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AShortHistoryofGreekLiteratureFromHomertoJulian 10026332
AShortHistoryofGreekLiteratureFromHomertoJulian 10026332
ED I T ED
U N DER TH E SU P E RV I S I O N OF
H E R B E RT W E I R S M Y T H PH D , . .
d ; d h E d i or $ 5
ov e r an t e t . 1 2 .
B RI E F G REEK S Y N TA X Prof L o i B i J R g r C ll g . . u s ev e r, r ut e s o e e .
G REEK P R OS E R E A D ER Prof F E W d ff B w d i C ll g
'
d P f . . . . oo ru , o o n o e e , an ro
‘
W H wi W l y U i
. i ty
e tt , es e an n ve r s .
V lkm S h oo l B
o an n c , o s t on .
S p l e k er , J o h n s H o p k i n s U n i ve rs i ty .
A E SCH Y L U S A GAM EM N O N P f P l S h y U i i y of C hi g o
. . ro au o re ,
n ve r s t ca .
A ESC H YI U S P R O M ET H EU S Prof J E H y U i i y f C i i i
. . . . . . ar r , n ve rs t o n c n n at .
A RI S T O P H AN E S C LO U D S D L L F m C ll U i i y . . r . . . or an , or n e n ve r s t .
D E M OST H E N E S O N TH E CR O W N Prof M i l W H mp h y U . . . to n . u re s, n i ve rs i t
f Vi gi i
o r n a .
P yl i
enn s 8
2 v an a .
E U RI P ID E S M E D EA P f M ti m L m E l C l mbi U i i ty
. . ro or er a son ar e , o u a n ve rs .
35
H ER O D O T U S B o k s V I I —V I I I Prof Ch l F t S mi h U i
. o . . . ar e s o rs e r t , n v e rs i t y
Wi sco n si n .
H O M ER I L I A D P f J R S S t tt C ll U i i y
. . ro . . . e rre , o rn e n v e rs t .
B I III
oo x s S B .
—I III $ . AN D E L E CT I O N S . oo x s .
- . 1 2 0.
H O M E R O D Y SS EY Prof C h l B G l i k H
. d U i i ty . . ar e s . u c ,
ar v a r n ve rs .
L Y S I A S Prof Ch l D Ad m D m h C ll g
. . ar e s . a s, ar t out o e e .
P L AT O EU I H Y PH RO Prof W i ll i m A H id l W l y U i i y
.
’ ‘
. . a . e e , es e an n vers t .
T H E OC RIT U S P f H y R F l gh d Prof A g T M
. ro e nr . ai r c o u an . u us tu s . u rray , L e l ar
S tan fo r d , Jr .
, U n i v e r s i ty
T H U C Y D ID E S B o k s I I — I I I Prof W A L mb U i .i ty f P o . . . . . a e r to n , n ve rs o en
yls i v an a .
T H U C Y D I D E S B o k s V I —V I I Prof E D P y C l mbi U i i ty . o . . . . . e rr , o u a n v e rs .
X E N O P H O N A NA B A S I S B o o k s I — I V Prof J W H w i t t W l y U i
. . . . . . . e ,
es e an n ve
ySl t d D M W M h,
an l I t i H d U i
r. i y . . at e r, ate n s r uc t o r n a rv a r n v e rs t .
X E N O P H O N H ELLEN I CA ( Sel ec t i o n s ) P f C l t L B w
. C ll g . ro ar e o n . ro n son , o e e
h Ci ty f N w Y or k
t e o e .
d Prof J m
an R Wh l C l mb i U i. i y a es . ee e r , o u a n ve rs t .
G REEK L ITE R AT U RE D W i l m C W ig h t B y M w C ll g . r er av e r ,
r n a r o e e .
G R EEK R E L I G I O N Prof A th F i b k D i f h B M m . . r ur a r an s, r ec t o r o t e os to n u se u
Fi ne A r t s .
P H atc h , Ep i sc op a
. l Th l g i l S h l C mb i dg M
eo o ca c oo ,
a r e, as s .
Oth er s t o 6a a n n ou n ced l ai er .
H KN Y F PH S T O R Y
A E
G R E E K I I T E RA T UR E
F RO M HOM ER TO JU L I A N
W I L M ER C A V E W R I G H T ,
PH D
. .
N EW C I N C I NNATI C H I CA G O
A M ER I C A N BOOK C O M PA N Y
CO PY RI G H T , 1 90 7 , Bv
AM E RICAN B OO K C O M PANY
.
G R E E K L I T E R AT UR E .
P REFA C E
TH E w r i ter of a s u r v ey o f G re ek l i te r at u r e s o b r i e f as
m u st a l w ay s b e ac u te l y c on sci o u s of o mi s s i o n s . I h av e
kept c o n s tan t l y i n mi n d the r e ad e r w ho, t h o u gh l i tt l e o r
n o t at al l ac q u a n t e i d w i t h t h e c l as s i c s , r ea l i z e s t h at h e c an
n ot a p p r ec i ate an o t h e r l i te r at u r e l e a s t o f al l h i s o w n
y , ,
u n l es s he c an r e l ate i t s ma s t e r p i ec e s t o t h e t p e s s e t o n ce
y ,
G r e ek w h o ,
in h i s s ec o n d or th ir d ye ar at c o l l ege ,
will
p r o fi t i mme n s e l y b y a r ap i d s u r v e y o f t h e w h o l e fi e l d o f
G r ee k l i te r at u r e F o r hi m e ve r y p ar t o f t h at w h o l e b e
.
c o me s s i gn i fi c an t an d for h i s s ak e t h e t r i b e o f E u p h o r i o n
,
o r t h e d ec l ai me r s mu s t o fte n u s u r p s p ac e t h at i f o n e fo l ,
l o w e d t h e mer e s en s e of p r o p o r t i o n i s d ue
,
to the r
c e at ive
w r i t er s .
O f t h e p r o s e w r i te r s , J u l i an s i s
’
th e l ate s t na me fo r mal l y
tr eat e d , b ut , i n o r d er to i n c l u d e M u s ae u s an d t he l at e r
e p i c I h ave
, ca r r i ed d o w n th e s k etc h of Gr ae c o R o m an
-
p o et r y to t h e s i x th c en t u ry .
In th e matte r of the s p el l i n g of na me s I h av e n ot
s t r i ve n fo r a c o n s i s t e n c y t h at s c h o l ar s c o n ti n u e t o ab h o r .
W/za t a d va n ta
g e i s i f to a ma n w /zo w r i t es f/zc na me of
6 P REFA C E
D zo ta w r i te it /w ang l a ? s k e d E p i c t e tu s I mi g h t
’
‘
.
as a .
p u t t h s ame q u e s t i o n ab o ut B i o n o r Euc l e i d es t h e ar c h o n
e ,
a n d E u c l i d t h e g e o met e r an d o t h e r s w h o w i l l
, no do u bt , , ,
l o ng o n ti n u e to d ef y t h e w o r s h i pe r s of u i fo r mi ty
c
p .
I t ak e th is o p p o r t un i t y of e x p r e s s i n g my t h an k s to
P r o fe s s o r H e r b e r t We i r S my t h , t h e E d i t o r of th i s S er i es ,
fo r man y v al u ab l e s u gge s t i o n s an d c r i t i c i s ms .
W I LM E R C AV E W RI G HT .
B RY N M A W R ,
Feb ruary , 1 9 07 .
C O N T E N TS
PI ER I A N R E L I G I O U S P O E T RY
TH E H O M ER I C P O EM S
TH E CY CL I C F RAGM EN T S
H ESI OD
TH E H O M ER I C HYM N S AN D E P I G RAM S
EL EGY AN D I AM B I C
M E L I C PO ET RY
TH E B EG I N N I NG S O F P R OS E TH E E AR L Y P H I LOSO P H ER S
:
TH E L O G O GRA P H ER S
: H ER O D O T U S
TH E B EG I N N I NG S O F RH ET O R I C: THE SO P H I ST S
TH U C Y D I D E S
T H E B E G I NN I NG S O F T H E D RAMA : A E SCH Y L U S
S O P HOCL E S
E UR I P I D E S
C O M E D Y O LD M I D D L E A N D N EW
: , ,
X EN O P HO N
TH E E AR L I ER ORA T O R S: I SOC RA T E S
TH E F O UR T H CEN T URY ORA T O R S D EM OS T H ENE S
-
:
S OC RAT E S AN D TH E LE SS ER S OC RA TI CS
PLA TO
A R I S T OT L E
A L EX AN D R I AN L IT ERAT U R E
G RA ECO RO MAN L IT ERA T U R E
-
CH RO N O LO GI CAL T A B L E
IND EX
C H A PT E R I
P I E RI AN R E L IG I O US PO ET R Y
e r n s o f t h e Stry mo n I II t h e lo n g n ig h t that e n d s fo r us wi t h t he
.
n am es n o o t h er p o et d esc rib es t h e en c o u n te r of t h e Mu s es wi t h
.
,
Si n gul ar i n t hat hi s lo ss O f S ig ht ob sc u r ed hi s po e t i c gi ft w hi l e ,
’
for t he r es t bli n d ness i s a p art o f t he po e t s eq uip m en t as fo r
, ,
hi m th e gi ft o f s weet s o ng .
1 I l i ad II 59 4 . Th e s o t ry i s t o l d t
wi h g reat l
d etai i n a s o ng t ow ard s th e
Br
’ ’
en d o f ow ni n g s A r i stoph a n es Ap ol ogy .
2
So i n th e rl i est ver s i o n o f th e Daph n i s l ege n d
ea th e h e ro o f past o ral
po etry si n gs o nl
y aft e r th e l o s s o f h i s s i gh t .
9
IO SH O RT H I STO RY O F GR E E K LITE R A TUR E
M ov er s by G r e ek s w h o mi si n t e r pr et ed t he Se mi ti c l am en t a i ten u
, ,
’
fai r Li n u s s o n g w as su n g I n H om er s Shi el d o f A c hill es i t i s .
M us aeus
s t i ti o us o f th e s w arm of book s by O r ph eu s an d ‘
o r ac l es a u se ful p o et to b e r an k ed wi th H o mer an d H es io d
,
‘ ’
,
3
.
“
V ergil i n hi s p i c tur e o f th e u n d erworl d h o n or s Mu saeu s ev en
,
The po e ms at
’
father o f so n g sen t by A p ollo .
Orph eus
trib u t ed t o hi m b ec am e th e sac r e d book o f all G r ee k
wri t er s w ho w e r e s eri ou sly i n t e r est e d i n t he t ec hn i c aliti es an d
my s t eri es o f th e r eligi o n o f G r e ec e I f as C i c ero d e c l ar es A ri s .
, ,
1 I l i ad XV I I I 5 70 .
2
A es c h Ag 1 2 1 . Eur H e] 1 7 1
. . . .
w r i t i n gs . k
T h e Gr e e s asc ri b e d t o O n o macri tus, th e S i xt h -c e n t ury fo rg er,
ce rt ai n o rac l es of O r p h e us an d M usaeus .
4
A en . V I 6 6 7—6 6 8 .
P I E RI A N R EL I G IO US P O ETRY 11
but he r e an d th er e amo n g t h e ol d e r fr ag m en ts t he r e i s a tr ac e o f
aus t e r e an d h i e r ati c v er se Z eus of the g l ea mi ng th u nd er bol t i s
.
a ll thi ng s w er e ma d e Ze us i s th e f ou n d a ti on of ea r th a n d o
, f the
s ta r ry h ea vens
l
T hi s l it any w hi c h may w ell be pri mi tiv e or an
.
, ,
’
i nv en tor ; i t has th e harmo n y of M il to n s i n vo c atio n
Th ee, Fat h e r fi rst t h ey s i n g O mn i pot ent , ,
I mmut ab l e I mmo rt al I n fi n i te
, , ,
Et er n al Ki ng ; Th ee aut h o r o f all B ei ng
,
.
i n t he fall o f Satan .
w h o d e vot e d hi s m y s t ery pl ay of t h e B a cc h ae t o t h e S i n i s t er s i d e
o f Di o n y sus wor sh i p w as d e e pl y i n t er es t ed i n th e O r ph i c d o c
,
1 Ab e l , Or ph i ea 4 6 .
2 Apo ll R h
. od . A r go n a u ti ea 1 .
4 9 6 ff
.
SHO RT H I STO RY OF GR E E K LIT E R A TU R E
ec h o o f t h e s ac r e d d o c tri n es o f O r p h i sm .
an d a tru c e fro m c ar es
”
.
B I B L I OGRAP H Y
Ab e l ,
z
Orphi ea , L e i p i g , 1 8 8 5 . k l
Ki n e , Ep i eo r u m fr ag men ta I , 1 8 77 .
TH E H O M ERI C P O E M S
TH E I l i a d and a th e
rli es t l i te rary mo n um en ts
s s ey ar e ea ,
l eage r s ag a o f w h i c h t h er e i s an i n c o m pl e t e bu t s pl en d i d ec h o i n
’
t he E mb assy o f the I l i ad
‘
The exploi t s of Tyd eu s an d hi s
.
sal i an l eg en d o f t h e ad v en tu r es o f th e c r ew o f th e Argo O ld in
1
Th e vi ew o f N i es e th at t h ere w as n o pr e - H o me i cr s ag a i s w o rt hy t
o f no e
2
11 g I l i a d IX
. I V 3 7 2—4 00 ; V I 1 5 2— 2 1 1 Ac hi l l es i n hi s b ut
.
s i n s th
g e
p l o i t s o f t h e h e ro e s o f o l d
e x
I 4 SH O RT H I STO RY OF G R E E K LIT E R A TU R E
i n ou r I l i ad .
Th e Tr ojan i n hr oa d Tr oy l a n d -
. O f al l t h eir l eg en d s th e Troj an
s ag a m ad e the m o st pro fou n d mp r essio n o n the G r eek s I .
s had ow e d t he I l i ad T he h ex am e t e r t hat H o me r wi el d s w i t h
.
ease w as an i n s tru m en t fo rg e d by a lo n g su c c es s io n of
p o e t s v ery ,
l ai d hi s sc en e i n A si a M i n o r an d Sh ow e d i n th e r esi st an c e of
Pri am an d t h e p e o pl e o f Pri am t he E ast e r n d e fi an c e o f t h e West ,
A t an y r at e t he ev e n t s i n t he Po e ms o c c u rr ed b e for e th e Dori an
1
Th e nu mb er of co mb at an t s mus t b e g r e at y exaggerat e d i n t h e p o e m,
l
si n c e th e r
c i c ui t of th e H o meri c ci ty i s l i ttl e mo r e t h an a t h i r d o f a mi e l .
TH E HOM ERIC PO EMS 15
’
an d th e Odyssey o n ly t he Dori an s of C r e t e .
i h u es t i on
en igm a Ar c h
. ae ologi s ts h op e t o d et er mi n e t by t e q
2
s p ad e ; p hilol ogi s ts by stu d i es i n d i al ec t ; h i s tori an s li k e B e t he , ,
c o n se q u en c e i s that n o o n e c an r el at e hi s i n divi d u al i m p r e ss io n s
O n e c an fo rm o n e s esti mat e o f ei t he r
’ ’
Sop ho c l ean qu esti on ,
‘
.
,
i s i mp o ssibl e .
an d n ame
riv e r M el es w h i c h flow s n ear Smyr na Th e e ig h t .
ap p l i e d t o r e m o t e e v en ts m er el y ad d t o th e u n c e r tai n ty o f t he
,
t r ad i t io n The v e ry n am e o f H om er an d i ts m ean i n g i s o ne ‘ ’
.
’
o f the m i n o r p robl ems o f H om eri c c ri ti c i sm Lik e Stesi c ho r us .
,
1 0d . 19 l
. 1 of
77 . Th e si en ce H o mer ll y reco i l s
u s ua on on e who w o u d l
arg ue fro m i t Th e A eo l i ans are
. n e ve r named , yet on n o t h eo ry c o ul d th ey
have b e e n u n k n o w n to H o mer .
Smyrn a w as Aeol i c l at e as 6 8 8
'
2 3
N eu e j ah r lzueher , 1 9 04 . as B C
. .
16 SH O RT H I STO RY O F G R E E K LITE R ATUR E
r em i nd s o n e o f an ot h er i n g e n io u s G erm an w ho r efused to d i s
ti n gui sh th e E ttri c k Shep he r d fro m t h e Wi z ard o f t h e N ort h s i n c e
H ogg was obviou sly t h e d i al ec t for m o f S c o tt Th e famou s .
m o m m t to r w fi r t h ar of t h e Ho me ri d ae a
Th e Homer s a e c e n a e s e ,
w o r th i ans will be d eb at e d .
O ur ig n or an c e o f th e l ittl e c l an o f C h io s an d o f th e w h ol e
“
1 Pi ck t h i nk s t he na me may i n d i cat e a cu lt to l t
c e eb r a e th e A eo l o - Ac h aean
un i o n .
2
S c ho l . Pi n d Al e/n
. . II 1 .
M r Ri d ge w ay’s
3
. th eo ry is th at t h ey we re a C elt i c t r i be w hi c h h ad mi
gr at e d fr o m Epi r us l fo rmed a r u l i n g A h aean as t e
t o Th es sa y a n d B ut c c .
h i p i ct ur
s f an army o f
e o n q u er e d P l a g i an
co O ffi c e e d b y A h ae an s i ne s s r c
t h e Tr o ja c a mpai g n i s u n s u
n
pp o rt d b y an y evi d e n c e i n th e I l i ad o f such a
e
r el at i b etw ee t h G k h i e f an d th ei r me n
on n e r ee c s .
4
Th e vi e w f M o n r L af an d Lan g
‘
o o, e , .
I 8 SH O RT H I STO R Y O F G R EEK L IT ER ATUR E
c olouri n g ov e rl ai d an d t o a gr e at e xt e n t r ep l ac e d T h e H om e ri c .
c en t u ri e s d ow n t o A ri star c h u s .
F i ck
p ortio ns o f th e po e ms aro se i n A eoli s o n the c o ast o f
A si a M i n or abo ut 7 3 0 B C an d w er e tr ansli t e r at ed i n to I o ni c t w o
,
. .
,
c en tu ri es l at e r w h en i n t h e h an d s o f the bl i n d C n ae th us o f C hio s
, y ,
I o n i c r e m ai n s w hi c h go b ac k as earl y as 7 00 B C th er e i s n o s ur e
,
. .
,
t r ac e o f t h i s l e t t e r w h i c h c o rr esp o n d s to o u r w an d th e Lati n
,
d i g amm a i n i ti al an d m ed i al
,
?
I n th e Hom e ri c Po e m s th e p l ac es
w her e i t i s assu m e d by th e m et er ar e i n a proportio n o f abo u t fi ve
to o n e w h e r e t h e m e t e r r efu ses i t A c c or d i n g to P i c k th e p as .
1 Fi c k ac c ep s t th e sch o l i ast s ’
vie w th at th e
“
bl i n d man of Ch i o s
”
w ho
w ro t e Hy mn to th e D el za n Ap ol l o w as Cyn aeth u s
the B l i n d Th amyr i s . in
I I I I an d b l i n d De mo d o c u s w er e h i s symp at h et i c c r eat i o n s
. .
2
Cp . th e l t
n eg e c of w i n th e pr o n u n c i at i o n of H a r w i eh an d Wa r w i eh ;
an d
’
aa ma n fo r w oma n i n d i al ec t En g is hl .
TH E H O M E RI C P O E M S 19
1
is p d by m an y mod e r n sc h ol ar s
ac ce te B ut any su c h atte m p t as .
h i s A eol i c r ec en s io n i s u n c o n vi n c i ng b ec au se o f ou r i g n or an c e o f
e ig h t h c e n tury A e ol i c
-
.
’
Mor e r ec en t i s th e A eoli c O ri gi nal I l i ad of B ec h t el ‘
i nte rv ei n ed lik e t he M en i s o f Fi c k by th e Wr at h
‘ ’
but v e ry ‘ ’
,
d iffe r en t i n sub st an c e i n di al ec t an d g en er al c o n c ep t io n
, ,
Fi c k .
’
h off w ho se r ec ensio n was li k e Gro te s m ai nly aes t h et i c an d
, , ,
’
logi c al B ec ht el o n the ot her han d r eli es o n Rob ert s
.
, ,
B ech t e l
Ur I li as
’
an tiqu ari an r ec en sio n to su ppo r t h i s A e oli c -
.
3
i n the i n t rodu ctio n o f the rou n d sh i el d an d m et al g ear of th e
2
A c o mp ari s o n o f th ese t w o A eo l i c k er n el s i s i nstr uc t i ve ‘
Fi ck extrac t ed .
I to B o o k XX I I H i s M e n i s, t h us c o n struc te d c o n si st s o f 2 2 6 0 l i n es an d
.
’
, ,
en d s w i t h t h e b o as t o f t h e Gr ee k s o ver d e ad H e c t o r at X X I I 3 9 3 Th e l as t .
Pe l o p id s Th e w h o l e w as ed i t e d b y Cyn aet h us i n t h e fi rs t h al f o f th e s i xt h
.
c e n t ury B ec ht e l s e l e ct s hi s O ri g i n al I l i a d o f 2 14 6 l i n es fr m s e ven t ee n
‘ ’
. o
B o o k s e n d i n g at XX II 2 1 2
, H e to o d i vi d es th e pr es en t p o e m i n t o t h r ee
.
3 Th
e ro un d sh i e l d i s i ll ustr at e d o n t h e M yc e n ae an Warri o r V ase b ut t h is ,
’
i s assi gn e d t o t h e d eb as ed p e ri o d o f Myc e n ae an ar t Th e ab se n c e o f t h i s .
o r t hat
p r o d uc t o f H o meri c c i v i l i z at i o n fro m t h e Myc e n ae an r e mai n s i s us e d
by so me c ri t i c s as i n c aut i o usly as th e muc h mi s use d s i l e n ce o f H o mer
“
.
20 SHO RT H I STO RY OF G R E E K LITE R A TU RE
n ec ti o n w i t h t he M e n i s o r Wrat h
‘ ’
I n t h i s o l d i n d e p en d en t
‘
.
’
u sual n u mb er o f i n gr ai n ed I o n i s ms I n m an y si m il ar p assag es .
l
c ases . B ut I l i a d V h e say s c an n e v e r h av e b ee n A eol i c : i t w as
, ,
u se d an arti fi c i al d i al ec t i n w h i c h A e ol i c and I o n i c e l e m en t s
“
’
o rigi n al use o f su c h a c o m po si t e d i al ec t as t he e p i c I l i ad V i s .
as u n n ec e ssary B u t w e h av e s e e n t h at t he u se o f an arti fi c i al
.
n ae l a
y ou t h e tr ad e ro u t e fro m N au pli a t o C ori n t h S i n c e th e
-
.
1 I n I l i ad X XV I 4 00 4 1 3 , t h e
— ar mo r is I o n i an , th e w o u n d i n g M yc e n aean .
If t hi s be r
a c hai s m , It is at l e ast w h o ll y un c o n sc i o us .
TH E H OM E R I C PO EM S
‘
lik e a tow e r th e Sh i el d t hat b eat u p o n t he an kl es an d n ec k o f
,
’
t he O dy ssey h av e no t b e en fo u n d at My c e n ae
,
U n l ess th e H o .
hi s di al ec t an d i s as li t tl e to b e i d en ti fi e d wi t h th e r esult s so far , ,
s up e r se d e d o r gr eatly li mi t e d S i n c e th e e x c av atio n s o f M r A J
. . . .
n ae still p ar amou n t B u t th e un d ec i ph e r e d d o c u m e n t s O f C r e t e
.
1
O d yss e us marvel s at th e bl u e fri e z e i n th e h all o f Al c i n o us ; 0d 7 8 7 . . .
22 SH O RT H I STO RY OF GR E E K LITE R A TUR E
h en c e i ts rig h t to b e c o n si d er e d th e bloo m o f th e e p o s — by i ts
u n iq ue suc c ess as a c omp o s i tio n the I l i ad w as li ft ed o ut Of th e
,
d e fi n e d th e aes t h e ti c o r p at rio ti c p r ej u d i c es o f t h e au d i en c e s
,
o f al l th e c enturi es d ow n to A ri s t ar c h us Th e po e try o f H o m er .
t h e fi r s t r ec or d o f a d efi n i t e c h ec k o n t he d i s p e r s io n
S ol on s l aw
’
or al t er at i o n o f th e Po e m s i s th e t r ad i tio n o f the
P an at h enai c ordi n an c e asc rib e d to Sol o n ( flor u i t 6 00 He
, ,
i n g o f th es e p h r ases i s u n c e rt ai n an d w e k n ow n ot h i n g p r e c i se
,
ass u m ed a gu ar d i an sh i p o f t he Po e m s an d r ec og n iz ed t h e n eed ,
1 H er o d . V 67 .
2
Di o g Laert
. . I 57 p seu d o-P a l t . H ippa r ch . 2 28 .
T H E H O M E RI C P O E M S 23
'
P ei s i s trat us
tw o c our t ph ilologi ans — a s usp i c i o us n u m b e r an d a ,
th e t e x t has b e en fi ll ed i n by Ri ts c hl wi t h a s t at e m e n t that Pe i si s
‘
fo ur th c en tury B C The i n t e r p ol at ed v er se ( I l I I 5 5 8 ) w as
. . .
th e l att er m en t io n s th e i n c i d en t o f i ts q u o tatio n ( R h et I I . .
asc e n d en c y o f four th c e n tu ry At h en s i n ev e ry fi el d
-
i t was an o ther
M eg ari an H ereas who acc u se d P e i si s tr atu s o f i n t er p ol ati n g 0d
, ,
.
’
I I. 6 3 1 ( o n T h eseu s th e A tti c hero ) to p l eas e th e At hen i an s ‘
.
oi t to t h e ixt h e tu ry T h e Al x a d ri a s r e ad A t h ens
p n s S c n e n
. n
1 D e Or ator e 3 3 4 . .
24 S HO RT H I STO RY OF GR E E K LITE R A TU RE
i n flu en c e o f th e At ti c r ec i tatio n s of so m e t h r ee c en turi es fo r th e ,
1
At hen i an Ex pl o i t s to so ot h e At hen i an v an i ty o nly i sol at ed li ne s , .
t h e P oems vi s io n o f H o m er fo r hi s o w n use w as th e Pi c k o f hi s
,
o w n d ay an d n o t ex c e tio n al
p T he c i ty e d i tio n s ( a i Ka nt miAet s )
. .
1
Eg
. . I 2 6 5 ; I I I 1 44 ; X X 2 1 9 —23 0 Th e l ast passage i n w h i c h
It
.
.
,
fr m t h e t i me w h en At h e ns c l ai me d k i n sh i p w i t h t h e Trojans fo r po l i t i cal en d s
o .
( Strab o X I I p
, .
26 SH O RT H I STO RY O F GR E E K LITE R A TU R E
d oubt s an d d i ffi c ul t i es
o f Al e x an dri a Ari star c h u s thoug h a
.
,
t h e stan d p oi n t of m o d e r n sc hol ar s T h e y ar e of th e
Th e .
V en e t i an same mi n d as C r at es an d h i s sc h ool o f P e rg a mo n ,
s ch ol i a
w h o ri d i c ul ed t he i r riv al s o f Al e xa n d ri a for t h ei r
at t e n tio n to d e t ail s t h e ir ,
tri fli n g wi t h mo n o syll abl es
‘
.
’
B ut t h e
app ear an c e o f th e vi ew s o f Ari s tar c hu s as r e fl e c t ed i n th e sc h ol i a
w as t h e sig n al for t h e r e n ew al o f t h e Ho me ri c d e b at e i n t e rm s ,
W ol f s
’ l eg omen a w i t h i ts th e ory t hat t he I l i a d i s a c o n gl o m
,
c avati o n s ,
hi s argum en ts hav e lo st mu c h o f t h ei r for c e I t is
.
’
T h e b al e ful s ig n s
‘
t hat Pro etu s s en d s as t he d e at h w arr an t
of B ell ero pho n (I l V I 1 6 8 ) d o n o t i m ply an y t hi n g m or e ad
.
for e Ar c h il o c hu s (f r 6 8 ) i s th er e an y m en ti o n of w ri ti n g i n G r e ek
.
W ri t i n g H o m er mu s t h av e k n ow n of wri ti n g bu t h e may n o t
,
1
Pl at o s d ay w e m u st c o nc l u d e t hat m e mo ri es abl e to h old an d
’
,
n u c l eu s o r k er n el w hi c h s u ffer e d gr ad u al e x p an si o n
G Her mann .
st ory s o me r en di n g o f t h e t i ss ue s w as i n e vi t abl e
,
Wi th as m an y ,
.
?
v ari atio ns as sc h ol ar s t hi s vi ew n ow p r ev ail s ,
’
Th e v ari at io n n ati i rall y b egi n s wit h eac h c ri t i c s c o n c ep t io n o f
th e M en i s or
‘
Wr at h ’
C h ri st assig n s t wo t hi rd s of ou r I l i a d
‘
.
’
,
‘ ’
B ergk two fi ft h s Leaf abou t o n e s ixt h to t h e origi nal
,
Ho m er ,
.
Fi c k t he O rigi n al 11m
.
, mo f B ec h t el ar e pro fo un dly
‘ “18 0W
,
a tou c h sto n e o f th e r es t “
We m ust say s M r Leaf i n hi s l ast
.
,
”
.
,
e d i t io n o f th e I l i ad shu t ou r e y es n o w an d t h e n to O p e n ,
1 Cp X en Sy nzpos
. . . III 8 1 ; P l at o , L a w s 8 10 E .
l
sp e n d rrativ e an d c h arac t e riz ati o n w hi c h ar e at th e bot to m o f
id na
t h e e x pan si o n o f t h e M e n i s i n to t h e I l i a d E v e n i f o n e sh o u l d ”
.
’
gr an t t hat the au t h or o f t h e M en i s w as my s t erio usly un abl e to
w ri t e b el o w a c e rt ai n l ev el t hi s d e t ec tio n o f t he tru e met al s eem s
,
li k e ly t o r e mai n a su bj e c tiv e ex e r c i se ‘
.
Eu s tat hi us i n t h e t w el ft h C h ri s ti an c e n t u ry r e c or d e d t he suspi
, ,
c io n s of t h e an c i e n t s as to t h e g e n ui n e n ess o f I l i a d X I t is in
‘
.
,
S l ayi n g R h esu s an d t w e lv e o f h i s me n i n t h e ir S l ee p t h e y ri d e b ac k ,
ar e n ev e r ag ai n me n ti o n e d The e pi so d e i s t h e o n ly o n e i n t h e
.
I l i ad o f w h i c h t h e r e i s a c lo s e i mi t atio n i n an e xt an t p l ay t h e ,
er e d w i t h a c e rt ai n a mo u n t o f l at e d i c tio n Whe r e th e i n t e r p ol a .
l at i on s an d s i n gl e li n es th e d o or i s o en to e v e ry s had e o f
p ,
o p i n i o n e v ery c an o n o f c ri ti c i s m Th e c ri ti c s are al mo st u n an i
,
.
1
Th e i n c i d e n t o ll e h o rses an d t h ei r add r ess b y Z e us
f t h e w e e pi n g of Ac hi s
’
i I t XV II i i l u d e d i n hi O ri g i n al I l a d b y B c ht e l ; i t i s rej ec t d b y
‘ ’
n . s nc s z e e
F i k an d by L af w h s ay t h at i t b tr ays a
c ,
e , oe t i me n t al t o n e fo r e i gn t o th e
s e s n
o l d es t Ep i c .
TH E H O ME RI C P O E M S 9
‘
th e ac tio n a to n e ou t o f har mo n y w i t h t h e p o e try o f th e M en i s
’
, ,
t h e I l i a d as M r Le at s o n e s e x p eri e n c e i s mu c h li k e C i c e ro s
’ ’ ’
.
,
c o m p l ex
. B ut t he s ti mulu s to all su c h e x p an si o n was a p ubli c
30 SH O RT H I STO RY O F G R E E K LITE R A TU R E
w hi c h h e p l ai n ly ad m i r es i n Ho m er Th e I l i ad an d Odyssey are .
an c i es or r e p e t i t io n s or l ac k o f logi c al s equ en c e
, ,
to the gu ests ,
’
aft e r a b an qu e t i n a gr e at m an s h ou s e w h en th e mi ns t r e l san g an d ,
“
H o me r s B attl e o f the G o d S or Lon gi n u s Apo st ro p h e to
’ ‘ ’ ’ ‘
’
Te r en ti anu s upo n i t .For M r Leaf t he li n es qu o ted by .
,
c har ac t e r c h ar mi n g tou c h es o f e th os to M r Ri d g ew ay an d M r
‘
,
.
, .
n ev e r p ut u p t h e sam e g am e .
B y th e eig ht h c en tury t h e I li ad w as c om pl e t e B u t th e c o m .
d y ss e y
p u t o ut by t h e s tro n g h an d o f AI i s tar C hus Ti m e O
.
,
i n th e i r t u r n an d al l s c h ol ar s ar e n o w C h orizo n t e s
,
E v en t h e .
c e rt ai n c an to s o f th e I l i ad ( I X X XX I I I XX I V ) i s m e r ely
, , ,
1
m ark t h at ad v an c e of the I t hac an h ero i n po pu l ar favor w h i c h
c ul m i n at es i n th e O dyss ey T h e p o et o f t h e Odyssey n ev e r
.
?
ar e n u m e rou s an d n o t alw ay s i n t elli g en t For i n stan c e i n 0d ,
.
14 4 1 E u m a e u s kill s t h e b es t o f hi s Sw I n e fo r O d y sseu s a fa t
.
9 , ,
1
Do r p fel d mai n t ai n s ( i n L eu has A t h en s , ,
1 90
5) t h at L eu c as at th e t i me
,
l t r s o ut h w as t h e tru e It h ac a th e h o me o f O d ysse us Th e
t h e i s an d far h e , , .
I th ac an s d r i ve n s o u t h w ar d b y th e i n vad i ng D r i an s mi g rat ed t o t h e n e w
,
o ,
2
S i ttl h as co ll ec t ed a n u mb er o f s uc h pas sages .
32 SHO RT H I STO RY O F G R E E K LITE R A TU R E
of I l i ad an d an d tr e e s a n arro w e r i n t e r es t i n b eas t s of pr e y w h i c h
Od y ss e y
i n t h e m or e p ri m i t iv e I l i a d ar e a C o n s t an t ac c o mp an i
m en t an d te rro r o f the p as toral li fe I n th e Ody ssey men c o n .
su l t or ac l e s ; O d y ss eu s go es to Do d o n a Ag am e m n o n t o Py t ho
, ,
a p oi n t o f affi ni ty wit h t h e H o me ri c I I mn s I n t h e I li a d i s n o
y .
S ig n o f i n d ivi d u al o w n er s h i
p of l an d suc h as i s c l ear i n th e Odyssey .
Th e gr am m ar o f t h e O dyssey i s n e ar e r t o t hat of l at er G r e ek
u sag e w h i l e i ts versifi c ati o n a
, pp roxi m at es m or e c lo se ly to H esi o d
t han to t he I li ad A p ax Oly’
. n i ca has s u cc eed ed t he
p p ri mi tiv e
qu arr e l s o f t he go d s w ho d eb at ed the fat e o f Troy O ly mpus .
p al ac e of M en el au s t he r e she t el l s an ec d ot es o f t he Troj an si eg e
’
an d w eav es li k e Art e m i s h er vi ol e t w o ol s T h e i m agi natio n s
‘
.
, ,
of s h ip s H el l of men H el l o
, f ci ti es b eau ti ful an d t r eac h erou s lik e
, ,
a s oot h i n g d r ug to b e g u il e p ai n an d c ar e ,
Th at ne t
p e n h es w h i c h t h e w i fe o f Th o n e
In t J
Eg y p g av e t o o v e - b o n H e e n a r l .
Th e Ody ss ey i s th e pi c t ur e o f t he su n se t o f G r ee k h eroi c li fe
t h e s un se t o f a s tor my d ay I t i s t h e work of H o mer s o l d
“ ’
.
”
a
ge , wro t e Lo ngi n u s ; you se e t he ebb an d flow o f gr eat n ess ,
an
34 SH O RT H I STO RY O F GRE E K LITE R A TU R E
sa a g may w ell anted ate the Troj an c amp aig n th e i nsul ar rul er o f
“
b arr e n an d b egg arly I thac a b ei n g c h o sen by so m e c apri c e of
”
ar e an exp i at io n hi s c o mr ad es hav e sl ai n th e ox en o f t he s un .
’
c ept ed fro m A th en e s w r at h To r ej ec t t hat i n c id en t fro m t he
.
’
‘
O rigi nal O dyss ey i s t o w eak en t h e d r am ati c m ec han i s m o f
t h e H o m e c o m i ng
’
-
I f i nser ted l at e r l ik e t he E mb assy i n t he
,
I n th e I l i ad a c er tai n i n di st i n c tn ess o f pl an a c o n fu s e d d ev el ,
23 . 29 6 at th e r e c og n i t io n by P en e lop e t o get ri d o f an an t i
, ,
c ou n t e r wi t h t he r el at iv es o f th e sl ai n woo e r s an d th e s ec o n d
s ag es su pp or ts t he m B ut i t i s n o t e as y to c u t o ut w h ol e i ns u
.
as you c an c u t th e D ol o n ei a an d p e r hap s t h e
’
E mb assy o ut of ‘
’
t h e I l i ad To an ep i c so c l o sely k n it o n l y the k er nel t heory
.
‘
c o u l d b e appli e d .
’
c e n t ury R etur n as c riti c s o f t he I li ad hav e c o nstru c te d a
‘
TH E H O M E R I C P O E M S 35
Wr ath ’
m aki ng t h at the tou c hs to n e o f the r est a m ag n et t hat
, ,
13 . 1 8 4 at t h e p oi n t w h e n t h e P haeac i an s w ho had s e n t O dy ss eu s
,
t o T e l e m ac hu s i s i n c o n s i s te n t an d ill j u dg e d ; t hat t h e c o n d u c t o f
-
t h e p o e t o f B oo k I The p r ay e r o f A th en e to Z eu s i s gr an t ed i n
.
1 1 1 —3 00 , — 16 — 1— 1 6 6
5 .
49 5 55 7 ; . 1 29 , 3 2 2 45 1 ; 17 .
3 .
36 S H O RT H I STO RY OF GR E E K LITE R ATU RE
’
i d en ti c al li n es the R etu r n shoul d b e the o ri gI n al
,
‘
.
m e n t s d o no t al w ay s c o n vi n c e T he r e i s n o t for i ns t an c e i n t he
.
, ,
w hol e bo d y o f Ho m eri c e p i c a s i n gl e di sc r ep an c y of d e t ai l w hi c h
,
Sc o tt an d T h ac k e r ay to r an g e n o fart h e r
, ,
.
sag a an d of lo c al c ul t s al l t h ese c u rr e n ts fl
, o w i n t h e sam e d i r ec
Tel emachi a an d t he
’
R etu r n will c o n ti n u e t o h ol d the fi el d
‘
,
j us t as for th e I li ad all m o d er n c ri ti c i sm ev en t he k er n el
, , ,
‘
S eeck
b eli ev ed i n two i n d ep end en t O d y ssey s of w hi c h w e ,
’
h av e i n the R e t u r n a c o ntami n atio n ; i n t h e earli er v e r s io n
‘
,
’
to m O rigi nal I l i ad i h w h i c h the s tory w as qui t e d i ffer en t a
‘
,
’
fi ve e ss en ti al r hap so d i es w h i c h C oul d be pu t tog e t he r li k e t he
‘
’
lo n g e d to th e origi nal R e t ur n Th e ad vi c e t hat T eir esi as giv es
.
t o O d y ss eu s se rv es n o ap p ar ent e n d s i nc e C ir c e w h o had s en t , ,
hi m i n sear c h o f i t h e r sel f l at er ( 1 2
,
giv es t he h ero a far mo r e
,
.
T ei r esi as so me l ik e hi s mo th e r An ti c l ei a s t ay fo r sp eec h wi t h
, , , ,
O d y ss eu s an d v ai n e mbr ac es o f o t h er s t h er e i s o n ly a gli mp se as
t h ey p ass The lo n g c at alog ue of fai r wo men li k e that famou s
.
,
38 S H O RT H I STO RY O F G RE E K LITE R ATUR E
t he B all a de of V illo n
La r o ne
y B l a n ch e co mme l i s ,
B er l e gr a n t p i é, B i et r zs, A l l i s ;
au
H a r enzli u i g i s gu i t i n t l e l l/ a i n e,
E t j eh a n n e, l a hon n e L or r a i n e .
p h u s o f C ori n ,
t h t he ty p e o f S i n ful w eak n ess a bywor d o f v agu e ,
sig ns 1 1 5 6 6 — 6 3 5
. T hi s i s o f c our se pu r e c o nj ec tur e I f i n the
. .
’
po eti c al id en ti ty i n Ho m er s w as still p r edo mi nan t b ec ause i t was ,
d r e w t h ei r ph rases an d i m ag es an d e m
’
s p ri n gti m e o f so n g
‘
, ,
plo t s i n t he C y c l i c ep i c s B ut t h er e was n e v e r a tr ag e d y pu t o n
.
i n t h e d ec ad en c e of t h ei r lit e r atur e t he G r ee k s n ev e r l o s t t he i r
app r ec i atio n of hi s u n ap p r o ac h abl e e x c ell en c e an d c h ar m H o mer .
1
A n ti p at e r o f Si d o n t he Syri an G r e ek o f th e s ec o n d c en tury B C
,
. .
?
A n ot h er p o e t o f the A n thol ogy d w el t o n th e un fad i n g fr esh
n e ss of th e Ho me ri c n arr ativ e : S ti l l w e h ea r the bi tter cry of
A n d r o ma che s ti l l w e s ee a l l Tr oy toppl i ng f r o m her f ou n d a ti on s
, ,
an d th e ba ttl i ng f
o Ajax , an d H ecto r , bo u n d to the h or s es , d r agg ed
Al l thi s th r o ugh the Ill f
’
u n d er th e ci ty s c r ow n f
o tow er s . us e o
M aeo n i d es ,
the p oet w i th w hom n o o n e co u n tr ' a d o r n s h er self as
god d esses w alki n g the eart h amo ng men b eau ti ful t r eac h ero us , ,
ep i s o d e t h e r ev e n g e ful w r at h o f t h e w arrio r w e h av e al l t h e
, ,
sc e n e ry o f p ri mi t iv e b attl es t h e bl ac k s h ip s t h e se a b e ac h an d
, ,
-
bl azi n g w at c h fi r es at n ig ht an d by d ay t h e d u s t an d h eat o f t h e
,
1 2
A u th P a l . .
7 6 . . A u th P a l 9 9 7
. . . .
42 S H O RT H I STO RY O F G R E E K LIT ER A TU RE
G r e ec e o f t h e mi n or an t iq u i ti es i g n or e d by th e dr am ati s t s an d
,
s pl en did se tt i n g of t h ei r l iv e s
,
.
B I BLI OGRAP HY
Pl . iii , f r . fro m XI 0 —
5 3 5 3 7, 2d c en t . B C . . Bod l e i an , b 3 ( Gr e n fel l , G r eeh
P apy r i , S eco n d S er i es ) , 3 d cent B C Gr e n fe ll an d fr . o f XX I I XX I I I , , . . .
3d c en t . A D . .
XX — 8 00 l i n es i n p ubl i s h e d b y
all ; M ai , 1 8 19 Th e Sy r i a c P a l i mpsest, 6 t h
.
or
7t h c en t . A D . .
, c o n t ai n s 3 8 7 3 I i n es l of th e I l i a d fr o m X I I t o X X V Ven e .
i n th e l i brary o f S t M ar k s V e n i c l o th ce n t A D fi r st p ub l i sh ed
’
tu A s .
,
e, . . .
,
b y V i l l o i so n 1 7 8 8 c o n t ai n s th e h o l i a o f A i sto n i c us Di d ymus H er o d i an
, , sc r , , ,
an d N i c an o r L a u en ti n u s C F l o r en c e 1 l th c e n t A D
. r L a u r en ti a n us D
o , , . . .
,
F l o r n c e 1 1 th o 1 2t h en t A D
e ,
r c . . .
II E D ITI O N S AN D CO M M EN T AR I E S Ed i ti o ns b efo re 1 78 8 E d p i n e
. . : . r .
,
D metri us C h al c o n d yl as F l r n e 1 4 8 8
e F i rs t A l d i n e e d i t i o V en i c e 1 504
, o e c , . n, , .
Tu n b us I l i a d Par i s 1 5 5 4
r e , B ar n es ( w i t h s c h o l i a an d n o t s ) C amb r id g e
, , . e , ,
1711 E n est i L i p z i g 1 7 5 9
. r Ed i t i o n s i n an d a ft r 1 7 8 8 V i l l i s o n I l a d
, e , . e : o ,
i
ad v t e d V n ti fi d m
. co en si ta V e n i c e 1 78 8
. e e W o l f I l i a d H al l e 1 79 4 ;
e r ec , , .
, , ,
[h a d an d Ody ssey L i p z i g 1 8 04 H ey e I l i a d L e i p z i g 1 8 0 2
, e B e kk er , . n , , , .
,
I l i a d B er l i n , 184 3 ; I l a d an d Ody s y B n n 1 8 5 8
, K i r c h h ff Ody s y i se ,
o , . o , se ,
B rl i n 1 8 5 9
e 2d ed
, 1 8 79 P i err n I l i a d Pari 18 69 L a R c h e Ody s ey
.
, . o , , s, . o , s ,
1 Lu ci an , H ow to Wr i te H i story , 57 , on H o mer ’
s se l f r estrai n t
- : P oet th o ug h
he i s, he h u r r i es p a st Ta n tal u s , I x i o n , an d th e r est . If h e h a d been Pa r th en i u s ,
or E uph or i on , or Ca l l i ma ch u s, h ow ma ny li n es w o u l d h e h a ve tahen to g et the
w a ter to th e l ip o
f Ta n ta l u s , or to s et I x i on p i n n i ng ?
s
TH E H O M E RI C P O E M S 43
I l i a d, 2d ed .
, 2 vo s l .
, Lo n d o n , 1 9 0 1 — 1 9 02 . H e nn i n gs, Ody ssey , B e rl i n , 1 90 3 .
f
o th e H o mer i c D i a l ect, Ox fo rd , 2d ed .
, 18 9 1 . S eymo ur , I n tr od u cti on to th e
L a ng u ag e an d Ver se o
f H omer , B o s t o n , 18 8 5 . V an L ee uw en , Ep zch i r zd zo n
d i ct . l ip , Leyd e n , 1 8 94 . See a so l th e ed i t i o ns of Fi c k ( II) an d of Ro b ert
an d B e c ht el ( IV) .
b y E S ll er L o n d n 1 8 9 1
. e Rei c h e l U ber H m
s, h e Wafi n Wi e n 1 8 9 1
o , .
, e o er i sc e , , .
Ag e f G o C amb ri d g e 1 9 00
r eece, Ro b ert un d B ht e l S t ud i en u l l i as , . ec , z r ,
B er l i n 1 9 0 1 D O pf l d T oja u n d I l i on A t h e n s 1 9 02
, . rB er ar d Les Phe
e , r , , .
,
M éla nges P er r ot , 1 90 3 .
H aw er i Op u se L ei p z i g 1 8 3 4
, We l c k e r D er Ep i s he Cy l u s B o n n 1 8 3 5
.
, , .
, c c , , .
Gl ad s t o n e H ome i c S t u d i es, F o r Fi c k s v i e w s s ee h i s e d i t i o n s
r S tt l D i e .
’
. i ,
B er i n l , 188 2 . Ch r i s t , P r ol eg omen a t o th e I l i ad i n h i s e d i t i o n , 1 8 8 4 Wi a . l
mo w i t z H omer i sche Un ter s u ch u ng e n i n P hi l ol og Un ter s u ch u ngen V ol
, .
, . VII ,
Ep i c Lo n d o n 1 8 9 3
, J ebb I n tr od u cti on to H omer 2d e d Lo n d o n 1 8 94 ;
, .
, , .
, ,
t
c o n ai n s a us e u f l b i bl i o graph y d o w n to 188 7 C auer, Gr u n df r ag en d er H o
.
mer hr i tzh L ei p i g, 1 8 9 5
, z
B e t h e , H omer .
u n d di e H el den sag e i n N eu e j ah r bh , .
1 90 1 . k
Z i el i n s i , D i e B eha n d l u ng g l ei chzei tig er E r ezgn i m A n ti hen Epos, Lei p .
Kar l sr uh e, 1 905 .
44 SH O RT H I STO RY OF G R E E K LITE R A TU RE
S CHOL I A
.
VI . TH E . O n th e Ody ssey , D i n d o r f, O x fo r d , 18
55 . L eh rs , D e
S t u d i i s H am A r i sta r chi , L el pz l g,
. 1865 . O n t h e I l i a d , D i n d o r f, O xfo r d , 18
75 .
Lud w i c h , A r i sta r ch
’
s H am Tex t-K r i tzh , L ei p z i g ,
. 1 8 8 4— 1 8 8 5 . M aass Sc h o l i a
,
on r
th e I l i a d , O x fo d , 1 8 8 8 .
Way M ack ai l
, .
Pa l mer . Se e M A rn o l d , O n
. the Ar t f
o Tr a n sl a t i ng H omer , L o n d o n , 186 1
18 62 .
V I I I LEX I C A . . l
Eb e i n g, l ex i co n H o mer i c u i n , L ei p i g , z 1 8 8 0— 1 8 8
5 D un
.
T H E CYC L I C F RA G M ENT S
sev e r al lo s t e p i c s th e ti tl es of mo r e ; t h e ir v e ry n u mb e r arg u es
,
’
o f the Ho m e ri c p o e m s an d t h e nam e o f H o m er t he c y c l i c e pi c s
o w e t he i r s ec o n d han d i m mort ali ty
-
I n th e u nc riti c al as i n the
.
th e c ri ti cs o f Al e x an d ri a r ej ec t ed fro m th e c an o n all th e e pi c s b ut
abo u t t he c an o n i c al p o e m s t he n brok e up an d th e r ej ec te d e pi c s
,
o ur o w n p r e o c c u pi ed wit h p ro se
,
Ho mer h i msel f was r el e g at ed to
th e sc hool s . I t w oul d hav e b een s tr ang e i nd e e d i f t h ey havi ng at
,
epi c s.
45
46 S H O RT H I STO RY O F G R E E K LITE R A TU R E
l eg en d s of G r eec e .
s i e g e o f T he b e s w as t h e fi r s t gr eat dr am ati c e nc ou n te r of th e
1
So W e l c k er , w h o se k
g re at b o o D er Ep i sch e Cy cl u s, w i t h i ts r e co n s tru c t i o n
of th e c yc e , l h as fall en i n t o th e b ac g ro u n d n o w t h at th e c yc l i c p o e ms ar e n o
k
l o n ger b e l i eve d to h ol d t h e an s w e r to th e H o mer i c q uest i o n .
TH E c vc LI C F R A G M ENTS 47
p hr ase O m
‘
i xa
’
se v e n th c en tury th e my or Hom e r h ad a wi d er
’
t é
, yp ,
’
that ti m e H om e ri c T he r e i s a c heri sh ed trad itio n t h at H om e r
.
En o n oi w as n ev e r assig n e d to an y o t he r p o e t a r ar e d i s ti n c t i o n
, ,
o c l es al l ec ho t he Th eba i s
,
The Ep igon oi d esc rib ed the mo r e
.
Th e Tahi ng of Oechal i a
’
s u c c ess ful exp e di tio n o f the Aft e r bo r n -
.
,
Of 09 0113 1“
h
t e t te m p t o f som e H om e ri
a d to bri g i o
n n t t h e s h
p re e
n o bl es t utt er an ce of th e man of Ch i o s .
’
48 S H O RT H I STO RY O F GRE E K LITE R A TU RE
t he wou n d i n g of T el e p hu s t h e My s i an o f w h o m E u ri pid es w as t o
,
allu sio n s of th e I li ad i n to w h ol e e p i s o d es O ne i s r em i n d e d o f .
Aet h i OPi S o f H ec t o r i n th e l as t v er s e o f th e I l i ad ,
Then ca me th e
’
an d r ep l ac e d i t w i t h a se n t en c e (75x96 8
Th e O v e rl an d by w ay of T h r ac e w h e r e h e m ee t s O dy sseu s ,
R e t urn s O T h e wr ath o f At h en e h an g s l ik e a
( cp d 9. . .
Eugammo n o f C yr en e ( ci r ca 5 6 6 B C ) w ro t e th e l ast po e m o f . .
t h e c y c l e t h e Tel eg o n i a as a se q u el to th e Ody ss ey
, , Lik e al l .
Th e sequ e l s i t i s an an t i c li m ax w h i c h b e tr ay s th e b r eak
,
Od I I 1 1 9 i s fulfill e d
. . T el ego n u s t h e so n of O dy ss eu s an d
.
,
’
C i r c e c o m i n g fro m th e sea to I thac a o n a qu est lik e t hat of
‘
,
g en iu s t o l eav e n ot h i n g u nt ol d .
an o th er w as d en i ed to Ho m er an d c e ase d t o b e H o m eri c ‘ ’
.
’
F or Ari stotl e th e c y c l i c po ets ar e t he o t h e r s an d ar e quot ed
,
‘
,
’
T h ei r pe r so n al i d en tity stan d s or fall s wi t h H o m er s ; for i t woul d
b e a m e r e p e rv er si ty o f p h il ol ogy to oblit er at e t h e p er so nal ity o f
H om er an d ac c ep t that of Arc ti n us o r Lesc h es .
tio n to qu es ti o n th e j udgm en t o f an ti q ui ty w hi c h di sc ar d e d th e
c y c li c po e m s ; n o r i s i t l ik e ly that a hap p y fi n d of a m an u sc ri p t
The w eak en i n g o f th e e p i c i m p ul se i n t he se v en t h an d s ix th
c en tu ri es w as s t ead y bu t s lo w an d e v en i n th e fi ft h w h en lyri c
, ,
P ei s an d er
wro t e hi s H er acl ei d of w h i c h w e h av e o nly a few
,
o w es m u c h to hi s im agi n at i o n Th e po p ul ar c o nc ep tio n of th e
.
P any as i s
m erit w e c ann ot j u d g e fro m the frag men t s abou t forty ,
A n t i mach us
e p i c po e t o f t h i s c e n t u ry w as A NT I MA C H US o f C olo ho n
p ,
n am e o f A n ti m ac h us w as han d e d d ow n by t he c ri ti c s G r ee k an d ,
o f the N a n n o of M i mn ermus 1
Abo ut th e same t i m e C H O ERILUS
.
c e l e brity .
B I B LI OGRAP H Y
W e l c k er , Der Ep i s ch e Cy cl u s, B o n n , 1865 . Dun tz e r, D i e Fr ag men te d er
p i schen P oes i e d er G r i ech en
e , Ko l n ,
1 8 40 . Ki n k e l , Ep i co r u /n Gr a ec F r ag .
men ta L ei p z i g 1 8 7 7 S ee al s o M o n ro j o u r n a l of H el l en i c
, , .
,
S tudi es, 18 83 ;
Wi l amo w i tz P h i l ol og i s ch e Un ter s u ch u ngen V I I pp 3 28 3 8 0
, , ,
.
-
,
l
B er i n , 18 84 .
A N TI MA CH U S
B e n e c k e, A n ti ma ch us f
o Col op h on and th e P os i t i on o f Women i n Gr eek
P oetry , Lo n d o n , 18 96 .
1
Thi s l
e eg y h ad a gr eat vo u e
g both atl exan d ri a an d Ro me Cp th
A . . e
H ESI OD
sai d,
t aug h t men w ar by w h i c h t hey mean t r at h e r the man ly
,
B u t th e c o n tr ast o f t he I o n i an ep o s an d th e e p o s of c en tr al
G r eec e t he c o n t r ast o f h e ro i c an d di d ac ti c w as t o o e vi d en t to b e
, ,
an d O dy ssey h ad b een c o m p o s e d fo r th e e n t e rt ai n m e n t o f an
ari s to c r ati c s o c i e ty
. To ig n or e t h e li fe an d en e rgi es o f t he p eo pl e
w as al mo s t a c o n v en ti o n o f th e h e ro i c e pi c Th e r el atio n s o f
.
-
i n a p easan t an t s Poe t
’
t he c han g es o f se aso n s an d c rop s ,
s e rfs t he c o mmo n p eo l e t ak e u
, p p t h e for egrou n d T he Wo r hs .
a n d D a s w as n o t me an t to b e l ik e t h e I l i a d an o r n amen t o f
y , ,
53
54 S H O RT H I ST O R Y OF G R E EK L IT ER A T UR E
r
st eet, for men w h o i f t hey sh oul d follow H esiod s advi c e,
,
’
n or w ea l th , n or p r osp er i ty hu t h a r d p over ty
, ,
the gif t of Z eus to
men . He r H eli c o n i n a wr e t c hed vill ag e A sc ra col d
set tl ed n ea , ,
r ati o n H e w as al w ay s c l ai m e d by th e B o eo t i an s an d i s th e p o et
'
g .
o f B o eo ti a the fi r st of a su c c essio n of d i st i n g ui sh e d
,
B i rt h pl ace
fello w c ou n try m en w ho p rov e th at the A t hen i an gib e
-
t i m es was d i r ec t e d ag ai n s t t he Du t c h
, .
l iv ed l at e r t han 75 0 B C ; hi s po et ry ec h o es H om er . .
Dat e
an d i s ec h o e d by p o e t s o f t h e s e v en t h c en t ury by ,
T h e l eg en d t hat h e c o mp et ed wi t h H o m e r at C hal c i s an d
w o n th e priz e i s c l e arly d ue to t he G r ee k t en d enc y to r el at e
gr eat nam es ; u n l ess i n d ee d i t sy mbol iz es so m e p hase i n w h i c h
, ,
2
Wor hs ,
6 3 7 ff . Th i s passage c o n tai n s th e earl i est extant refere nc e to th e
Aeo l i an s .
H ESI O D 55
c ri an di al ec t w h eth e r t he H o m e r w h o m h e i mi tate d h ad
Di al ect
,
b el i ev e w er e d ue to ig n oranc e
, P e rs es had wo n a l aw su i t by
.
1 Th e Con test o
f H o mer p r o se w o r d at ed b y i ts me n t i o n o f
an d H es i od, a k
th e Emp er o r H ad ri an , i s a p er fec t y w o rt h e s s att e mpt o f a at e w r i t e r t o
l l l
tran sfo r m a vag ue l eg en d i n t o hi st o ry by th e ad d i t i o n o f pi c t ures ue d e tai s q l .
2
Fi ck s t heo ry o f an I o n i c r ec e ns i o n o f t h e H o meri c p ms at th e b eg i n
’
oe
n i ng o f th e s i t h x n t ur y o b l i g es h i m to as s ume f r H es i o d a s i mi l ar r ec e n i n
ce o s o
at ab ut t h e s ame t i me
o H e b e l i ves t hat t he Wo h a n d t h e Th g ony w er e
. e r s eo
or i gi n all y co mpo s ed i n th e B o eo t i an an d L c r i an d i al ec ts o .
56 S HO RT H I STO RY O F G RE E K LITE R A TU RE
t he u nj us t j u d g es w ho m H es io d ad d r ess es as
’
Pri n c es
, Th e
‘
.
(3 8 3 3 . Th e G en er al P r ecepts ( 6 95 4 . Th e Cal
en d a r o f D ay ( 7 5 en d )
s 6 —
.
H eli c o n w ho i n th e ti me o f P aus an i as ( I X
,
r ej ec te d th e fi rs t
t en li n es o f i n vo c at io n ar e sup port ed by m o s t m od e r n e d i tor s
, .
th e stol en fi r e h e c r e at ed P an d or a t h e G r ee k Eve S tr ai gh tw ay ,
f r o m ear th the gl or i ous H ephaes tus f ash i on ed her i n the l i leen ess of ,
Woma n ,
P a n d o r a , beca use all th ey tha t dw el l on Oly mp us had
g i ven h er gif ts , w oe f o r mo r tal men ( 70
d u mb d i s eases
’
The c u se sr t hat e sc ap e fro m P an d o r a s jar ,
t he
58 SH O RT H I STO RY O F G R E E K LITE R A TUR E
T h er e i s h ardly a t r ac e o f t he idyll i n hi s ep i c si n c e he c ar es ,
h e i s b e tr ay ed o u t of th e d id ac ti c m an n e r i n to a su d d en an d shor t
fl ig h t o f p o etry w hi c h ri ses t o the Ho me ri c l ev el Su c h i s the d e .
s ea the ea r th g r o a n s l o u d a n d th e f o r es t M a ny
. a n o ah w i th i ts
h i gh f ol i age ,
many a s tu r dy p i n e i n the mou n tai n va l l eys it s ei zes
oh t h e c o as t o n e mus t n o t n egl ec t th e c o as ti n g t r ad e
,
.
pr ec ep t s o n e c an m ak e o u t a loo se c o nn ec tio n o f i n t er es t t he i n
, ,
1
Georg I I I 2 8 5
. Si ng ul a d urn c apt i i r c umve c tamur amo re
. c .
H ESI O D 59
om en H es io d l ik e t he p ri es t s of Del ph i w ho ec h o hi m i n thei r
.
, ,
1
orac l es k n ew the p ow e r o f t h e prov e rb
,
I t i s t he c u rr en t p ro .
v e rb i al p h ilo s op hy w h i c h c o m es h o me to all me n an d i t i s t h e ,
taug ht Ki n g Le mue l h e r ad vi c e to o n e c h oo s i n g a
, Th e
w i fe ec h o es the ac i d wi sd o m of Semo ni d es o f Amorgo s ; P roverb s
,
s u c h as t h at w h i c h was asc ri b ed to Pi tt h eu s t h e wi se ki n g o f ,
p h ere o f d eat h .
egoti s m i n al l th e r el ati o n s o f li fe .
5 oo w h o ri d i c ul e d i ts s u p e r s ti ti o n
2
T h e W o r hs i s a map o f the .
Day s
c oll ec t io n of sup e r s titi o n s as to l u c ky an d u nlu c ky d ay s
s ti t i o us t o d a
y go o d l u c k or bad i s oft en asso c i ated wit h c e rt ai n
-
,
'
h av e b ee n Del ph i c o r O r ph i c i n fl ue n c e t h at i n t ro d u ce d i n t o H es i o d ’s vo c ab u
l ary s uch n i g mat i w o rd s as ¢ pé s h us e arri r
e c e sn ai l ; w éu
o ¢xo g th e
, o -
c e ,
ro
‘
o v,
fi v e b ran c h d
-
h a d a d th e l i k
e , n Cp w i t h t h p rec ed i ng H e rri c k s d e
,
n e . . e ,
’
s c r i t i n o f t h e l oss f a fi n g er O n e o f th e fi v s trai g h t b r an h o f my
“
p o o : e c es
han d I s l o p t al r ead y .
2
Pl utar c h Ca m 1 9 , . .
60 SH O RT H I STO RY OF G R E E K LITE R A TU R E
t h e d ay s i n t h eir or d e r t he lu c k as i t w ax e s and w an es ; t h e d ay s
,
l ow s a cr ed H el i co n T he p o e m w h i c h b egi n s at li n e 1 1 6 i s a ge
.
, ,
i s o ft e n as i n th e c at al ogu e of t h e fi fty N e r ei d s ( 2 4 0
,
a me r e
c r eati o n o f P an d or a r eap p e ar wi t h m or e d e t ai l I n t h e r e m ai n s .
I n th e fo u rt e en t h -c en t ury K a l en d a r ( Oxfo r d
1 o
f the Un i v er s i ty f
o Oxfor d
H i s t o r i c al S o c i et y, 1 9 04 ) th e me mb ers of the Un i vers i t y ar e s o e l
mn l y w ar n e d
i n Lat i n r
v e s e ag ai n s t two ry mo n t h c al l e d
d ays i n ev e , Eg ypt i an d ays fr o m
’
th e pl ag ue s o f th e s ev e n t h d ay fro m t h e e n d
Egypt ; e g . of th e fi rst m t h on
’
mu st b e av i d e d as u n l uc k y fo r b l o o d l e tt i n g w hi l e t h e
o -
,
‘
si xt een t h d ay o f a .
th i r ty o n e d ay mo n t h
~ ~
13
p ro p i t i o us fo r an y e n t e r pr i s e .
H ESI O D 61
meas ur e d fo r c e . H i s d es c ri pt io n o f t h ei r c o mb at w it h Z eu s i s
o n e o f hi s r ar e fl ig h t s o f i mp r e s si v e po e try A t t he e nd are fi fty .
w h i c h i n th e t ru e H es io d i c m an n er i ntrod uc ed ev e ry
, ,
Th e Eoi ae
p ar agr ap h wi t h i ts fr es h i n s t an c e o f t h e u n io n Of a
go d an d a mort al Th e E oi ae p e r hap s form e d p art o f th e lo s t
.
, ,
a g en ealogi c al i n t er es t .
st ory of Al c m en e wi t h w h i c h i t o p en s i s p l ai n ly bor
, Th e S h i e l d
,
S hi el d of A c h ill e s Lo n gi n u s q u o t e s a li n e w h i c h h e c all s re
.
‘
’
pul siv e n o t t e rri bl e and q ues tio n s t h e g en ui n e n ess o f the w hol e
, ,
ep i c. Suc h w er e t he p o e m s i f w e i n c l u d e t he lo s t M el a mpod i a
, ,
c u rr e n t .
G r ee k s A s tr an g e c om m en t ary o n t he e t h i c al s tan d ar d s o f
.
r ac e .
h i s F i ve Ages to i n t ro d u c e t he Age of th e Ho m e ri c
H ero es i n t he Theog ony are abou t 1 2 6 i n t he VVo r hs abo u t 8 7 set ,
Ki r ch h o ff i n h i s H es i od os M ah n l i ed er
,
’
an Per s es , 1 8 8 9 , u s i n g th e me th o d th at
h e h ad app l i ed t o th e Ody ss ey , r eg a rd s t h e ad d resses t o Pe r s e s an d th e k i ng s
as th e H es i o d i c ke
l ; t h e r emai n d er
rn e i s d ue t o t h e i n t e rpo l at i o n s an d ex
pans i o n s o f l at er r ed ac t rs o .
H E SI O D 63
of the p
s r i ng , f ro m her pl ace i n the thi ch l eaf age of the tr ees , a n d
w i th y m an a tu r n and tr i l l po u r s f o r th h er f ull voi ced mus i c -
B I BLI OGRAP HY
I . MA N USC RI P I S ’ ‘
. A . Papyr i : Pay aui n, c o n ai n i n
74 W g 1 t . of th e Wor hs
an d D ay s, an d 39 vv . of th e Shi el d A ch mi m, c o n t ai n i ng 6 8 W . of th e Th eo
th e Wor hs a n d D ay s M ed i ceus 3 , 1 1t h . c en t .
, at Fl or e n c e , t
co n ai n i n g th e
Theag any an d t h e Sh i el d .
co n t ai n i n g th e Wor hs a n d D ay s A l d i n e e d i t i o n o f c o mpl et e w o rk s 1 4 9 5
. , .
Le i p z i g 1 8 6 9
, Ko e c hl y an d Ki n k e l H s i od ea L ei p z i g 1 8 70 G ott l i n g Fl ac h
.
, e , , .
-
,
H es i od i Ca r mi n a , L ei p i g , 1 8 78 z
Rz ac h , H es i od i ou ae jer u n t u r omn i a ,
.
L e i p i g, z 18 84 .Rz ac h , H es i od i Ca r mi n a , L ei p i g , 1 9 0 2 F i c , H es i od s
’
z . k
Ged i chte, G otti n g e n , 1 8 8 7 Ki rc h h o ff, H es i od os’ Mah n l i ed er a n P er ses , B e r i n ,
. . l
18 89 . S i tt l , H es i od os, A t h e n s, 18 8 9 . O n th e t e xt , see Rz ac h i n Wi en er
S tu d i en , 1 8 9 7— 1 9 00 ; Wi l amow i tz i n B er i cht d . B er l i n . A ha a ’
. 1 9 00 (on new
TH E H O M ERI C H Y M N S AN D E P I GR A M S
I fy mn s as H o me r s
’
B ut th e Al ex an d ri an s d i d n o t u s e t h e m for
.
Th e Hy mn s ar e pl ai n ly th e work o f rh ap sod es p r el u d es c om p o s e d ,
t o i n trod uc e r e c i t at io n s o f t h e ep i c T h uc y d i d e s ( I I I
.
s o d e s tr an si ti o n to t h e r ec i t ati o n to w h i c h t he h y mn w as a s ol e m n
’
h y mn s
’
‘
to the G r e ek w ho u se d th e word ,
for any so n g ,
e p i c or lyri c sac r e d o r s ec ul ar : F i r s t th ey s i ng a hy mn to Ap o ll o
, ,
(I
I n d at e th e b ’ y mns r an g e fro m th e sev e n t h c en tury B C t o t he . .
Th eo gn i s ( 1 1 0) see ms to ec h o t h e D el i a n Hy mn A ri s to phan e s ,
q uo tes i t ( B i r d s t h e r emi n i sc e n c es i n t h e Al e x an d ri an
p o e t
,
s T h e o c ri t us C a lli
,
m ac h u s an d A p ollo n i
,
us o f R h o d es ar e n o t ,
a nd h igh peales f o fl
l of ty hi l l sow i ng o n w a r ds to th e sea
a n d r i ver s
h e mix tu r e o f s tyl es i s u n u su al i n G r ee k e p i c A Pi n
( 143 t .
i i i r to u m m i t k i n t h e t r adi tio n al d at e
5 40 B C
)
. . t s e as e a ss e a s a e
s ev en t h c en tu ry .
C r e te .The D el i a n Hy mn w as w ri tt en by a p o e t w ho had th e
I o n i an sen se of b eau ty th e I o n i an c har m of s tyl e ; th e Py thi a n
, ,
, ,
an d t h e h i s tory o f my th
’
To c al l th e o ne H o m e ri c an d th e
.
‘
’
o t he r H esio d i c i s a u seful th ou gh n ot st ri c tly ac c ur ate d iffer en
2
t i ati o n o f t h e ir styl e an d d at e .
Th e p o et o f th e TIy mn to Ap h r od i te ( I V ) borrow s th e l an gu ag e
o f H o m er H esi od an d t he I Iy mn to D emeter
, ,
B ut hi s d esc ri p .
tio o f t h m ti g o f Ap h ro d i t n d A n c h i s es o n
Th e Hy mn n e ee n e a
2
G e mo l l ( 18 8 6 ) h as not c o n ve rt e d mo d er n l t o h i s r e ac t i o n i n
sc h o ar s
c ow ,
p e r hap s the l ast pl ace t o w h i c h o n e woul d h av e look e d for
su c h a fi n d T hi s Hy mn wi th i ts r efer en c es to the My steri es may
.
, ,
fo r a s easo n
F o rgets th e Eart h h er mo t her , ,
Th e l i fe o f fr ui t s an d co r n ,
po et o f th e my st i c s of El eu si s but he that i s u n i n i ti a te a n d ha th
n o l o t i n them ha th n ever equ al l ot i n d ea th ben ea th the mur le y
gl oo m ( 4 8 0
The po e m i s full of mov e m en t an d c olo r : De m e te r wi th h er
bl azi n g t or c hes ru shes o n i n h er sear c h or sp r i n g s li k e a M aen ad
,
‘
f a ced mai d en ,
by th e co u n sel of Z eus a n d to pl ea se the L or d w i th
ma ny g ues ts . Won d r ously bl oo med the flow er , a ma t vel f or all to
s ee, w h e th er d ea thl ess g o d s or d ea thly men . F r o m i ts r oo t
g r ew
f or th a h u n d r ed bl osso ms , and w i th i ts f r ag r a n t o d or the w i de
h eaven a bove a n d the w h ol e ea r th l a ugh ed , and the s al t w a ve o f the
the N ys i a n p l ai n ,
and u
p r us hed th e p r i nce, the h os t of ma ny
g ues ts , w i th h i s i mmo r ta l h or s es ( 6 I n fi n e c o n tr as t wi t h al l
t hi s i s the pi c t ur e o f the s tri c k en an d d i s fi g ur ed go d d ess, si t ti n g i n
t h e s h ad e o f a t h i c k ol iv e t r ee o r w as ti ng w i t h
,
s il en t gri e f i n th e
h ou se o f C el eu s .
Th e Hy mn t hat w as o ft en r ep r esen t ed i n G r e e k ar t ; th e p o e m
t O Di ODYS U S w as i mit at ed by O vi d
1
T he e ig h t h To A r es i s a
.
, ,
e d i to r s .
bu rl es q u e e p i c o f 3 1 6 v e r s es w h i c h tr ad i tio n fi r s t g av e
Th e B att l e
of t h e F r og s to H o me r l at er to Pigr es o f H ali c ar n assus (ci r ca
,
an d M W"
I t i s i n t er es ti n g o nl y as b e i n g th e earl i es t p arody of
th e H om e ri c e p i c a ki n d o f c o mp o s i ti o n t hat har d ly r an k s as
,
1 IlI et . I II .
TH E HO M E RI C H YM N S AN D E P I G RA M S 69
e N e w C o me d y M
(3 7 1 28 7 B C
—
) o r. t h . a ny thi ngs he had l ea r n ed .
to d o a n d a ll of th em he d i d i ll N ot of hi m co ul d th e g od s mahe
.
as o c c as io n al p o e ms by r hap so d es t h ey r ef l ec t th e c han c es o f a
,
an d c i t i es o n w ho se w e l c om e th e r h apso d e m us t d ep en d T he .
C l e ob ul us o f Li n d us o n e o f th e Sev en Sag es
, I ts c o n stru c tio n
. .
1
A br on ze ma i den a mI , set o n th e to mbf M i d a s As l ong as w ater flow s
o .
an d ta l l tr ees g r ow I l er e fi x ed on th i s
gr a ve of ma ny tea r s I tel l th e w ay
H er e l i es l lI i d a s Th e e p i gr am pr o ve d t o b e a mo n ume n t t h at c o ul d
fa r er .
B IB LI OGRAP H Y
I MAN USCRI PT S M oscov i en si s 14th c en t at L eyd en i s th e o nly extant
. .
,
.
, ,
L a u en ti a n u s 1 5 t h c e n t at F l o r en c e
r , E sten s i s 1 5 th c e nt at Parma
.
, .
, .
, .
my oma chi a an d Ep i gr a ms F l o r e n c e 1 4 8 8
, R uh nk en Hy mn to D emeter
, , .
, ,
L eyd e n 1 78 2 ,
I l g en Hy mn s B a tr a ch
. Ep i gr a ms H al l e 1 7 9 6
, B au , .
, , , .
mei st er B a t a ch Lei p z i g 1 8 8 6
,
r Gemo l l Hy mn s ( w i th c o mmen t ary) L e i p
.
, , .
, ,
zi g 1 8 8 6
, A G o o d w i n Hy mn s O xf rd 1 8 9 3
. . L u dw i c h B atr a ch L e i p z i g
, ,
o , .
, .
, ,
18 96 A l l e n an d S i k es Th e H ome i c Hy mn s L o n d o n 1 9 04
.
,
r , , .
transl at i on .
I V T RA N S LAT I O N S
. Pro se Ed gar Th e H omer i c Hy mn s Edi n b urgh 1 8 9 1
. : , , , .
L an g Th e H omer i c Hy mn s Lo n d o n, 1 8 99
, V er se Law t o n Th e S u cessor s , . : , c
o H o mer
f N e w Yo r k 1 8 9 8 c o n t ai n s s o me r e n d er i n g s i n v erse o f t h e Hy mn s
, , , .
V LE X I CO N
. D un bar Co n or d a n e to th e Ody ssey an d the Hy mn s Ox
.
, c c ,
fo r d 1 8 8 0
, .
C H A PT ER V I
E L EG Y AN D I A M B I C
fl ut e pl ay e r w h o m tr ad itio n pl ac e d i n th e l as t qu art e r
o f the eig h t h c en t u ry i n t he r e ig n o f M id as I I O lym pu s i s
,
.
’
m ean i n g flut e o r ai r o n th e fl ut e but t hi s expla
‘
,
El egy
n atio n has as l i ttl e au t ho rity as o th e r s t hat h av e b een
earl i e r G r ee k el e gi s t s h ow e v e r
,
s u c h as C al l i n us an d Ty rt aeus
, ,
71
72 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F G RE E K LITE R A T UR E
It was i n I onia ,
i n t he
b rill i an t an d d i s tu rb ed G r ee k c olo n i es o f
t he sev en t h an d s ixt h c e n t u ri es t hat e l egy aro se an d w h er ev e r , , ,
c o mp o se d at M e g ar a o r A the n s
,
or Sp art a el egi ac v er se w as
, , ,
Th e d i al ec t al w ay s c o mp o s ed i n t h e I o n i c d i al e c t N e v e rt hel ess .
,
Of el e gy
t h e i n fl u en c e of lo c al d i al ec t s p arti ally ov e r c ame t hi s
p o e m s o f S olo n th e At h en i an G r,
ee k e l egy w as ess en ti ally c o n .
c e r n e d w i t h t h e p r es e n t w i t h th e v ari ed i n t e r es t s o f c o n t empo
,
an d mo d el so t hat al l t h e e l e gi s t s e v e n t h o s e w h o s e i n t e r es t i s
, ,
th e ar c h ai c an d to giv e fr e e sc o p e to t h e p o e t s i n d ivi d u al i ty
’
.
l
Th e earli es t for m o f el egy w as p rob ably a l am e n t so t hat th e ,
c o mpan i e d n o do u b t by t h e fl u te
,
b ut t hi s i s th e o n ly ex ampl e
,
an d c o ul d e x p r ess n o t o n ly as H or ac e i n d i c at es bot h j oy an d , ,
V e rs i b u s i mp ari ter q ue r i m pr i mu m, Po st e t i am
1
H o r A P 75 . . . .
jun cti s on a i
i nc l usa est v o t i t ti a mp o s Cp O v i d , H er o i d es X V 7 , e l eg e i e fle bi l e
‘
s en e n co . .
carmen .
2
A n d r om . 10
3 ff .
74 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F GR E E K LITE R A TU R E
t h oug h a li t tl e l at e r Ar c h ilo c h u s k n ew o f i ts ru i n
, , I n the lo n g es t .
w if e h e h as w ed d ed ,
’
aga i n s t
f oes ; hi s
An d h o w c an “
co u n try s
fro m Io n i a to Spart a by w ay o f At h en s ,
H e w as ac c o r d i n g .
,
A th en s to b ec om e a c i t iz en o f Lac ed ae m o n the m o s t ,
fr .
3 .
S i n ce 1 8 9 6 , w h en D r V e rral l
. te ( i n t h e Cl ass i ca l Rev i ew
o p en e d th e d eb a
co n c l usi ve
p r o o f i t seems w e ll t o ad h er e to t h e trad i t i o n w h i c h mak es Tyrt ae us
a l e ad i n g fi g ur e i n th e S eco n d M ess eni an War o f the s e ven t h c e n t ury .
EL EGY AN D IAM B I C 75
d r ess i n g a G r ee k o n e mu st n o t forg e t th at h e c al c u t at i on s
l at e s fi r st hi s v e ry v alo r m u st b e d e lib e r ate I t w as n ot en o u g h .
figh ti ng f o r o ne s n a ti ve l a n d : bu t to l eave hi s ow n ci ty a nd hi s
’
'
1
w hi c h Th eo gni s ec h o ed or r at he r p aro d i ed si nc e for mili t ary ,
win (f r .
1
C p Th e o g n i s 6 9 9 ff w i t h Tyrt aeus fr
. . . 10.
76 S HO RT H I STO RY OF G RE E K LIT E R A TU RE
1
S part a H i s p hr ases c o n s t an tly r ec all t he I o n i c e p i c ;
Di al ec t
.
b at tl e of C h ae ro n e a ( 3 3 8 h e h ad to i n d i c t a c o w ar d ,
"
Ly c u rg us th e Atti c or ator q uo t ed Ty rt ae u s p i c tur e o f a c o war d s
’ ’
, ,
I n hi s I lI a r chi ng S o ng s to b e su n g to t h e fl u t e by Dori an s
, ,
s hi el d o n th e l e t ; f be br a ve and ca s t your p ea r
s ; ta he no tho ug h t
f o r y ou r l ife ; th a t i s n o t the w ay of Sp a r ta ( f r .
M i mnermus
N ERMUS o f C olo p ho n
( ci r ca 6 0 B C
3 ) ex p r essed i n t h e . .
s am e e t e r hi s p ro fo u n d
m
d i sc ou r ag emen t wi t h l i fe .
1E g [Ld lu o v fo r na
. . m
e s an d th e sh o rt e n i n g o f th e ac c us a t i v e pl ural en d i n g
o f th e fi
rs t d e c e n s i o n l .
Cp Tyr t 1 0 2 1— 28 w i th I l
2
. . . . X X I I 6 9 ff . L e af t hi n k s t h at the H o meri c
p assag e i s an i n t e r p o l at e d e c h o o f Tyrt ae us .
3 P l at o, L a w s 6 29 .
4 Ag a i n st L eoc r ates 10
7 .
E LEGY AN D I AM B I C 77
e e l gi st s ,
d r ew t hei r i nspi ratio n T h i s p o e t o f .
p e r so nal e mo ti o n
w as haun t e d by th e t error of o l d age We a r e l i he the l eaves th at
gr ow i n th e seaso n o f sp r i ng flow er s ,
w h en o n a s ud d en they i n
L i he th em fo r mo men t
’
c r ease i h th e s un s r ays . we r e oi ce
j a in
th e flow er s f
o
y o u th ,
n ot hn ow i ng w ha t the g od s h a ve i n s tor e, g ood
or i ll . B u t the bl ach F a tes a r e th er e, br i ng i ng f o r o n e ma n the
d oom f
o g r i evo us f or a n oth er the d oom of d eath ( f r
ol d age, .
a s tr ai n o f l am en t atio n
1
B ut M i mn e r mu s w as n o E p i c ur e an hi s
.
I n hi s v e r s es t o M i mn er mus Sol o n ad d r e ss es hi m as so n of ,
‘
2 ’
Li guastes an d ,
r e plyi n g to a c o upl e t i n w hi c h th e I o n i an
,
p o e t h ad p r ay ed n o t t o l iv e b e yo n d hi s S ixti e t h y e ar b e g s h i m ,
3
b e hap p y till e i g h ty Six ty y ear s s e e m e d too sh ort to Solo n w ho
.
‘
l iv ed an d l ear n ed but t h ey w e r e en o ug h for o n e w ho se o nly ai m
,
’
vi ew o f li fe t hat I o n i a b eg an to lo se h er fr eed om .
1 O d es 1 . 11 . 6 . Th e ad d ess r
p o e t L l yw arch H e n t o h i s
of th e C e lt i c
c r ut c h i s th e n e ar e s t
p ll l
h ut t h e w i s t fu me an c h o y o f
ar a e w i t h M i mn e r mus ; - l l l
th e G r ee k l
po et p a es b efo re th e p as s i o n at e fi e r ce n es s o f t h e C e t : O my l
c r u t ch Is it n ot s
p r i ng , w hen the cu ch oo p asses th r o ug h th e ai r ,
w h en the
ey es w h i ch w omen l ov ed .
2
D i el s i s fo ll o w e d b y W i l amo w i tz i n r e g ar d i n g th e w o r d as an e pi t h et
mean i n g ‘ t h e c l e ar -vo i c e d s i n g e r ’ r at h er t h an as a patr o nymi c ,
.
3
C p S o l o n f; 20 w i t h M i mn e r mus / r 6
. . .
78 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F G RE E K LITE R A T UR E
Wi t h SOLO N of ,
so n A then s m ak es
Ex ec esti d es ( 3 9 55 9
6 —
h er fi r s t c o n trib u tio n to th e H e w as an
lit e r atu r e o f G r e ec e .
me n t s f or s he w as a s l ave a n d i s f r ee (f r
,
A t hens had a .
t h e u n h ee d e d w ar n i ng t h at l at e r w as to sav e t h e li fe o f th e Ly d i an
, ,
'
ki ng 1
. T he d at e o f C ro esus fall s too l at e fo r that m e e ti ng t o b e
an y t h i n g bu t a pi c t u r es q ue fabl e I t w as t he At hen i an w ay o f .
( 54 6
O f Solo n
’
p o et ry
bo ut 2 5 0 v e r ses s urviv e
s a T hey ar e for the .
,
s ta te f ol l ow s every ma n to h i s ow n h ome n o mo r e ca n th e d oo r s
h u n ts h i m d ow n , y ea th o ug h h e h i d e hi ms elf i n th e i n n er mos t r oo m
w i thi n (f r I n an ot h er p assag e th e swi ft v eng ean c e o f Z eu s
.
1
H er o d . I 29 . Th e ea rl i er r
v e si o n o f th e esc ape o f C r o es us , i n th e Th i r d
Od e ofB ac c hy i d es , w as p er h aps i ns pi r ed fr o m D el p h i ; t h er e i s n o men t i o n
l
ll
o f So l o n ; A p o o s av es C r o es us w h o h ad gi ve n gr e at g i fts t o h i s Sh r i n e .
EL EG Y AN D IAM B I C 79
Th e S a
and be f P hol ega n d r us or of S i ci n us but n o t of
a ci ti z en o
one o f th os e w h o l et S a l a m i s g o F o r w a r d to S a l
. a mi s I L et u s
gh t f o r the l ovely i s l a n d a n d w ip e o u t o u r s ha me a n d di sg r a ce
n s i ambi c t ri m e t er s an d t ro c hai c t e tr ame t er s as far
’
( f r . S olo ,
1
Th e c o n t en ti o n of Pl at o that Solo n n e ed ed o n ly l e i s ur e to riv al
H o me r and H esio d i s a d r am ati c ex agg er atio n of the p ri d e o f the
A t hen i an s i n the ir gr eat l awgiv er wh o was m or eov er t hei r fi r st , , ,
po et
O f al l form s o f v er se th e el egi ac c oupl et was th e b est su i t ed to
c o n t ai n a mo r al r efl ec tio n tha t w as t o be l ear n e d by h eart o r t h e ,
'
'
p ar ad ox o r surpri s es by i ts c o n c lu s io n O f th e p e r so n al i ty of .
P h o c ylid es we k n ow n ot h i n g H i s g n om i c r e fl ec tio n s to j u d g e
.
,
1 Ti ni a eu s 21 .
80 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F G RE E K LITE R A TU R E
v e rs es mark e d t h e m as h i s o w n i n a d ay w hen a g n o mi c u tt e r an c e
w as l ik e ly e i t h e r t o b ec o me c o mmo n p ro p e rty o r to b e ab so rb ed
O pp o s i t e M il e t us l ay t h e li t tl e i sl an d o f Le ro s an d o n Le ro s ,
a r e n o t f ool s ,
but th ey ac t l i he f ool s wro te De mo d o c u s
,
T he .
att ac k w h i c h t h e r ej oi n d e r
,
an d i t m at t e r s l i ttl e
,
T h e M il e si an
.
p o e t i n w h o se frag me n t s ar e n o ec h o es o f w ar o r p ol iti c s r an k ed
, ,
as o n e o f th e wi se me n o f G r ee c e .H is p o p u l ari ty l ast e d lo n g i f
o n e ma j udg e fro m t h e fac t t hat aft e r 2 00 B C a
p s eud o _ y ,
. .
,
t o at t ac h th e n ame o f P ho c yl id es to a mor al p o e m o f s o me 2 00
v e r ses t he Ps eu d o Ph ocy l i d ea i n w h i c h h e a t te mp t ed a p art i al
,
-
,
r ec o n c i li atio n o f P ag an i s m an d the B i bl e .
t he c l e ar c ol d w at e r an d i n c en s e are en um e r at e d wi t h H o m e ri c
,
pr ec i s i o n The c l o si n g v e rs es t ak e a d i d ac ti c t u r n X e n o phan es
.
.
,
c o n s i s t e n t l y h o s til e to t h e p o p u l ar my t h an d w i t h th e G r eek
,
t he my t h i c al an d e x c i ti n g q u arr e l s o f t he Ti t an s G i an t s , ,
a c ou n t e r r evolutio n
-
T he o gn i s at an y r ate w as a
.
, ,
M eg ara
p ar t o f al l t hese di ssen sio n s H i s po ems r e fl ec t the .
mo n p eopl e as a Si g n o f th e d eg en er ac y o f M eg ar a .
’
d i d ac ti c v e r s es N o ex c e ss i s hi s t ex t
‘
B ut t ur n th e p ag e an d .
d ri n k the g en u i n e n ot e o f th e Th eo gni s w ho p r ac ti c ed w h en h e
, ,
2
fro m t hei r poli ti c al i n t e r est hi s p o em s are as X en o ph o n sai d a
, , ,
h u m an do c u men t ( o u
‘
yypanna n ep i a r e v el atio n O f
I shall be d ea d a n d tu r n ed to bl a ch ea r th H e i s d e fi c i ent i n .
d a r h n ess f
o the ea r th , to th e s o r r ow f ul h o me f H ad es even i n
o ,
The
x p ec t ed bi tt er n ess of t he e n di n g c o n v e rt s the
un e
Cy rnu s
p o e m i n to an e pi gr am I t w as to C yrnus so n o f Poly
.
,
s ig n al for t h e s p ri n g plowi n g o n t h e e s t at e t h at i S n o lo n g e r hi s
?
1
By s uc h a s e a l ( o ppa y i s) th e b l i n d p o et of th e D el i a n Hy mn e n d e av o e d r
to ass u er hi s fame ; i n t h e P e sa e o f Ti m th e us as Wi l amo w i tz p o i n ts o ut
r o , ,
th e p ers o n al all us i o n i s me a n t t o s er ve as a s e al B u t th e b e s t i n s t a n c e i s t h e
.
p o etr y o f Ph o c yl i d es an d De mo d o c us w h er e e ac h c up l e t w as st amp ed b y i ts
,
o
a uth o r .
2
Cp . B id s ow , w h en th e c r a n e sta r ts cl a n
g i ng f or Af r i c, i n sh r i l l - v o i ced
emi gr a n t nu mber . S w i n b ur n e
’
s transl at i o n of A r i s t o p h an es , B i r d s 7 1 0 .
E LE GY A N D I AM B I C 85
had i n c lu d e d n o t o n ly t h e c u rr e n t v er s i o n b ut t h e c u rr e n t i mi
tat i o n as w ell or e v e n t h e p aro d y
,
Fi n ally se v e r al .
Th e ,
tiv e w hi c h l ed o ur c o mp il er t o g at h e r un d e r t he n ame o f Th eo gn i s
an an t h ology of th e se n ten tiou s el e gy w h i c h i nc l ud es ev e n t h e
Apollo i s s till d eb at ed
,
Fo r a sc hool book t h ey w er e h ig hly un
.
sen te n tiou s c ou p l e t w e r e al l ap p ro p ri at e
,
Th e c har ac t e r an d t h e .
favor t he V i ew t hat w e h av e h e r e a bo ok o f d ri n ki n g s o n g s c o l ,
C al li n us H i s d at e i s fix ed w i t h s o me p r ec i si o n by t h e ec li ps e of
.
wo r th y d at e o f hi s tori c al G r eec e 3
T h e r e ig n o f G yg es th e fi r s t
.
,
1 F a i r est is ju sti ce
’
, h ea l th i s bes t ; bu t s w eetest
f
o al l i s to w i n the hea r t s
d es i r e, 2 5 5- 2 6
5 .
2
S o Rei t z e n st e i n , Ep i gr a mm und Shol i o n . Th e t h eo ry of M ull e r
t h at rr an gemen t o f o ur t ext d e pe n d s o n a syst m o f r espo n s i n i n d i c at e d
th e a e o
b y c at c h w o rd s i s r i g ht l y rej e c t e d by r ec e n t c r i t i c s as o v e r i n g e n i o us
,
— .
3
H auve tte p o i nt s o u t t h at th e ec l i ps e may h ave b e n t h at o f A pr i l 6 5 7 e , .
86 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F G RE E K LITE R A TU R E
.
fir s t p l ac e am o n g t h e p o et s o f I o n i a To i n v en t i n G r eek tr ad i .
,
a n u mb e r o f t ro c hai c te tr am e t e r s an d part s o f e p o d e s Th e .
b an quet (f r r I 2 9 .
, , ,
B ut th oug h hi s p o e m s S h o w h i m sw ay e d by al l th e
’
m en s e y es .
”
Th a s os (f r an i sl an d off t h e c o ast of T h r ac e
. T h e r e too .
, ,
(f r . by A n ac r e o n (f r an d by H or ac e at P h il ip p i
.
( Odes
2 . The Sp ar tan s w e ar e t o ld d rov e Ar c hilo c hu s o ut o f
, ,
S ome Th r a c i a n s tr u tteth w i th my sh i el d
F or , bei ng so mew h a t flu r r i ed ,
[ l eft i t i n a w ay s i d e bu sh ,
When fr om the fi el d I h u r r i ed ;
1 N e w frag men t s on r
t w o p apy i w e r e fo un d at Str assb urg i n 1 8 99 . S ee
bi b l i o g raph y an d B l as s i n Rh ei n Ill . us .
55 , w ho a ttr i b ut e s t h e m to H i ppo n ax .
E LE GY AN D I AM BI C 87
A ri
ght g ood ta rg e, bu t I g ot ‘
Zfi
Th e d eu ce may ta he th e sh i el d ;
’
I l l get a n oth er just as g ood
Wh en n ex t I g o afi el d 1 .
r ed a th i ck mi s t be for e m ey es a n d s tol e m d el i ca te s en s es
p o u y y
(f r. R ej ec t e d by Lyc ambes the fat he r o f N eo ,
N eobul e
bul e Ar c hilo c hus at t ac k ed the w hol e fam ily wi t h the
,
t ho ug h Ho r ac e (S a t 2 3 1 2 ) br ac k et s h i m wi t h t h e p o ets o f t he
. . .
O l d C o m ed y .T h e d i d ac t i c to n e i s r ar ely me t i n t h e fr ag me n t s ,
H e fe ll i n b at tl e ag ai ns t N axo s an d t h e r e i s a l e g en d t hat
,
2
pow e r w hi c h Q ui n tili an c all s th e bl o o d an d mu sc l e o f hi s v er ses ’
,
1 Pr o fesso r Paul Sh o r ey .
2
I n st Or
. . 10
. 1 . 60 .
88 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F GR E E K L ITE R A TU R E
1 ’
p r ess ed Lo ngi n u s w as t he ri c h an d di s or d e rly ab un d an c e o f hi s
‘
su n g i n Pi n d ar s d ay o n Oc c as io n s w h en n o s p ec i al o d e w as c o m
’
p o s ed fo r t he p ro c e ss io n .
s io n (f r . 1 I
) the form i n w h i c h i t c hi e fly app ear s i n mo d er n l i t
,
e r atur e or c o n d en s e d to a p rov e rb
,
Ar c h ilo c hu s w as famou s for .
t h e tri me t e r .
c o n t e m o r ary o f Ar c h il o c h us b ut hi s i ambi c s s h o w n o
p ,
S emoni d es
tr ac e o f t he i n flu en c e o f hi s n eig hbor o f P aro s .
Ar c hi lo c hu s w i t h h i s p e r so n al i n v ec t iv e i s hardly t o b e c all ed
, ,
th e H e s io d i c c o n t e mp t o f wo men ar e ec h o ed i n t he l o n g e s t ,
fi ed ac c or d i n g t o t h ei r pe rv e r s e i n s ti n c t s are assi g n ed t h e u n d e ,
1
Tr eati s e on th e S u bl i me 3 3 .
9 0 SH O RT H I ST O RY O F G RE E K L ITE RATUR E
t ap h i n c h oli am bi c s an d m ad e t h e si n gl e at t e mp t to d e fen d h i s
hi s gr av e .
T he fragm e n t s o f H i p po n ax j u s ti fy hi s bad n am e H e i s t he .
el oah a n d a tu n i c a n d f ur l i n ed s h oes a n d g ol d-
T h e w h i n e o f t he .
c l ai m e d t h e fi el d o f satir e an d wi th the Al ex an d ri an s su c h as
, , ,
p ri c kl y p ear t h at c h o k es th e trav el er an d p uc k e rs hi s mo u t h
’
.
E LE G Y AN D I AM B I C 91
B I B LI OGRAPHY
A RC H I L O CH US
L i eb el , A r ch i l ochi o r el i u i a e, V i e n n a, 1 8 18 . W el c k er , A r ch i l o ch os i n K l .
qu i d tr i huen a u m, B e r
’
S eh r . 1 . De ut i c k e , A r ch i l och o P a r i o i n Gr a ee l i tt . . si t
l i n, 18 77 . Re i t z t
e n s ei n , Z w ei n eu e F r ag men te d er Epoa en d
’
. A r ch i l och os i n
B er l S i tzg her
. .
, 18 99 . H auv ett e i n Rev d . . Et u d es g r ecoues ,
1 90 1 . H au vet te,
A r ch i l ogu e, Par i s, 190
5 .
CA LLI N US
Fr an k e , Co ll i n as, si / e z
'
q u aesti on es de or ig i n e ca r mi n i s el eg i aci , 18 1 6 .
H I PPON AX
W e l c k er An a n i as , G o tt i ng e n , M ei n ek e, H ippon ax i n
''
, H ipp o n ax u . 18 17 .
MI M N ERM U S
B ach , M i mn er mu s, L e i p z i g , 1 8 26 Tran er , M i mn er mu s, Ups al a, 1 8 3 3
. .
Marx D e M i mn er mo p oeta
,
el e
g i a co, Co esfe d , 1 8 3 1 Kai bel i n H er mes 22
l . .
S EM O N I D ES
S OLO N
B ach , S ol on , B o n n , 1 8 25 . C e rrat o S u i f r a mmen t i
, d ei ca r mi S ol on i a n i ,
l ia s S l
ne a Gott i n g n 1 8 78 L e nt c h i n P h i l ol g u 1 8 7 2 F o S o l n s
o on e e, e , . s o s, . r o
’
d i al e ct see F i k i n B nh
g B i t ag e 1 4
c H ei n eman n S t u d a S ol n a
ezz e er er s
’
e r .
, z o e ,
B er l 1 8 9 7
.
, Ri ed y S ol on i s el o u ti
. M un i ch 1 903 ,
c o, , .
TH EOGN I S
b est th e Va ti ca n u s 1 3 t h cen t , .
W el ck er Fr an k fo r t 1 8 26 Si t zl er H ei d el b e rg 1 8 8 0 E H arri so n S t u d i es
, , .
, , . .
,
I I I L I T ERAT U R E
. I mmi sc h i n Co mm ph i l ol og i n h o n o r o f O Rib b ec k
. . . .
,
Le i p z i g 1 8 8 8 ,
'
C r us i us i n Ahei n M u s 4 3. H i ll e r i n j a h i) 1 8 8 1 J rd an . . . r . . o ,
.
, , . . .
92 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F G RE E K LITE RATU RE
i n A n n a l es d e l a F a cu l té d e L ettr es d e B or d ea ux , 1 8 8 3 v o n Geys o , S t u d i o .
Th eog n zd ea . Be l oc h i n Al eu e j ah r h 1 8 8 8 an d i n I t h ei n l ie/ u s 1 8 9 5 H ud
.
,
’
. . .
TY RTA EUS
'
CO LL ECT I O N S AN D N TH O L O G I ES
A
z
L e i p i g, 1 8 5 8 — 1 8 5 9 B uc hh o . lz , A n th ol og i e a us d . Ly r i her n d Gr i ech en , vo l . .
L ei p z i g, l t as e d , 1 9 04 . .
LI TERATURE
Os an n , Z u r Gr i ech . E l eg i e, Darmst ad t 1 8 3 5 , . W e l c k er , D er E l egos i n
Kl . S eh r . 1 . Re n n er , Ueber d o s F or mel w esen d er E l eg i e, Le i p z i g ,
18 On th e l
e eg i ac str o ph e : We i l i n Rh e zn fi l m 1 7 L e nt s c h i n Ph i l
72 . . . .
H i st o r i es of Gr e ek Lyri c .
C H A PT E R V I I
M ELI C PO ET RY
Ter pan d er
o f TERPAN D ER o f Lesbo s ( ci r ca 6 7 6 B C ) m ark s the . .
h el d t he fi el d n o t o n ly at Sp art a and Le s bo s b ut th ro ug h ou t
, ,
1
d en i e d to the h elot s ; to be a d i sc i pl e o f Ter p an d er w as to hav e
t heus o f M il e tu s ( ci r ca 4 o o B C ) bo as t s o f hi s e l e v en s tri ng s
. .
1
P l ut ar c h , Ly c u rg u s 28 .
2
A r i s to ph . Cl o ud s 9 7 1 .
94 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F G R E E K LITE RATURE
1
Th e e n c h an t men t th at O r p h eu s
’
i t the seas o n i n g of th e wor d s
,
.
o ur fr ag me n t s o f m el i c go w e po ss ess th e ess en ti al t h e s t at u e as
”
, , ,
t he G r eek s .
s io n fo r e s t abli sh i n g a s uc c essio n o f n am e s ( Si a SO fi) i n e v e ry
X
br anc h o f ar t The l eg en d that m ak es the head o f O rp h eu s flo at
.
D ow n th e sw i f t H eb r us t o t he Lesbi an sho e r
n o t so mu c h a r ec r e atio n as a di sc i p l i n e T he s el f r e s tr ai n ed .
-
e xpr essio n i n an art that r efl ec ted the c orpor ate l i fe For the .
c o un t e r r evolu t i o n i n w h i ch An ti me n id as t h e bro t he r o f t h e p o e t
-
, ,
th e fi r s t li n e of th i s po e m fo r th e o d e i n w h i c h h e e xul t ed ov er the
wi t h At he n s was pl ay e d by Pi tt ac u s o f M i tyl en e r ec ko n ed l at e r ,
e xil e vi s i ti n g T h r ac e an d E gy t su fferi n g th e d u r a n a ni s d u r a
, p ,
f gu a e m a l a
( H or 2 . t h
. e m i s er i es f
o s hip w r ech the hi tter h a r d ,
d xpr s i g h orrow s i n so n gs w h i c h H or ac e
p f
s hi s o e x i l e an ,e e s n i s s
1 H e ro d V
95 . .
96 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F GR E E K LITE RATUR E
H i s p o e ms w e r e arr an g e d by t he Al ex an d ri an s i n t en book s .
’
al l t h ese fasc i n ati n g obj e c t s h av e t h ei r u se for th e work i n han d
‘
,
w as i mi t at ed b y H or ac e ( 1 H i s bro t h e r An ti men id as m or e
.
, ,
a s w o r d h a n d l e of i vo ry i n l a i d w i th g ol d as a t rop hy an d t he , ,
m at e o f th e p l easur es o f wi n e an d l ov e I n th e n umerou s fr ag .
m en t s o f hi s d ri n ki ng so n g s h e s p eak s of wi n e w i t h a sort of
ec s t as y ; hi s p h ilo s o p hy i s t hat o f O m ar K hayy am — d row n i n
wi n e yo ur fear s an d s orrow s i t i s wi n e t hat loo sen s t he li ps an d
1
Cp A u th Pa l
. . .
9 . 18 4 Th e sw or d o
f A l ca eu s w as bap ti z ed i n th e bl ood f
o
Th e Ch a M i tyl en e ri d i c ul ed h i m i n an o d e Wi t hi n th e l ast
,
.
1 M ar t i al 10
3 5 d u r us Ph aon .
,
.
M E LI C P O ET RY 99
o n e h un d r ed an d tw en ty m il es to t h e sou t h o f C ai ro an d w as p ub ,
l i sh e d i n O n t h e s tr en g t h o f t h eir d i al ec t m et e r an d , ,
an d n o t a s i n gl e l i n e i s c o mpl e te B ut t h e c o nj e c t ur es o f B l ass
.
,
lov e p o e try an d mor e t han any o t he r s her v e r ses s trik e and sti n g
,
’
an d fi re ot he r el e m en t t h er e i s n o n e i n t h em 2
I t i s n o t to the .
”
’
th o u g h i f amo n g th e m ai d en s w ho d an c ed Al c m an s c h or us es o n e ,
1
Oxy r hy n ch u s P apy r i , Part I : B P Gre n fell . . an d A S H u nt , Lo n d o n
. . .
2
S w i n b ur n e , N otes on P oems a n d R ev i ew s .
1 00 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F G RE E K LIT E RATUR E
A t h en s w he r e t h e c o n v e n tio ns of I o n i a w e r e i n h e ri t e d a w o man
, ,
’
w e dd i n g so n g s T hat w as Sap pho s p ro fessi o n at Mi tyl e ne as i t
.
,
4 1 48
, ,
T he p ar all e l o f So c r at es an d hi s favori te p up il s i s
’
n o t to b e forgo tt e n B ut Sapph o s r el at io n w as c lo s e r to t he
“
mai d ens w ho m s he tr ai n ed an d w ho l iv e d i n h e r h o us e d ed i c at ed
’
to the Mu ses ( fr O n t h ese p up il s At thi s G yr i n n a an d
.
, , ,
p r ai se d w h il e t h ey h esi t at ed w h e t he r to p i ty o r c o n d e m n t he
,
2
s t am p ed o n t h e c oi n s o f M i tyl en e .
1
M axi mus of Tyr e 24 . 8 . Wh at A l c i bi a d es , Ch a r n zi d es, an d P ha ed r u s w er e
to S oc r a tes, Gy r i n n a , A tth i s, a n d A n a ctor za w er e to S apph o .
j u st as P r od i c u s ,
Gorg i as, and 7 h r a sy ma ch u s w er e th e p r ofess i o n a l r i v al s o
f S ocr a tes, so
2
. l
E M eyer , B e o c h , an d To ep ffe r ar e th e c h i ef mo d er n r t
ad h e e n s to th e l ess
c a ta l
h pph o s c h arac t er r e vi e w
’
r i b e v i ew o f Sa I n hi s . of L es Cha n s on s d e
B i l i ti s b y t h e d ec ad en F r e n c h p o e , Pi e e L o ii y s , W i l amo w i tz i n t h e Got
t t rr ‘ '
rigi d Ro m an iz ed Sap p hi c o f H or ac e ;
,
Th e T he Ep i th al a mi a o f C atullu s ar e th e n ear es t p ar al l el s
Epi t h al ami a to Sa
pp h o s w edd i n g so n g s o f w h i c h w e hav e a few
’
,
L i he th e w i l d hy a c i n th flow er w h i ch on the h i l l s i s fo u n d ,
Wh i ch the p ass i ng feet of th e sh eph er d s for ever tea r a n d w o u n d ,
Un t i l the p u rp l e bl ossom i s tr od d en i n to the g r ou n d 1 .
T ho ug h Sapp ho sp en t her st r en gt h o n a si n gl e t he m e th er e w as ,
n o d an g e r of m o n oto n y i n p o et ry suc h as he r s w i t h i ts c o n ti n u al ,
’
l eav es blow s t he n ew wi n e o f the wi n d o f sp ri n g the C r e t an
‘
,
’
wo m en d an c e o n t he fi n e so ft bloo m o f t h e gr ass Lov e shak es
h e r soul lik e a wi n d o n t h e mo u n t ai n t hat fall s o n t h e o ak s
‘ ’
fi r e (f r S tr e n g th an d fi r e an d d e li c ac y ar e u n it ed i n h er
.
M e t er s an d
di al ec t v ari e ty of m e t e r s i nc lu d i ng c h ori amb s an d h ex am e t e r s
,
.
H er d i al ec t lik e t h at o f Al c ae u s i s p ur e Le sbi an A e ol i c wi t h
, , ,
o c c asio n al r emi n i sc e n c es o f H om er .
i an c i ty o n th e c o ast o f A si a Mi n or Wh en H arpagus r ed uc ed .
1 tran sl at i o n o f fr og 9 3 9 4 Cp Cat ul l us 6 2 4 2 ff
Ro ssetti
’
s .
, . . . .
Fo r th e Sapphi c rh yt h m c p Sw i n b u r n e s S apph i cs N ew l y fl e d g ed h er
’
2
, .
,
s h ape n t e rr ib l e fu ll o f t h un d e r s C l o t h e d w i t h th e w i n d s w i n gs ; an d fo r ’ ”
, , ,
l o ve i s c o n t e nt ; w h at sh o ul d h e d o to w eep ? an d Sh o r ey s t ran sl at i o n o f ” ’
T h r ac i an ep i sod e m or e i n k ee pi n g wi t h t he t em p eram en t o f A n ac
,
an d ev e n i f w e ar e to b el i ev e t h e tr aditio n i n flu en c ed t he s e riou s
, ,
to see th e vi ol en t en d o f h i s n e w p at ro n ( 5 1 4 A ft er t hat ,
a s i n g er o f An ac reo n s t astes
’
I t w as at A then s that P aus an i as saw
.
of P e ri c l es H e l iv ed to b e ov e r eig h ty an d ac c ordi n g to o n e
.
,
t h o ug h h e i s r ec ko n ed w i t h t he m hi s v e r se w as n ev e r el ec tri fi e d
,
p e ra m e n t r e ally mo d e r at e S o h e c am e t o b e t h e ty i c al e x am l e
.
p p
o f an o l d age t hat s till enj oy s a lig h t e r heart e d M i mn ermus w ho se
, ,
Th e fr agm en t s o f th e hy mn s to A rt e mi s (f r 1 ) an d Dio n y s u s .
, , ,
v ari ed by A eol i c .
o e m s w h i c h E s ti enn e ( St e p h an u s ) p ubli s h e d u n d e r
p
Anacr eon t ea
h i s n am e i n 1 5 5 4 The A n a cr eo n tea c o ul d n o t i m
.
r e o n to l at e ar t to r he t o ri c an d d ec ad e n t t heology all p oi n t to
, , ,
s un g an d d an c e d to th e mu s i c O f the fl u t e by c ho ru s e s O f men an d
w as hi s birt h p l ac e bu t t h o u g h h e bo as t e d o f hi s c o n n ec tio n wi t h
,
s ee t he r e fl ec ti o n of a c o m mu n i ty giv e n ov e r to c am p li fe Spart a ,
’
( f r . H e c r eat e d t h e p ar th en ei o n
‘
o r s o n g o f m a i d ens a
, ,
p ar th e n ei o n to th e d i sc ov e ry by M ari e t t e i n 1 8 5 5 of an E gypti an
p apyr us fro m w h i c h h av e b ee n r ec ov e r ed abou t a h u n d r ed li n es
o f a c ho r al lyri c ( fr 2 3 ) c o m po sed by Al c m an t o be su n g by
.
H i p p o c oon an d hi s so n s an d t h ei r pu n i s h men t p e r h ap s fi ve ,
M E L I C P O ETRY 19 7
b eau ti ful Agi d o an d the o nly l ess b eaut i ful H agesi c ho ra wit h h er
‘
’
‘
gol d en hair an d fac e o f silv er th e c horu s l ead er T h er e w e ,
.
i n t hi s Sp ar tan po e t H i s p er s o n al i n t er es t s w e r e bo u n d u p i n the
.
t r ai n i n g o f s uc h c h o r uses an d i t w as t he c h i e f r egr e t o f hi s Ol d
,
Woul d th at l w er e a s ea - bi r d w i th l i mbs th at c o u l d n ev er ti r e ;
passes of th e hi ll s
f
,
the cl i fs s l ee p and th e r avi n es a nd al l the w i l d
thi ngs tha t the bl ach ea r th br eed s f
a ter thei r hi n d , the beas ts th a t
i n h abi t the mou n tai ns ,
the tr i be o f bees , an d th e mon s ter s i n the
d epths of the s hi n i n
g s ea E ven they, too, the flochs of bi r d s f old
.
G er man lyri c
3
.
1
4 6 . .
2
H C B eec hi n g
. . . Cp . Te n nyso n , [n l l/ emor i a m : Or u n d e n ea r th the
b arr en b us h Fl i t s by the sea -bl u e bi r d of M a r ch ” .
3
Lu c an s Pa cem s u mma ten en t ( Ph a r s 2 2 7 3 ) may Al c man
’
. . be an ec h o o f .
4
108 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F G RE E K LITE RATU R E
as B l ass b e l i e v es g e n u i n e Al c m an part o f a c ul t s o n g or t h e c l ev er
, , ,
att e mp t of a l at e r ar c h aizi n g p o e t t o i mi t at e h i s m an n e r as T h e o c
, ,
r eal i s m
. H e fr eq uen tly ec h o es t he H o me ri c myt hs an d l an g uag e .
co m p os ed n a med
,
a n d r e r es en ted th e di thy r a mb a t Cor i n th
p ,
1 .
‘
Wi t h hi s si n gi n g rob es abou t hi m he took hi s lyr e an d havi n g ’
,
s un g th e O rt h i an n o m e l eap ed i n to th e sea
“
Th e s hi p sail e d
”
.
,
’
buri ed o u t s i d e the Stesi c hor ean g at e i n an o c t ago n al t om b
‘ “ ‘
an d th e r e C i c e ro saw hi s statu e .
’ 1
‘
S tesi c ho r us say s Q ui n tili an
, bor e th e w eig h t of the ep o s o n
,
hi s lyr e
’
. I n hi m th e s oul o f H om er d w e l t ag ai n
‘
W h at h e .
’
Th e l y fi c
. lyri c H o me r
‘
o f S i c ily W e d o ’
n o t k n ow for w hat .
Homer ’
en d s Ste si c ho rus c ompo s ed th e lyri cs i n t o w h i c h h e
S ach of I l i os I n t h e O r es tei a ( f r
. h e c all s hi s lyri c a so n g
.
’
for the p eo p l e w hi c h i m pl i es t hat i t w as i n t end e d for popul ar
,
1 1
0. 1 . 62 .
M E LI C P O ETRY 111
l
tow er s of Tr oy ( f r i s qu ot e d by Pl ato w ho c all s i t a p al i
.
,
’
n od e ,
a form al r ec an tatio n w r u n g fro m St esi c h o rus w h en H el e n
rom an c e Si c il i an Dap hn i s t h e c h i e f fi gu r e o f l at e r b uc ol i c po et ry
.
, ,
1 P h a ed r u s 24 3 .
2 Ro b e rt , B i l d un d Li ed , B erl i n , 18 8 1 .
1 12 SH O RT H I ST O RY O F GR E E K LITE RATU RE
fi nd i t am o n g the Al e x an d ri an s Tw e n ty —si x bo ok s o f p o e ms w e r e
.
au d i en c e to w h o m h e b ec am e as famil i ar as H o me r H i s po e m s .
w e r e n o t lik e Al c m an s ac c o mpan i ed by t h e d an c e t ho ug h h e
,
’
, ,
t h e c h ar ac t e ri s ti c s o f t he t h r ee gr eat d ivi si o n s o f t h e G r ee k p eo pl e .
an d s t ro p h es o f S t esi c ho r us an d followi n g i n h i s s t e p s ad ap
, ,
t ed ,
e ro ti c p o e m s ad d r ess ed t o boy s
,
w h i c h p r ese rv e d the form of
,
c h or al m e li c .I n t h e fr ag men ts h e si n g s o f s pri n g an d Cy d on
i an l e tr ees w a ter ed by th e r i ver s tr ea ms th a t fl ow i n th e q u i et
pp
a
f ma ny s tr i ngs
l
o .
ac c i d e n t o f a falli n g ro o f w h i c h ac c or d i n g to th e l eg e n d d e stroy e d
, ,
favor so o ft en e xt en d ed to G r e ek po ets o n t h i s o c c as io n i t w as
t h e Di o sc uri w ho s u m mo n ed hi m fro m the doom ed p al ac e an d s o ,
an d i t w as wi t h n o i n si n c e ri t y t h at h e p ai d hi s t ribu t e t o th e h e ro es
‘
en c om i u m i n h o n o r of Le o n i d as an d t h e h e ro es o f T h er
mo pyl ae : Of those w ho di ed a t Ther mopyl ae gl or i ous i s the f a te
a n d f a i r the d es ti ny N o to mb f o r them bu t a n al ta r ; n o tea r s
.
, ,
bu t f a me i ns tea d a n d f or l a men ta ti on p r ai se
, ,
A mo n u men t l i he,
.
1 I dy l 16 .
34 .
M E LI C P O ETRY 1 1
5
an d Pl at ae a t h e fo u r famou s en c ou n t e r s o f t h e s ec o n d P e r s i an
,
at a ti m e w h en i n divi d u al s as w e ll as c i ti es c l aim e d t h e h o n or o f
to r an k as hi stori c al t r ad i tio n S i mo n i d es st oo d fi r s t
,
hi s nam e was
i nevi tably l avi shed o n c o mpo si tio n s i n w hi c h w as ex p r esse d al l the
p e r s o n al a n d n a t io n al p rid e o f h i s g e n e r atio n I n 4 76 B C at t h e . . .
,
t he r e n i ne y e ar s l at e r he d i ed
, ,
.
c hi e f d i s ti n c t i o n of th i s Io n i an p o e t w h o se M use g ath er ed al l
,
‘
vi c tory an d t he t h r en o s the so n g o f l am en t
,
’
A famou s hy m n O f .
1 Wi l amow i tz ,
S i mo n i d es d er Ep ig r a mm a ti her , in Gotti ng . Afa ch r i chten ,
1 8 9 7, fol l o w i ng Kai b el , rej ec ts at l east tw o t h i rd s of B e rgk
’
s co ll ect i o n .
1 16 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F GR E E K LITE RATUR E
’
h e ro , w h i c h had b ee n r egul arly sung at the ev eni n g p ro c essi o n i n
ho n or of an O l y mpi an v i c t or w as ab an do n ed i n t h e sixt h an d
,
fi ft h c e n tu ri es by al l w ho c o ul d affor d a sp ec i al o d e
,
Epi ni ci a
c o mp o se d by so m e d i s ti ng ui s he d livi n g p o e t The .
p r ai s es O f t h e vi c to r an d Si mo n id es s e t th e ex amp l e follo w e d by
,
t h e p r e s e n t w as d ext e ro usly i n t e r w ov e n w i t h t h e s pl e n d i d tr ad i
so n g s o f vi c tory h e w as to b e s u rp as se d by hi s you n g e r c o n t e m
po rary Pi n d ar
, B u t h e h ad a sp ec i al gi ft fo r t h e
.
Th ren oi
H is
’
p at h e ti c th r e n o i s o n g s of l am e n t t h e Ceae
-
‘
.
, ,
n en i a e o f H or ac e ( Od es 2 w e r e w ri tt e n to b e s u n g to the fl u t e
.
at fu n e r al c e r e mo n i es an d w o n a u n iq ue r e p ut atio n for th ei r p o w e r
,
H i s o u tl o ok w as bo un d e d by t h e gr av e b u t he c o ul d t o uc h t h e
,
G r ee c e p ro d uc e d fe w wo men w h o se p o e try w as d es ti n ed to
l eave i ts mark ; Sapph o has n o r eal ri v al E RI N NA o f T elo s .
,
Eri nna
i n Dori c an d i s sai d to hav e c om po sed an ep i c o f
,
th o ug h t a g o o d e x am pl e h o w n o t to writ e ep i c I n an e p igr am i n .
1
t h e A n thol ogy A n ti pat e r p r ai ses E ri nn a p r ec i s el y for thi s br evi ty
, ,
Tel es i ll a fou g h t fo r h er c ou n t ry w h i c h h o n or e d h er w i t h a
,
P rax i l l a
Si c yo n i s sai d to hav e w ri t ten d it h yr amb s as b ec am e ,
ac h i ev e d s o me d i s ti n c t io n i n c h or al ly ri c Fiv e ti m es .
,
Cori nna
ac c ordi n g to tr adi tio n sh e w o n th e fi r st pl ac e i n c o m
,
w as lo c al li mit e d by h er d i al ec t
,
She wro te c h oru ses for girl s
.
,
1
7 .
7 13 .
“
B ett er t h e S w an
’
s c h an t t han a w i ndy w o rl d of ro o k s i n t he
Apri l sk y ! A L an g
.
’
s trans l at i o n .
M E LI C P O ETRY 1 1
9
,
“
mo the r o f art s fo st er e d t he ,
”
,
.
n ot to s ow w i th the w h ol e s a ch t he m yt hi c al allu s io n s w h i c h ar e th e
of Pi nd ar s p atrio ti s m i s s till di sp ut ed
’
S im o n i d e s th e I o n i an
.
, ,
B ut Pi n d ar was a so n o f T h eb es w h i c h had w el c o m ed t he am
bassad o rs o f Dariu s an d w as n ow the op en ally of X erx e s
,
.
hi s M ed i s m li e s r at he r i n t h e d i r eOt s t at e m en t o f Polybiu s ( 4 3 1 ) .
as t he c en te r of s om e l o c al g am es
; Pl ataea c lo sely c o n n ec ted ,
s an g t h e p r ai se s of At h e n s the bu l w a r h o
f H ell as i n a s tr ai n that
, ,
’
i n t h e T he b an p o e t s d it hyr am b ( f r .
L ik e Si mo n i d es Pi n d ar l iv ed at t h e c o urt s o f Syr ac u s e an d
,
’
h e ac c e p t e d Hi e ro s i n vi t atio n h e s t ay e d i n S i c ily fo r se v er al y ear s
, ,
c o mp o s i n g s o me o f h i s fi n es t Oly m p i a n an d Py thi a n Od es to c e l e
br at e t h e ac hi ev emen t s of th e tw o Do ri an p ri n c es Hi ero an d ,
T hero A t Syr ac use h e mus t hav e met Epi c har mus the fou nd er
.
,
O f S i c i li an C o me d y A e sc h yl u s Si mo n i d e s an d B ac c hyli d es
, In, , .
p o i n t o f ti me Pi n d ar s t an d s b e tw een th e t o I o n i an p o e t s of
c h or al lyri c Su p e rior at al l po i n t s to B ac c h yli d es h e w as h i m
.
,
an d ep i n i c i a w e k n o w w ell o n l y t he l as t th e s o n g s o f vi c to r y
, ,
t h e mo s t i mp ort an t of all s i n c e t h ey pl ay ed t h e mo st d i s ti n ,
1 A r i s t o ph an es , A ch a r n . 6 3 6, s ai d t h at t
th e A h en i an s co u ld b e w h e ed l e d
i nto mak i n g c o n c ess i o n s to an y fo r ei gn emb assy t h at w ou d l fl att r e A t he n s
t t h ese
wi h ad ec
j t i ves .
2
Ol . 2 .
—
94 9 7 Py th . 2 .
5 2—
56 ; N em 3 8 2 ; 7 . . . 10
5 l sth m . 2. 6 .
1 22 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F G RE E K LITE RATU RE
t he g en u i n e r e fl e x of hi s so u l ar e u tter e d by th e w ay wi t ho ut , ,
’
the m se lv es c han g e q ui c kly ar e m ix ed a c h arac teri s ti c of all
,
‘
,
utter a n ce
’
One mu st n e v e r forg e t th at Pi nd ar s lyri c s w er e c o n d i tio n e d
by the i r el aborat e mu si c al ac c o m pan i m en t Di alogu e th o ug h .
,
( s tro p h e a n ti s,
tro p h e a n d e pod e ) th e
,
c om pl i c ated p att er n i n ,
’
Pi n d ar i s th e sc hol ar s p o e t to o au s t er e to o i n g en io us to o li abl e
, , ,
b ui lt on th e mo d el o f a n o me o f Te rp an d e r w i t h i ts s ev e n d i vi s i o n s i s ,
H . W . S myt h .
M E LI C P O ETRY 23
’
pow er o f t h rowi n g al l o n e s for c e i n to styl e on
Pi n d ari s m
w ho m abov e al l o th er po e t s th e pow e r o f styl e
, ,
s ee ms t o
l
hav e ex er c i s ed an i n s p iri n g an d i n to x i c ati ng effec t
”
.
but i t i s ex pr essed i n a m an n e r n ow n ai v e n o w m ag n i fi c en t T h i s , .
O lympi a I t w as fo r a vi c t or i n a m ul e r ac e t h at P i n d ar wro te
.
i ts pu n i sh m e n ts an d r e w ard s su c h as t he pi c t ur e i n th e S eco n d
,
Th ere g o l d e n b l o o m to b l o o m suc c ee d s ,
Th r o ug h spr i ng s t h at n ever t i re .
Th ey fil l w i th l i g h t t h e gr o u n d b el o w ,
A t hw art th e s h i n i n g tr ees t h ey gl o w ;
Th ei r gr o w t h t h e v ery w at er fee d s ,
H i d u n d er fl ow ers o f fi re 3 .
”
3
. l
7 7 ff Tran s at ed by S i r Fran c i s Do y e l .
1 24 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F GRE E K LITE RATU RE
t h e n ov e l ty o f t h ei r d i c tio n T h e l as t fe at u r e es pe .
Di t h yramb s
,
c i al l y t h e c o i n i n g o f c om p o u n d e p i t h e t s se e ms fully as ,
i n t h i s ty pe o f o d e Th e lo n g est fr agm e n t o f tw en ty o n e l i n es
.
,
-
su n g i n t h e ago r a at o n e o f th e sp ri n g fe s tiv al s i n h o n o r o f D i o n y
s ac r e d fl ow e r of the god .
h ero o f Io ni a B y br e ed i n g an d t e m p e r ame n t Pi n d ar w as i n s ym
.
t ur n s th e anc i en t r ep ro ac h o f hi s r ac e B oeo ti a n S w i ne i n to a j es t , ,
n s h e r e mai n s an ti I o n i an
( O l 6 . . For al l hi s pr ai s e o f A t h e ,
-
,
1
Od es 4 . 2 . Cp . l ’
Co w ey s P r a i se o f P i n dar : S o Pi n d ar d o es n ew r
wo ds
an d fi g ures ro ll D o w n hi s i mp et uo us d i t h yramb i c t i d e , W hi c h in n o c h an
n el d e i g n s to ab i d e , Wh i c h nei t h er b an k s nor di k es c o n tr l o .
”
1 26 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F G RE E K L ITE RATUR E
i
n ne n a m es Al c m an Al c aeus Sap p ho Stesi c ho rus I by c u s A n ac
, , , , , ,
1
r eo n Si m o n i d es Pi n d ar an d Bac c hyl id es
, , O f th es e A n ac r e o n
,
.
, ,
'
S i m o n i d es an d B ac c h yl id es w e r e I o n i an s
,
A n ac r eo n c o un ts wi t h .
c om p o s e d an o d e i n ho n or o f Hi e ro s O ly mp i an vi c to ry
’
I n th e .
o n w h i c h w e d e p en d U n til 1 8 9 7 th e d at e o f th e fi r s t
Recovery
.
,
n e w m an u sc ri p t c o n t ai n s fo u rt een od es of vi c tory t h e n u mb e r o f ,
2
c e n tu ry l at e r .
c al t
p o e s an d r e c o g n i z es th e cha rm o f l
B ac c hy i d es i n th e ph rase S i ren w i t h
g i ft o f s p e ec h
’
the .
2
B assl .
3
Th e Ep i n i c i a n O d es ar e n o t g r o up e d as i n th e man usc ri pt s of Pi n d ar
ac c o rdi n g to festi val s ,
but w i h t referen ce to t h e h o me of t h e vi c o t r .
M E LI C P O ET RY 12
7
r ec ov ery o f th e Ep i n i ci a o f B ac c hyli d es th o ug h w e Th e ,
ca n o n ly r e g ard i t as a s el ec t io n h as r eli e v e d t h e i s ol a E p i ni ci a
,
ev e n amo n g th e G r ee k s to w al k alo n e ,
We c an b ette r es ti mat e .
Pi n d ar s F i r s t Py thi a n an d t he
’
1
F ou r th Od e o f B ac c hylid es bo th c om m e mor at e Hi ero s su c c es s
’
ode ,
th e mor e di s ti n gu i sh e d c el ebr at i o n ; B ac c hyli d es h ol d s t h e
i n fe rio r c om mi ssi o n Si x y ear s b efor e t hat how ev e r H i e ro had
.
, ,
w o n th e si n gl e h or se r ac e at O ly mp i a ( 4 7 6
-
Th e h i ghes t
hei gh t tops i ts elf fo r hi ngs wrot e Pi n d ar i n th e F i r s t Oly mp i a n at
, ,
t ri ump h s
2
I t w as for th e sam e o c c asi o n t h at B ac c h yli d es c o m
.
1 The f
re er en c e s l
to B ac chy i d es ar e ac c o d i n g t o r Ken yo n ’
s ed i t i o
p r i n ceps,
18 9 7 .
2
Pi n d ar ’
s Th i r d Py th i a n B C ) an d t h e Th i r d Od e o f B ac c h
. .
y i d es l
(468 t ho ugh co mp o se d i n ho n o r o f H i ero s vi c t o ri es at O ympi a an d
’
l
Del ph i , ar e d esi g n e d to c o n so e l h i m fo r si c k n ess an d r
ap p o ac hi n g d eat h .
1 28 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F G R EE K L ITE RATURE
Po se i d o n to w h o m ,
he p r ay e d ,
co mi ng to th e e dge of the g r ay s ea ,
a l o n e, i n th e d a r h n ess f
o ni gh t . K eep ba ch the br azen spea r of
Oen oma us . No co w a r d i s h e w h o m s o g r ea t a d a ng er i n spi r es .
a nd d o th o u g i ve me the i ss ue I d es i r e Pi n d ar d w ell s i n t h i s o d e .
th e ho nor an d s we e t r es t
“
t hat ar e t he portio n o f all O lympi an
vi c to r s fro m P elo p s to H i e ro I n h i s F if th Od e B ac c hyli d es .
a s es fro m t h e pr ai se of H i e ro an d h i s r ac e —h or se to t h e r efl
p s ec
ac hi e v e me n t t h at n o m or tal c an e sc ap e so rrow
, an d by a so me , ,
sp l en d or of m
3
y y o u th H e r e i s th e ro m an ti c p ath o s o f the I o n i an
.
s i n c e th e I l i a d B e fo r e th e r ec o ve ry o f B acc h yl i d es V e rgi l ( A en 6 3 09 ff )
.
, . . .
2 F o r A l t h ae a an d th e b r an d s ee A esc h Ch oe h 6 0
p, 5 ff . . .
p S w i n b ur n e A ta l a n ta i n Ca ly d on al l t h i s b o d
y a b ro k en b ar re n tr ee
3 C
.
, ,
Th at w as s o s t r o n g an d al l t hi s fl o w er o f l i fe Di sb r an c h e d an d d es e c rat ed
,
abru p t all u si o n to S e m el e hi s mo th e r ,
The Th eseus by i ts for m
.
, ,
so n o f Po se i d o n d efi es M i n o s th e so n o f Z eu s A fl ash o f lig h t
, .
N er eus , bl ess ed g od
th e . F r o m th ei r bea u tif ul l i mbs flashed a
l i gh t l i he fi r e, a bou t thei r head s w er e bo u n d fil l ets of w o ven g old ,
a nd w i th su
pp l e feet they d a n ced a nd mad e thei r hea r ts gl ad Th en .
ffii efiury
hi t herto t h oug h i t i s tol d i n P ausan i as ( 1 1 7 2 ) an d E
l s
. .
,
r ev er se of the v ase .
co me the l ot o
, f a s l ave B ef o r e the br azen w all s o
.
f hi s cou r t he
bui l t a py r e a n d mo u n ted ther eon w i th h i s f ai thf ul w if e a n d hi s
,
cl o u d over h ea d a n d
p u t ou t the yel l ow fla me ( 2 9 Th e d eat h
T hi s v er si o n o f t he d eat h o f C ro esu s i n w hi c h he as 01 Croe s us ,
B ac c h yl id es u sed th i s p i ec e of h i s tory as t ho ug h i t h ad b ee n a tr ad i
t i o nal my t h Ev e n e arl i e r h o w ev e r t he p ai n t e r of a r ed fi gured
.
, ,
-
r ifi c e o f C ro e s us ; t h e Thi r d Od e c o n fi rm s hi s v e r s i o n of w hat
, ,
lo s t to us .
an d th e r ec ov er e d po ems hav e ad d ed ov e r a hu n dr e d
S ty l e
word s to t he di c tio n ary T hese ar e for the m o st par t .
, ,
’
o c c as io n ally o f r eal b eau ty as w h en h e spe ak s o f d a r h tr essea
,
-
c ou n t e d as a w ri t e r o f as o n e i s p e r h ap s j u s tifi e d i n c all
’
c h ori c ,
i n g t h e c o n v e n tio n al d i al ec t al mo s t as c o n v en tio n al as e p i c ‘ ’
, ,
an d B ac c h yli d e s .
p a e o n i c an d log
, a o e d i c H i s n am e i s
. n o t to b e fo u n d i n an y Atti c
t he me As a hi s tori c al ac c o un t th e P er s ae of Ti mot h eu s ad d s n ot h
.
i ng to t he v e r s io n s o f H e ro d ot us an d A es c h yl us T hat w o ul d b e .
Th e P er s a e mu s t h av e o w e d m uc h to t he mu si c al g e n iu s of i ts
au t h or an d wi thou t i ts mu si c al se tti n g w e c an n ev e r d o i t full jus
,
t i c e as a work o f ar t To i n for m to be d e fi n i t e i s n o t th e fu n c
.
, ,
fl eet .
c hario t to b u r n t h e ten t s an d to fl
,
ee w i t h all hi s c ou n tl ess w eal t h
’
ap ology Te r p an d er th e L esbi an Spart a s p ri d e h ad u s ed as m an y
, , ,
as t en stri n g s ( a s t at e men t t h at mu s t b e r ec o n c il e d s om eh ow wi t h
c i t h ar o e d e an d T er pan d er
,
w hen he ex al t ed t he glory o f th e
,
M E LI C P O ETRY 1
35
en d s wi th a pr ay e r t o A poll o the go d to w ho m t h e n o m e w as ,
pr ed o mi n at e bu t hardly a r hy t h m e mploy ed by t he tr ag e di an s
,
’ ’ ’
embro id e r ed rob e w h it e arm ed an d gol d en t r essed
,
-
t he s ea ,
-
i s for th e fi r st t i m e i n po et ry H e c rowd s h i s
’
,
e m e r al d hair e d ,
-
.
’
se a w at e r i s
‘
—
r ai n fo ami n g but n o t wit h w i n e
,
H e r e we hav e
,
.
1
A ful l ac co u n t of th e met er s o f th e P er sa e an d an ex haus t i ve d i s c ussi o n
of th e w h o e po e m i s t o b e
l fo un d i n the ed . p r i n e b y W il amo w i tz , Ti motheos,
.
D i e P er ser , Le i p z i g , 1 9 03 .
1
36 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F GR E E K L ITE RATU RE
h o n or o f Eu ri p i d es w ho se bo n es r emai n ed i n M ac e d o n i a an
, ,
at 2 8 0 B C . Th e p o e m s w h i c h w er e fo un d en gr av ed o n s to n e i n
.
, ,
-
,
th e sh ri n e o f A sc l ep iu s an d w er e fi r st p u bli sh e d by Kabb ad i as
3
, ,
’
( 1 7 a n d 2 3 v e r s e s ) a r e wri t t e n i n c o n v e n tio n al ep i c wit h ‘
P a ea n to Ap ol l o ( 7 8 v e r s es ) i n I o ni c s a pro c ess i o n al s o n g w h i c h ,
i nsig n ifi c an t .
1
7 45
. .
2
P h i l ol ogi sch e Un ter s u ch u ng en IX ,
B erl i n , 188 6 .
18 8
5 66, .
1
38 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F G RE E K L ITE RATUR E
wro t e h is sc oli a he h ad i n vi ew o n ly o n e s i ng er Wi th Pi n d ar
,
.
i ts m or al ev en ov e r h i s w i n e a n d w h e n h e h ad c row n ed hi s h ai r
, ,
s on g s ar e th e ec h o e s o f th e h u mbl e r an d m or e i n ti m at e l ife
We h av e e v en a fe w fr ag men t s o f t h e n ur s ery so n g s to w h i c h th e
c h il d r en pl ay ed th e ir g am es
1 M H Ri tchi e
. . .
MELI C P O ET RY 139
I n th o se u nn am ed u n d ated fr agm en ts w e t ou c h n o t m e r e l i t er a
, ,
r ac e .
B IBLI OGRAPHY
ALCA EUS
ALC MAN
Mari ett e i n 1 8 55 , an d l
p u b i s h e d b y Egge r i n M émoi r es d ’h i stoi r e a n c i en n e et
de ph i l ol og i e, Pari s ,
18 63 . A s e co n d p apyr us fragme n t o f a parth e n e i o n ( n o t
i n B ergk ’
s co l l ec t i o n ) w as p ub l i sh e d b y Gre n fe ll an d H u n t Oxy hy n ch u s , r
32 .
jur en k a in Wi en er S t ud 1 8 an d 22 . . B l ass i n N eu e j ahr b f u r P ad a .
‘
. . .
N A CREO N
A
1 8 00 .
A RI O N
BAC CH Y L I D ES
II ED I T I O N S E d i ti o p zn ceps
. . r , K e n yo n , Th e P oe ms of B a cchy /i des , Lo n d o n,
18 97 . B l ass , B a cchy l i d i s ca r mi n a cu m f r ag men t i s ,
2d cd .
, z
L e i p i g , 1 8 99
( c o n t ai n s a full b i bl i o gr ap h y d o w n to 3 d ed 1 904 , .
jur en k a, D i e
n e ugef u n d en en L i ed er d es B ah chy l i d es V i e n n a 1 8 9 8 F est a Le od i , , .
,
e i fr a ni
men ti d i B a cch i l i d e testo g r eco tr a d uz i on e e n ote Fi r en z e 1 8 9 8
, , , , . S myt h ,
Gr eeh l i/ el i e P oets ( S e l e ct i o n s ) , Lon d o n , 1 9 06 . J e bb , B a cchy l i d es , Lo n d o n ,
1 90
5 .
t i on of th e p oe ms . Chr i st i n S i tz .
- B er . d er B ay er , 18 98 . Cr us i us i n
A h ad .
1898 . H en se i n Rh ei n i ll . us ,
18 98 . Li psi us i n N eu e ]ah r b , . 18 98 . Lud w i c h ,
K on i gs berg 1898 M i c he l an g el i D el l a
'
Ver z ei ch n . d . Vor l es . zu , .
,
v i ta di
B a cch i l i d e, M es s i n a , 1897 . Ro b e rt i n H er mes 33 . B l as s i n H er mes 3 6 .
Woch en sch r 1 8 9 8 n o s .
f H el l S tu d i es 1 8 9 8
o , . 1 1 an d 2 8 Smi th i n j ou r n . . .
, .
i n Gott N a ch r 1898 .
jure n k a i n Wi en er S t u d i en 2 1 S c h o n e i n L eip
.
, . .
g er S t ud i en , 1 8 9 9
zi . \Vi l amo w i t z , B a hchy l i d es , B e i n, rl 18 98 . Zi el i s fi k i ,
B acchy l i d es, L e mb erg , 18 99 . See a sol artt . i n A th en a eu m 1 8 9 7— 1 8 9 8 , an d
B a cchy l i d e,
’
b y d Ei c h t h al an d R e i n ac h , Pari s , 1 8 9 8 Th e e d i t i o n s o f F est a, .
CO R I NN A
ER I N N A
Ri c h t er S appho u . E r i n n a , L ei p z i g, 18 3 3 . Wel c k er , De Er i n na et
Cor i n n a . . 2 . 14
5 . . .
i n d Al ex a n d r i n er z ezt
. II 5 2 7 , L ei p z i g , 18 9 1 .
FOL K -
SO N GS
Ko e s t e r , De ca n tzl en i s
p op u l a r zbus v eter u m Gr aecor um, B erl i n , 18 3 1 .
14 2 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F G RE E K L ITE RATU RE
Wi en er S t u d i en , 18 97 .
J uren k a D i e n e ug ef u n den e
, Od e d er S appho i n
Wi en er S t u d i en , 1 8 99 . Wi l amo w i tz L es Ch a n son s d e
, B i l i t i s i n Goa . Gel .
Anz .
,
18 96 . B l ass, in Rh ei n . i ll us . 1 8 80 . Fo r a co mme n t ary o n th e Ch a
r o x as Od e, H . W . S my h , t G r eeh [M
el i c P oets , L o n d o n , 1 9 06 . B l ass , D i e
B er l i n er F r ag men te d er S apph o ( w i t h t e xt an d c r i ti c al t )
n o es i n H er mes 3 7 .
S o l ms e n i n Rh ei n hi m 5 7 . . .
SCOL I A
S I M O N I D ES
i n Goa N a ch r .
,
1 8 9 7 , an d [on i her bei d en Ly r i her n i n P h i l ol og Un ter s u ch . .
'
IX B l ass i n H er mes 3 0 p ig r a mmes de
’
. . H auvett e, S u r l a uthen t i ci te d es é
S i mon i d e, Pari s, 1 8 9 6 B oas, D e ep i gr . . S i mo n , Gr o ni ngen , 1 9 05 .
STESI C H O RUS
TI M OTH EUS
COLLECT I O N S AN D A N TH O LO GI ES
D i e Gr i ech Ly r i her , . vo s l .
5 a n d 6 , L e i p i g, 1 8
55
—18
57 z F ar n ell , Gr eeh Ly r i c .
P oetry , L o n d o n , 189 1 . lz
B u c hh o , A n th ol og i e a u s d en Ly r i her n d er Gr i e
che n , vol . 2, 4 th cd .
, r evi se d b y S i t z l er L e i p z i g 1 8 9 8
, , . B ergk -H i l l er , A n th ol o
L I TERATU RE
de l a , .
te mpl es c om m e r c i al an d
,
pol i ti c al agr ee m en ts i n Earl y pr os e
,
sc ri p ti o ns
1
g en ealogi es l eg al c o d es n o thi n g that c ould record s
, , ,
”
wi s do m .
Psamme ti c h us II ( 5 9 4— 5 8 9 B C ) w h en s o me G re e k mer c en ar i es w h o w e r e
. .
14 3
144 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F GR E E K LITE RATU R E
s o u rc es o f p o p ul ar k n owl e dg e an d b el i e f an d th e i n fl ue n c e o f the ,
i n pro se .
s k e pt i c wro te i n v e r se
,
PH ERECY DES o f Syro s i n t he
.
,
P h erecy d es
m iddl e o f th e sixt h c en tury d esc rib ed i n pro se h i s ,
c o n c ep t io n o f th e u n iv e r se as a g r ea t g a r men t o n w hi ch Go d em
ed g e ,
r esear c h o r h i story w as r es erv ed to d esc rib e t he r ec or d
’
, ,
’
d o c tri n e an d i ts theory
o f tran sm igratio n o f t h e soul hi s phil o so ,
h w as s o c lo se ly all i ed to O rp h i s m t h at h e c ou n t s as a r eao
p y
t i o nar y . Ap ar t from hi s t h eory o f n u m b er w i t h w hi c h w e ar e n o t ,
o n h im s e l f an d hi s di sc i p l es Sam o s u n d er t he r ul e o f Poly c r at es
.
i n v ad i n g P e r si an s A ft e r the P e r si an c o n qu es t of I o n i a h e
.
,
t h i n g s ar e O n e t hat n o th i n g c o mes i n t o b e i n g or p é
,
ri s h es Th i s .
t o att ac k p o et i c t r adi ti o n .
o f H ERACLEITUS o f Ep hesus ( flo r ci r ca 5 o o B C ) . . .
Heracl ei t us
s et h i m ap ar t fro m t h e man y w h o m h e sc or n ed
‘ ’
.
,
’
u nad o r n ed u nsw eete ned lik e t h e u tt e r an c es o f t he Sibyl h ard for
, , ,
t he m an y to un d er s t an d B e hi n d t he v e il Of th e ext e r n al w o rl d
.
s t at io n ary
,
n ot h i n g t h at s h o ul d s t em th e e v er flowi n g c u rr e n t ;
H i s wri ti n g s o f w h i c h mor e
’
tr ad i tio n the w eepi ng p hilo s o p h e r
‘
.
,
ey es n o t o f a r el igio u s r e for me r an d e t h i c al p o e t b ut
, ,
B e i n g th e d en i al o f B ec o mi n g
’ ’
w as th e exi s t en c e of H er a
‘ ‘
.
,
ill usio ns o f the s enses espec i ally fro m the ill usi o n o f motio n he
,
‘
,
’
’
wi thd r ew t o c o n t e m pl at e o nly t he c ol d ab s trac tio n B ei n g c o rn ,
pl e t e i n i tsel f i mmobil e e t e r n al s ph e ri c al i n fo rm
, , ,
H e d i sc us sed .
th e n at u r e of b e i n g an d r e fu t e d t h e d o c tri n e o f flux i n a lo n g
, ,
h ex am e t e r p o em o f w hi c h w e hav e abo u t 1 5 0 v e r se s H i s e n th u .
f o r ce thee a l o ng thi s p a th ,
thi n e ey e s h or t-
si gh ted , thi n e ea r a nd
to ng ue co n us ed
f w i th n o i s e, bu t j ud ge ari ght th e p r oof th a t I p eah
s
th e c our se pu r su ed by E m p e d o c l es A n ax ago r as an d th e A to mi s t s
, , .
hi s r ac e w as bo r n i n 4 9 2 B C
,
H e w as t h e fi r s t t o . .
s u n d er ed by S tr ife ( v v 6 7 . Luc r e ti us w ho mo d el ed hi s o w n ,
t h e fi r st b e gi nn i n g s
1
. E mp ed o c l es s peak s lik e o n e i n spi r ed hi s
’
,
1 D e N atu r a R er u ni 1 .
7 29 ff .
1 50 SH O RT H I ST O RY O F G RE E K LITE RATUR E
1
o f the c o n t e m pl ativ e philo so p her .
mod er n Ato mi c T heory has d ir ec tly d esc end ed had l ittl e vogu e ,
1
W i l amo w i t z , H er ahl es 1 . 2
5 ,
th i n k s t h at i t w as as a tri b ut e to An axago ras ,
an d l
p e rh aps as an ap o o g i a fo r t h e ex i ed ph i l l s o o
ph e r th at Eu r i p i d es w r o t e
,
s ta n d i n
g ther eof; w h o d oes n ot s et h i s h ea r t on w r ong i ng h i s fell ow -
men , n or an
j
u n u st deed s . H e fi x es h i s g a ze o n the ag el ess or d er o
f i mmor ta l n a t u r e, a n d
t o as k w hy t h e w o rl d w as mad e
e k , an d s e a fi n al as w e ll fi
as an e f c i en t c au se ,
w as t h e g r o un d o f Pl at o s r e r o ach a ai n st r as ( P haed o
’
p g A n axag o
TH E B E G I N N I N GS O F P R OS E 1
51
’
of A th ens th e sch ool o f H ell as to th e i d eas of o n e w h o as he
, , ,
an
y o t her man o f hi s ti m e H e w as o n e w h o as A ri st o tl e sai d .
, ,
’
‘
had th oug h t abou t ev eryt h i n g an d t h e lo ss of hi s work s w hi c h , ,
see m s t o h av e o c c u rr ed so m e w her e b e tw e en th e t h i r d an d fi ft h
B IB LI OGRAPHY
D ox og r ap h i g r a e i B er l i n 1 8 7 9
c ,
F ai rb an k s Th e F i t Ph i l
, phe f G .
,
rs oso rs o r eece,
men ta l ,
B er i n , 1 90 1 Di el s D i e fr ag m n te d r V s h a ti he w i t h German
.
,
e e or o r r ,
I I SPEC I A L ED I T I O N S el i q u a e
' '
B yw at e r H e a l i ti Eph s i z Oxfo rd
‘
. .
,
r c e r i , ,
cl ei t u s B er l i n 1 9 0 2
,
X eno ph an es i n B e gk P t Ly G ae 2 S t i n D i e
, . r , oe . r . r c . . e ,
f agm n te d P a r m n i d s i n Sy mbol a P h i l l g B an n n s 1 8 6 7 Di l s P a
r e es e e o o . e .
, . e , r
m n id
e 1897 Kar s t n E mp d l i s
es , . a m l i q ui a Ams t e d am 1 8 3 8
e , e oc c r . re e, r , .
St ei n E mp d f agg B o n n 1 8 5 2
,
e . D i el E mp d l es B erl i n 1 9 0 1
r .
, ,
M ul l ac h . s, e oc , , .
,
III L I TERATU RE
. Z e ll er P h i l ph i e de G i hen I B rl i n 1 8 76 —1 8 8 3
.
, oso r r ec ,
e , .
R i tt er an d Pr ll er ( s ee u n d e r I ) e Wi d l b an d G h i ht d a l ten Ph i l s . n e , esc c e er o o
1
O n the A r r a ngemen t o
f Wor d s 24 .
C H A P T ER IX
r ap h er s as t h e ir n ame i mp li e s w ro t e p ro se t al es
,
I t w as ab o u t
,
.
s e t o u t w i t h s o me
1
i n I o n i c p ro se o f th e m yt h s o f t h e p o e t s _
,
p r es en t i n h ow e v e r u n c ri ti c al a fash io n
,
B e fo r e t h e c o m mo n i n .
Hecat aeus
H ECATA EUS o f M il e t u s ( flo r u i t 5 00 w h o alo n e O f
th o se d ay s w as a gu ar an t e e o f d i s t i n c ti o n an d i n fl u e n c e
,
Wh en .
,
o w n e y es t he r es ou r c e s o f P e r s i a w ar n e d hi m from th e u n d e r ,
q ue n c e o f t h i s r e v o lt w as th e s ac k o f M il e t us i n 4 9 4 B C I n th e ,
. .
w hi c h has r e p l ac ed t h e p o e t s i n v o c ati o n t o t h e M us e H ec at ae us
’
,
s h ow s t h at h e w as n o t un to uc he d by t h e e n l ig h t e n me n t o f w h i c h
1
A c u s i l aus i s s ai d to h ave mad e a pr o s e r
v e si o n o f H es i o d
’
s
po e ms , su
pp le
me n te d , no d o ub t , by ad d i ti o ns o f hi s ow n .
152
1 54 SH O RT H I ST O RY OF GR E E K L IT E RATU RE
d e t ec te d .
c o u n t o f so m e p ol i ti c al e mb r o il rn e n t fro m w h i c h h e fl e d to Samo s
‘
,
y , , ,
li fe w e ar e r ed uc ed to l at e and u n tr us twort h y e vi d en c e I t w as .
n at u r al at an , y r at e t hat as the c li m ax o f hi s t r av el s i n t h e E as t
, , ,
i n h i s h o n or an d th e c i tiz e n s vo t ed hi m t en t al e n t s t h e su m i s ,
’
so l arg e t hat i t shak es o n e s c r e d uli t y i n t h e l eg en d H ero d ot us ,
his c ar eer .
1
H er o d o t us d i s pl ays an ac q uai n t an c e w i t h S amo s so i n ti mat e t h at t h o ug h
,
trad i ti o n o f h i s Sami an
th e e xi l e i s u n tr us t w
o rt hv w e may be s ur e t h at h e
mad e a l o n g st ay i n th e i s l an d .
TH E LO G O G RA PH E R S : H E R O DOT U S 1
55
'
L i k e Pi n d ar th o ug h hi s n ativ e c ity w en t w i th the i n v ad er s
, ,
1
gr ap hs an d pass es o n to c o n si d er the ri se o f th e ki n g d om o f Ly d i a ,
B ook 1
of the ri se o f th e P ersi an empi re th e ex pl oi ts o f C yru s , ,
Io n i an s an d A eol i an s as hi s sl av es by i n h eri t an c e ‘
.
’
B ook 2
B ook 2 op en s wi t h the e xp edi ti o n o f C amby ses
ag ai ns t Egy p t . H e ro d o tu s i s l ess c o n c er n ed wi t h i ts for tu n es t han
1 . fi
Ar i st o ph an es , Ach ar n 4 8 8 — 4 94 , p aro d i e s th e rst fi ve b r i ef c h ap t ers , r i d i
cu l l l l
i n g t h e ear i e r i n t er n at i o n a q u arre s w hi c h w er e r egu arl y bas ed o n th e l
c arryi n
g o ff o f s o me w o man , I o , Med ea , or H el e n .
156 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F G RE E K LITE RATU RE
t h e N il e o n w h i c h i ts li fe d ep e nd s
,
B ook 3 c o n .
B ook 3
t ai n s the ac c o u n t of the mad n ess an d d eat h o f C am
bys es an d th e ac c e ss io n o f Dari us so n of H ystas pes c all e d by hi s , ,
p e o p l e t h e t r ad e r
‘
b ec au s e h e mad e p rofi t o f e v e ry t h i n g an d
,
’ ‘
,
’
c lo s es w i th an ac c ou n t of t h e P e r s i an i n v asi o n o f Li by a o f th e ,
Li by an n o mad i c trib es Th e P e r si an c o n q u es t s of T hr ac e an d
.
T h e P e r s i an ki n g t ho ug h t l ess fo r th e mo m en t o f t h e I o n i an s
, , ,
v en t ur ed t o s i d e w i t h h i s her ed i t ary sl av es .
’
si o n s h e d e vo t es h i m sel f to a mi n u t e an d d r am ati c ac c o u n t o f t h e
,
s tr u ggl e b e tw ee n G r e ec e an d P e r s i a The c o un t e r i n v as io n by t h e
.
c hat t e ri n g l i k e bi rd s an u n k n ow n to n g u e an d t h at t h e man w h o
, , ,
B ut he pl ai n ly th o ug ht t h at i n th e r e mo t e r p as t w h en th e r el a
, ,
an d h e woul d n o t d e n y th e i n t e rv en ti o n o f h eav e n i n e v en t s so
an d to t h e c o n fi n e s o f P e r s i a h e w as h an di c app e d by hi s ig n or an c e
,
1
t he i r wo n d e rful t al e s o n a c r ed ulo us t o u ri st .
C r e d ulou s he w as an d p ar d o n ably v ai n o f hi s t r av e l s bu t th e
, ,
mi st ak es i n ad d i ti o n 2
.
1
Pro fesso r S ayc e w h o h o l d s extr eme vi ew s as to th e b ad fai t h o f H ero d o
,
t h at th e h i st o ri an asc en d e d t h e N i l e hi gh er t h an th e F ayo um ; th e vi si t s to
A ssyri a an d B abyl o n i a w er e h e t h i n k s w h o l l y i mag i n ary ; an d H er o d o t us
, ,
w as an i mp o st o r w h o h as d e c e i ve d g e n e rat i o n s o f c r i t i c s S ee t h e I n tr od u c .
l zo n t o hi s e d i t i o n o f B o o k s 1 — 3
6 1 20 as t h e s um o f 1 5 00 an d 4 8 6 0 a par d o n ab l e e ro r w h e n o n e c o n s i d ers
,
r
t h e al ph ab e t w hi c h l i k e th e Ro man s t h ey use d as n u mb e rs h ad a fi x e d an d
, , , , ,
th ey ad o pt ed th e r ec k o n i n g by O ly mpi ad s .
TH E LO GOG R A PH E R S : H E R O DOTU S 1
59
ev e r c o n su l t
, an d w hen h e fo un d t h er e a p i c tur es q ue d esc ri p tio n ,
c o nn ec tio n wi th H ero d o tu s .
s i n s g en e r ati o n s ol d B ut t h e N em esi s o f H e ro d o tu s li es i n w ai t
.
Horac e ( 011 2 7
th e d o c t ri n e h as fal l en to a c om mo n pl ac e
. . .
th e b es t w ay t o esc ap e H is i re
I s, no t to s ee m too h appy .
”
Uni t y
r o d o tus h ad t h e e p i c c as t o f mi n d H i s fi r st t h oug h t .
1
n assus sai d ,
giv e hi s t al e th e c harm o f v ari ety t he I o n i an br ead th ,
an d w arm t h o f t h e ep i c .
S pe ech e s
T hey w o ul d h av e b een eq ually app ro p ri ate o n
th e li ps o f th e T e ir esi as o f Sop h o c l es : Fo r H e ro d ot us c o ul d n o t
fail to b e i n fl uen c e d by w hat w as t h en t he p r ed o mi n an t as i t ,
’
w ar n i n g o f C ro esus has ac tu ally fall en i n to t he p i t o f fort un e s
,
y T l .
.
‘
3
I . 2 14 .
16 2 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F G RE E K LIT E RATUR E
At C o s h e fo un d e d a s c h ool o f me d i c i n e w h o se c en t er was th e ,
H i p po c r at es hi mse lf w as an A sc l ep i ad o n e o f a m ed i c al c ast e , .
o n p ro s e w ri t e r s w as t h e c o n v en tio n al i n s tr umen t o f d i d ac ti c
,
m or e s i n c er e e ffo rt at sc i en ti fi c me t ho d an d th e c ri ti c al s pi ri t than
w as s h ow n by t h e earli e r p hy s i c i sts w h o s e d o c tri n es t hey r e g ard as
,
TH E LO GO G RA P H E R S : H E R O DOTU S 1 63
for t he ar t o f m ed i c i n e a pl ead i n g i n t he so ph i s ti c m an n e r an d , ,
l
as a ty p e o f tr e ati se r e fe rr ed to by Pl ato i n t he S op/21st w h e n h e ,
w h i c h has c om e d ow n u n d er the n am e o f H i pp o c r at es w as c o m ,
o f al l th e s op hist s ( p 1 6 7 ) .
BI B LI OGRAPHY
.
, 1 8 06 . .
l .
f gmen ta ra , B er i n , l 183 1 . M ii l l e r F r ag men ta H zstor zeo r w n Gr a eeo r u fl
,
' '
1 8 4 0 —1 8
’
’
70 . . .
, , .
H ERO DOT US
I MAN US CR I PT S
. . O f th e t h i rty k n o w n man usc ri pt s th e b est are th e M ed i
l o th t A ng el i ea n u s , Ro me, t 1 4 th
’
ceas, V e n i c e, c en .
; 1 1 th cen .
; Vatzea n u s,
cen t . Th er e ar e v er y fe w sc o l ia .
II . ED I T I O N S . A l d us , V e n i c e, 1 50 2 .
J un ger man n , F r an k f rt
o ,
B ae h r , L e i p i g , 2 d c d , 1 8 5 6 z Di n d o r f, Par i s , 1 8 6 2 A b i c h t, L e i p i g , 1 8 7 5
. . . z .
l
Di e t sch- Kal en b erg , Le i p i g, 1 8 8 5 H o d er , Le i p i g, 1 8 8 6—1 8 8 8 z
S ayc e, B k s . l z . .
r o usseaux Pari s 1 8 9 1 , , . M ac an Bk s 4 9 , .
-
,
2 vo s l .
, Lon d on , 1896 .
e er
’
a ze E n tstelzu ngsz ezt
’
’
o es lzer oa’ . Ges e/zi e/zts w er k es , B er i n , 1 8 78 B auer , l .
Q uo es tzmzezel a
'
D ze E n s l e/zu ng sz ezt 18 78 B ac h o f,
’ ’
lzer oa Gese/z , V i e n n a,
’
aes . . .
18 8 3
’
ll er o o otea , Ei s e n ac h , 18 8 0 .
.
Pan o fs k y ,
'
H i s t H er oa ’
rl i n 1 8 8 5 G uts c h mi d i n
’
’
o n tzbu s, Be
Q u a est zo zzes a e . .
f , .
C ol t Gel A n z
. . .
,
18 8
5 . Del b r ii c k , D i e P er ser / c
r ze e,
g B e rl i n 1 8 8 7 K l b er D i e
, . e ,
' '
Lowe n b e rg, i es
’
R/zetor i k bei H er od .
,
1889 . H auve tte, H ér oaote lzzstor zen t
1 2 2 D
3 .
1 64 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F GR E E K L ITE R ATU RE
g a er r es -
mécl i oi ces , Par i s , 1 8 94 . M aass i n H er mes 22 . Go mp er z , H ér oa’ote e
S op/Lod e i n r
Pa i s , 18 98 . Gr i ffi t hs , S tor i es o
f tl i e H zg/i Pr i es ts
Egypt Egyp tol
'
f M empli i s
’
o , 1 9 00 . R e vi l l o ut , H er oaote et l es o r a cl es . i n N ew .
,
an d app e n d i c es O xf r d 1 8 5 8 M ac aul ay L n d n 1 8 90
, o , .
,
o o , .
V L EX I C O N
. Sc hw ei g hae us er L o n d o n 1 8 3 0
.
, , .
H I PPOC RATES
p r zn c, Al d us V e n i c e , , 1
5 26 . Kii h n M ei l i cor i cm Gr a ee op er a
, . o mn i a , L ei p i g, z
1 8 2 1— 1 8 3 0 . L i ttré, Pari s , 10 v o s,l 1 8 3 9—1 8 6 1 . H zpp ocr a t zs o
p er a o mn za ,
I l b e rg , Di e ls , W e b e r Le i p z i g v o l I 1 8 9 4 ;
an d , , .
, vol .I I b y Kii hl e w e i n , L ei p
zi
g, 1 90 2 . Go mper z i n Wi en er S i tzo 1 8 9 0 an d .
, , in Gr eek T/zi n é e rs 2 8 2 ff , I .
N ew Y o r k ( tran s ) ,
1 90 1 . C o sto mi ri s i n R ev .
’
aes Et udes g r ecq ues , 18 8 9 .
S c h o n e i n R/i ei n M us 5 8 . . .
166 SH O RT H I ST O RY O F GR EE K L ITE RATU RE
i n hi s s p eec h o n Tue M u r d er of H er o d es w ri tt en at A t h en s ,
abo u t 4 2 0 B C . .
s o p h i s t s w e r e th e pro fe ss o r s of t h e N e w E d u c atio n at At h e n s an d ,
th e n am e so p h i s t to al l w ho g av e i n s tr uc tio n i n t h o se s ubj ec t s
‘ ’
h i m sel f w as n o t u n fairl y c l as s e d w it h t h e s o ph i s t s by t h e At h e n i an s
w ho saw hi m t eac hi n g an d argui n g lik e t h e r es t i n p ubli c p l ac e s ,
and c o u l d har d ly b e e xp ec t e d to p ut h i m i n a s ep ar at e c at eg o ry
‘
w as di s r eg ard e d ev e n by so i n t e llig e n t an ob s erv er as Ari s top han es .
1 Pl at o
’
s sh a rp d i st i n ct i o n b e t w e e n phi l osop h ers an d so p h i st s w as pro b ab y l
t ri c
eso e i n his d ay, n o t ad o p t e d o r grasp e d b y o ut s i d e rs S o Rad e rmac h e r i n.
R/zezn . l l/ u s .
52 . 18 . L at e r , gro un d o f d i s t i n c t i o n w as th e t ea c hi n g
on e o f
r h et o r ic . So , on th e Pari an l l l l ’
l
mar b e , P at o i s ab e ed p hi o so p he r, A ri st o t le ,
phi s t
’
so .
. TH E B E G I N N I N GS O F RH ET O RI C 167
c hi e f d i sti n c tio n o f t he i r w an d e ri n g l iv es .
,
ri c h C al l i as hi s ho s t : A tr ai n of l i s ten er s f ol l ow ed h i m f or the
, ,
every ci ty » as he
p asses th r oug h ; he cha r ms th em w i th hi s vo i ce l i k e ,
sw e rs t o w h i c h S o c r at es h el d hi m d ow n Pro tagor as w as a p u ri s t .
,
1 P r otag 3 1 5 A
. .
168 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F G R E E K L ITE RATUR E
m ak es hi m Us e a n u mb er o f m et ap hor s an d a flu en t am pl e s tyl e , ,
i n ev e ry s ort o f d eb at e H i s ph ilo so p h y w as H e r ac l ei t e an
. O ne .
w ho se t o u t to tr ai n men to s ee an d arg u e bo t h s i d es to m ak e ,
1
Pl u t ar c h q uo t es a bri e f fr agm en t i n the Io n i c d i al e c t o f Abd e r a ,
ap p ar e n tly t h e fi r s t to d i s ti n g ui s h t h e t hr ee g e n d e r s by
Th e
foun d er of n ame an d b e d ivi d ed th e form o f t he v e rb i n to c at e
,
’ ’
gu ag e P ro tagor as l ai d s tr ess o n c o rr ec t ness
,
.
1 2
Co n sol . ad Ap ol l o n . c33 . . 23 2 D .
3 Gr eek Th i n k er s ( En g l i s h tran s )
. I 4 6 7 ff . an d in Wi en er S i tz h , . 1 8 90 .
1 70 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F G RE E K L ITE RATU R E
Gorgi as
t he gr eates t r h e tori c i an H i s s u c c ess wit h th e .
b e d e t e c t e d i n t he o t h er wr i te r s o f hi s c l ass an d g e n e r atio n H is .
i n R ejected A dd r es ses
’
wri tten as a p aro d y of Pop e s an ti t h eti c s tyl e w ou l d be p e rfec tly ,
s o un d ai m e d at by t h i s gr eat vi rt u o s o an d hi s i mit at or s w as i n
’
as i n S hak e sp ear e s
An d w h at sh o u ld I do i n I ll yri a ?
M y b ro t h e r h e i s i n El ysi um .
”
en c o mi u m
2 ’
an d th e p an egyri c w as t o su ppl an t t h e lyri c al
‘
.
’
M en s ear s w e r e sti ll ho w ev er i n the fi ft h c en t u ry attu n e d to th e
, , ,
p ro s e r hy th mi c al an d c h arm wi t h a p o e ti c vo c ab ul ary
,
Empe d o .
’
Pl ato s Go rgi as w e hav e w hat i s n o d oub t a o n e —si d ed p i c t ur e o f
th e fam ou s sop hi s t wi t h So c r ates ag ai n i n t he l e ad i n g p art o u t
, ,
F u n er al O r a ti o n h av e c o m e dow n to us u n d e r hi s n am e ar e
, ,
1 E vag or as 8 .
2
O n t hi s t en d e n c y fat al t o p o etr y, N o r d en , D i e g r i echi s ch e l i
’
, so s ee u n st
p r osa I 7 8 .
1 72 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F G RE E K LIT E RATU R E
1
orato ry th e for e r un n e r n o t o n l y o f th e c orr ec t I s o c r ates an d hi s
, ,
s c h ool ,
bu t al s o of t h e A s i an i c mann e r o f wri ti n g wit h all i ts
p e rv e r s io n s o f s tyl e .
G orgi as w ro t e th e At ti c d i al ec t o f t h e tr ag ed i an s an d t h oug h a
m
,
2
l i ni ng g r aves w er e ec h o e d by c e rt ai n o f hi s d i s c i pl es s u c h as t h e
, ,
of t h e A th en i an w ri t e r s o f pro se t ho ug h they w er e d ec i d ed ly ,
hi s p r ec io s i t y hi s ov e r i n g e n i o u s m ann e r frigi d an d c h il d i sh
,
-
, .
s op h i s ts ov e rl ap an d h av e c ert ai n g en e r al c h ar ac t e ri s ti c s
,
T h ey .
Gr eek ed u t o c rati c s e c ti o n o f A th en i an s o c i e ty an d w e r e al w ay s ,
can on
fr an kly pro fessio n al i n t he i r at t i t ud e to ed u c atio n B e .
s id es t r ai n i n g t h o s e w ho wi s h ed t o b ec o me s o p h i st s t h e y h elp ed t o ,
H er mes ) 22 t b o t h N
ac c ep
; o r d e n ac c e t s t h e H el en ;
p j e bb S p e n g el Egg er , , ,
an d N avar r e r ej ec t b o t h .
p a t l ast l ay s me w i th
2 O n hi s d e at h b e d h e i s r e o rt e d t o h av e sai d : S l ee
p
h i s br oth er D ea th , an d Gl a d ly u i t th i s d ecay ed an d totter i ng d w el l i ng o
f th e
q
body . Thi s i s g o o d i n s t an c e
a o f th e d i s p l ay o f th e r ul i n g passi o n i n d eath .
Wi th th e s ec o n d u tt er an c e c p . W all er ,
“
Th e s o u l s d ar k c o tt ag e
’
, ,
b att er ed
”
an d d e c ayed .
1 74 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F GRE E K .
L ITE RATU R E
l i s h ed i n V
V
al z , Rh etor es Gr a eci V . B la s
s i n c l ud es th e H el en an d th e P al a
1 8 6 7, vo l I I l
S pe n g e , E y yij Tex vau, S t utt g art , 1 8 28
' '
v
. va w . .
. I
III L TERAT URE Pro t ago r as : Fr e i , Qu aestt P r otag , B o n n , . . . 18 4
5 . Go r
d ecl a ma ti on u m q ua e G L . . no mi n e ex sta n t, B re s l au ,
1 8 26 . Di e l s Gorgi ,
as u n d
E mp ed ocl es i n S i tz u ngsber . d B er l A ka d
. . .
, Be in, rl 18 8 4 . F r ei i n Rh ei n M us .
,
1 8 50 Ge r c k e i n H er mes 3 2
. S c h ee l , D e Gorg za n a e d zscipl i n a e . vest i gi i s ,
Ro st o c k , 1 8 9 0 M aass i n H er mes 2 2 P ro di c us : W e l c k er , P r od i k os
. . vo n K eos
i n K l S eh r . . 2 . H i p p i as : A p el t, B ei tr ag e, L ei p z i g , 18 9 1 . Al ci d amas : V ah l e n ,
D er Rh etor A l k i d a ma s i n S i tz u ngs ber d . . Wi en er Ah . 1863 .
[n tr od , L o n d o n , 1 8 7 6
. N o r d e n , D i e A n t i k e K u n stp r osa v o l I , L e i p i g,
. . z
'
1 8 98 N av ar re , E ssa i s u r l a r h etor i ou e g r ecou e a va n t A r i state, Pari s , 1 9 00
. .
O n th e S o p h i s ts : Co p e , i n j o u r n of Cl a ss i ca l a n d S a c r ed P h i l 1 — 3 Si dg w i c . . . k
in ] of P 4
. . . Gr o t e i n H i story o
f Gr eece, v ol . V II I , ch 67 . D i e l s, i n h i s D i e
.
T H UCYDI DES
as n early as w e c an c al c ul ate w it h i n t h e d ec ad e 4 7 1 — 4 6 1 B C
,
He . .
w as an A th en i an c i tiz en wi t h all th e ad v an t ag es o f
’
w eal th an d fami ly c o n n ec t ed o n hi s m ot h er s s i d e
,
mi n es i n T hr ac e Th e si n gl e an ec d o te o f hi s yo u th r el ates t hat
.
,
A nax agor as an d Pro tago ras may hav e pl ay ed t h eir p art i n fo rmi n g
hi s mi n d an d t h ough T h u c y d i d e s w en t i n t o e xil e th r ee y ear s aft er
,
fi n d hi m a g en er al i n c o m m an d o f sev en sh ip s o ff th e
Ex i l e
,
17
5
1 76 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F G RE E K LITE RATU RE
t h e m Ei o n the h arbor to w n ,
Th e A t hen i an s w e r e alw ay s p ro mpt
.
pt ol i s , a n d , a ssoci a ti ng w i th bo th s i d es , w i th the P el op o n n es i a ns
Th e l at e Li fe o f T hu c yd i d es
by M ar c e lli n u s ( fi ft h c entu ry A D ) . .
h e r e tu r n e d to A t h ens i n 4 0 3 w h er e an d h ow he d i ed ar e n o t , ,
2
Ar c hel au s ki ng o f M ac edo n i a at P ell a
,
E uripi d es w e k no w w as
, .
, ,
3
e pi t ap h o n t h e t r agi c po et The d at e o f hi s d eat h i s u nk n ow n
. .
s o m e y ear s earl i e r .
ve of t h e e arly c o n d i ti o n s of G r eec e t he b e gi n n i n g s
S cop e y ,
h i s wry
b e tw een th e P er s i an an d th e P elo po n n esi an w ar s t he ,
n i an s I n B ook s 6 — 7 T hu c y d i d es t el l s th e t al e o f the Si c il i an
.
,
1
26
5 . .
2
H er mes Fo r th e rgumen t s agai n s t t his v i ew , sec G i l b ert i n P h i
‘
1 2. a
3 A n th P al
l ol og us 3 8 . . .
7 45
. .
1 78 SH O RT H I ST O R Y o r G R EEK LITE RAT U RE
I oni an s
p arti al t al e H e s h ow s you th e c o n fl i c t o f r ac e p ri d e
.
‘
w e hav e n o t grow n i n sol e n t i n p ro s p e rity w e ar e n o t so ov er ,
i n t ell ig en t th at w e c an o n ly c ri ti c i s e an d n o t ac t w e t h i n k ou r
n e ig h bor s may b e as c l ev e r as o ur sel ves
l ’
T hat w as n o t the I o ni an .
c l e v e r n ess ag ai n st w h i c h th ey w e r e w ar n ed by C l e o n th e m o s t
‘
,
2 ’
an d you t h i n k t h at yo u ar e wi s e r t h an th e l aw s T huc y d i d es i s .
1 1 2
84 3 37 38
. . .
— .
TH U C Y DI DE S 1 79
th e At h en i an s w er e n o l ess bloo dt h i r s ty w h e n th ey mu rd er ed an d
nat ur e
-
I
taeans i n pu tti n g to d eath th ei r T he b an p r i s o n er s w as
m at c hed by th e t r eac h ery o f A th en i ans l ik e Phryni c h us th e
2
g ener al willi n g t o b etr ay hi s c ou n try to sati s fy a p e r so n al gr udg e
,
.
t h ey w er e t he fi r st of th e ki n d T h i s h e s ai d i s th e n atur e o f
.
