Description of Circle

Circle
A circle is a locus of points (set of points) that is equidistant from a fixed point called center. The
distance between the center and any point in the circle is called radius.

Formula of Circle

The standard form of the equation of a circle whose center is on the point (ℎ, 𝑘) and the given length of
the radius is 𝑟 is,

(x – h) 2 + (y − k) 2 = r2 .

Example of Circle

I. Given the standard form of a circle, determine the center and the length of the radius. Then, sketch a
graph.

a. (x – 2) 2 + (y − 3) 2 = 4

b. (x – 4) 2 + (y − 1) 2 = 25

c. (x – 3) 2 + y2 = 1

Solutions:

a. (x – 2) 2 + (y − 3) 2 = 4

First, determine the value of h, k, and r.

ℎ=2 𝑘=3 𝑟=2

So the center of the circle is (ℎ, 𝑘) = (2,3) and the length of the radius is 𝑟 = 2 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡s.
Think!
Why the length of the radius is equal to 2?
Because in the standard form, the right side of the equation shows that 𝑟2 = 4.
Hence, getting the square root of both sides, 𝑟 = 2.

Graph:

b. (x – 4) 2 + (y − 1) 2 = 25

Solution:
Note that (x – 4) 2 + (y − 1) 2 = 25 can be written as
(x - (-4)) 2 + (y − 1) 2 = 52

So, we have ℎ = −4 𝑘 = 1 𝑟 = 5.
Therefore, the center is (ℎ, 𝑘) = (−4,1) and the length of the radius is 𝑟 = 5.

Graph:
Description of Ellipse

Ellipse

An ellipse is the set of all points on a plane that the sum of distances from two fixed points are all equal
or constant. Those two points are called foci (focus for singular).

Properties of Ellipse

 The distance between the center and one of the vertices is |𝑎|.

 The distance between the center and one of the endpoints of the minor axis is |𝑏|.

 The distance between the center and one of the directrices is 2 a c .

 Length of the major axis: |2𝑎| units  Length of the minor axis: |2𝑏| units

Formula of Ellipse

Standard Form of an Ellipse (center at point (𝒉, 𝒌) and 𝒂 > )

Form 1: (x - h ) 2  (y - k ) 2  1 (major axis is horizontal)

a2 b2
Center: (ℎ, 𝑘)

Vertex: (ℎ + 𝑎, 𝑘), (ℎ − 𝑎, 𝑘)

Foci: (ℎ + 𝑐, 𝑘), (ℎ − 𝑐, 𝑘)

Endpoints of Minor Axis: (ℎ, 𝑘 + 𝑏), (ℎ, 𝑘 − 𝑏)

Eccentricity: e  c
a

Directrices:

Form 2:

Center: (ℎ, 𝑘)

Vertex: (ℎ, 𝑘 + 𝑎), (ℎ, 𝑘 − 𝑎)

Foci: (ℎ, 𝑘 + 𝑐), (ℎ, 𝑘 − 𝑐)

Endpoints of Minor Axis: (ℎ + 𝑏, 𝑘), (ℎ − 𝑏, 𝑘)

Eccentricity: e  c
A
Directrices:

Example of Ellipse

Examples: Determine the different parts of the given ellipses, then sketch a graph.

Note: 𝑎 > 𝑏 and 𝑐2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑏2

Solutions:

Standard form:

So, we have ℎ = 2, 𝑘 = −2, 𝑎 = 5, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 = 3.

Solve for c. c 2  5 2 − 32
c2  25-9
c2  16
c4

Since the denominator of variable 𝑦 is larger than of variable 𝑥, we use the standard form 2.
Center: (2, −2)
Vertex: (2, −2 + 5), (2, −2 − 5)
(2,3), (2, −7)
Foci: (2, −2 + 4), (2, −2 − 4)
(2,2), (2, −6)
Endpoints of Minor Axis: (2 + 3, −2), (2 − 3, −2)
(5, −2), (−1, −2)
Eccentricity: e =4
5

Directrices:

Graph:
Standard Form:

So, we have ℎ = −1, 𝑘 = 7, 𝑎 = 13, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 = 12.

Solve for c. c2 = 132 −122

c2 = 169 – 144
c2 = 25
c2 = 5
Using standard form 1, we have the following:
Center: (−1,7)
Vertex: (−1 + 13,7), (−1 − 13,7)
(12,7), (−14,7)
Foci: (−1 + 5,7), (−1 − 5,7)
(4,7), (−6,7)
Endpoints of Minor Axis: (−1,7 + 12), (−1,7 − 12)
(−1,19), (−1, −5)

Eccentricity: e = 5_
13

Directrices: