Latest Trends on Engineering Mechanics, Structures, Engineering Geology

Electromagnetic Pollution of
Environment

STOIAN ELENA VALENTINA, RIZESCU CRISTIANA ZIZI, CHITANU ELENA, ANGHELINA

VIOLETA, POINESCU AURORA ANCA
DEPARTMENT OF MATERIALS, EQUIPMENTS, INSTALLATIONS AND
ROBOTICS
UNIVERSITY VALAHIA TARGOVISTE
Address: Bd. Carol I, Nr. 2, 130024, Targoviste, Dambovita,
ROMANIA
rectorat@valahia.ro http://www.valahia.ro
valicirstea@yahoo.com, rizescu_c@yahoo.com, felixata@yahoo.com, vianghelina@yahoo.com,
poinescua@yahoo.com

Abstract: - Electromagnetic – waves pollution is a present issue since the telecommunication very fast evolves
and digital processing of information advances more and more. This paper presents the research results about
the processing, characterization and behaviour of composite materials on the basis of silicone rubber used to
electromagnetic shielding

Key-Words: - electromagnetic pollution, silicone- rubber composite, electromagnetic shielding, carbonic

netting, metallized net

1 Introduction Carrying out these standards requires making

The paper tackling with the one of the most current
theme about the protection issue against
electromagnetic radiations. Also, in a larger context
the research is enrolled for politics at the European
level. Since 1989 , the European Union has
established measures about the harmonizing
technical rules in terms of protection against the
electromagnetic radiations “Electromagnetic
Compatibility Directive” – Council Directive
89/336/EEC.
Directive 89 / 336 / CEE of Council on May 3rd,
1989 about proximity legislations of Member States
concerning the electromagnetic compatibility has
been re-examination as part of the initiative SLIM
(Simpler Legislation for the Internal Market –
simplifying legislation concerning the internal
market). The SLIM process and thorough
consulting that followed has shown that has to
make up to strengthen and to elucidate the
framework established by Directive 89 / 336 / CEE
[1].
Directive refers to different spheres from the
electronics and electrical engineering field,
particularly, of consume electronics from industrial
production, of informational technology, of
telecommunication devices and the radio ones, etc.
performance of means and methods
electromagnetic shielding.
The Member States have to keep the radio
communications, the reception of radio diffusion
emissions, inclusively and the services of radio
amateurs who operate in accordance with the radio
communication rules from International Union of
Telecommunication and electric and tele
communication supply mains as the equipments that
are connected to these to be protected against the
electromagnetic perturbations.
It is necessary to harmonizing the national law
provisions that ensure the protection against the
electromagnetic perturbations to guarantee the free
circulation of electric and electronic device without
to reduce the levels justified of protection in the
Member States.
The protection against the electromagnetic
perturbations requires that the duties to be imposed
different economic agents. These duties should be
fairly and efficiently applied to ensure a certain
protection.
The hertzian equipments and the terminal ones of
telecommunication should not have to be under the
present directive as they are already regulated by
the Directive 1999/5/EC of the European