, ,
the t ri umph o f th e h u m an b e i n g Wi t h T h u c y d id es th e I o n i an
.
c an s t ul ti fy al l th e c o n v en ti o n al vir tu es as i n th e c ase o f th e vi r
,
1 2 2 3
.
5 . 8 50. .
5 . 26 .
180 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F G R EE K LITE RATU R E
are al l i n th e
fi r st sev en B ook s an d n u mb e r for ty o n e b esi d es -
,
n ati o n al or p e r s o n al eth os th e c h ar ac t e r an d t e mp e r am en t as i t
,
c am e o ut i n d e b ate t o giv e a p r é
,
ci s o f a lo n g di sc u ss i o n m aki n g ,
o n e o r t w o of th e c h i e f sp eak e r s o n bo t h si d es t h e mo ut hp i ec e o f
t h e r es t T huc y d i d es w as w ri ti n g i n a g en er atio n w ho se c h i e f
.
’
c iti es to t he A th en i an s t h o se ,
r es tl ess n eig hbor s as t hey w er e
‘
c all e d i n t h e G r ee k p rov e rb ho w t h e y fe ar e d t h e ir u n ti ri n g am bi
,
1
t i o n t h e i r t h ir s t fo r e x p an si o n so d an g ero u s t o t h e s m al l e r s t at es
, ,
.
e v e n t h e sac r e d p ri n c i p l e o f d e mo c r ac y an d t el l th e A t hen i an s
,
a b at tl e s o n g
-
t h e movi n g an d t e rribl e s tory i n t h e sev e n t h B oo k
mo s t p atheti c o f h i s tori an s ’
H e w as fai th ful to hi s i d eal o f
.
c al d e t ail s t hat w e ak en t he
p i c tur e Followi n g hi m V ergil i n .
,
t he G eo i g i cs
2
O vi d i n the ld eta moi p hoses S enec a i n t he Ged i
,
l 3
.
,
c ho T hu c
4
p us ,
e y d i d es B o c c ac c i o d esc rib es t h e four tee n t h c en
.
-
c en tu ry , De fo e te ll s t h e t al e o f the B l ac k De at h i n Lo n do n ; n o
o n e of t he m h as su p er se d e d t he e ig ht c hap te r s i n w h i c h Thu
sen ti m e n tal .
1
6 1 1 3 8— 1 23 1 2
8 — 66 3 —6 1 4 1 1 0— 20 .
. .
3 .
47 5 .
7 .
5 3
2 3 .
5
T H U C Y DI D E S 1 83
’
p art o f hi s ar c hai s m H i s i s t he au st e r e styl e a hig h an d c ar e
,
,
an d ob sc u rity an d b ec o m es a p uzzl e e v e n to G r e e k c ri t i c s
,
His .
B IBLI OGRAPHY
H ei d el b erg ; th e B r i ta n n us , i n th e B i i sh rt M us e u m . A n i n s c r i p t i o n fo u n d
on t h e Acro pol i s i n 1 8 7 7 ( Corp f u ser A tt I s upp l 4 6 ) gi v es part o f th e t ext
. . . .
o f th e tr e at
y q uo t e d b y Th uc yd i d es 3 4 7 A s h o rt papyr us fr ag me n t ( I s t . .
o r 2 d c en t A D w as p ub l i s h e d i n Oxy r hy n ch us l apy r i I L o n d n 1 8 9 8
’
. . .
,
o , .
II ED I T I O N S E d p r i n c Al d us 1 50 2 St ep han us w i t h s c h l i a 1 5 6 4
. . . .
, , .
, o , .
B ekk er w i t h s c h o l i a B erl i n 1 8 2 1
, A r n o l d O xfo r d 1 8 3 0—1 8 3 5
, , B l o o mfi e l d
.
, , .
,
Lo n d o n 1 8 4 3 ,Po pp o L e i p z i g 1 8 2 1 — 1 8 5 1 Po pp o St ah l Le i pz i g 1 8 7 1 — 1 8 8 9
.
, , .
-
, , .
Cl assen 3 d e d B er l i n 1 8 79
, . .
, St ahl L e i p z i g 1 8 7 3 —1 8 74
, . B o eh me L ei pz i g , , .
, ,
1 E g 3 8 2 ; 6 76
. . . . .
18 4 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F GR EE K L ITE RATU R E
1 8 6 4— 1 8 76 . H ud e , L ei pz i g , 19 0 1 . Cr o i s et , 1— 2 , Pari s, I 8 S6 . S hi l l eto , 1,
h o ff Th u k u sei n Ur k u n d en ma ter za l B e r l i n 1 8 9 5
,
. . W i l amo w i tz i n H er mes , ,
.
1 1 12 34
, Ki r c h h o ff i n H er mes 1 2
, . S c h Ol l i n H er mes 13 Gi l bert i n P h i l . .
ol o
g us 3 8 St ah l i n N ew j a h r b , 1 8 9 6
. Sh o r ey i n Tr a n s A P A 24 . . . . . . . Fors
t e r S mi t h i b 2 5 W o l c o tt i h 29 D i e l s i n Gott Gel A n z , 18 9 4
. . . . . . . . j eb b ,
Th e Sp e ec h es o f Th uc yd i d e s i n A bb o tt s H el l en i ca, L o n d o n , 1 8 8 0
’ ’
.
IV X I CA B étan t
. LE .
, G e n e va, 1 8 4 3 — 1 8 5 7 . Es s e n , ]n d ex Th u c .
, l
B er i n , 18 8 7 .
V T RA N S LAT I O N S
. . H o bb es, Lo n d o n , 1
7t h cen t . J ow ett , Ox fo rd , 1 8 8 1.
B ét an t Par i 18 63 ,
s, .
1 86 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F G R E E K LI TE RATU R E
’
T hi s w as th e d i thyr amb a word w h o s e pr ec i se m ean i n g i s
‘
,
-
an ob s c ur e e p i t h e t o f t h e go d an d t h e c o m p ou nd m eans a s o n g
,
t i o n ed i n li ter at ur e by Ar c h ilo c h us ( f r i n t h e s ev e n t h c e n
.
o f Lesbo s ( p 1 08 ) w h en h e c am e to th e c ou r t o f P e ri and er t he
.
( t rag o i ) d an
, c e d a n d s an g t h e di t h yr amb to t h e m u s i c o f t h e P h ry
gi an flu t e We k n ow n o th i n g p r ec i se abou t t he i n n ov at io n o f
.
t io n t hat w as al w ay s r e t ai n ed Th e p ri mit iv e c ul t so n g of Di o n y
.
1 VI 1
32 .
THE B E G I N N I N GS O F T H E DRAM A 1 87
) n d i c at es ho w c lo se w as s till hi s co n
’
an sw e r e r w o xp i fi j i
t he ( fi
‘
s ,
n ec ti o n wi t h t he c h o r us h o w s u bo r d i n at e w e r e hi s s p ok en i n t e r
,
t
s ep i n th e evo u l t i on of th e d rama .
188 S H O RT H I ST O RY o r GR E E K L ITE RATU R E
b e c am e d r am ati c G r ee k t rag e dy h ow e v e r n ev e r w ho ll y d i sc ar d ed
.
, ,
c h oru s es i n t h e D ori an di al ec t .
Whil e the d i thyr am b w as still pur ely c hor al ther e had alr ead y
ap p ear ed th e t en d en c y t o i n tro du c e a wid e r r an g e of i n t e r est t h an
s i n g t h e i r go at c h or us es i n h o n ou r of A d r ast u s t h e Argi v e h e ro ,
T h esp i s .
O lym pi ad ( 5 2 4 5 2 1 B C ) an d was t h i rt e e n ti m es a vi c to r i n t h e
—
. .
’
C h oer il us w as c all ed a ki n g amo n g t he satyr s h e w as p ec uli arly ,
A esc hylu s .
1 H o r ac e ms
s ee t o h av e c o n fuse d trag ed y wi h t co med y w h en h e mak es
Th esp i s a s tro l l i n g pl ayer w ho p e rfo r me d h i s pl ays on a c a rt an d s meared hi s
fac e w i t h w i n e l e s A s P t 2 75
e . r oe . .
p o i n t s ut t h at i n th e I n di an d rama al
2 C h r i st o so , tw o d i a l ect s , Sans c ri t an d
Pr ak r i t w ere use d
, .
1 90 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F GR E E K L ITE R ATU RE
n o t ri sk suc h e mo tio n al i n fl u en c es o n t h e ir
p ubli c p ol i c y an d ,
O
’
er h er w ar m c h e ek an d r i si n g b o so m mo v e
Th e b l o o m o f y o u ng Desi r e , an d p urp l e l i g ht of Lo v e .
Th e t h eat er
, ,
w h i c h c ut o ff a segm en t o f th e c i rc l e o f the or c h es tr a T hi s .
w as s oo n fac e d by a p ro sc e n iu m th e b ac kgrou n d o f th e pl ay , ,
1 P r og r ess P oesy 4 0
f
o .
2
Wi l amo w i tz i n H er mes 21 t hi n k s t h at t h i s co n v e n pr osce n i u m w as
t i o n al
n o t us e d i n th e ea r l i er t t
e x an l
p ays of A eschy l us , an d c o n j ec t ur e s t h at i t
w as i n tr o d uc ed i n t h e d ec ad e 4 6 8 —
4 58 B C
. .
THE B E G I N N I N GS O F T H E DRAM A 19 1
S t ag e
eit he r fo r t h e s t ag e buil d i n g s o r th e s t ag e o f th e fi ft h
c o n c ep t io n of t he s c en i c s e tti n g o f a pl ay at A t he n s B ut t h e .
m
,
3
m ad e to thrill wi t h horror an d pi ty at w hat t ak es pl ac e an d fo r ,
1
Do rp fel d , D as Gr i echi sch e Theater , 1896 .
Apri l , r
1 9 0 5 , un d e t h e i mme d i at e s up er vi s i o n o f D Or p fel d , n o s t ag e w as us e d .
The r es ul t w ri t e s M r Lo u i s Dye r i n t h e N a t i n M ay 1 1 1 9 0 5
,
”
. h as mad e
o , , ,
n o c o n vert s Th e al t ar b l o c k e d th e v i e w t h e ac t rs w e e c o n s t an t l y c o n fus e d
.
,
o r
at an
y rat e th e e ffec t w as ad mi rab l e
,
.
3
P oeti s 1 4 c Wh o h ears t h e po em t h ere fo re sees th e pl ay
.
, B ro w n i ng
, .
,
’
B al a usti on s A d ven t ur e .
192 SHO RT H I ST O RY O F GREE K L ITE RATU R E
op en qu es ti o n s .
c h yl us ,
th e m as t erp i ec e o f G r eek t r ag e dy an d th e P r o metheus
,
B o u n d w h o s e s up er hu m an p er s o n ag e s d i s d ai n t he s oli d gro un d
, ,
h ad t ax ed th e i n g en ui t y o f t h e st ag e m ac h i n i s t I t i s n o t e asy to
.
c o n triv an c e s o f t he t h e at e r an d t h e s tr uc t u r e o f t he pl ay T hesp i s .
s ec o n d ac tor an d s e v e r al s t ag e d evi c es i n c l u di n g t h e
’
,
m ac h i n e
for r ai s i ng t he ac to r i n th e ai r an d t h e ec c y c l em a th e l ow s t ag e
, ,
’
sc en e p ai n ti n g .
w h o m t h e c h o ru s m ig h t st ill as i n t h e e arli es t dr am a th e S up
, ,
mo st d i ffi c ul t s te ps are to b e c r ed it ed to t h e c r eativ e g en iu s o f
A esc h ylu s Ari s totl e i t i s tru e i n t h e tan t al i si ng Fou rt h C hap te r
.
, ,
O f th e ig ht y pl ay s w h o se ti tl es ar e r ec o rd e d u n d e r t he n ame of
e
c e n t e r s i n a c rowd Th e d a t e of th e S uppli a n ts i s n o t k n o w n
. It .
h as b een p l ac ed as l at e as 4 6 1 w h en t h e At h en i ans w er e c o n si d ,
an c e str es s I o ar e at o n c e t h e h e roi n e s an d t he c h o r us
, ,
T he ir .
ably c en t e r e d i h o n e w h o for u s i s th e c h i e f fi g u r e i n th e w h ol e
i n th e P r o meth eus B ou n d .
c y c l i c ep i c i n w hi c h w as tol d t h e s to ry of Ly n c eu s H y p e r mn es tr a ,
1 2
d ep en d s for her pl ac e i n lit er atur e o n H orac e O vi d an d C hauc er , , ,
1
Od 3 I I 2
H e oi d s I 4
. . . r e .
A E SC HY LU S 1
95
li n ts w h i c h i s a c an t at a r at he r than a tr ag e dy an d p e r hap s i n
p a , ,
1
c u se; at t he r e qu est o f H i e ro A c c ordi n g to t h e t r ad i tio n the
.
,
'
p ar t of the d i alogu e i s giv en to the M essenger w ho wit h an effec t , ,
?
h
wi th o n e o f t ho se s il en c e s t t A esc hylu s m ad e so i m p r e ssiv e So
a
,
1 Wil amo w i tz
i n H er mes 3 2 c o n ec t u r es t h at t h e P er sa e w as w r i tt e n an d rs t
j fi
ac t ed at Syr ac us e k l
It w as , h e t hi n s , a p ay i n d e pe n d en t o f the c o n ve n t i o n
.
2
Cp . I l i k e yo ur si l en c e i t th e more
, sh o w s o ff yo ur w o n d er . Wi n ter ’
s
1 96 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F GRE EK L ITE RATU R E
sh e a lo ne c an s ee t he
m u rd er ess o f Ag am e m n o n So Prom e t h eu s .
th e ac m e o f i n t e r es t i n t h e p l ay w h e n t he g h o s t of Dari us ro se
,
sc e n e b e fo r e t he en t r an c e o f X e rx es w h o s e l ou d an d abj ec t gri e f
,
t he T h eb an c y c l e Th e p l ay o pen s at t h e p oi n t i n th e s tory w h en
.
2 22
Th eb es
“
ar e abou t t o d ec i d e by arm s th eir riv alry for th e r ul e
s hi el d s ar e t h e mo s t i m r ess iv e i n t h e
, p pl ay w h i c h as Ari s to p han e s , ,
s ai d ,
i s bri mful o f th e s pi ri t o f w ar For al l t hat E teo c l es i s a
.
’
,
tr u e t r agi c h e ro an d t h e d r am ati c i n t er es t c e n t e r s i n th e en c o un
,
t e r o f t h e d oo med b ro t h e r s T hi s i n t er es t r eac h es i ts ac me w h en
.
,
as E t eo c l es d i str i b utes b
y lo t t h e s ev e n T h e b an l ead e r s w ho ar e to
’
‘
r e mo te fro m man 1 ’
T hi t h er H ep haestu s r e l uc t an t to i nj ur e a
.
,
'
A l t s u fferi n g an d i n t en se
si e n
Th e r o c k t h e v u l t ur e an d t h e c h ai n
, , ,
All t h at th e p r o u d c an feel o f p ai n 3 ,
”
2
C p t h e c h o rus o n th e r i s e o f man S o ph o cl es A n tig on e 3 3 2 ff Thi s att i
.
, ,
.
C an st t h o u s e n d l i g ht n i n gs t h at t h ey may go an d s ay un t o t h e e H er e w e
, , ,
O vi d M et 1 9 4 Ti b ull us 1 3
”
ar e ? V erg E el 4 3 2
. . . .
, . . . . .
3
B yro n P r ometh eus
, .
A E SC HY LU S 199
forbi d d e n t r ee .
'
A esc hylu s u tte r thei r g en tl e advic e, sym pat hy an d e xpo s tul atio n
, , .
s ees t m y fs u er i ng s a n d my w r o ng s !
b° un d
th e d el iv e r e r mu st hav e pl ay ed a c h i e f p art an d th er e ,
s om e d e v elo p men t o f th e mo r al c h ar ac te r o f a go d w h o se su pr e m ac y
th r esh ol d o f a s ec o n d G ol d en Age .
Ti tan .
B o r e t o t hy h o n o r t h r o u g h t h e d i vi n e g l o o m
Th e l amp h i c h w as t h i n e e mb l e m
w
”
.
p h o r i ( L i ba ti o n B ea r er s ) an d t he E u men i d es ar e l ik e th r ee gr eat
-
,
1
Pi n d a r i n h i s S even th I s thmi a n , w ri tt en p ro b ab l y i n 4 78 B C , ma e s . . k
Th emi s av e rt th e fa ll of Z e us ; S h e ad vi s e s th e g o d s t o g i ve Th e t i s to Pe e us l
L et h er w ed a mor tal and s ee h er so n d i e i n w ar . Zh en th ey n od d ed a ssen t
2
64 . 29 6 .
20 2 SH O RT H I ST O RY O F G R E E K LITE RATU R E
h as m o s t d e eply i mp r es se d th e p o e t s
’
Luc r e tiu s w h en h e wi sh ed .
,
’
s l ay e r of hi s c h il d T he ir so n g i s a p r el ud e to t he en tran c e of
.
n ae u s i n Argol i s h as b e en fi n e ly i m it at e d by M ac aul ay i n th e
,
A r ma d a ?
Ev ery d esc riptiv e Sp eec h an d l yri c i n t he Aga memn on
i s a m as te r p i ec e A ft e r an o t he r lo n g c horu s wi t h a wo n d erful pi c
.
s afe ly ac ro ss th e A eg e an S ea w hi c h fl ow er s wi t h d ead G r ee k s an d
th e ir wr e c k ed ti mb e r s A esc hyl us seems to hav e i n t en d e d to
’
.
1 D e N at u r a R er u m 1 . 8 4 ff .
2 “
Ti ll B el vo i r
’
s l rd l y t rr ac es
o e th e S i gn l
t o Li n co n s e n t ,
An d Li n co ln sp e d th e messag e ’
o n o er th e w i d e va e o f l Tr e n t ,
Ti ll S k i d d aw “
s aw th e fi r e t h at b urn e d on G au n t ’
s e mb att l e d pi l e ,
’ ’
th e m th e c h o s en flo w e r o f all t he booty t h e army s gi ft C as san , ,
’
hi s wi fe s l en gt h y gr ee t i n g an d c h oo si n g at l as t t h e ri s k o f d ivi n e
, , ,
“
Th at tran ge eye d s pi ri t w o un d e d stran ge t o ng ued sl ave
s -
,
-
,
-
Th er e q uest i n g h o un d l i k e w h er e th e ro o fs r ed w et -
Ree k ed as a w et r e d grave 1 ,
”
1 S w i n b ur n e , O n th e ( Yifi k .
29 4 SH ORT H I ST OR Y O F G R EEK LIT ERATU R E
wi t hi n B ut i t i s h er d oo m to b e d i sb eli ev e d t o t h e l as t Th e
. .
b u t w h en s h e c ri es al o u d fo r s o me o n e t o s av e Ag ame mn o n from
,
h i s qu e en t h e y t h i n k h e r d i s tr aug h t
,
H e r p ro p hec y o f h e r o w n
.
e n d t h e y ar e at l as t for c e d to c o mpr eh en d i f no t to b el i e v e ,
B ut me f o r me ( h o w
,
h ad s t th o u h eart to h ear
R ma i n s
e a s u n d er i ng w i th th e t w o-edg ed s
p ea r .
1
h i n t o f t h e r ev en g e o f O r es t es p asses i n to th e p al ac e
,
O n t he .
E n o ug h f l ife
o .
i n t e ri or o f th e h ou se wi t h th e c o r pse o f Ag ame m n o n l ai d b es i d e
t hat of C assan d r a an d C ly t emn es tr a e xulti n g ov e r t hem N o
,
.
‘
pi ti l ess wo man o f G r eek l e g en d d o es no t si n fro m me r e d e
’
,
w h o m h e pu t to d eat h as li g htly as o n e S l ay s a sh e ep o r a go at ,
'
1
S w i n b ur n e p arap h r as e i n On th e Cl ifi
’
s s .
2 06 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F G R E E K LITE RATURE
d e at h c ry o f A egi s t hus
-
I n t he up ro ar t hat follo ws C ly t e m n es tr a
.
,
s e iz es t he ax e w i t h w h i c h she had s l ai n Ag am e m n o n an d c o n ,
it. A esc hylu s c ould bo ast i n the F r ogs of Ari stop han es t hat he
had n ev e r s i nn ed ag ai n st the dr am ati c prop ri eti es by bri ngi n g on
t h e s t ag e a wo man i n lov e B ut at t hi s mom en t w h en C l yte m
’
.
,
c r uel n e t ma
y b ear wi t n ess to t he j u s ti c e o f the d ee d
,
B ut i t i s .
S tr eak e d w i t h h i s mo th er s b l o o d b u t s tr i vi n g h ar d
’
,
To t e ll t h e st o ry e r e h i s re aso n g o es 1
”
.
bu t I ca n h e c ri es to th e c h or us Th ey d r i ve me o u t a n d [ mus t
, ,
An d n o w C ly t e mn es tr a s too d am o n g t he m
1
sn ak es i n the ir h air .
,
sh ri n e an d th e sc e n e c han g es to A th e n s t o t he t e m p l e o f A th en e
, ,
1
Dan t e repro d uc ed th e Aesch yl ean F ur i es s ta i n ed w i th bl ood , w ho h a d th e
l i mbs o
f w omen a n d thei r a ct i on , a n d w er e g i r l w i th g r een es t hy d r a s . L i ttl e
ser
pen ts a n d cer as tes th ey h a d f or h a i r , w h er ew i th th ei r cr u el temp l es w er e
o w n s u pp li an t an d d ivi n i ti es s o p ow erful as t he Fu ri e s A t t hi s .
w as p ro d u c e d u n d e r t h e r é
, g i me o f P e ri c l es t h e c ou n c il o f t he ,
t i mo ny o f A p ollo i n hi s d e fe n se t h e vo t es o f th e t w e lv e j u d g es ar e
,
i n t e rv en e t o c ut th e k n ot as A p ollo had i n t e rv e n ed w h en O r es t es
,
c as ti n g vot e fo r O r es t es w ho d e p ar t s t o Argo s
,
The godd ess i s .
k
yea h o u n o w es O mo h e N i gh
t t t r t ,
Ke e n as t h at
r c r y f o m t hy s
tr t
an g e c h i d e n s e n l r
\V h e re w 1t h th e A t h en i an j u d g me n t sh r i n e w as re n t -
,
Fo r w rat h t h at al l t h i r w rath w as v ai n l y s p en t
e ,
1 28 3
Ch oep h . .
2 10 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F G RE E K L ITE RATU RE
Th e gr e at c o n vul s io n s th e r ui n ou s p assi o n s t h at h e c h o s e to d e
, ,
’
o f that d ark fl ow er from g en e r ati o n to g en er atio n the st ruggl e
‘
,
o f t h e vi c t i ms th e i r ato n e m en t o r an n i h il ati o n ac c o r d i n g t o t he
,
hi s o wn p ec uli ar i ns ol e n c e hi s o wn tr an s gr es si o n o f the l i mi t s of
,
a j u d gm en t an d N e m esi s h e r s el f i s n o t a p e r so n i fi c atio n o f t h e
,
o f the m or al l aw ov er p assio n .
l ament abl e t al e o f th i n gs
Do n e l o n g ag o an d i l l d o n e .
”
1 C p th e
. ec h o i n Te n n ys o n
’
s Lotos- E ater s , ‘
Tw o han d ful s of t
w h i e d us t
sh ut in an ur n o f b rass .
’
21 2 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F G RE E K L ITE RATUR E
se c u r e d an e ffec t of gr an d e ur an d
pat ho s The d e vi c e i s u sed by .
al l w ho S i n c e, b apt i z e d or i n fi d el ,
J o ust e d i n A s p ramo n t or M o n tal b an ,
1 Ag amemn on 1 09 0 .
214 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F G RE E K L ITE RATU RE
avi n g p l u mes re mo un t ed
’
p h r ase s h av e b ee tl i n g brow s or w or a
‘
,
?
h i n ts
B ut w h en Di o n y su s h as to c h oo s e w h i c h o f th e t h r e e d ead tra
Sop ho c l es or E u ripi d es .
B I BLI OGRAP H Y
H I STO RY o n TH E D RA M A
Gr eeks, O xfo r d , 18 96 .
TH E TH EATER
D Or p fe l d Rei s c h , D a s Gr i ech
-
. Thea ter , At h en s, 18 9 6 . M ii ll er D as , A tt i s ch e
B zi h n en w esen , G ii t ersl o h e, Capp s, Th e S tag e i n th e G r eek Th ea tr e
’
1 9 0 2.
'
Aufi i i h
'
r u n en D
g . Gr i ech . D r a men M ii n i ch , ,
1893 . Wi l amo w i tz i n H er mes 21 .
A ES C H Y L US
or L a u r en t i a n u s 1 0—1 1 t h c e n t at F l o r en c e b r o ug h t fr o m Gr eec e i n 1 4 2 3
, .
, , .
c e an d i d asca l i a e w er e r ec o v er e d i n 1 8 4 8 .
1 F r og s 1 29 6 .
A E SC H Y LUS 2 15
I I Ed i t i on s
. E d p r i n c , Al d us, V e n i ce ,
. . . 15 18 . H e rman n -H aupt , Lei p z i g ,
18 52 . Weck l ei n -V i t e i , Berl i n , 1 8 8 5 ( c ri t
ll . We c k l ei n Zomari d e s Ath e n s
-
, ,
Wei l , G
i esse n , 1 8 6 7 . Di n d o r f, O xfo r d , 1 8 4 1— 1 8
5 1 ( wi th sc h o l i a) .
Sp ec i al Ed i t i o n s . S uppl za n ts : k r L n d o n 1 8 8 9 S even
Tu c e , o , . Ag a i n st
Th ebes Ri tsc hl , L e i p z i g, 18 75 . V errall L o n d o n 1 8 8 7
,
Ag a memn , . on V er
ll Lo n d o n , W i l amo w i tz 188 5 Ch oeph ori Wi l amo w i tz 1 8 96 .
‘
ra ,
1 9 04 .
, . : ,
A esch .
,
H all e , 18 9 7 Ro b e rt , B i l d u n d Li ed , B erl i n , 1 8 8 1 ( fo r th e treat me n t
.
of the O rest es l eg e n d i n Gr e e k ar t ) .
z
Fi t gera d ( t h e o n e t o o l l i t er al , th e o t h e r to o fr e e ) . W arr , The Or estei a n
Tr i l og v, L o n d o n , 1 9 0 1 . P r ometh eus B ou n d : B evan , Lo n d o n , 1 9 02 .
C H A P T ER XIII
S O P H OC L ES
’
C ol o n u s a vill ag e lyi n g abo u t a m il e to t he n ort h w est o f At h e n s
, ,
H i s fat h er b el o n g ed to
’
n ativ e o f Atti c a flo uri s hes m ig h tily
,
‘
.
c h ylu s so ,
t hat M ara t ho n w her e t he ol d e r po e t had pl ay e d a
,
i n hi s o w n tr ag edi e s So p h o c l e s r ep r es en ts th e g en e r atio n t h at
.
r eap ed th e fr u i ts o f M ar at h o n an d Sal am i s H i s lo n g li fe al mo s t .
c oi n c i d es w i t h t h e fi ft h c en t u ry bu t h e i n c ar n at e s n o t t h o se y e ar s
, ,
H ell as H e w as tw e n ty ei g h t w h en h e fi r s t e n t e r ed t h e tr agi c
’
-
.
h e w o n mo r e fi r s t priz es t han fe ll to t h e l ot o f an y o t h er G r e e k
trag ed i an an d w as n ev e r p l ac ed l ow e r t han sec o n d T ho ug h he
,
.
2 16
218 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F G RE E K L ITE RATU RE
Sop h o c l es .
H o me ri c ep i c s ec o n d o nl y to A c hill es as t he c hampio n o f th e
, ,
, ,
Th e Ajax
fat al gri e v anc e w as n o t tol d by H om er A esc hylu s .
O f the se c r e t b allo t o f th e G r ee k s an d t h e i nj u s ti c e d o n e to
Aj ax w e hav e n o ac c o un t i n G r eek li t e r atur e t h o ug h Pi nd ar ,
w hi c h ther e i s n o h i n t i n th e I li ad So ph o c l es t hi n k s o f Aj ax as
.
1
Lo n gi n us, On t/ze S u bl i me 9 . C p th e
. e n co u n e t r o f Ae n eas an d Di d o an d
he r s i l e n c e i n A en ei d 6
.
SO P H O C LE S 2 19
Th eb es ,
o sen by Dante for th e t yp e o f the viol en t man
an d was ch
1
w h o h el d th e go d s i n di sd ai n .
to d i e I n th e fi r st p ar t o f t he p l ay the sc en e i s l ai d b e fo r e hi s
.
an d asham e d am o n g t h e sl aug h t e r e d c at tl e ,
si tt i n g al o n e i n b l o o d w hi l e fri en d s
Ar e h u n t i n g far i n t h e s un sh i n e
”
.
Gr ee k tr ag ed y t h e sc e n e c han g es to a lo n el y sp ot o n t h e se ash or e
, ,
.
,
d ay a n d the S u n i n hi s cha r i o t
, g r eet th ee n ow f or the l as t ti me
,
my n a ti ve l an d a n d ye s tr ea ms a n d r i vers a n d pl a i n s of Tr oy
2
a dd r es s you . Th e r es t s h a ll I p eah i n H a d es
s w i th th e d ea d .
’
T he n fal l s o n hi s swo r d that m o st hat e ful o f w eap o ns
be_
,
‘
w h o at the en d as at th e o p e n i n g o f th e p l ay s h ow s h i msel f t oo
1
I nfer n o, Can to I4 .
2
8 54 ff
.
2 20 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F G RE E K L ITE RATU R E
at i st w ho sel d o m p l ac e d th e c ri s i s t h e hi g h es t p oi n t o f i n t e r es t
, , ,
at t h e c lo s e of t he p l ay B ut i n an y c ase i t w as al mo s t as i m
.
as t h o ug h h e h ad b ee n o n e o f t h e ir Troj an fo es .
c ru e l r ec e p ti o n t hat mu s t n o w b e hi s at Sal am i s th e b i t t e r r e ,
1
so n he h ad fail e d t o sav e I n h i s lo s t p l ay t h e Teueer S op h o c l es
.
, , ,
Th efi en d f D ea th
o i n d a r h n ess al l the w h i l e
F aw n i ng u
p on me l et th e joy beg u i l e 2 .
th e bri e f e n c o u n te r o f T eu c e r an d H e l e n i n Egy p t i n th e H el en
’
o f Eu ri p i d es an d an o d e o f Ho rac e i n w h i c h he r ec i t es Teuc e r s
,
h or tatio n to hi s t ri ed c om r ad e s t o se e k wi t h hi m a n ew e r w o rl d
3
.
ej ss i l i k e V e r g i l s O s c i i ss i g r av i o r a ( A en I
’
p o ra u e
q p a , O p a o ar e . .
r e mi n i s c e n c es o f Od sse 1 2 2 0 8 C M m ar i n er s S o ul s t h at h av e t o i l e d
y y p.
y . .
,
e x al t e d mo o d of se l f s ac r ifi c e sh e al m o s t ig n or es H ae m o n
-
B e for e .
O n e t h an Cre o n cr ue l l e r far .
Fo r h e , h e , l east b y s l ayi ng h er
at , ,
A ug ust l aw s d o t h mi g ht i l y v i n d i c at e ;
B ut th o u t o b o l d h ead str n g p i t i l e ss !
, o- , o ,
A h me ! h o n o est mo r e t h an th y l o ver
‘
r ,
O A n t ig o n e ,
A d ead i g n r an t t h an k l ss c o rpse
,
o , e .
o f th e s ee r T e ir e si as go es t o r el ease A n tigo n e h e i s to o l at e
, ,
.
’
wi t h s to n e C reo n s so n fall s upo n hi s swor d E ury d i c e th e q ueen .
,
H er brok e n h eart ed s il e n c e
’
ac e w i t h o u t a wor d goo d or evi l
‘ -
,
.
o mi n ou s e v e n to the c h or us C r e o n en t eri n g w i t h H ae mo n s
.
,
’
’
c or p s e i s gr ee t ed by t he c row n i n g gri e f o f t h e q u ee n s s ui c i d e
,
.
t h e s ag a r ej ec ts .
2
w hi c h c ert ai nly d i d n o t o c c ur to an At hen i an au d i en c e Ari s .
3 ’
few l i n es o f A n t igo n e s fi n e r h et ori c al d e fen se
,
B ut h e d i d .
.
n o t lik e Heg el c o n s i d e r th e A n ti go n e th e m as t e r p i e c e of t he G r ee k
, ,
/
d r am a T hat d i sti nc ti o n as w e k n ow fro m th e P oeti cs he r eserv e d
.
, ,
“
an ap aest i c s olo ( m o n ody
) by El ec t r a s u c h as i s fo u n d el se w her e
in h i s Et ud es s u r l a P oés i e Gr ecque .
3 Rhetor i c I . 12 ; I . 1
5 .
en t r ed
e t h e t h e at er c han t i n g t h e p aro d o s F t hi s rhyt hm c p Loch i el s . or .
’
War n i ng :
Fo r a fi el d o f th e d e ad r ushes re d o n my s i gh t ,
An d t h e c l an s o f C ul l o d e n a e scatt e r e d i n fl i gh t
’
r .
2 24 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F GR E E K LITE RATU R E
C ol on us .T h e c h o r us o f My c e n ae an w o me n s i n g b ar e ly a hun
d r e d li n e s o f lyri c i n d e p en d e n tly o f t he ac to r s T h e E l ectr a o f .
l
tr a p rob ably fall s wi t h i n t h e p r ec edi n g d e c ad e Li k e t he C hoe .
c l ai mi n g h er s har e i n th e pu n i s h m en t o f h er fat h e r s mu r d e r er s
’
.
H er you n g e r si st er C h ry so t he m i s a r ep l i c a of I s m en e i n th e
, ,
r i p id ean E l ectr a e ar l i e r t h an t h e S o ph o c l e an ar e n o t c o n vi n c i n g S e e V ah l en .
Th e d ram of b as e
Do th al l th e l t
n o b e s ub s an c e o ft s ubd u e
To h i s o w n s c an d a l ,
”
i s a p er fec t e x am p l e of t hat c o m p l ex t r ag e d y i n w h i c h a s ig n al
’
ac c o m p an es t he
i r e c o gn iti o n o f t h e i d e n t i ty o f t h r o
e pe s ns
1
.
O e di p us i s t h e mo s t l am en t abl e an d t he m o s t tr agi c fi gu r e o f th e
G r ee k d r am a . Wh en th e pl ay b egi n s the shad ow o f hi s c al ami ,
H i s fi r s t su sp i c i o n o f at l east h al f t h e tr ut h c o me s n o t fro m t he ,
1 P oet i cs [0- 1 I .
SO P H O C LES 227
th e sp ee c h o f jo c as t a the u n b el i evi ng To c o n fi rm hi m i n hi s sk ep
.
t i c i s m as to or ac l e s s he r el a t es t h e c i r c u ms t an c es o f t h e d eat h o f
al on e ca n I a dd r es s th ee a n d hy n on e o th er h en cefo r th f or ever ! an d
an sw e r s th e ki n g l ear n s th e w ho l e t ru t h Th e l ast l i n k i n th e.
jo c as t a th e q u e e n w ho h as h an g ed h e r se lf W i t h a d e e p and .
