Introduction to Microprocessors and Organization of 8085 Evolution of microprocessors What is microprocessor Block diagram of generic microprocessor and study of various blocks init. Block diagram of 8085 microprocessor. Study of various block and functions of various pins on it.[184] Computer Science-XIT Introd, to Microprocessors and Orgn. of goss Evolution of Microprocessors In the last fifly years, semiconductor technology has Sey sin changes. After the invention of transistor, integrated circuits ( Se ectet athe scene at the end of 1950, IC consist of several transistors, diodes an Sede ona single chip. In 1960, small scale integration (SSI) peteirden Ae Meat nt n this technology the Circuit of logic gate was integrated on single chip. series ig example of SSI technology. fabri As semi conductor technology advanced, more than 100 gates ee fabricated on one chip. This was called medium_scale integration (MSI). A typical example of MSI is IC 7490. Within few years, it was possible to fabricate more than 1000 gates ona single chip, this came to be known as large-scale integration (LSI). Now we are in era of very-large scale integration (VLSI) and super large-scale integration (SLs), Because of LSI technology, it became possible to build many computing functions and their related timings ona single chip. (176 °°" was the first 4-bit programmable device that was used in designed by Intel corporation and became known-as 4-bit FOcessor. It was quickly replaced by the 8 -bit microprocessor, Intel 8008.17 “mid-1970's, the Intel 8080 came in market and gets widely used in control applications, Small computers were designed using 8080 as the CPU. These computers became known as microcomputers. Within few years after the emergence of the 8080 the Motorola 6800, Zilog Z80 and Intel 8085 microprocessors were developed as the improvements over the 8080. The 6800 was designed with a different architecture and instruction set than that of 8080. 8085 and Z80 were “upward software compatible” with 8080. They included all the instructions of 8080 plus additional instructions. As the microprocessors began to acquire more and more computing functions, they were viewed as central processing units (CPUs) rather than programmable logic devices. Most microcomputers are now built with 32-bit microprocessors. The 8-bit microprocessors are being used in control applications Broadly we can classify the evolution of microprocessor as follows : First generation : The first microprocessor introduced in the market was Intel 4004, a 4-bit PMOS microprocessor in 1971 by scientist Fagin. This microprocessor was in fact designed to be used in calculator. It was inadequate for general purpose computing, In 1972 Intel introduced the 8008, the first 8 bit microprocessor with the development of LS! technology with 45 instructions. Ex.: INTEL 4040, Toshiba’s T 3472 Second generation : In 1976, 8085 was introduced: It is 8 bit microprocessor has been in the direction towards a compl i stern with CPU, ROM, RAM, clock, 1/0 ports, all in single Packie PEE Ex.: Intel 8048, motorala MC 6801 etc. microprocessor, Developmentvr rod to Microprocessors and Orgn. of gogs Computer Science-XI1 [185] ration : qind gene The other major direction of Microprocessor evoluation has been towards one wich performs all function of a Mminicomputer, which can work with bytes, strings characters and instruction cycle of 1 microsecond, © jn 1978 INTEL introduced its high performance 16 bit microprocessor the 8086 called as APX 86, It was introduced by Stephen Mors, Druce Revenal of other scientist. Ex: INTEL 8086, 8088, zylog 28000, M 6800 ete. All these are 16 bit microprocessor. fourth generation : Recently in 1981, INTEL has introduced 32 bit microprocessor 80386 which can sidress a physical memory of 4 gega bytes, Ex: M68020, HP32, iAPX432 Pentium I, Pentium II, Pentium III and Pentium IV are recently introduced nicroprocessor by INTEL, INTEL CORE 2 DUO, INTEL XEON are most advanced microprocessors. ow What Microprocessor ? Amicroprocessor is a multipurpose, programmable logic device that reads binary instructions from a storage device called memory, accepts binary data as input and processes data according to those instructions, and provides results as output. Microcomputer is one of the Control Unit microprocessor- based systems. The F i 5 Memory structure of microcomputer is shown in . : Fig. 5.1: Microprocessor based system. figure (5.1). The microprocessor is a semiconductor device consisting of electronic logic circuits, It is capable of performing various computing functions and making decisions to change the sequence of program execution, The microprocessor can be broadly divided into three parts : 1. Arithmetic / Logic unit 2. Registers 3. Control unit | Arithmetic / Logic unit (ALU) This is the area of the microprocessor where various computing functions are Performed on data. The ALU unit performs such arithmatic operations as addition nd subtraction, and logic operations such as AND, OR and EXCLUSIVE OR. Results “"e stored either in registers or in memory. Registers This area of microprocessor consist of various registers. These registers are marily used to store data temporarily during the execution of Program. Some of * tegisters are accessible to the user through instructions. Prir[186] Computer 5. Control unit The control unit provides the necessary timing and control signals to aj, 4 perations in the microcomputer. It controls the flow of data between the microprocessor and memory and peripherals. Memory (Memory stores binary information such as instructions and data, and provig,, that information to the microprocessor whenever necessary. To execute progra, the microprocessor reads instructions and data from memory and Perform, computing operations in its ALU section. Results are either transferred to the Outi, section for display or stored in memory for later use. Input / Output (1/0) This section communicates with outside world. I / O devices are also known as peripherals. The input devices are keyboard switches and an analog to digital converter. These devices are used to transfer data from outside world to microprocessor. The output devices are Light emitting diodes (LEDS), cathode ray tube (CRT) o, video screen, printer, plotter, magnetic tape or digital to analog converter, These devices transfer data from microprocessor to the outside world. The data can be displayed on CRT or video screen and it can be printed on paper by using printer eX Introd. to Mi System Bus The system bus is a communication path between microprocessor and peripherals. It is a group of wires to carry bits. There are several buses in system, Primary function of the cpu of a microcomputer : To fetch, decode, and execute program instructions in the proper order. Transfer data to and from memory and to and from I/O section. Responds to external interrupts. provide overall timing and control signals for the entire system. R/W of data into memory so bi-directional bus is required. Alll processing and data flow is done in the system with mpu chep. aye eyes Block diagram of ALU 1. ALU is 8 bit unit. Status Register 2. It perform arithmetic, “Temporary Register, Logic, rotate operation. Js) adder 3. It consist of binary adder to perform addition and subtraction by 2's compliment method. The result is typically stored in accumulator, Accumulator, temporary register flag register is closely Assouated with ALU: The Temporary register is used to hold data during arithmetic / logic aperti™ Flags are set or Reset according to the result of operations in Status registe* Accumulator Nooseintrod. to Microprocessors and Orgn, of 8085 Computer Science-Xil sg, Adder perform arithmetic operation like addition, subtraction, increment, decrement ete, with the result being fed back into the accumulator via internal data bus. 9, Shifter perform logical operation like rotate Left, rotate right etc. Result is placed in accumulator. 10. Status regster are set or Reset according to ALU operation. Block Diagram of Generic Microprocessor Before going for the study of 8085, lets first understand the detailed block diagram of generic microprocessor i.e. a general microprocessor. Internal - Bus ALU ‘Status Register Temporary register [Compiementor] Den nd a ,-D, Shifter exer Accumulator }— b+} Buffer! |e Latches | Internal - Bus Data/Address register AA i c Buffer/ | hadress| Latches — Bus peeo | Program Counter HH |__| Stack Pointer. +} = Instruction Instruction decoder Register t I t t ah set Write WR Timing and Control Reset | Reset Read -——| RD cLK Clock Interrupt Clock + ee. | 5 GND atten Interrupt request Toy ead Crystal Power Supply ee Fig, 5.2 : Functional Block Diagram of Generic Microprocessor ‘The block diagram is shown in figure (5.2). The figure consist of following blocks: Arithmetic and Logic unit Several registers : Instruction register, Accumulator, Status register, Temporary register, Stack pointer, Data address registerProgram counter Instruction decoder Timing and contro! section Bus butfers and latches. Internal buses and control lines Several control inputs and outputs. . Interrupt control, gee eee Address Bus The address bus is group of 16 lines generally identified as Ap to Ajs. The address bus is unidirestional ic. bits flow in one direction - from microprocessing unit (MPU) to peripheral devices. The MPU uses the address bus to identify a peripheral or memory location. In a Computer system, each peripheral or memory location is identified by number called an address. The address bus is used to carry 16 bit address. With 16 address lines, 216 = 65536 (i.e. 64 