MODULE 12

Integral leading to Exponential

and Logarithmic Functions

Subject Objectives

At the end of the course, the students must be able to apply concepts and solve
problems involving limits, differentiation and antidifferentiation.

Start-up Activity

Philippines Coronavirus: 462,815 Cases and 9,021 Deaths - Worldometer (worldometers.info)

The two graphs above show the total cases of COVID-19 in the Philippines as of
December 23, 2020. The graph on the left shows the data in linear scale wherein we can
see the increase in the cases per day. The scale on the left side is addittive meaning each
line corresponds to an increase of 100,00 cases. On the other hand, the right-side graph
presents the data in logarithmic scale. It shows an increase in the multiple of 100 per line
in the graph. The curve is steeper for it shows how much the total cases is growing. If it
goes higher, it means that the number of cases is growing exponentially.
The graphs above are used differently and have their own uses. A normal graph may
limit us in the way we visually see results that is why there is another scale to give us
another perspective when it comes to data analysis. This is just one of the many uses of the
logarithmic scale. From your previous subjects, you discussed it in general but here, we
will be solving for its antiderivative so that we can also consider the area under a
logarithmic function. This process will be useful in the field of Physics and Engineering,
specifically in Thermodynamics and Statics.

Basic Calculus
Year Revised: 2020 Page 1 of 7
 Subject Content

The operation of antiderivative is just the inverse of derivative. The formulas that are
presented below may be familiar to you for we already discussed the derivatives of
exponential function 𝑒, and the natural logarithm 𝑙𝑛 from Module 7.

Antiderivative of Exponential Function 𝒆

∫ 𝒆𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒆𝒙 + 𝒄

The antiderivative of 𝑒 𝑥 is still 𝑒 𝑥 plus the arbitrary constant 𝑐. Its value will not change in
the same way as getting its derivative.
For our examples below, we will be using the formulas and theorems that we have
discussed in our previous modules alongside the antiderivative of 𝑒.

Examples:

𝟏) ∫ 𝟓𝒆𝒙 𝒅𝒙

We can just apply the antiderivative of constant multiple to “pull out” our constant 5 so
that we will be left with our exponential expression.

∫ 5𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 5 ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

∫ 𝟓 𝒆𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟓𝒆𝒙 + 𝒄

We were able to solve this by simply applying our formula.

𝟐
𝟐) ∫ 𝒙𝒆𝟐𝒙 𝒅𝒙

For this example, we will be using Chain Rule of Antidifferentiation to simplify our
expression and make it solvable. For exponential functions, we usually let our exponent be
equal to 𝑢. We may start to work here then change our strategy if it doesn’t work.
Let:
𝑢 = 2𝑥 2
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑢 = 4𝑥𝑑𝑥 ⇒ = 𝑥𝑑𝑥 (𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑏𝑦 4)
4
Rearranging our terms then substituting the values in terms of 𝑢:
2 2
∫ 𝑥𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑥𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑢
= ∫ 𝑒𝑢 ( )
4
1
= ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
4
1
= 𝑒𝑢 + 𝑐
4
𝟐 𝟏 𝟐
∫ 𝒙𝒆𝟐𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒆𝟐𝒙 + 𝒄 (𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑡 𝑏𝑎𝑐𝑘 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑥)
𝟒

Basic Calculus
Year Revised: 2020 Page 2 of 7
𝟑) ∫ 𝒆𝟓𝒙 𝒆𝒙 𝒅𝒙

Our integrand is the products of two exponential expressions. Since we are not yet
discussing a formula to solve for the antiderivative in this form, we have to perform certain
algebraic manipulations to simplify it. We will be using a certain Law of Exponent that is:
𝑎𝑚 • 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚+𝑛
Given products of two exponents of the same base, we can represent it as the sums of the
exponent following the same base. Then our given expression can be:

∫ 𝑒 5𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 5𝑥+𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= ∫ 𝑒 6𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Let:
𝑢 = 6𝑥
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑢 = 6𝑑𝑥 ⇒ = 𝑑𝑥
6
𝑑𝑢
∫ 𝑒 5𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 ( )
6
1
= ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
6
1
= 𝑒𝑢 + 𝑐
6
1
∫ 𝑒 5𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 6𝑥 + 𝑐
6

𝒙
𝟒) ∫ 𝒆𝒙+𝒆 𝒅𝒙

This problem requires certain manipulations to solve it. If you encountered a problem like
this one in the future, you may try different methods. Integral Calculus is a fun and
challenging subject for there is no single pathway to solve problems. A technique may work
on one problem but another one under the same topic may push us to try other things.
Observe the procedure below and see how each step contributes to solving this expression.
𝑥 𝑥
∫ 𝑒 𝑥+𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑒 𝑒 𝑑𝑥

Let:
𝑢 = 𝑒𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Rearranging our terms:
𝑥 𝑥
∫ 𝑒 𝑥+𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑒 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢

= 𝑒𝑢 + 𝑐
𝒙 𝒙
∫ 𝒆𝒙+𝒆 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒆𝒆 + 𝒄

Basic Calculus
Year Revised: 2020 Page 3 of 7
Antiderivative leading to Natural Logarithm 𝒍𝒏

𝒅𝒙
∫ = 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 + 𝒄
𝒙
This formula is from the derivative of natural logarithm. As we can see, the integral
of our numerator derivative of 𝑥, then divided by 𝑥, is equal to the 𝑙𝑛 of the denominator 𝑥
plus the arbitrary constant. If our integrand does not follow the same pattern as our
formula right away, then we will be using certain manipulations to do so.

