CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that

Master Akarshan kumar a student Of class 12 XII
science has successfully completed the project
“preparation of soap and their cleansing agent” under
guidance of Mr. CHOTELAL ( PGT-CHEMISTRY). During
the academic year 2022 -23 in particular fulfillment of
chemistry practical examination conducted by Central
Board of Secondary Education ( CBSE ).

SIGN OF EXTERNAL EXAMINER::

SIGN OF SUBJECT TEACHER::

SIGN OF PRINCIPAL::
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all I am immensely indebted to almighty god for his

blessings of and grace without which I could not have
undertaken this task and my efforts would never have been
success.
I would like to sincerely and profusely thank MR. CHOTELAL
For the valuable guidance, advice and for giving useful
suggestions and relevant ideas facilitate and easy and early
completion of this project.
This guidance and support received from my entire
classmates who contributed and who are contributing to this
project, is vital for the success of this project. I am greatful
for their constant support and help.
I also owe sense of gratitude to my parents for
encouragement and support throughout the project.

SIGNATURE OF STUDENT::
 INTRODUCTION
In chemistry, soap is a salt of a fatty acid. Soap are
mainly used as surfactants for washing, bathing,
cleaning .
Fats and oils are composed or triglycerides; three
molecules of fatty acids are attached to a single
molecules of glycerol. The alkaline solution, which is
often called lye, brings about a chemical reaction as
saponification .
They have a polar end which is hydrophilic (water
loving) and a long non-polar chain which is
hydrophobic (water hating). As a consequence, they
can form emulsion by suspending oil in water.
FATTY END OF WATER SOLUBLE END
CH3-(CH2)n-COONa
Soaps are useful for cleaning because soap molecules
have both a hydrophilic end, which dissolves in water,
as well as hydrophobic end, which is able to dissolve
non-polar grease molecules.
 MICELLE
Micelles is an aggregate of surfactant molecules
disperse in a liquid colloid.
In an aqueous solution, molecules having polar or
charged or group and non polar regions (amphiphilic
molecules) from aggregate called micelle. In a micelle,
polar or ionic heads from an outer shell in contact with
water, while non-polar tails are sequestered in the
interior.

Hence, the core of a micelle being formed of long non-

polar tails, resembles an oil gasoline drop. The number
of amphiphilic molecules forming the aggregate is
called aggregation number ; it is a way to describe the
size of the micelle.
TO PREPARE SAMPLE OF SOAP AND TO EXAMINE ITS
PROPERTIES::
EQUIPMENT’S:-
*250ml beaker
*sodium hydroxide(20% solution)
*100ml beaker
*ethanol
*wire gauge
*saturated solution of sodium chloride
*laboratory burner
*CaCl (5% solution)
*glass stirring rod
*MgCl2 (5% solution )
*test tube and FeCl (5% solution)
*filter flask and burner funnel
*kerosene and filter paper
*cooking oil and graduated cylinder
*watch glass to extinguished ethanol flames
PROCEDURE:-

1.Measure 20 gm of cooking oil into a 250ml beaker. At 20

ml of ethanol and 25ml of 20% NaOH solution. Stir the
mixture in the beaker, place the beaker on wire gauge on a
rings stand and heat gently.
2. Heat until the odor disappears.
3. Turns of the burner and allow the beaker to cool down
4. move it safely to bensetop

5. At that 100ml of saturated NaCl to your soap

preparation and stir the mixture thoroughly.
6. It is used to remove the soap from water, glycerol and
any excess NaOH present.
7. Filter of the soap with vacuum filtration apparatus and
wash once with ice water.
8. Weigh your dried soap and record the weight.

PROPERTIES

WASHING PROPERTIES
Take a small amount of soap and try to wash your hands with
it. It should lather rather easily if soft water or deionized
water
EMULSIFICATION
Put 5-10 drops of kerosene in test tube containing 10ml
water shake to mix. Emulsification or suspension of tiny oil
droplets in water from formed ..let this stand for a few
minutes.
Prepare a another test tube with the same ingredients and
also add a small portion (1/2 gm)of your soap. Shake to mix,
compare the relative stability of the two emulsion.
HARD WATER REACTION
Take 1g of your soap and warm it with 150ml of water in a
100ml beaker.
When you have obtained a reasonably clear solution. Pour
about 15ml into each of three test tubes.
Test one of the three test tubes with 10 drops of 5% CaCl2
solution, one with 10 drops of 5% MgCl2 solution and one
with 10 drops 5% FeCl3 solution.
Let these solution stand, then make your observation.
BASICITY:- Soap with free alkali can be very damaging to
skin, silk or wool.
It’s test
Dissolve a small piece of your soap in 15ml of ethanol and
then add two drops of phenolphthalein. It the indicators
turns red, the presence of free alkali is indicated.
It the indicators turns red, the presence of free alkali is
indicator.
 Fats and oils are hydrolyzed with a high pressure
to yield crude fatty acids and glycerols.
 The fatty acid are then purified by distillation and
neutralized with an alkali to produce soap and
water.
 Fatty acid + NaOH > glycerol + sodium soap
 Sodium soaps are “hard” soap
 The more saturated the oil (tropical vegetables oils
such as coconut oil), the harder the soap.
Fatty acid + KOH > glycerol + potassium soap

Potassium soap are softer and are found in some

liquid hand soap and shaving cream.
BIBLIOGRAPHY

I would like to acknowledge the following sources

through which I obtained vital information which
contributed in the completion of this project:

I. slideshare.com
II. wikipedia.org
III. icbse.co.in
IV. scribd.com