k) locations can be addressed. Data Bus The data bus is a group of 8 lines used for data flow. These lines are bidirectional ie data flow in both the directions between MPU and memory and peripheral devices, MPU uses the data bus for transferring data. The eight lines can carry 8 bit data ranging from 00 to FF (1 1 | Ill !).ie 28 = 256 numbers. The microprocessors having 8 bit data bus are called 8 bit microprocessors. Data address Register The data address register is a two 8 bit registers that can be used seperately or as a combined pair. They are labelled as H and L (ie. high order byte and low order byte). They are general purpose registers. Data can be stored in these registers. When they are used in pair, 16 bit address can also be stored in theses registers. Instruction Register This is a 8 bit register. The first byte ( i.e. 8 bits) of an instruction is stored in this register. Instruction Decoder This unit interprets the contents of instruction register. It determines the exact steps to be followed in executing the entire instruction and directs the control section accordingly. Arithmetic and Logic unit This unit performs arithmetic and logic operations. This unit also performs rotat® operation. The operations in this unit affects the status register. The results fro" ALU are placed in accumulator. Accumulator Accumulator is 8 bit register. Many time it is treated as a part of ALU: Ths “cessors and O; ntrod (0 Micro] register is used to store 8 - bit q, js stored in accumulator, of 8085 Com| 11 [189 | ‘ata and in arithmatic and logic operations, the result ter Science: guatus Register Status register consist of flipflops that are jnaccumulator, Status register is also call zero and carry flags. set or reset according to data conditions led as flags. The generic MPU has two flags: After an arithmatic operation such as addition, if the sum in the accumulator is jarger than 8 bits, than Carry flag is set to one. The zero flag is set, when operation results in zero. Program Counter Program counter is 16 bit register. It contains the address of the next instruction to be executed. It can be incremented or reset by the control section. The contents of program counter can be modified by transfer instructions. Stack Pointer Stack pointer is also a 16 bit register. It consist of address of memory location called stack. Stack is a set of memory locations in R/W memory specified by programmer, used for temporary storage. Timing and control unit This section receives signals from the instruction docoder to determine the nature of instruction to be executed. Information from status register is also available for conditional branching. Timing and control signals are sent to all parts of microprocessor to coordinate execution of instructions. External control signals are also generated. Control Inputs and Outputs Reset and interrupt request (INTR) are control inputs for generic microprocessors When reset is activated, all internal operations are suspended and the program counter is cleared (ie it holds 0000H) Now the program execution can again begin at zero memory address. By activating INTR, the microprocessor can be interrupted from the normal exection of instructions and asked to excuted some other instructions. The microprocessor resumes its operations after completion of other instructions, called Service routine. | The control outputs are write, read and clock lines. An external crystal is connected between x1 and x2 . The clock circuit generates clock signal for internal Use. This signal is also made available at output on clock line. This is used to Sunchronize actions in the entire system. The control signal Read (RD) enables the input buffer and data on data lines are “ritten in memory or I/ © location. RD and WR are active low control signals. Bus Buffers and Latches A latch is a flip flop. It is used to store one bit of information. To avoidability of output, we cay, | Unintensional change in the input and control the availabilty OT anys tri state burrers along with latches. We can write into I Machine Cycle in The clock circuit generates a two phase non overlapping clock signal $; ang, v as shown in figure (5.3). Internal Clock Pulses a—J CLK Output. ——} <+— Machine Cycle ——> Fig. 5.3 : Clock Timing Wave Forms Clock signals are divided into T states i.e. T), Tz, T3....