Chapter 1: Fundamental of

Electric Circuit
Ms Sulastri Abdul Manap
Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Technology
Universiti Malaysia Pahang

sulastri@ump.edu.my
https://t.me/joinchat/k-sdfDL3_-owMDc1
 Outcomes
1- Distinguish the principal elements of electric
circuit: nodes, loops, meshes, branches, voltage
and current source, power and energy.
2- Apply Kirchhoff’s laws to simple electric
circuits and derive the basic circuit equations.
3- State and Apply Ohm’s law to electric circuits
1.1. Distinguish the principal
elements of electric circuit:
nodes, loops, meshes, branches,
voltage and current source,
power and energy.
• An electric circuit is an interconnection of electrical elements.
• A simple electric circuit is shown in Fig. 1.1. It consists of three
basic components: a battery, a lamp, and connecting wires.
Such a simple circuit can exist by itself; it has several
applications, such as a torch light, a search light, and so forth.
• Branch
• A branch is any portion of a circuit with two
terminals connected to it.
• Node
• Loop
• A loop is any closed connection of branches.
• Mesh
• A mesh is a loop that does not contain other loops.
1.2 Apply Kirchhoff’s laws to simple
electric circuits and derive the basic
circuit equations.
 KIRCHHOFF’S CURRENT
LAW (KCL)
Choose
Add the current entering
the node (and subtract
the one leaving the
node).
Exit
Enter

5 + i - 2 - (-3) = 0
i = -6 A
 E X A M PLE

From Ohm’s Law,

v1 = 2i v2=−3i (eq. 1)

Applying KVL around the loop gives,

− 20 + v1 − v2 = 0 (eq. 2)
 EXAMPLE (cont’d)
Substituting (eq. 1) into (eq. 2), we obtain:

− 20 + 2i + 3i = 0
5i = 20
i = 4A

Substituting i in (eq. 1) finally gives:

v1 = 8 V v2 = −12 V
 E X A M PLE
Given:

Find: v0 and i in the circuit shown above.

Solution:
 EXAMPLE (cont’d)
We apply KVL around the loop as shown in the figure.
The result is:
− 1 2 + 4i + 2v0 − 4 − v0 = 0
(eq. 1)

Applying Ohm’s Law to the 6-Ω resistor gives:

v0 = −6i
(eq. 2 )
Substituting (eq. 2) into (eq. 1) yields:
−16 +10i −12i = 0
i = −8 A

v0 = 4 8 V
1.3 State and Apply Ohm’s law to
electric circuits
 ELECTRIC POWER
• Power is the time rate of expending or absorbing energy,
measured in watts (W).

• The electric power generated by an active element, or that

dissipated or stored by a passive element, is equal to the
product of the voltage across the element and the current
flowing through it.

• P = V.I
 ELECTRIC POWER
In general:

Power absorbed = - Power supplied

Energy absorbed or supplied by an element from

time t0 to time tis:
t t
w =  p dt =  vi dt
t0 t0

Energy is the capacity to do work, measured in

joules (J).
 SIGN CONVENTION
Passive sign convention states that:

The power dissipated by a load is a positive quantity

+ ⎯⎯→−i − ⎯⎯→+i

Power dissipated (-) Power dissipated (+)

Power generated (+) Power generated (-)
 Steps Required:
• Choose an arbitrary direction of current flow
• Label polarities of all active elements (voltage
and current sources)
• Assign polarities to all passive elements
(resistors and load), for passive elements the
current always flow into the positive terminal
• Compute the power dissipated by each
element according to the following rule
• Rules:
– If positive current flows into positive terminal of
an element, then the power dissipated is positive (
element absorbs power)
– If the current leaves the positive terminal of an
element, then the power dissipated is negative
(element delivers power)
 E X A M PLE
Given:

Find: For the circuit of figure shown, determine which

components are absorbing power and which are
delivering power. Is conservation of power
satisfied? Explain your answer.
 E X A M PLE
Solution:
Known Quantities: Currents through elements D and E;
voltage across elements B, C, E.

Find: Which components are absorbing power, which

are supplying power; verify the conservation of power.

Analysis:
Step 1: Choose an arbitrary direction of current flow.
- Current flow is in clockwise direction

Step 2: Label polarities for voltage or current sources

 E X A M PLE
Solution (con’t)
Therefore
- By KCL, the current through element B is 5 A, to the right.
- By KVL: -va – 3 +10 + 5 = 0
Therefore, the voltage across element A is:
va = 12 V (positive at the top)
Step 3: Compute the power dissipated by each element
A supplies (12 V)(5 A) = 60 W
B supplies (3 V)(5 A) = 15 W
C absorbs (5 V)(5 A) = 25 W
D absorbs (10 V)(3 A) = 30 W
E absorbs (10 V)(2 A) = 20 W
Total power supplied = 60 W + 15 W = 75 W
Total power absorbed = 25 W+30W+20W= 75 W

Total power supplied = Total power absorbed, so conservation of

power is satisfied