So ph o c l es bri n g s O e d i pu s b ac k o n t h e s t ag e wi th al l th e horror of
hi s bl e ed i n g fac e an d bl i n d ed ey es H e e x c l ai m s t h at Apollo i s
.
1 “
To ut ce
quep ui s t e di r e , O c ri t i q ue po i n t u ,
je
’
c es t l
q ue , s i s s étai e n t
’ ’
e pl q u és aup ar a
i t , c e r i t d o mmage, parc e q u i l n y au r ai t
’ ’
x v an s e a
p as d e pi ec e et
q ue l a pi ec e est ad mi rab l e .
”
Sarc ey i n Q u a r a n te an s d e thédtr e .
.
2 28 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F G RE E K L ITE RATUR E
p l
a ac e .
H i s to o gr eat w i sd o m r u i n e d O e d i p us
U n ai d ed by h eav en as .
,
h e bo as t s h e had r e ad t h e ri d d l e o f th e S p hi n x when e v e n Te i re
, ,
e d g e o f h i s o w n w i s d o m ag ai n s t hi m I mp i o u s ho w ev e r li k e.
, ,
o c as t a h e i s n o t for ll hi s p ri d e o f hu m an wi t an d i n hi s l as t
j ,
a , ,
h i h Oed i u s a t Co l o n u s S o h o c l e s w as t o sh o w hi m
p as e n t
,
e p p ,
d e at h .
s tr an g e d ec i s io n o f t h e j ud g es i t h as b e e n c o nj e c t u r e d t h at P h ilo
’
c l es c om p e t e d w i t h o n e of h i s u n c l e s p l ay s .
Th e Tr a ch i n i a e i s t h e o n l y e xt an t p l ay o f So p h o c l es t hat t ak es
i ts n ame fro m t he c h or us th e mai d e n s o f Trac hi s i n T h essaly
,
l e v e l c h i e fly fro m i ts l ac k o f un i ty the i n t e r es t b e i n g c o n c en tr at ed
, ,
c l es b ec o mes t h e p r o t ago n i s t So ph o c l es fo un d i n .
th e en t e r p ri se o f H e r ac l e s i n E ub o ea an d hi s p assio n ,
ep i c p o e t h ad w ri t t e n a H er a cl ei a to c el e br at e th e e x ploit s o f
s i nc e th e y d i d n o t affec t hi s h o me B ut sh e n o w r e me mb e r s t h e
.
‘
U n i ty of Ti me al m o st as bol d ly as A esc hyl us had d i sr eg ard ed i t
’
an d t u r n i n g fro m hi m go es i n to t h e h o u s e T he r e li k e a t ru e .
,
d ear e s t sh e sl ay s h e r se l f wi t h th e s wor d
, T h e r est o f the pl ay i s
.
a nd s ha me .
The P hi l octetes (4 0 9 B C
. .
) is o ne of the l at est p l ay s . I n t he
Ca tal og ue o f Ho me r allud es to
th e S h ips i n s or e P hilo c t etes lyi ng ,
a i i n t he i s l an d o f Le m n o s et w er e th e A r i ves bes i d e th ei r
p n y g
s h ips soo n to bethi n h them o f Phi l octetes B ut i t was Th e p h i joc .
I n bo th th e s e l o st pl ay s O d y sse u s th e d ipl o m at i s t o f t he G r ee k ,
w hi c h i s th e c hi e f i n t er es t o f th i s dr am a o f i n trigu e O n that fi r st .
voy ag e to Troy P h ilo c tetes had b een bi t ten i n the foo t by the
,
e xi s te n c e T h e p robl e m o f t he pl ay i s ho w to p e r suad e t hi s e m
.
s ep ar at e c ri s i s o f t he ac ti o n b e for e th e i n t e rv e n tio n o f H e r ac l es ,
a G r ee k fac e an d t h e s o un d o f G r ee k sp eec h an d hi s r e ad y b el i e f ,
.
t he o t h e r by th e slig h t s o f t h e l e ad e r s o f th e ar my T he p r ay e r
“
.
,
B ut a su d d en p aroxy sm o f p ai n fro m hi s w ou n d d el ay s t h e ir
d epartur e N e o p tol emu s h as so far p l ay ed hi s p ar t w ell as t h e
.
Pri am .
al l t h e t h r ee t r agi c v e r s io n s o f t h e P h il o c t e t es l eg e n d d ec i d e d ,
1 H o r ac e , A r s P oet i ca 1
91 .
2
34 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F GRE E K LITE RATUR E
I
pl ay c l o ses I n th e j e alou si es an d di sse n s io n s t hat are r en d i ng
.
p l ac abl e fat h e r t h e Le ar o f G r ee k tr ag ed y
,
Al m o s t wi t h hi s l as t .
d riv e n h i m i n to e xi l e t h at h ei rl oo m o f a c u r se w h i c h i s work e d o ut
,
’
i n t he S even ag a i n s t Thebes o f A esc h yl us t h e p ar en t s c u r se t hat ,
ulfill ed , a n d s o me w a
’
s i r e, — f a ther s cu r ses be f
if thi s r etu r n y of
to Thebes be f o u n d f o r y o u oh a s y e f ea r the god s d o n o t f or y o u r , , ,
a r t d i s h o n o r me n ay g i ve me bu r i a l a n d d ue f u n er a l r i tes
2
p , , , .
ti es w e r e u n i m pai r ed .
t he s tory w as p ro d uc e d fi r s t So p ho c l es d i d n o t wri t e
,
.
I nnovat i on s
trilogi es an d t h oug h h e p rob ably c o mp e t ed wi t h th e
,
c o n v en t io n al n u mb e r o f tr ag ed i e s t he y w e r e n o t li n k e d t og e t h e r ,
.
1
Ci c ero ca ll ed i t i ll u d n i o l l i ss i mu i n ca r i n en , t en d e rest o f p o e ms : De
Fi n .
5 . 1 .
2
1 40 5 ff
. J ebb s tran s l at i o n
'
.
SO P H OC LE S 23 5
abo u t t he m i d d l e o f t h e fi ft h c e n t u ry th e n am e o f t h e vi c toriou s ,
.
,
c h ori c d an c e s H i s c ho r us es n ev e r o f c o u r se ad v an c e t he ac tio n
.
, , ,
gri efs .
a pi c t ur e o f ac u te p h y si c al s uffe ri n g i t i s n o t th e su p e r h uman to r
,
wri t e mor e effec tiv ely than he th o se set sp eec h es w hi c h S oph ocl ean
w e r e the d r amati st s as t hey had b een the e pi c po et s
’
,
rh e t ori c ’
,
sc ri p tio n o f t h e c h ario t r ac e i n t h e E l ec tr a ; th e ti r ad e o f H e r a
c l es i n t he Tr a ch i n i a e r ec i ti n g hi s gr eat e x p l o i t s al l e n d ed n o w
, ,
23 6 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F GR E E K L ITE RATUR E
t i th es i s r ep e ti ti o n s o f wor d s an d s i mi l ar e n d i n g s w h i c h G orgi as
, ,
and hi s i m i t at or s u se d to e x c e ss T he i n g e n i o us S i c ili an t hu s fo u n d
.
w h at h e i s an d w hat h e t h i n k s h e i s S o p h o c l e s u s es
P at h et i c
.
’
con tras t t hi s d e vi c e hi s so c all ed i ro n y w i t h p e c ul i ar skill
,
-
‘
,
.
i f t he sy mp at h y o f t he s p ec t ator b e ag ai n s t t he s p e ak e r as w he n , ,
2
e v en t h en w ait i n g hi s o p port u n i ty n ear t h e p al ac e .
h e b eg an to wri te h e h ad i mi t at ed th e tr agi c m an n er ,
S tyl e
t h e p om p o f A esc hylu s ; t h at i n a sec o n d s tag e h e h ad
,
e rr e d o n t h e s i d e o f el abo r at io n an d s u b tl e ty ; an d h ad fi n ally
1 S ee th e an a l ysi s of S o ph ocl e an t ri c
rh e o b y N avarr e, Essa i su r la r heto
r q ue 9 8 ff
i gu e g r ec .
A g o o d i st an c e o f S h ak es p e ar e s use o f p at h et i c c o n trast i s D es d e mo n a s
i
2 ’ ’
n
a sw e r t o Emi l i a s q ue st i n
n I s h e n o t je al o us
’
o Wh o h e I thi n k t he “
s un w h er e h e w as b o r n Dr e w al l s uc h h u mo r s f o m hi m r .
C H A P T ER XIV
EU RI P I D ES
E UR I P I DES ,
o f M n esarc hi d es (o r M n esarc hus) o f th e Atti c
so n ,
c ame i n to t he wo rl d o n th e v e ry d ay o f t he se a fig h t
Li fe
i n w h i c h A esc hylu s took p art th e d ay o f vi c tory at
, ,
23 8
E U RI PI DE S 23 9
Prot agor as .
E u ri pi d es w as i n sh or t ou t o f sy mp athy wi t h hi s t i me an d
, ,
te r s of P el i as an d i t w as n o t till 4 4 0 that h e w o n th e fi r s t pl ac e .
’
Pl ato s G orgi as as th e ty pi c al tyran t w ho m So c r at es d ec li n es to c all
hap p y Wi t h t he am bitio n to H ell e n iz e hi s c ou n t ry he i nvit ed
.
,
1 j eers g ew c o l d h at er o f hi s k i n d
S o o n th e r
2
Wh a t sha me i th f th d /
s l s n sha m 9 as k s Mac areu s i n
er e i e
f 19
o er Z’e o e . r .
,
p ar o d i e d by A r i st o p h an es F og s 1 4 7 5 ,
r .
24 0 S H O RT H I ST O RY OF GREE K L ITE RATU R E
p os i u m Ti mot h e us
,
wri t e r o f n om es an d d i t hy r amb s and
,
th e ,
t e r o f 4 0 7 4 0 6 h e d i e d i n T h r ac e n e ar A mp h i p ol i s an d t h e r e fo r
—
, , ,
t h e n e xt fi ve c en t uri es at l e as t hi s to mb w as an o bj ec t o f i n t e r e s t ,
w as to rn i n pi ec es s ai d hi s bi ogr ap h e r s by th e h ou n
, ds of ,
A r c h el aus ; or as s ee m e d m or e l ik ely w h en o n e r e me mb er ed
,
S i mo n i d es p asses u n d er t h e n ame of T hu c y d i d es i n th e A n
,
1
thol ogy but i s al so c r ed i t ed to Ti mo t heu s an o t her o f hi s fri en d s
, ,
at t h e c o u r t o f Ar c h el aus .
O f the n i n ety two p l ay s sai d to hav e b een writ ten by E uri pid es
-
,
t he S uppl i a n ts , I o n , Cy cl ops , H er a cl ei da e H el en , ,
M a d H er acl es ,
a t A ul i s ar e p r es erv e d i n o n ly tw o m an u sc rip t s an d wi t h o u t
, ,
43 8 T he T h essal i an l e g en d o f Al c es ti s d aug h t e r o f
.
Th e A l ces t i s
,
1 A u th Pal 7 4 5
. A ll H el l as i s th e mon u men t of E u r ip i d es
. . . Yet hi s .
w ast n ot sl a i n by d ogs, E u r ip i d es .
24 2 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F GRE E K LITE RATU R E
an d r es tor ed to A d m etu s in a s c en e n o t u n li k e th e e n di n g of th e
Tal e
’
IVi n ter
/ s .
B ut al l th e t i me Al k esti s moved n ot o n c e
O ut of th e se t ga ze an d th e l t
si en s mi l e ;
An d a co l d fear t hr o ug h Ad met o s frame
r an
’
Why d o es s h e st an d an d fr n t me s i l en t t h us ? o
’
H er ac l es s o l emn l y r e pl 1ed N o t ye t ,
I s i t all o w a b l e th o u h ear t h e th i n gs
Sh e h as to t e ll t h ee ; l e t e van i s h q ui t e
Th at c o n sec rat i o n to th e l o w er g o d s
A n d o n o u r up p er w o rl d t h e t hi r d d ay r i se .
’
b al eful an d m o r e vi n di c tiv e figu r e t han her fat her s s i s t er C ir c e , ,
t h e m ur d e r ess o f h e r c h il dr en Th e m ai n o u tl i n es o f th e s tory
.
,
a d r ama of j ealou sy an d r u t h l e ss r ev en g e a p i c tu r e o f t h e e x c e ss ,
an d rob e st ee ed i n oi o n for M e d e a i s t h e ty i c al oi so n er o f
p p s , p p
G r ee k l e g e n d T h e ro b e p rov es a sh i rt o f N essu s w hi c h c o n ”
.
,
1 ’
B a l a u sti on s Ad ven tu r e .
EU RI PI DE S 24
3
’
E arli er i n t he pl ay the s p ec tator s w hol e symp at h y w as c en t e r ed i n
M e d ea . E v en the c h oru s o f wo me n o f C ori n t h sid e wi t h her
ag ai n st her fait hl ess hu sb an d J aso n the c ol d an d per fi d i o us
.
,
’
ad v en tu r e r s tr ang ely r e c kl ess o f M ed ea s w ell k n ow n
, pow er to
-
’
b e tw een a mo th e r s lov e an d h er d esir e for a c ru s hi ng r ev en g e ,
1
an d o nc e m or e i n O vi d s p hr ase followi n g th e wor se
’
, ,
o r p oi se d ,
t u r e an d s u s t ai n ed tr agi c i n t e r es t i s the m as t e r p i ec e o f E u ri p i d es
, .
t o t h e m od e r n r ead e r o n e o f t h e e x c e ll e n c e s o f t h e pl ay
, The .
1 v i d eo mel i or a pro b o qu e ,
Det er i ora se q uo r .
l
l l et 7 . . 20 .
24 4 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F GR E E K L ITE RATU RE
H ippoly ti i s go d s p ul l t h e wi r es an d P haedr a H ip p o
( 4 28 ) the , ,
’
A m azo n s so n tell s i n the p rolog ue t he pl an o f her r ev en g e how
, ,
Wou n d ed a n d w on d er i ng , w i th ’
n e er a w or d ,
Wa stes ly
s l ow an d h er secr et n o n e h ath h ea r d
N or d r ea med . B u t n ever th u s th i s l ove sh a l l en d .
To Th es eu s
’
so n s o me w h i sp er w i l l I sen d ,
An d al l be ba r e . A n d th at p r o u d p r i n ce, my f oe ,
H i s s i r e sh a l l sl ay w i th c u r ses . E ven so
E n d eth th a t bo on th e g r ea t L or d o f th e M a i n
To Th eseu s g a ve, th e Th r ee P r ay er s n ot in va i n .
i n d i sh on or , y et sh a l l d i e 1
A n d she, n ot .
2
n at u r e
,
h as b een i mit at e d by M il to n i n P a r a d i s e L os t P haed r a .
th e h el pl ess v i c ti m o f A p h rodi t e
‘
Lik e S t he n ebo ea an ot h e r o f .
,
1
3 8 4 7,
— M urray s
’
transl at i o n .
2 10
. 8 8 8 ff .
24 6 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F G RE E K LIT E RATU RE
Th a n th at o
f Aph r od i te
H u r l ed f r o m th e h a n d s L ove, th e boy w i th
f
o Z eus for s i r e.
I d ly , h ow i d ly , by th e A lph ei a n r i ver
And i n th e Py th i a n sh r i n es of P h oebu s , u i ver q
'
B l ood fi er i
o
g f r om th e bu l l , wh i ch H el l as h eap s ;
n s
Wh i l e Love w e w or sh ip n ot — th e L or d of men
Wor sh ip n ot h i m th e very hey w h o heeps
,
Op h r od i te, w h en
Sh e cl oses u p h er d ea r est ch a mber p or ta l s
L ove, w h en h e co mes té mor tal s ,
Wi d e w asti ng
-
, th r o ugh th os e d eep s f
o w oes bey on d th e deep
T h e Tr oja n Wo men ( 4 15 ) is
o f a s i n gl e s i tuatio n a
a d r am a ,
1
r l m w h i t t k by Ti tu A n d so n ow i n t h e pro
j e u s a e e
,
n w as a e n s .
,
I n th e H el en (4 1 2 ) E u ri pid e s d r am at iz ed t he l eg en d o f H el en i n
.
,
2
Ari s top han es c all s h er w ho h ad l iv ed i n r e tr eat i n Egy p t for
,
s e v en t ee n y ear s an d i s r ec ov e r e d t h e r e by M en el au s o n h i s h om e
3
to h er loss .
1 R ep u bl i c 5 8 6 Go et h e b o rro w e d th e i d ea o f a ph an t o m H e l e n fo r th e
.
2
Thesmoph . 8 50 . Thi s co med y t
c on ai n s a n u mb er o f q uo t at i o n s fr o m th e
s
peech es o f th e H el en , an d paro d i es o f t h e H el en , an d t he A n d r omed a .
3 t he o ry ( i n F ou r P l ay s of E u r ip i d es , 1 9 05 ) t h at i n th e H el en
’
V e rr al l s .
T h i s i s t h e p l ay a d r ama o f t he ro m an ti c lov e o f
s ae
( 4 11 ,
Th e P e r seus fo r A n d ro med a w hi c h so ex c i t ed th e p e o pl e ,
1
P er seus w hi c h t h ey h ad l at ely h e ar d o n t he s t ag e
,
N or w e r e .
at t e m p t s t o mi n i s t e r t o t h i s mi nd di seased i s n o t u n wor th y to
“ ”
b e r an k ed w i t h t h e sl e ep w alki n g sc e n e i n th e fi ft h ac t of M a cbeth
-
,
as o n e o f t h e fi n es t p i c t u r es o f r e mor se i n li t e r atur e B ut a s i n gl e .
o u t an d t h er e is a mo d e r n p arall e l fo r a
p l ayw r i ght paro d yi ng h i s ow n l ay
p .
B ut i n t h e ab s e n c e o f al l e x e n a t r l ev i d e n c e it is n o t e as y ll w to fo o V e rr all
w h e n h e as s e r ts t h at t h e fl el e n w as fi st p l aye d
r at a
pr i at c el eb r at i
v e on of th e
T h es mo p h o r i a 0 11 t h e i s an d l M ac r i s , an d t
c o n ai n s d m s t i c all usi
o e s on an d in
tw o mo s t i mpmt an t p e r s o n age s re pres e n t s the s u c c e ss i v e h o use h o d e rsl .
”
pe are d at t h e Di o n ys i a .
1 Th e A r t o
f I
/ Vr i t i n
g H i story I .
250 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F G RE E K LITE RATU R E
th e Ta i i r i a n s th e I o n an d t he M a d H er a cl es ar e al s o o f l at e d at e
, , , .
j a n W o m e n
2
s u d d e n ly d iv ert s he r p ro p h ec y to h er o w n fat e an d
,
sc en es i n th e O r es tes ( 4 0 8 B C ) ar e i n t hi s me t e r . . .
T he H er a cl ei d a e i s d at e d by so me c riti c s as early as 4 2 9 o n ,
t h e d aug h t e r o f H er ac l es a mor e c o n s i st
4
s p e e c h es o f M ac ari a , ,
I n t hi s s he i s ab e t t e d by M en el au s w h o i s vi si ti n g P h t hi a th e , ,
h om e of hi s so n —i n l aw E u ri p i d es wi shed to em phasiz e th e c o n
-
.
1 8 58 - 8 7 3 2
44 4 4 6 1
3
6 04 - 6 4 1 4
00—5 3 4 ,
5 74 5 9 6
—
5
-
. .
EU RI PI DE S 25 1
l
ous, an d m ak es M e n e l au s as c r uel an d fai t hl ess as hi s d au g h ter
he
i s j ealou s an d c o w ar d ly I n th e fi r st h al f o f t h e pl ay A n d ro m ac he
.
an d h er so n ar e r esc ue d by t h e arrival o f th e ag e d P el e us I n th e .
se qu el to t h e A n d r o mache
2
The p l ay i s amo n g th e p oor es t of .
3
Th e H ecuba i s p aro d i e d by Ari sto ph an es i n th e Cl oud s ( 4 2 3
so t hat 4 2 4 or a li t tl e earli e r i s a l ik ely d at e for i ts ap p ear
, ,
Pol ymesto r ki n g of T h r ac e a vi c t i m o f th e ki n g s ac c u r se d lu st
’
, ,
1 A n d r oma ch e 4 4 5 ff .
3 C p H ecu ba
. 171 t
w i h Cl o uds 1 1 6 5 .
2 A en 3 29 4 ff
. . .
4 A en .
3 4 0 ff
. .
5 C at u ll us 6 4 .
3 62 .
2
5 2 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F G R EE K LIT E RATU R E
an d she sh ow s n th e
w eak n ess that was so n atu r al i n t he
one o f
c ase of I ph i g en e i a I n t he s ec o n d par t o f th e p l ay H ec u b a t ak e s
.
her r ev e n g e o n Po l ymes to r ; sh e l u r es h i m i n t o h e r t e n t sl ay s h i s ,
c h il d r e n an d pu t s o u t h i s e y es
,
T h e p l ay i s a se ri es o f sc e n e s o f
.
sam e p atrio t i c te n d en c y as th e H er a cl ei d ae I t i s a pi c t ur e o f .
sp i r e d by t h e d e fe at of th e A th en i an ar my at De li u m ( 4 2 4
t hat E u ri p i d es w as r e mi n di n g t he au d i en c e o f t h ei r o w n r ec e n t
gri e fs w hil e h e r ec o m men d ed fri en dly ti es b etw een A rgo s an d
,
1
tio n o f C apan e u s i n the S even agai n s t Th ebes o f A esc hyl us .
o f C ap an eu s o n t h e s t ag e an d t h e mo s t s en s atio n al mo me n t o f
,
o n ly i n s tan c e o f s u tt ee i n G r ee k t rag e dy V e ry r ar e to j u d g e .
,
su c h as E u ri i d es bro ug h t o n t he s c e n e i n t h e S u l i n ts t h
p pp a o se ,
1 Cp S uppl i a n ts 4 9 4
. ff . t
w i h S even ag a i n st Th ebes 4 2 5 ff .
2 I nfer n o I4 .
25 4 S H O RT H I ST O R Y O F G RE E K L ITE RATU RE
an d tr an sp l an ts H e r ac l es f ull f r a ug h t w i th g r i e fs n o s a ce f o r
p
—
,
, , , ,
hap py an d th e e xil ed .
b e tw een m o t he r an d so n i n w h i c h eac h c o nfi d i n g i n th e o t h er
, , ,
n o w c o mp l i c ate d e n oug h A mo t h er h as t ri e d to mu rd e r h er so n
.
,
an d i n hi s t ur n h e i s r es olv e d to p u n i s h h er w i t h d eat h Th e .
C r e o usa r ec og n iz es I o n as h er so n th ro ug h t h e b aby n ec kl ac e th e ,
c o n fi r m the
p ar e n t ag e o f I o n an d to b i d hi m go to At hen s to b e
2
c o me t h e an c es t o r o f t h e I o n i an r ac e T he d r am a i s se n satio n al.
,
1
1 24
5 . The li ne is q uo t e d by L o n g i n u s ( 4 0) to sh o w ho w a w ri t er n ot
t r ll y s ub l i me may
na u a , , b y s h eer ar t o f a rran ge men t , se c ur e l
e e va t ion t o th e
mo st o r d i n ary phras e .
2
1 558 .
E U RI PI DE S 55
T he E l ec tr a (ci r ca al mo s t c e r tai n l y pr e c e d ed th e H el en
c o mi n g fro m Egy p t o f H e l e n w h o s e p h an to m ,
n o t h e r sel f h ad , ,
l
b ee n th e c ause o f strife at Troy M o r e t h an o nc e th e th r e e g r eat
.
2
t h r ee v e r si o n s o f t he P h ilo c t e t es l eg e nd I n a s i n gl e i n s t an c e w e
.
an i ssu e ; an d t he y m u st c lo s e t h e d r am a e it h e r wi t h a sc en e o f
,
3
l ast i s at al l p oi n t s i n feri o r to t he o t he r two I n n o o t her p l ay i s
, .
1 12 1
8 .
2
Or a t i on 52 .
3
See th e rg ume n t o f j ebb i n hi s I n tro d uc t i o n to th e E l ectr a o f So pho c l e s
a , ,
o
ppos i n g th e t h es i s o f W il amo w i t i n [f r mes 1 8 D i e bei d en E l e/et en t h at
z e ,
r ,
S o ph o c l e s w o t e h i s El ectr a as a p r o t es t agai ns t t h e s o r d i d r e al i s m o f t h e
r
E l ectr a o f Eur i pi d es .
25 6 S H O RT H I ST O RY o r G REE K L IT E RAT U RE
th e c o un try n e ar t h e r us ti c c o ttag e w h e r e El e c tr a l iv es wi t h th e
,
’
m an s e mb arrass m en t for sup pli es o n the arriv al o f a g u es t I n .
t he r ec og n i ti o n sc e n e E u ri p id es all o w e d h i m s el f a d ir ec t c ri ti c i sm
,
t h e e n d O r es t es i s r ec og n iz e d by a sc ar o n hi s for eh e ad
,
For .
e v e n m or e bloo d t h ir s ty ; s h e t ak es an ac tiv e p ar t i n h er m o th e r s
’
1
o w n u n shaki n g h an d I t i s O r estes th roug hou t w ho i s shak en
.
’
kill o n e s m o th er and u n w ort hy o f Apollo to u rg e a son to s uc h a
,
c ri m e
?
Wit h t h i s ai m h e ev en show e d the s oft er si d e o f C l ytem
3
The Ip h i genei a a mo ng th e Ta u r i a ns ( 4 1 4 — 4 1 2 B C P) w as c o m . .
p o se d b e for e th e p l ay w h o se s to ry i t c o n ti n u es th e Ip h i gen ei a a t ,
th e o t h er st r ai n s, r e ar e d t o us h Th e v i c t i m- q uee n, s h o u l d s h e mak e fr i g h t
p p p
e n ed
p a use B e fo r e t h at r pen ti n i n g b l oo d w h i c h st eal s O ut o f th e
se k n ess
d ar
w he re a , p ac e b eyo n d , Ab o v e th e sl ai n A i g i s th o s b i d es h i s b l o w
,
Dread ful
O res tes .
”
B RO W N IN ’
G , A r i stop h a n es Ap o l o y
g .
25 8 S H O RT H I ST O R Y O F G RE EK LIT ERAT U R E
t og e t her a n u mb er of e pi so d es c o n n ec t ed w i t h t he e x p ed itio n of
t h e sev en c h i e fs ag ai n s t T h eb es woul d n o t c o m mi t
Th e ,
o n t h e r amp art s o f T h eb es an d g az es at t h e l e ad e r s o f th e A r
,
d iffe r en c e o f hi s v er si o n by a s id e t h r ust at t h o s e fi n e s p e ec h es
d esc ribi n g t h e fo u r tee n c h am pio n s w h i c h are t h e c en tr al i n t e r es t
,
befo r e th e w a ll s .
ac c ou n t of th e
p l ay s si n c e i f Eu ripi d es w ro te i t i t i s hi s l e as t matur e
, , ,
1
P h oen i ci a n Women 75 1 .
E U RI PI DE S 2
59
i nfe riori ty to ev ery o ther eflan t G r eek t rag ed y may b e put asi d e
’
’
ad v an t ag e o f n u mb e r s b ut n o o n e h as b e en abl e to p ro d u ce a s i n
,
1
V e rgil s e izi n g as u sual t h i s o p en i n g fo r p at h o s
, , ,
I n th e R hes us .
1 A en 1
. .
4 72 .
26 0 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F GR E E K L ITE RATU RE
o n ly to so me 7 0 0 li n es abou t h al f t h e l en g t h o f t he av er ag e
,
1 8 9 4 — 90 3 9 0 6 — 9 1 4
, .
2
A mo n g mo d er n s c h o l ars Wi l amo w i t z , Cr o i s e t , an d C h r i st d e n y, S i ttl an d
S i t zl er d e fe n d , th e g e n ui n e n ess of th e Rh es u s .
26 2 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F GRE E K L IT E RATU R E
t hi s pl ay has b een lo s t
,
Th e c h or us i s c o mp o s ed o f wo men o f
.
i n s pir ed R ac i n e t o w ri t e o n e o f hi s fi n es t p l ay s .
th e fi n es t of th e tr ag e d i e s o f E u ri p i d es i s d r aw n from th e T h eb an
,
w ho h ad r ej ec te d hi s ri t ual Ly c u rg us o f T h r ac e w ho i n hi s mad
, ,
n ess sl ew hi s so n an d P e n t h e u s o f T he b es sl ai n by h i s mot h e r
, ,
t h e d eat h of P en t h eu s i n t h e tw e n ty s ix t h I dy l o f T h e o c ri t us i s t he
-
,
o nly mo nu m en t i n G r ee k l i terat u r e o f t h i s l eg en d o f th e h ou se of
1 P oet i cs 1
5 .
2
I am yo ung an d v ery h appy I d o n o t t h i n k t he pi o us Cal
O fat h er ! .
c h as h e ar d D i st i n c t l
y w h at t h e g o d d ess s pak e
’
Sh e l o k t up an d s aw
. o
Th e fill e t o f th e p i es t an d c al m c o l d eyes
r T h en t ur n e d sh e w h er e h e r p are n t
.
n ei a .
EU RI PI DE S 26
3
an d p ip es D io n y su s so n o f Semel e an d Z eu s c o mes l e ad i n g t h e m
.
, ,
i n to t he m ou n t ai n s to c el e brate t he n ew ri t es o f Di o ny su s ; t hey
’
p ut 011 th e d r ess appropri at e to t he go d s vot ari es an d i n spi t e o f , ,
th e wo m en o f T h e b es hi s mo t h er hi s gr an d fat he r an d e v e n th e
, , ,
s u n s i n th e sk y an d of hi s o w n sup e r n at u r al s tr e ngt h an d so i s l e d ,
t he s t ag e an d s oo n a m essen g er r el at es to t h em t h e t e rribl e en d
,
oi n t of h e r t hyr s us t h e h e ad o f h e r s o n a yo u n g l io n " t h at sh e
p ,
tow ard s t he mo t he r an d mu r d e r e r T h e sp e ec h wi t h h er l am en t
.
,
T he b e s .
1
Sh e co mes br i ng i ng n ot P en th eu s bu t y
r e en ta n ce, s a s
p Th eo c r i t us
ec h o i n
g t h e p u n i n t h e p l ay
26 6 SH O RT H I ST O RY O F G R E EK LIT E RATUR E
1
H ec uba s
’
a s ayi n g as : The G od s ! I t is on ly by a co n ven ti o n th a t
a pi c t u r e o f th e ag e d E uripi d es wit h c al m o f mi n d al l a io
p ss n , ,
e v e r m ig h t b e hi s priv at e c o n vi c tio n s .
, , ,
e arly lo s t p l ay t h e Tel ep h us ( 4 3 8
, ,
th e s tory o f t he wou n d ed
an d i s u n mas k e d by O dy sseu s T el ep hu s w as th e fi r st an d mo s t .
n ix ,
B ell e rop h o n and th e r est w ho m A ri s to p han es fou n d so
, ,
3
amu s i ng .
l eg e n d s w it h th e gr eat es t fr ee d o m So p ho c l es had r es u sc i t at ed .
H ae mo n th at h e m ig ht d i e w i t h A n tigo n e I n t he lo s t A n ti go n e .
H i s H e l e n i s n o t mu rd e r e d aft e r al l bu t tran sl at e d to th e s ki es , .
e pi c p r e fe rr e d a happ y en d i ng a s o ft e n i n g o f t he s tory
, Th e , .
1
H ec u ba 8 0 1 .
2
V er r a ll , i n h i s E u r ip i d es th e R a ti on a l i st, s ays o f th e A l c est i s , I on , etc .
,
t h at
thi s is a typ e of d ramat i c w o r k w ho s e mean i n g l i es en ti re l y i n i n n ue n d o ”
l
a c ev e rl y ve i l e d att ac k on r e l i gi o n . B ut th e fac t is t hat w h en , as L uc i an s ays,
Eur i pi d e s sp ea ks h 1s mi n d he s p eak s
,
o ut .
3
A ch a r n i a n s 4 1 8 ff .
EU RI P I DE S 26 7
1
l ik e a b arri s t e r pl ead i ng for th e li fe o f I p hi gen e i a and m ak e s o ut ,
of tr ag ed y H i s g en i u s s ai d the l at e S i r Ri c h ar d jebb o f E u
”
,
.
2
r i p i d es w as at di sc o r d wi t h t he form i n w h i c h h e work e d
“ ”
.
,
ov er i n g en iou s
-
.
B ut e v en i n t he li fe ti m e o f E u ri p i d es t h e Si c ili an s ac c or d i n g to , ,
B ut Eur i pi d o man i a t h er e
’
tio n o f At h en s by sad El ec tr a s p o et “
.
w as an d n ot o n l y t he fool i sh fr en zy t hat Lu c i an ri d i c ul ed at A b
,
1 Iph igen ei a at A ul i s 1 1 4 6 - 1 20 8 .
2
Wh i bl ey s Compa n i o n to Gr eeh S tu d i es, p 1 1 5
’
. .
3 Th e s t o r
y o f Lys an d e r, s o ft en e d b y th e r e c i t a o f t h e E l ectr a l o f Eur i p
l
i d es, i s t o d b y B ro w ni ng at th e c l o s e o f A r i stopha n es’ Ap ol og y .
268 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F GR E E K LIT E RATURE i
ai r .
1
Duri n g hi s li fe ti me hi s r ew ar d had b een l ig h t H e h ad s .
t o w h o m t h e writ e r s o f N e w C o me dy e s p ec i ally M e n an d e r ow e d , ,
h a ve co n s ci o us n ess I w o u l d ha ng myself to s ee E u r ip i d es
,
?
The
t as t e o f the fo u rt h c en t u ry an d o f th e c en t uri es t hat fo ll o w ed w as
n o t o ffe n d ed by t h at N ew M u si c o f hi s ( n o lo n g er n e w ) wi t h i ts ,
s o me o f h i s ad mi r e r s as to o u r selv e s B ut e v en A ri s totl e, w ho .
t o t h at H i s p l ay s w er e t h e m o s t movi n g t he m o st p atheti c th e
.
, ,
T he mi n or t r agi c p o e t s o f th e fi ft h c e n t u ry n ee d n o t b e dr agg e d
by us fro m t h e ob sc u ri ty i n to w h i c h t h ey w er e t h r o w n i n t h ei r
o w n ti me by t h e d azzli n g e x c e ll en c e o f t h e i n c o mp ar abl e T h r e e .