- etc The eee off States is called machine cycle. The instruction cycle is collection of machine cycles for example ADD instruction is divided into three machine cycles Mj, M; and M, M; takes four T states, Mp takes three T states and M; takes two T states. ADD Instruction Add the contents of accumutator to the contents of next byte in memory leave sum in accumulator. Instruction Cycle i M, aS | oC T, 1, 7 1 tt} Op Code Read Program Fetch Memory During M1, MPU decodes ADD instruction, and during M3 add operation is are not of same length. , During M2, MPU reads next byte performed. Machine cycles and instruction cycles 8085 Microprocessor After having become familiar with the generic study 8085 microprocessor. The intel 8085 microprocessor. This microprocessor is cay device has 40 pins, requires + 5V sin; single phase clock. The 8085 is enh; with 8080. Programs written for 80 microprocessor, we are ready to is an 8 - bit general purpost pable of addressing 64k of memory This igle power snpply and can operate with 3- MHZ anced version of 8080. It is upward compitable 80 can be executed by 8085. The 8085 Pin Diagram and Functions The 8085 is housed in a 40 Pin dual - in - line package DIP). Th ut diagra™ for 8085 is shown in figure (5.4). 6° ou Rbepingintrod. to Microprocessors and Orgn, of 8085 Computer Science-XII [191] ? XIJ 1 AOE Vee x2—] 2 38}-—HoLD gesotout—| 3 38 —HLDA ea 44 a7 High Order aa GLK (OUT) Address Bus siD 5 36|—RESETIN _Externally A)21 Initiated TRAP—) 6 35} — READY Signal rst75—| 7 34 —10/m TRAP___S, ao. RST 7.5 | ban rst6s—| 8 33} —S, 4 Multiplexed RST65 8 Address/Data Bus, rsTs5—| 9 32} RD ml AD,| 43 an RST5.5 9) INTR— 10 31}-— WR 8085 INTR___10, 8085 WA 1 = 30l_ ate Ready __35, | ___+ ae AD,—| 12-29} —s, — AO Be RESETIN 36 [—* ® t+ s. AD, 14 Th Ay 7 -— |0/M ADs} 15-26 —Ars INTA ci f—+ RD AD, 16-25 Ane ty ™ — WR AD, 17 24L Ay HLDA__ 38 Control and Status _ | External Signal AD,—| 18 23 — Ato acknowldgement Signal AD,— 19 22-—Ay 3] a] V, 2 = 2itt_-y, Reset CLK 7 2 Out Out Fig, 5.4 : Pin Diagram of 8085 Microprocessor All the pins of 8085 can be classified into six groups. Address Bus Multiplexed Address / Data bus. Control and status signals. Power supply and frequency signals. Externally initiated signals. Serial I / O ports. arene. rs and Or, Computer Sei 1 Introd. to Microproces Address Bus The 8085 has eight signal lines, A15 - A8, Which the higher order address bus. Multiplexed Address / Data Bus The signal lines AD, - ADo are bidirectiona bus as well as the data bus he. they are used for dual purpose. In ting an instruction, during earlier part of cycle these lines are used as the low Off t addres, bus. During later part of cycle, these lines are used as data ee Ae ce as multiplexing the bus. The 8085 has a special signal called ALE (Address Latch Enabje for informing the peripheral when the address / data bus is sending an address ang when it is functioning as a data bus. are unidirectional and Used 1. They are used as lower order addy, Control and Status signals This group of signals includes two control signals RD signals IO/M, S, and Sp and one special signal ALE. : 1. ALE: This is address Latch Enable. This is a positive going pulse generate every time the 8085 begins an operation (machine cycle). This indicates that the bits on AD;-ADg are address bits. This signal is used to seperate the address bits, 2. RD : This is Read control signal. This is active low signal. This signal indicates that selected 1/O or memory device is to be read and data are available on data bus and WR, three status 3. _WR : This is write control signal. This also active low. This signal indicates that the data on data bus are to be written into selected memory or I / O locations. 4. 10/M : This is a status signal used to differentiate between I / O and memory operation. When it is high, if indicates an I / O operation. When it is low, it indicates a memory operation. 5. Sand Sp: These are status signals. They can identify various operations. The machine cycle types along with status signals are listed in figure (5.5). Status Signals Machine Cycle 10/M 1 So Status 0 0 1 Memory Write 0 1 0 Memory Read 1 0 1 VO Write 1 1 o VO Read oO 1 1 OP Code Fetch 1 1 1 Interrupt Acknowledge * o o Halt : x x Hold . « x Reset * = Three - State Condition x = Unused Fig. 5.5 : 8085 Machine Cycles.powet pply and clock frequency Vee: +5V power supply Vv X, and X): A crystal having freguency 6 MHz is connected at these two pins The freguency is internally divided by two. The system operate at 3 MHz CLK (OUT) : This is clock output. This signal can be used as the system clock for other devices. Ground Reference. gxternally Initiated signals The 8085 has five interrupt signals - INTR, RST 7.5, RST 6.5, RST 5.5 and TRAP. these signals can be used to interrupt a program execution. 1. INTR: This is interrupt reguest signal. This is a general purpose interrupt. 2 RST 7.5, RST 6.5, RST 5.5 : These are restart interrupts. These are vectored interrupts and transfer the program control to specific memory locations. They have high priorities than INTR. Among these three, the priority order is 7.5, 6.5 and 5.5. 3. TRAP: This is nonmaskable interrupt and has the highest priority. 