ISSN: 1792-4294 130 ISBN: 978-960-474-203-5

 Latest Trends on Engineering Mechanics, Structures, Engineering Geology
Parliament and Council on March 9th, 1999 regards
hertzian equipments and the terminal ones of
telecommunication and mutual acknowledge of
their concordance. [2]
Accurately Art 2, Directive 2004/108/EC of the
European Parliment and Councile the following
issues are defined:
-“electromagnetic compatibility”: equipments
ability to operate in their electromagnetic medium
satisfyingly without to make themselves the
insufferable electromagnetic perturbations for other
equipments from this medium;
-“electromagnetic perturbation”: any
electromagnetic phenomenon susceptibly to make
operating disturbances of equipment. An
electromagnetic perturbation can be an
electromagnetic noise, an undesirable signal or an
altering of propagation medium itself;
-“immunity”: equipment ability to operate
accurately stipulations without degradation in the
face of electromagnetic perturbations;
If in the equipments range the effects of
electromagnetic radiations can be somehow
quantified as regards interactions between the
electromagnetic field and living creatures these will
be variable and depend on the frequency field,
amplitude of state sizes of electromagnetic field and
density of electromagnetic energy on human body
in due time.
At present, literature consists in a plenty of articles
about the influence of electromagnetic fields on
living systems.
The sources generating the electromagnetic
radiation are mainly represented by electric and
electronic equipments (the electronic and
communication equipments, electric mains, electric
boards of command) that generate electromagnetic
radiation both in near field and the far one.
2 ELECTROMAGNETIC
COMPATIBILITY
Together with the intensive usage of integrated
circuits, the issue of interference and
electromagnetic susceptibility become a condition
of designing some automation equipments of high
reliability. The electromagnetic compatibility is the
particularity of an equipment or system on the
whole to operate on terms of an electromagnetic
polluted environment without to be insufferably
perturbed the functions of this.The electromagnetic
interference (EMI – electromagnetic interference or
RFI – radio frequency interference) is represented
by a undesirable signal that is induced because of
ISSN: 1792-4294
polluted electromagnetic field, signal that can injure
the operating an equipment or system.
The electromagnetic interference can be defined as
an electromagnetic pollution no less dangerous like
the air or water pollution in the environment. The
compatibility of electromagnetic phenomenon has
three components, Figure 1: the source o a polluted
electromagnetic field, the path propagation and
affected receiver represented by the equipment or
system in normal operating.
SOURCE PATH RECEIVER
PROPAGATION
Fig.1 The source o a polluted electromagnetic field
The sources of electromagnetic noise are owing to
the natural or artificial phenomena such as :
– Electric noises generated by electric storm,
represent the natural sources of electromagnetic
noises with frequencies below 10 MHz.
– Noises generated by solar radiations and cosmic
noises represent natural sorces of noises with
frequency above 10MHz.
– Artificial electric noises artificially generated by
anthropogenic and can unintentionally and
deliberately be made.
The point that weights in the electromagnetic
pollution is coupling mechanism between source and
receiver that can be through radiation or conduction.
Coupling through radiation is made by means of
electromagnetic field between source and receiver as
between two devices such as a soldering tool
manually and with transformer can affects through
the pulses of electromagnetic field a computer.
Coupling through conduction between two devices is
made through the wires of mains through common
basement wiring of equipments, etc. The
electromagnetic pollution, so operation o some
parasite tensions in electric circuits can be not only
between two devices but also as part of the same
device.
The explosive development of users of electric
energy as well as applications from the field of
information transmission on the electromagnetic
support specifically to modern civilization lent to
arising of numerous items concerning to biologic
display at the influence of electromagnetic field from
environment.
Usage the electromagnetic radiation from the
radiofrequencies field is more and more frequent.
Under these conditions, the net and quantifiable
effect of electromagnetic radiation is the thermal one
for that the international organizations established
131 ISBN: 978-960-474-203-5
 Latest Trends on Engineering Mechanics, Structures, Engineering Geology
the safe norms. Also, the researchers have come out
the effects in natural synthesis of some substances,
carcinogenesis, making some depression states,
headache, etc.
The electrical engineering and electronic plants of
small and middle power penetrate grater and grater
daily activity both in domestic medium and the
socio-professional one, especially the people who
work in the fields of telephony, informatics, plants
or electric systems from economics.
Interaction between living creatures and electric and
magnetic fields from environment represents a
continuous process and more and more shown up by
development of modern civilization. It is come out
both negative influences (“electromagnetic
pollution”) and beneficial (medical therapeutic in
electromagnetic medium); the dosing and control
issues in exposing arise.
For the public health safety information as precisely
