the pointed brackets does not exist until
𝑥 reaches 𝑎. For 𝑥 beyond 𝑎, the expression becomes an ordinary
binomial. For 𝑛 = 0 and for 𝑥 > 𝑎, the function is unity.
• On this basis, the four separate functions for 𝑀 𝑥 given for the beam
of Fig. 21 can be combined into one expression that is applicable
across the whole span:
1 1 0 1
𝑀 = 𝑅1 𝑥 − 0 − 𝑃1 𝑥 − 𝑑 + 𝑀𝑏 𝑥 − 𝑏 + 𝑃2 𝑥 − 𝑐
Here the values of 𝑎 are 0, 𝑑, 𝑏, and 𝑐, respectively.
• To work with this function further, it is convenient to introduce two
additional symbolic functions. One is for the concentrated force,
treating it as a degenerate case of a distributed. The other is for the
concentrated moment, treating it similarly.
Fig. 22: Concentrated force 𝑃 and moment 𝑀𝑎 : (a) and (b) considered as distributed load, and
(c) Symbolic notation for 𝑃 and 𝑀 at 𝑎