4. INTA : This is interrupt acknowledge. The microprocessor anknowledges an interrupt request by the [NTA signal. In addition to the interrupts, three pins - RESET, HOLD and READY accept the externally initiated signals as inputs. Ready : If the signal at this READY pin is low, the microprocessor enters into a wait state. This signal is used primarily to synchronize slower peripherals with the microprocessor. 6. HOLD : When HOLD pin is activated by an external signal, the microprocessor relinquishes control of buses and allows the external peripherals to use them. For example HOLD signal is used in Direct memory Access (DMA) data transfer 7. HLDA : This is hold acknowledge. Microprocessor acknowledges the hold reguest by HLDA. 8. RESETIN : When the signal on this pin goes low, the program counter is set to zero, the buses are tristated and MPU is reset. 9. RESET OUT : This signal indicates that the MPU is being reset. The signal can be used to reset other devices. Serial I/O Ports The 8085 has two pins to implement serial transmission, SID (Serial input data) and SOD (serial output data). A single bit can be serially inputted through SID. The output pin SOD is set or reset as per 8085 SIM instruction. Functional Block diagram of 8085 After studying pinout of 8085 and functions of various pins lets look at functional block diagram of 8085. The block diagram is given in figure (5.6).id Ors Introd, to Microprocs INTA rsres rar sip SOD Interrupt Control #-BIt Internal nstratton Accumolator © Rerister (| SZ StackPointer (19) 6) Program Counter 19} - TocrementerDeerementer av | Address Latch (16)| oxo Timlagand Conta pom | coe een suns pa Rest ‘Address Butter ©] [Dataradares Batter) * rived dd } v _ i v cixovt] RD WRate ss, 10/M | HLDs [RESET our a 5 READY wow RESETIN Adres Bas Address Dats bm Fig. 5.6 : Functional block diagram of 8085 - The block diagram includes the ALU (Arithmetic/ logic unit), timing and control unit, Instruction register and decoder, Register array, interrupt control and serial 1/O control. We will discuss one by one unit, Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) _The arithmatic and logic unit performs arithmetic, lo; The result is typically stored in accumulator. Accumulat flag register is closely associated with ALU The temy data during an arithmetic / logic operation. The fla according to the result of operations. In most of the arithmetic and logic operations, the result is stored in accumulato Therefore, the flags generally reflect data conditions in the accumulator. Flags ‘8085 has five flags. Sign flag, Zero flag, Carry flag. A'8 bit register is used to represen gic and rotate operations ‘or, temporary register at porary register is used to hold 85 ( flip flops) are set or rest! Auxillary carry flag, Parity flag, a™ t five flags as shown in figure (5:7)nto? 2 Mic essors and Orgn. of 8085 Computer Science-XI1 8, B, 5b, B, om ee TT sign ng, 2 * Zero flag, AC: Auxiliary carry flag, P: Parity flag, CY: Carry flag Fig. 5.7: 8085 flags 1. S$ sign flag : After the exe. ‘cution of arithmetic or logic operation, if bit D7 of result is 1, the sign flag is s sed with 3 ; et to 1. This flag is used with signed numbers. In a given byte, if D; is 1, the number will be viewed as negative number, if it is 0, the number will be considered Positive. In arithmetic operations with signed numbers, bit D7 is reserved for indication the of sign, and the remaining seven bits are used to represent the magnitude of a number. 2. Z- Zero flag : The zero flag is set to 1 if the ALU operation results in 0, and the flag is reset if the result is not 0. This flag is modified by the results in the accumulator as well as in other registers. 3. AC- Auxiliary Carry flag : In an arithmetic operation, when carry is generated by digit Ds and passed on to digit D, the AC flag is set. The flag is used only internally for BCD (Binary Coded Decimal) operations and is not available for the programmer to change the sequence of a program with a jump instruction. 4. P- Parity flag : This flag tests for number of 1 bits in accumulator. If the accumulator holds an even number of 1s, it is said that even parity exists and the parity flag is set to 1. If accumulater holds odd number of is (called odd parity), the parity flag is reset to 0. For example, 0000 0011 has even parity. 