as possible on the exposing levels and biomedical
research about the likely effects on health is required.
At the present stage of knowledge, even if it cannot
be made a net separation of electromagnetic fields
effects from other influences of pollution factors
from environment, it is shown to take, individually,
the measures to avoid the risks by changes of
environment and much more by dropping the human
body from known sources of fields taking into
account that these fields vary inverse proportional to
distance or its power.
At present, in many countries worldwide research
programs in the electromagnetic pollution field of
environment having as main objectives the
evaluation and application some reducing methods
of electromagnetic fields values operated by power
main, stations, transducers, electric – power –
supply network of dwellings as well as household
appliances.
3 INFLUENCE OF
ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD ON
HUMAN BODY
Human operator in its activity of playing its part to
work a technological process is subjected influence
of electromagnetic fields. The main action of
electromagnetic fields oh human body consists in
making worse and accelerate arising cardiac,
vascular, neurological and mental illness.
This influence that depends on intensity of
electromagnetic fields and exposing duration
continuously increases owing to the enlarge number
of pollutant sources with electromagnetic fields.
ISSN: 1792-4294
To appreciate the influence of electromagnetic fields
on living creatures have been made experimental
research on only fellow and on fellows group of
different age during more exposing duration during
service and for different parameter of pollutant
factors.
For example from a fellows group with ages over 40
years who have been occupying with plants at high
frequencies of 10 KHz – 30 MHz with a intensity of
100 – 300 V/m only 7.4% have not required
perturbations of health state and in the first row of
nervous and cardio vascular system.
Similar research have been made in the production
spaces where it is noticed that the presence of
electromagnetic fields of low frequency has a
negative influence on cardio-vascular system of
workers, observing a pulse reducing, a change of
ECG, a decrease of visual and auditory reception
power and a showing up of tiredness state. [3]
The main sources of pollution are such as:
–Natural electric field of the Earth that depends on
latitude and altitude;
– Artificial static electric field (that arises in
processing some plastics in the usage some woven of
synthetic materials etc.);
–Terrestrial magnetic field (that has a variable
component named magnetic storm depending on
astronomical phenomena such as due to solar blast);
–Natural electromagnetic fields (such as lightening);
–Artificial electromagnetic fields (such as, radio
waves in the range 3x105 – 3x107 Hz, industrial
electric – power – supply network at frequency of 50
Hz etc.
At present, on the world plane, actions for limiting
effects of electromagnetic fields on living creatures
are undertaken of which the most important are:
- Standardization admissible intensity of
electromagnetic fields for industrial activities and
form dwellings in the civil and rural centres. This
differentiation is necessary because the exposure
time of a person differs in an industrial activity and
also in the dwelling space. For example, in USA
density of maximum power of electromagnetic field
of 10 mW/cm2, in the frequencies range of 10- 105
MHz is requested.
- Putting protection measures into force for
development of some activities with sources of
electromagnetic fields of which it may be mentioned:
(Protection against high magnetic fields
constantly and low frequency carrying out the
shields of ferromagnetic materials that has a high
permeability such as iron-nickel alloys;
Protection by limiting exposure time using device of
acoustic or optical warning).
132 ISBN: 978-960-474-203-5
 Latest Trends on Engineering Mechanics, Structures, Engineering Geology
– Protection by development of distances activities
calculated from the source of electromagnetic field
is made using empirical relations which occur
parameters of radiant source.
– Protection by usage some shields at the work
place such as rooms made of metallic nets.
– Protection by usage some robes or other
protection clothes made of cotton, silk, etc. whose
structure is made of thin metallic fibers that form
meshes of 0.5x0.5mm.
The latest research about the influence of
electromagnetic fields on living creatures have
demonstrated that these particularly complex act on
intracellular phenomena, on cells and organs and
organism overall. At present, the research in this field
are moved to elaboration of new standards on the
pollution sources and for carrying out of new
techniques of human protection against influence of
electromagnetic fields.
The materials properties used for the reduction of
electromagnetic pollution have to contribute to
counteract the undersirable influences of
electromagnetic field. The claims required to
materials used for the reduction perturbations
radiated depend on the shielding necessities. It can be
considered electromagnetic shields also even the
metallic nettings, iron armatures respective of
buildings if the shielding requires are very reduced.
In the future, it is foreseen the integration in the
building walls of some shielding materials to reduce
the effect of disruptive electromagnetic field on
indoor equipment.
These materials have to be cheap and to have an
efficiency of shielding as reduces perturbations but
not to affect the mobile communications.