Examples:
𝟐𝒙
𝟏) ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝒙𝟐 − 𝟗
Usually, integration leading to 𝑙𝑛 is in the form of quotients of two functions where
we can make the numerator as the derivative of the denominator. Then applying Chain
Rule, we let:
𝑢 = 𝑥2 − 9
𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥𝑑𝑥
Then substituting it to our given expression:
2𝑥 𝑑𝑢
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫
𝑥2 − 9 𝑢
= ln 𝑢 + 𝑐
𝟐𝒙
∫ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐥𝐧|𝒙𝟐 − 𝟗| + 𝒄
𝒙𝟐−𝟗
Notice that we put the values inside 𝑙𝑛 as absolute values. We are doing it as a
safeguard since there is no value for the logarithm of a negative number.

𝒅𝒙
𝟐) ∫
−𝟒𝒙 + 𝟕
Following the same process as our previous example, let:
𝑢 = −4𝑥 + 7
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑢 = −4𝑑𝑥 ⇒ − = 𝑑𝑥
4
Going back to our given expression,
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 −
∫ =∫ 4
−4𝑥 + 7 𝑢
1 𝑑𝑢
=− ∫
4 𝑢
1
= − ln 𝑢 + 𝑐
4
𝒅𝒙 𝟏
∫ = − 𝐥𝐧|−𝟒𝒙 + 𝟕| + 𝒄
−𝟒𝒙 + 𝟕 𝟒

Basic Calculus
Year Revised: 2020 Page 4 of 7
 𝒆𝟐𝒙
𝟑) ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝒆𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏
We will be using our knowledge from the earlier part of this module to solve this problem.
Let:
𝑢 = 𝑒 2𝑥 − 1
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ⇒ = 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
Substituting these values to our integrand:
𝑑𝑢
𝑒 2𝑥
∫ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2
𝑒 −1 𝑢
1 𝑑𝑢
= ∫
2 𝑢
1
= ln 𝑢 + 𝑐
2
𝒆𝟐𝒙 𝟏
∫ 𝟐𝒙
𝒅𝒙 = 𝐥𝐧|𝒆𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏| + 𝒄
𝒆 −𝟏 𝟐
We can also represent it this way using Logarithm of a Power:
𝒆𝟐𝒙 𝟏
∫ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝐥𝐧 |(𝒆𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏)𝟐 | = 𝐥𝐧 |√𝒆𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏|
𝒆𝟐𝒙 −𝟏

𝒅𝒙
𝟒) ∫
𝒙𝟏/𝟑 (𝟏+ 𝒙𝟐/𝟑 )
This problem may look intimidating but we can simplify it by letting the complicated part
be equal to 𝑢:
2
𝑢 = 1 + 𝑥3
2 −1
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
3
2𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 1
3𝑥 3
3 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 1
2
𝑥3
By doing the above manipulations, we were able to get the exact equivalents of the parts of
our given integrand in terms of 𝑢.
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑑𝑥
∫ = ∫( 2) ( 1 )
𝑥 1/3 (1 + 𝑥 2/3 )
1+ 𝑥3 𝑥3
1 3
= ∫ ( ) ( 𝑑𝑢)
𝑢 2
3 𝑑𝑢
=∫ ( )
2 𝑢
3 𝑑𝑢
= ∫
2 𝑢
3
= ln 𝑢 + 𝑐
2
Solving in terms of 𝑥,
𝒅𝒙 𝟑 𝟐
∫ = 𝐥𝐧 |𝟏 + 𝒙𝟑 | 𝒐𝒓
𝒙𝟏/𝟑 (𝟏 𝟐/𝟑
+𝒙 ) 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 𝟑
∫ = 𝐥𝐧 |√(𝟏 + √𝒙)𝟑 |
𝒙𝟏/𝟑 (𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐/𝟑 )

Basic Calculus
Year Revised: 2020 Page 5 of 7
 Self-Reflection

Encircle
your
answer

FORM
Read each statement and check ( ) the box that reflects your work
today.
Name: Date:

Section:

Strongly Strongly
Agree Disagree
Agree Disagree

1. I found this work interesting.

2. I make a strong effort.
3. I am proud of the results.
4. I understood all the
instructions.
5. I followed all the steps.
6. I learned something new.
7. I feel ready for the next
assignment.
www.ldatschool.ca/executive-function/self-assessment/

Basic Calculus
Year Revised: 2020 Page 6 of 7
 Self-Assessment

Solve for the antiderivatives of the following functions:

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

Basic Calculus
Year Revised: 2020 Page 7 of 7