3. CY- Carry flag : If an arithmetic operation results in carry the carry flag is set, otherwise it is reset. The carry flag also serves as a borrow flag for subtraction. Register Array / 8085 microprocessor uses both 8 - bit and 16 - bit registers. The 8085 has eight addressable 8 - bit registers. Six of these can be used as 8 - bit registers or 16 - bit tegister pairs. In addition, the 8085 contains two more 16 - bit registers. L. The registers BC, DE and HL are general purpose registers. They can be used as six 8 - bit registers or three 16 - bit registers. BC and DE are normally used as data registers while HL register pair can be used for address pointing. W and Z are temporary registers. These are used to hold 8 - bit data during the execution of some instruction. These registers are used internally and they are Not available to the programmer. i | The program counter (PC) contains 16 bit address of the next instruction to be €xecuted. It always points to the memory location of next instruction to be executed. , / The stack pointer (SP) is also a 16 bit register. It consist of address of top of Memory called stack. The stack pointer maintains the address of last byte entered in stack. The SP is decremented each time data is pushed onto the stack and is incremented each time data is popped off the stack.Computer Science: Introd. to Miere Instruction Register and Decoder During an instruction fetch, the first transferred to the 8 - bit instruction register. in turn, available to the instruction decoder. The ¢ signals, coutrols the register, ALU and data an decoder and internal clock generater produce tl signals. pyte of an instruction, the ope, ‘The contents of instruction register output of decoder, gated by 4 is ate, Min, d address buffers. The outpyy 8 he state and machine cycle timin, Interrupts oe ea The five hardware interrupt inputs are listed in figure (0-0)- hed to Priorit ‘Address Brancl = sonny | When interrupt occurs 24H 3C H 34H 2c H depends on instruction Fig 5.8 : Hardware interrupts of 8085. The highest priority interrupt is TRAP. This will cause program execution control to transfer to memory location 0024 H. This input can not be disabled and therefore it is called nonmaskable interrupt. The next three interrupts are also called restarts. Their priority and address branched to is shown in figure 1-8. All last four interrupts can be enabled or disabled by software. Hence they are maskable interrupts. Serial input and output The 8085 RIM instruction transfer data from SID to bit 7 of accumulator. Thisis shown in figure (5.9). Accumulatortrod. to Microprocessors and Orgn, of 8085 Computer Sci A single serial bit may be output via SOD pin of 8085. For #! ystruction as shown in figure (5,10), Fig. 5.10 Serial output for 8085 SID can be used as a general purpose TEST input and SOD can serve as 1 - bit sontrol output. QUESTIONS What is microprocessor ? What is LSI and VLSI? Which was the first microprocessor? What do you mean by upward software compitability? Draw a labelled block diagram of generic microprocessor. Name Six functional units in generic microprocessor. What functional unit is found between data bus and intimal bus of generic microprocessor? What are control signals of generic microprocessor ? 9. What is purpose of program counter and stack pointer in generic microprocessor? 10. What is INTR? 12, What is bus ? State different types of buses in generic microprocessor. 13, What is ALU? 14. Write the function of instruction register and decoder in generic microprocessor? 15. What is instruction cycle? 16. How much memory can be addressed by 8085? Why? 17. What do you mean by multiplexed adress data bus? 18. Which are gontrol signal pins on 8085? 19. What is ALE? Explain its use. Which are status signals of 8085? List machine cycle types for 8085? What is crystal fregueny and operating freguency of 8085? What is purpose of interrupts? List the interrupt signals along with priority for 8085? 25. What is purpose of SID and SOD? 26. Draw pinout diagram for 8085? 27. Draw lebelled functional block diagram for 8085? 28. What is flag? List flags for 8085? Nau eepe = RPORPRSors and Computer Science-Xit Introd. to Microproces® SE 04, effect of this operat 29. Two numbers 10H and 28H are added in aceumulater. Wi a flags? What is register? List registers in 8085. 5. Explain purpose of program counter and stack pointer for 8089: Select the correct alternative and rewrite the following: », a, 32. @) The program counter is a 16-bit storage area reserved for « oe i) Addresses ii) Instructions iii) data ~ ea b) The read and write control signals are generated by . section MPU. i) ALU ii) timing and control section iii) Registers iv) PC ©) The first microprocessor was i) intel 4004 ii) 8080 iii) 8085 i) ae a) Hand Lare.. i) data/ Address register ii) data register Address register iv) none of these e) CLUis i) Arithemetic and logic unit ii) Accumulator iii) Automatic control unit iv) none of these f) Stack pointer holds «csc i) 16 bit address ii) 16 bit data iii) 8 bit address iv) 8bit data 8) 8085 is . pin IC. i) 45 ii) 40 iii) 35 iv) 20 h) 8085 microprocessor uses «1... V power supply. i) 45 ii) 5 iii) 12V iv) -12V i) The address / data bus in 8085 is .......... i) multiplexed ii) demultiplexed iii) decoded iv) Loded j) The SID pin handles it (s) ata time i) 6 ii) 1 iii) 4 iv) 2 Usoon