The goal of this paper consists in the achievement a
composite material with polymeric matrix that to
ensure protection against the
electromagneticradiations. The polymeric matrix
usage to obtain composite is performed by a
bicomponent silicone elastomer that is reinforced/
strengthened at the room temperature by means of a
polycondensation reaction.
4 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
To carry out the composite materials with polymeric
matrix silicone rubber (siloxanic) as RHODOSIL
RTV 3325 type that has a viscous beige aspect has
been used. At this, the catalyst 60 that is a very clear
liquid of colour from colourless to light yellow is
added.
The best reticulation is carried out at a temperature of
230C in conditions of humidity about 50%. The
ISSN: 1792-4294
catalyst 60 is on the basis of C6H12N2O4 (dinitro
hexan), this hastens the polymerization reaction
(strengthening) of polymer. A ratio of (between
catalyst and silicone rubber) = 5: 100 parts are used.
The metallized and carbonic woven fabrics help the
improvement shielding against the electric,
magnetic, electromagnetic fields, infrared emissions,
and biological protection against their effects.
Fig.2 Metallized woven fabric used to obtain
composites
Fig. 3 Carbonic woven fabric as PNA used to obtain
composites
4.1 Composite materials obtaining
The fillings as powders (graphite and silicon iron)
have been scattered into polymeric – silicone rubber
matrix. The composites achievement have been
carried out by laying of mixtures on the metallized
net (MN) carbonic net (CN) respective.
The following acronyms namely PMSG20 represents
polymeric mixture of silicone and graphite, mixture
laying on the metallized net (PMSF20 represents a
polymeric mixture of silicone and iron silicone
powder, mixture laying on the carbonic net, PCSF20
represents a polymeric mixture of silicone and iron
silicone powder, mixture laying on carbonic mesh
(the ratio matrix-adding of filling is 80:20) are used.
The composite materials have been polymerized in
the open at a temperature about 22-250C, for
24hours.
It has been obtained materials with the dimensions
35x35cm2 adequately for shielding measurements.
The measurements made on the material samples
revealed an electromagnetic shielding ranged
between 40-70dB for all types being able to conclude
that in the range 100MHz-6GHZ, the materials can
be used for practical applications.
133 ISBN: 978-960-474-203-5
 Latest Trends on Engineering Mechanics, Structures, Engineering Geology
5 RESULTS AND DEBATES
Materials have been measured establishing them the
electromagnetic diminishing [4].
Results are presented in Figures 4 ÷ 9:
Fig. 4 Diminishing of material PC20
Fig. 5 Diminishing of material PMSF20
Fig. 6 Diminishing of material PCSF20
Fig. 7 Diminishing of material PM
Fig. 8 Diminishing of material PMSF20
ISSN: 1792-4294
Fig. 9 Diminishing of material PMSG20
From the above figures it evidently comes out that the
materials lend themselves to purposes which have
been thought, namely for the protection of human
factor against the electromagnetic pollution, every of
them ensuring amn electromagnetic shielding ranged
between 40 and 70 dB.
Therefore, PC ensures an average shielding of about
40 dB with minimum at 35 and maximum at 62 dB. It
is seen that together the impregnation of material with
composites on the basis of silicone rubber, the
average diminishing of material increases to values
of 50 dB.
From Figures 4 and 5, it can be asserted that the
material impregnated with SG20 is more efficient in
point of diminishing because of smaller deviation
from average value.
Considering also the PM material, the average value is
about 50 dB with a variation ranged between 40 and
66 dB. Together with impregnation of material with
the same mixtures SG and SF, the average values of
diminishing is modified a little positively, namely
these increase over the value of 50 dB.
As it comes out from Figure 8, the average value of
electromagnetic diminishing increase comparatively
with PM simple but a series of variations of
diminishing measurements arise.
It is supposed as itself composition of mixture of
silicone rubber/iron silicon plays an important part in
the diminishing mechanisms. In Figure 9 the
diminishing material from MM impregnated with SG
is presented. The values average of diminishing in the
case of material type is lower comparatively with the
average of simple PM values which means when the
impregnation is made the values given by PM simple
have no importance in the diminishing mechanism any
longer.
6 CONCLUSIONS
It is seen that mixing of silicone rubber and graphite
imposes the diminishing limits cancelling practically
the contribution of basis materials.
As performs a more variation in the moment of
electromagnetic diminishing measurements, the SF
material ensures a increase of average values of
diminishing comparatively with simple nettles.
The electromagnetic diminishing in case of these
materials is preponderant by action on electric
component of electromagnetic field.
References:
134 ISBN: 978-960-474-203-5
 Latest Trends on Engineering Mechanics, Structures, Engineering Geology

[1] JO L 220 din Directive modified at the last

moment by the directive 93/68/ CEE (JO L 220 din
30.8.1993, p.1).
[2] Directive modified by regulation CE) nr. 1882 /
2003 (JO L 284 din 31.10.2003, p.1)
[3] Health effects from radiofrequency
electromagnetic field / Report of an Independent
Advisory Group on non-ionizing radiation, 2003.
[4] IEEE Std 299-1997 - IEEE Standard Method for
Measuring the Effectiveness of Electromagnetic
Shielding Enclosure

ISSN: 1792-4294 135 ISBN: 978-960-474-203-5