1 M ed ea 8 24 —8 4 5 ,
r in
a c h o us w h i ch he fo res t al l ed th e famo us prai se of At
ti ca , t he sw an s o n g o f A t h en s ,
i n th e Oed ip u s at Col on us .
2
f r . 130 Ko c k .
3 P oeti cs I 3 .
2 70 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F GR E E K LITE RATU R E
p l ays
) V a t a n u s 1 3 th c e n t ( e i g h t
. i c
p l ay ) P a l at i n u
,
14 t h nt
( fo urt n . s . s, ce . ee
pl ay an d p art o f H a l i d a )
s Th e s e co n d p art f th e P al a t i n u i n w t h e
er c e e . o s s o
Lau t a n u s at F l r e n c e ( c n t ai
r en i ,
si r mai n i g p l ay an d n c l usi n o f t h e
o o ns x e n s co o
H a l i da )
er c e Th r e are p apyr us f r ag o f p o rt i o n s o f t h e M d a O
e . e t . . e e ,
r es es ,
Rh u P h
es s, th e e ar l i e st i asc r i b e d to th e 2 d o 3 d c e n t B C t h e
oen .
,
s r . . .
,
A l d us V n i e 1 50 3 ( El ct a mi tt e d )
,
e c , B arn es C am b r i d ge 1 6 9 4 M use r o .
, , .
g rav e O fo r d , 7 78 Ki c h h o ff B er l i n 1 8 55 ; 2 d c d 1 8 6 7 1 8 6 8
x ,
1 . Di n d o f
r , , .
,
— . r ,
O x fo d 1 8 3 2 1 8 4 0
r ,
N au k L e i p z i g 2 d e d
— 1 8 6 9— 1 8 7 1
. Pr i n z W ec k l i c , , .
, .
-
e n,
e d d Rh . u V at e r B e r l i n 1 8 3 7
es s : H ecu ba O st s P h o n M dea , Po so n , .
, re e , e .
, e : r ,
d L ei p z i g 1 8 0 7 ( Th e Pr fa t o Po rso n s H e u ba w as an i mp rt an t
’
2d e .
,
c , . e e c o
c n t i b ut i o n
o r t t h e s t ud y f tr ag i c me t e s )
o S uppl i a n t : Wi l amow i t i n o r . s z
A n a l ta E u p i d a B erl i n 1 8 7 5 H el n : H w e d en L yd en 1 8 9 5 M d a
ec r i e , , . e er r ,
e , . e e
V rral l L o n d o n 1 8 8 1
e , Ea l e N e w Y r k 1 9 0 5
, I n V e rr all L o n d n
. r , o , . o , o ,
1 8 90 H a l s YVi l amo w i t H a hl
. er c e B e rl i n 1 8 8 9 ; 2d e d mu h ab ri d g e d
: z, er es , , . c ,
189 5 H pp ly t u
. W il amow i t B e l i n 1 8 9 1 B a h a e : San d ys C amb i d g e
i o s z, r , . cc , r ,
4 t h ed 1 9 04 Iph g
.
, i a a mo g th e Ta u i an
. B at es N w Y o r k 1 9 04
i en e n r s : , e , .
W i l ( s ev n pl ays ) Par i s 1 8 6 8 2d c d 1 8 8 0
e e F r ag men t
, N an ek 2 d e d , , .
, . s .
, .
,
L ei p z i g 1 8 90 S h lia, D i n d o f Oxfo r d 1 8 6 3
. c o r , , .
n ldt Di
o Ch o i h e Te h i h d s E u
, e H al l e 1 8 7 8
r sc Dec h ar me E u ip i d e t
c n e r .
, , .
, r e
on th at e Par i s 1 8 9 3 ( tran s l at e d by L o eb N ew Y o r k
’
l p it d
es r e s e r , , , ,
Pat er G B l o c h A l he t i stu ai en L ei p z i g 1 9 0 1
’
,h S tu d i L nd n 1 8 95
r ee es , o o , .
, s s , , .
Pat i n Etud s s u l
, t ag i qu s g e e E u ip i d es 7 th c d Pari s 1 8 9 4
r es r V erral l e r cs , r , .
, , .
,
E u ip i d s th R a t i n a l i st Camb l d g e 1 8 9 5
r e e V erral l F o u Pl ay f E u ip i d
o , r , .
, r s o r es,
o , .
,
r . c . r c . r , r ,
1 90 2 .
IV . TRA N SLAT I O N S
M urr av Lo n d o n , 1 9 06 H ippoly tus an d B a c . Ill edea , .
ch a e : M u rr ay L o n d o n 1 9 0 2 E l ectr a : M urray Lo n d o n 1 90 5
, Tr oa d es , .
, , .
M urray L o n d o n 1 9 0 5 W ay L o n d o n , 1 8 9 6— 1 8 9 8 ( 3
, , Th e M ad .
,
i n h i s B a l a u sti on ’s A d v en tu r e .
C H A PT E R XV
ramb ,
but t o the mor e hil ario us an d li c en tio us s id e o f Di o n y
1
s i ao wor s h i p t he p halli c s o n g s
,
T hes e w er e sun g i n the r ev e l
.
( Kas ar
p ) t hat foll ow ed t h e vi n t ag e fes tiv al T h e p ro Th e ph ah i e
.
t o p han e s t he ty p i c al c ou n t ry m an o f At ti c a
,
Di c aeo po li s has , ,
1 Ar i st o tl e, P oeti cs 4 .
22 —2
3 7 79 .
27 2 S H O RT H I ST O RY OF GR E E K LITE RATU R E
so ng ,
’
c o me d y ,
Dio n y s i ac an d as suc h w as at l as t ad mit t e d by
, , ,
B ut i t w as n o t i n A tti c a t h at th e fi r s t s t ep s w e r e t ak en tow ar d s
Comed y Th e i n v en t io n o f c o m ed y w as c l ai me d by Dori an s .
M eg ari an C o med y 1
an d w h en w e u se t he p h r ase w e are p rob a
,
”
e n c e s to M e g ar a i n A t ti c c o med y ar e h o s til e
’
A M e g ari an j ok e .
’
ar e c ro c o d il e s t ear s M eg ari an t as t e i s al w ay s th e w or s t po ssibl e
,
.
T h e M eg ari an c l ai m t hat i n c o m e d y th e At h e n i an s w e r e m er e ly
pl agi arizi n g M eg ar a w as p ec uli arly ex asp er ati ng b ec ause t he r e w as ,
M eg ar a i n Si c ily .
1
P oet i cs 3 .
2 74 SH O RT H I ST O RY O F G RE E K LITE RATU RE
1
o f p ro n un c i atio n .
b een ac te d ex c ep t i n Si c ily
,
H e u sed t h r ee ki n d s .
w e k n ow n o t hi n g o f i ts r Ol e .
1
C p A r i st o ph F r og s 3 04 w i th Ep i c h ar mus f r 8 7 ,
. .
. an d M o l l e re F emmes
,
c o m ed y .
s t ag e . T h ey w e r e c har ac te r s k et c h es p ho togr ap hs of ,
S oph ron
t he d aily l ife o f th e m i d dl e an d lo w e r c l ass es wri tt en , ,
t h i s m i n or l i t er ary typ e .
hi s ex am pl e an d i g n or e Susari o n to w ho se n ame c l i n g s th e v ag ue ,
Ch i oni d es
s e e m s t o hav e b e en C H IO N I D ES w ho se p l ay s w e r e ,
Th e ar c h o n fro m t hi s ti m e gr an t s a c h or us to
1 ’
c o mp e ti ti o ns .
‘
c o m e dy as w ell as t o tr ag e d y C o me d i e s w e r e p l ay ed bot h at t he
.
i n spri n g w h en th e au d i e n c e w as i n c r e ase d by t h e p r es e n c e o f
,
w as th e r e fo r e n o att e mp t at pl ay s wi t h c o nn ec t e d s ubj ec ts o n th e
, ,
analogy o f t r ag e d y .
We hav e a fe w sh or t fr agm en t s o f h i s pl ay s b ut w e ,
M agnes
sh ou l d k n o w as li ttl e of hi m as o f C hi o n i d es h ad n o t
an apaes ti c t e tr am e t e r an d an ap aest i c d i me t e r I n i ts s tr uc t u r e a .
p l ay o f th e O l d C o me d y as w e ob se rv e i t i n A ri s to p han es i s c lo se ly
, ,
3
The Ago n o r set d eb at e n o rm ally fall s b etw een the P arodo s
, , ,
1 Capps , i n Th e I n tr od u cti o n o
f Comedy i n to th e Ci ty D i ony s i a , C h i c ag o ,
1 903 , a rgui n g f o m th e e vi d e n ce
r o f i n sc ri t i o n s, s u
p gges t s 4 8 7 o r 4 8 6 as t h e
d at e fo r th i s fo mal r ec o g n i t i o n o f c o me d y T h e q u est i n i s st i ll o p e n b ut th e
r . o ,
fo r gran te d .
2
5 20 ff .
3
W es t ph al s syn t agma T he l ocus cl a ss i c u s fo r t h e d i sc ussi o n o f th e Ag o n
’
.
’
i s Z i e li ri s k i , D i e Gl i ed er u ng d er A l ta tt i sch en I r
’
o moed i e ,
z
L e i p i g, 18 8 5 . Fo r
th e w o d i r ts e l f, cp . A r i s to ph . I/ Va sp s 5 3 3 .
2 78 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F GR E E K L ITE RATU RE
c o mmu n i ty as s mall as At h e n s u n l i mi t e d l i c e n s e o f sp e ec h mu s t
,
t h e d ec r ee o f M o r yc h i d e s an d ag ai n by t h e d ec r e e of Syrac o si us
,
in 4 1 6 B C .th e At he n i an s assert e d t h e ir s en s e o f d ec en c y an d
.
,
’
forb ad e the c o mi c p o et s to satiriz e i n d ivi d u al s by n am e T hi s ‘
.
w as a muzzl i n g or d er w h i c h l e ft to c o me d y n early al l i t s o l d fr ee
dom .M or eov e r A t he n s c oul d no t fo r lo n g d ep riv e her s el f o f the
,
c o nj ec tur e H e b e lo n g ed li k e a t r ue c o mi c po e t to th e ul tr a
.
, ,
( w h o d i ed i n an d w as bi tt e rly o ppo se d to P e ri c l e s as t he
D i o ny s al ex an d er ( 4 3 0 or 4 2 9
1
T hi s as w e n o w see w as a , ,
h an d s ov e r Dio n y su s t o th e G r ee k s I n al l th i s Di o n y su s i s
.
d er d e Gr a ti n as i n Rev d es Et ud es Gr ec u es 1 7
. q a n d K Or te i n H er mes
39
O LD C O M E DY 2 79
I n hi s pal my d ay s
’
feebl ed by d ri n k to k eep u p hi s r e pu t atio n .
,
’
N ow he w ear s a fad ed g arl an d an d i s alw ay s d yi n g o f t hi rs t .
t i n us has th e c r e d i t o f i m p rovi n g t he t e c hn iq ue o f c o m e d y an d ,
C RATES b e fo r e h e w r o t e c o med i es w as an ac to r i n th e pl ay s o f
, ,
C rat i n us A ri s to tl e w ho d i sl i k ed i n c o med y d i r ec t p e r so n al ab u se
.
, ,
aliv e w hen i n 4 2 4 i n th e K n i gh ts
, ,
Ari s to phan es appl aud e d
hi s wi t an d p iti e d hi m for hi s s tr uggl e ag ai n s t t he
Cr at es
b ad t ast e o f th e p ubl i c w ho c ert ai n ly p r e fe rr ed bro ad
,
m en t s .
t h e P r otagor a s ( 3 2 7 D) sp eak s o f Th e Wi l d M en ( 4 2 1 t he
P h ry n i ch us
A w ell k n ow n p i ec e w as hi s c har ac t e r pl ay t h e M i s an
-
,
th r ope w ho se h e ro say s o f h i m s el f
, I l i ve li he Ti mon I h ave n o .
w if e n o ser va n t I a m i r r i ta bl e a n d h a r d to g et on w i th
, ,
I n eve r .
l a ug h I n ever ta l h a n d my op i n i on s a r e a l l my ow n ( f r
, ,
In .
c h us w as p l ac ed s ec o n d wi t h t h e M u s es i t s e l f a
ppar en t l y a l it e r ary
,
c o me d y a c o n t es t b e tw ee n So h o c l e s an d E u ri pi d e s
, p .
P LATO w as o n e of t he mo s t p o p ul ar o f th e po e t s o f th e O ld
C o me d y H e h ad a s p ec i al gi ft for w ri ti ng p aro d i e s o r b ur
.
1
fr . I4 Ko c k .
28 2 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F G RE E K LITE RATU R E
a a n st t h e
g i d em agogu e H yp erbo l us an d hi s mo th er w ho w as rep ,
as a s ig n of t h e d ec ad en c e o f At h e n i an poli t i c s H e nc e aro se th e .
i n r eg ar d i n g S o c r at es as o n e o f th e mo st n oxio u s o f th e sop h i s t
I ca n t en d u r e S ocr a tes say s Eu pol i s h e i s a l w ay s tal h i ng
’
c l as s .
, , ,
’
t he p h ilo so ph e r Pl ato t h e p u pil o f t he u n w as hed So c r ates
,
.
3 ’
my b al d fri e nd w hi l e Ari s to phan es c om p l ai n ed t hat Eu po l i s h ad
,
of p ass ag es i n w h i c h t h ese v e r s es ar e
prai sed .
2 3 4
f r .
3 52 .
f r .
78 . Cl ou ds 5 5 3 .
A RI ST O PHA N E S 28 3
t h e c as e an d c an h ar d ly tr us t t h e s c h oli as t o n t h e K n i gh ts w ho
,
s ay s t h at t h e se c o n d p ar ab as i s o f t h at l ay w as wri tt e n by Eu po l i s
p .
H i s p ar e n t ag e se e m s to h av e b ee n at l eas t r es p ec tabl e bu t o f hi s ,
n o t h av e r e fe rr e d to Ari s to h an es h i ms el f Li k e Eupo li s h e w as
p .
,
n o t o ut o f hi s t e en s w h en h i s fi r s t c o m e d y w as p ro d uc ed at A t h e n s .
T h i s w as t h e B a n queters ( 4 2 7 B ut h e d i d n o t ye t v en t ur e
’
to d e m an d a c h oru s i n hi s o wn n am e an d i t w as n o t ti l l t h r ee ,
'
y ear s l at er t hat h e m ad e hi s r eal d ebu t by assum i n g th e full r e
s p o n sibili ty for t he K n i gh ts H i s l ast pl ay w as t he sec o n d
e di tio n o f th e Pl u tu s broug h t o ut i n 3 8 8 ,
I n th e fo rty y ear s o f .
s u rvi v e i s ol at e d i n G r ee k li t e r atu r e as t h e o n ly s p ec i m en s of G r ee k
,
c o me dy t h at h av e c o m e d ow n to us c o mpl et e .
e d uc at e d p e d an t an e x e rt i n t h e p ec uli ar or ob s ol e t e d i c tio n o f
p ,
A n ac r eo n ?
Th e s ame t h e m e w as to b e wo rk ed ou t fo u r y e ar s
3
l at er i n the Cl o uds w her e Ari s top han es r e fe r s to h i s fi rs t p l ay
,
1 2 3
6 52 .
f r . 2 23 . 2 — 2
5 7 5 9 .
28 4 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F G RE E K L ITE RATUR E
Th e B aby l o n i a n s w as p ro d u c e d at t h e G r e at Dio n y s i a i n 4 2 6
u n d e r t h e n ame o f C alli s tr at u s, an ot h e r ac tor T hi s w as a viol e n t .
T h e bi tt e r es t s a tir e o f t h e p i ec e had b ee n d ir ec t e d ag ai n s t C l e o n
t he d e magogu e an d h e r e to rt e d by i n d i c ti n g C alli s t r at us 0 11 t h e
,
c harg e t h at at t h e G r eat D io n y s i a i n t h e
, p r ese n c e o f t he alli es
, ,
Th e A ch ar A ch a r n i a n s t he ol d es t c o me d y s till e xt an t
, The p l ay .
n i am s w o n t h e fi r s t p riz e C r at i n u s b ei n g p l ac ed sec o n d
, ,
Cl eo /i at l ea st c a n n ot a cc u s e me n ow ,
F o r th i s i s th e L en a ea n fes ti va l ,
A n d h er e w e meet al l by o u r s el v es , a l on e. 1
i ng al l ov e rt u r es fo r p e ac e an d an e x h ibi ti o n o f t h e eas e wi t h
,
w h i c h t h e p e o p l e ar e g ull ed by e n voy s fr o m P e r si a an d T hr ac e .
Di c a po li s i n d i sg us t m ak es a p riv at e an d p e r s o n al tr eaty o f
, ,
h o us es o f D ic a eo p o l i s E u ri pi d es an d Lamac hus t h e At he n i an
, , ,
g e n e r al o n e of th e w ar party Di c ae o p oli s i s i n t e rr up t ed i n hi s
,
.
1
A cha r n i a n s 5 0 2 ff , F r er e .
’
s tran sl at i o n.
28 6 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F G RE E K L ITE RATUR E
In th e A ri sto p han es w i t h a s i d e t h r us t at hi s
A ch a r n i a n s , ,
o w n n ame t h e K n i gh ts of al l hi s p l ay s t he mo s t p u r ely
Th e Kn i gh t s
,
p o li ti c al i n i n t e r es t I t w as hi s fi r s t u n c hap ero n ed
.
c al c o me d i e s I n th e A ch ar n i an s h e had appeal e d to th e c o m
'
mo n se n se o f A t he ns t o j u dg e b e tw ee n hi msel f an d C l e o n But .
shr ed s h i s au d i en c e far e d n o b e tt e r
,
D e mo s th e all e gori c al .
,
i s th e m o s t r e as o n abl e o f me n bu t o n c e h e has e n t e r e d th e As ,
pl ai n s l ac k ed th e c o ur ag e fo r that : B ut n o on e w i l l f a i l to hn ow
,
N i c i as c o n sp ir e to o us t C l eo n Th ey fi n d an or ac l e w hi c h for e
,
.
E n t e r ac c or d i n gl y a c i tiz en un c o n sc i o us o f hi s d es ti n y selli n g ,
an d s p ar es n o p ai n s to s h ow up th e w e ak n ess e s o f t h e fi c kl e an d
’
rou ted but th e sau sag e s el l e r s su c c ess i s n o t a su c c ess o f m eri t
,
.
A R I ST O P HA N E S 28 7
De mo s i s r ej uv e n at e d an d r ec ov er s the c o mm o n se n s e an d d ig n ity
t hat w e r e h i s i n the g o od o l d d ay s o f M il ti ad es and Ari st eid es .
t h e d e b at e o f t he J u st an d U nj us t Argu m en t s t h e Ago n ( 8 8 9 ,
H e c ho se for t h e sc ap e go at o f th e so ph i s t s n ot a fo r eig n e r an , ,
to ev e ry A th en i an o n e o f th em s elv es
, So c r at es .
S ocr at es ? N o , b u t t h at p e r n i c i o us s ee d
O f s o phi st s l
w h e r e by h o pe fu yo ut h i s t augh t
To j abb er arg um nt e , c ho p l o gi c p o r e
,
On s un an d mo o n , an d w o rs h i p W h i rl i gi g .
B ro w n i n g , A r i stopha n es Ap ol ogy
1 ’
.
28 8 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F G RE E K L ITE RATU RE
n o t h i n g to Ari s to phan es o r hi s au d i e n c e an d d i d n o t w e ak en t he
,
se l f p ro cee d s to t h e sc h ool o f So c r at e s w ho h an g s i n a b as k et
,
fe c tl y i n d iffe r en t to lu xu ri es an d t h e r e l ay th e j ok e
,
For So c r at e s .
c o m p l e t e m i s c o n c e ti o n of hi s ai m an d o f t h e n at ur e o f hi s s t u d i es
p ,
as t ro n omy an d p hy s i c s s tu d i es t o w h i c h h e w as i n di ffer en t i f n o t
, ,
29 0 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F G R E E K LITE RAT U R E
i n any o f h i s c om e d i es T he p l ay h ad fail ed an d h e n ow wi t h
.
, ,
p l ay but a pl ai n l i ttl e p l o t w i th a mo r a l
,
end in g
o n e to t h r e e obol s ( abou t t en c en t s) a d ay Th e p oo r e st A t he n i an .
,
'
as i s h i n t ed t h oug h ob sc u r e ly
,
i n t h e sec o n d p ar ab asi s o f t he
,
s o o n d iv e rt e d from t he g en e r al qu es tio n to a s tu d y of t h e C h ar ac
e n d t h ey mus t n e t t h e h ou se s i n c e t he i n fat u at ed d i c as t t ri e s to
,
’
c o nv e rt e d by B d el yc l eo n s argum en ts an d Phil o c l eo n w ho m ust , ,
s i t o n a j ury o r d i e o f bo r e d o m ac q ep ts a c o m p ro mi s e
,
H e will .
c id es to b ec o m e a yo u n g man abo u t t ow n an d i s c o ac h ed by hi s ,
Th e h e ro i s l e ft d an c i n g th e c o r d ax th e c l im ax o f G r e ek d r un k e n
,
par ab ases .
s us,
a paro d y o f E u ri i d es
p H e fi n d s t h at t he go d s d i s g us t e d
.
,
at t e n d ed by O p o ra go d d ess o f autu mn fr u i t s
,
an d T h e ori a w ho , ,
p erso n ifi es t h o s e e mb assi es to t h e G r e ek sh ri n es w h i c h w e r e p o s
s ibl e o n l y i n p e ac e T r ugaeu s d esc en d s h an d s ov er T he ori a t o
.
,
A ft er h i s r e t ur n t o eart h t h e ac t io n d r ag s The l as t fi ve h u nd r e d
,
.
i n p r ai se o f p eac e enj o y ed u n d er o n e s o w n v i n e an d fi g tr e e o f
’
,
an d p r ese n t s t h e aud i e n c e wi t h n ew an d o ri gi n al je s t s o f a fi n e r
m ak e Th e P eace l ac k s th e ag o n i s ti c el e men t w h i c h w as s o w el l
.
su i t e d t o t h e t al en t o f Ari s t o p h an es an d i n e vi tably ac q u i r e s so me
,
Th e B i r d s w as bro ug h t o ut i n 4 1 4 at t he C i ty Dio n y si a an d ,
c hi c an e ry o f At h e n s se t ou t to se e k s o m e
,
e as i e r un ,
Th e B i rd s
litigi o us p l ac e Pei s thetai r us th e mas t er spi rit i s h o w
.
’
, , ,
t h e e mp ir e build e r n ev e r so h ap p y as w h en h e i s wo rki n g u p
,
an d a e th e h abit s an d d r e s s o f C lo ud c u c kool an d An At he n i an
p .
h er al d i s s en t w it h c o n gr at ul atio n s o n t h e gr eat e n t er p ri s e An d .
may exp ec t a d ivi n e e mb assy A c c ordi ngly H e rac l es the glu tto n
.
, ,
s ec u r es h i s o w n c o n d i tio n s Lik e o t h e r ad v e n t u r er s h e wi sh es to
.
,
d au g h t e r of Z e u s T h e pl ay e n d s wi t h h i s w ed d i n g fes tivi ti e s
. .
T he Lys i s tr a ta p ro d uc e d at t he Le n aea o f 4 r 1 i s t h e fi r s t of
, ,
an d i n sig n ifi c an t . Li k e t he A ch a r n i a n s an d t h e P ea ce th e L ys i s ,
tr a ta i s a man i fe s to ag ai n s t t he w ar w h i c h r e n e w e d o n ly t h r ee y e ar s
, ,
A RI ST O P HA N E S 2
95
_
Th e
c r ati c p o e t th e su p e rior m e ri ts O
,
f d e mo c r ac y B ut i n th i s pl ay .
ho me . She p er su ad es th e m at ro n s o f A t h en s an d th e at hl eti c
wo m en d el eg at es fro m Sp ar ta w ho att en d her c o n fer en c e t o d eser t
t he i r h o m es an d husb an d s an d to r e fu s e to r e t u r n u n ti l p eac e
e rfo rm d at t h e s ri n g D io n y s i a i n t h e s ame y e ar i s a li t
p e p
c r ary sat ir e Si n c e th e sc en e i n t h e A char n i a ns s ev e r al y ear s
.
,
e ffec t s o f c o me d y w as t h e s u d d en c h an g e fr o m c ollo
112 2 011 3 2 2
1
an d i d eas o f E u ri i d e s t hat A ri s to han es c h o s e fo r t hi s t r av esty
p p .
b ee n th e c en t r al fig ur e i n a p aro d y o f a r e h e ar sal o f o n e of hi s
o w n p l ay s An d n o w Ari sto p han es m ad e an o th e r d ir ec t at t ac k o n
.
t he n ew p o e try al l r hy t h m an d me t ap h or s an d fi n e s en sel e ss
,
p h r ases an d o n Ag at h o n h i m s el f t he wo m an i s h p o e t w h o r e
, , ,
to be gr at e ful H i s i n furi at e d h e ar er s s o o n d i sc ov er th e se x o f
.
t h i s un sy mpat he ti c i n tr ud e r an d han d h i m ov e r t o a Sc yt hi an
,
1
Cp . Cl o u d s 26 ;
P ea ce 6 4 ; H/ a sps 11 1 ;
’
It
gh ts 3 0 ni B ak h uyz e n
. nds fi
r
a o d i es o f Eur i i d es I n t h e t t l s an d fr ag me n t s o f A ri s t o p h an es
1 49 p p ex an p ay .
29 8 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F G RE E K L ITE RATUR E
sl av e se ts o ut to bri n g b ac k E u ripi d es th e d el i g h t o f t h e At h en i an
, ,
g o d o f t h e fe s tiv al t h e two ,
ex p lo r e r s r e ac h t h e doo r o f Plu t o an d ,
s i d e for t he goo d ar e sc ar c e i n H ad es as at A t h e ns
, S o p h o c l es
,
.
,
“
t h e goo d e as y s o ul woul d r athe r n o t c o n t en d but i s r ead y
,
”
, ,
s h o u l d Eu ripi d es w i n to en t e r t h e l i s t s o n hi s o w n ac c ou n t
,
Ari s .
t o ph an es s o me ti mes p aro d i ed t he t r ag e di es o f So p h o c l es
l
an d ,
1
B ak h uyz e n fi nds 23 r
p a o d i es of S o p ho c l es i n A ri s t o p h an es p
’
l ays an d
fragme n ts .
A RI ST O PHA N ES 9
p , ,
so o n e s mo s t
1 ’
s i n c e i t i s c e rt ai n t hat th e augu s t o n es e nj oy a j ok e ,
v an t ag e l il y poetry d i d n o t d i e w i th me H i s d i d so tha t he w i ll .
,
3
h ave i t h er e to qu o te T h en t hey c o m e to c lo se r q uart e r s an d
.
hi s li ttl e o il flas k 4 ’ ’
-
E ac h c riti c i s es the o the r s c horal lyri c s an d
.
,
5 ’
l ari ti es hi s favori te s hak e
,
an d esp ec i ally th e C r e t an mo n o d i es
,
’
c h eese . Th e w eig h ty ep i th et s o f A e sc hylu s n atur ally t ur n th e
sc al e i n h i s favor bu t s till Di o n y s u s h es i t at es
,
The on e i s s o cl ever
a n d the oth er i s m y d el igh t H e will giv e E u ri pi d e s ano t he r
.
c h an c e .H e th a t s h all hes t a d vi se th e d o h e s h al l co me w i th me )
, .
w h o m y o u s w or e yo u d tahe me c ri es Eu ri p i d e s I t w a s o n ly my
’
.
1 P l at o, Cr a ty l u s 4 06 C .
2 B ak h uyz e n fi nds
3 7 paro d i es of Aes c h yl us i n Ar i s t o ph an es .
3
8 68 f.
4
1 20 3 if .
5 Cp . 1 3 14 , w he re l
a s i n g e s y ab e ll l i s s pr ead o ut o v e r s eve a r l b eat s .
3 00 SH O RT H I ST O RY O F G RE E K LITE RATU RE
an d hi s o et T h e p ar ab as i s i s o f t h e p e r so nal an d p ol iti c al ty p e
p .
p h o n w
,
h o w a s n o w p r o m i n en t .
i s th e ri n gl e ad e r i n a c o n sp i r ac y o f s t r o ng mi n d e d A t h e ni an w o me n -
,
z ous ae
an amaz ed h ahztn e o f t h e P n yx
’
’
c arri es a r es olu tio n ,
sc r up ul o us m or e c o n s erv ativ e
,
What i s mor e t hi s sc heme 18 th e
.
,
’
Eq uali ty an d Fr at e r n i ty i s Pr ax agor a s party c ry an d h er c o n s ti tu ,
n o d e b ts n o l aw su i t s
,
n o t h i ev es
,
an d th e l aw c ou rt s ar e tr an s
,
al l
. The l ast 4 00 li n es o f t h e pl ay partly illu s tr at e t h e futili ty
o f t he c o m mu n i s ti c i d eal w hi c h assumes t hat n o man will w an t
,
affai r s t h e o l d ar e to b e giv e n p r ec e d e nc e o f th e yo un g .
T h er e i s n o r eal d en ozzemen t an d th e p i ec e en d s wi t h t he
'
,
'
T h e P /n tn s ( 3 8 8 B C ) i s an all ego ry a p i c tu r e o f so c i e ty tu r n e d
. .
,
i s at o nc e tr an s form e d
’
I n a tu r n o f Fortu n e s w h eel th e sy c o p han t
.
,
e c li p se o f g ay e ty an d th e s c ar c i ty o f c h or al lyri c s b et r ay s a w eak
,
e rt
y d ec l ar e s t hat i f s h e b e b an i sh ed t h e r e will be an en d o f all th e
, ,
1
t eac her Th e id ea w as t ak en up ag ai n
.
i n t h e Al ex an d ri an ,
o i y w h er e o n e n eed o n l y be goo d to b e ri c h th e pl ay l ac k s
a s c et ,
c an t p art an d t he r e i s n o p ar a
,
b asi s; Lu c i an bo rrow ed th e c har
ac ter s o f H e r mes Pl u t us an d Pov er ty wit h c e rt ai n o f Pov e rty s
’
, , ,
argu m en t s fo r hi s p i c tu r e o f t h e v i c i ss i t u d es o f for t un e i n Ti mo n
,
w e hav e a fe w fr agm en ts w as p l ay e d i n 4 0 8 B C bu t i t i s i mp o s
,
. .
,
s ibl e t o d ec i d e to w h at e xt e n t i t r es e mbl ed t h e l at e r v e r s io n It .
so n ,
Ararus B ot h w er e paro d i e s o f t r agi c t h e mes an d th e
.
C om ed y .
T he fi r st d ut y o f a c o mi c po e t at A then s w as t o r ai se a l au g h ,
s tro n g an d s e ri o us p r ej ud i c es H i s p l ay s ar e n o t o nly a m o n u .
m en t o f At hen i an w i t at i ts m o s t g en i al mo st brilli an t an d mo s t , ,
’
li c en ti o us b u t a m an ifesto of the p o e t s p er so n al c r eed C o n
,
.
servat i sm t h e s an c ti ty of tr ad i tio n i s hi s t h e si s an d t h e r e i s n o t
, , ,
n ew p h ilo s o p h y ,
r he tori c l it er at ur e an d m u si c The ac a
n ew , ,
.
e rat e. H e w as a tr ue so n o f t h e r ac e w h i c h alway s h el d i t a s ig n
o f d ec ad e nc e w he n a fr es h s tri ng w as add ed to th e lyr e The .
’
G r ac es . T hey sh o w gr eat v ari ety t houg h no gr eat d ep t h an d c an , ,
S ha l l g h t,
co me to n ou
2
Ari s top han es c l aim ed t hat h e u se d th e sp eec h o f A t hens o b ,
1
4 . I 3 . Ro g ers ’
transl at i on .
e . 685 .
3 06 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F G RE E K LITE RATU RE
N ew . O f t h e 8 0 0 p l ay s o f t he M id d l e C o me dy w h i c h i n th e t h i r d ,
s i n gl e s c e n e su rviv es O ur j ud g me n t o f t h e w ho l e fro m th e n u
.
amo n g o t h e r s w ho q uo t e d t h e M i d d l e an d N e w C o med y w as
C l e m e n t o f Al ex an d ri a (flor n i t 2 00 A D ) i n h i s P a tchw or h or . .
,
M scel l a ny
'
A D
. . i s c ro w d e d wi t h q uo tat io n s fro m t he c o mi c po e t s c ho sen
, , ,
s i n c e su c h w as h i s p r e o c c up atio n fo r t h e i r r e fe r en c e to t he affai r s
,
i t i s e vi d e n t t h at lo ng li s t s o f fo o d p i c tu r es of glu t to ny alw ay s ,
1
A n ar omea a
’
E g th e A l cest i s , B a cch a e,
’
. . an d of A n ti ph an e s .
M I DDLE C O M E DY 307
’
o r Sheri d an s Cr i ti c Th e p hilo so ph er s and thei r tene ts w e r e no t
.
.
,
cr a tes o f A mp h i s
1 2
p h i a n d i n t he Ph aed r zzs o f
,
Al e xi s t h e lov e r ,
the ory .
the P i l o t th e j ew el er an d t h e li k e t h e r e w as har d ly a p ro fe ss io n
, , ,
th e M ser th e l l/ ed al er t he M s a n th r op e w h i c h ar e a c o nn e c ti ng
' '
’
, , ,
m an ag e d i n t hese pl ay s wi t h t hei r wi d e r an g e o f i n t er es t w e c an
, ,
d én o n emen t t h an i n O l d C o med y .
( Ko ck )
2
6 .
fr 24
5
3 08 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F G RE E K L ITE RATURE
fr ag m e n t s o f abo u t 2 00 p l ay s w ho se su bj ec t s r an g e t h ro ug h the
,
(fl or ni t ci r ca 3 4 8 2 8 8 —
b e lo ng s to bot h M i d d l e an d N ew
C o m e d y t h oug h h e i s c ou n t e d wi t h th e earli e r t y p e
Al exi s
.
,
I n hi s lo n g l i fe he i s sai d to h av e w ri t t en 2 4 5 c om e
di es . I n th e r e fi n eme n t of hi s s tyl e hi s ap pr ec i atio n o f t h e ,
l ik en e ss to hi s n e ph ew M enan d e r t he g en i u s B u t n o t e v en the ,
.
c y n i c i s m t he , g o u r ma n di s e o f the p o e t s o f M i d d l e C om ed y s ho w
bloo d l ess an d sec o nd r at e .
o n y o n t he sh or e s of th e B l ac k Sea b eg an to p ro d u c e h i s
pl ay s at
,
Di phi l us
T he l o n g es t o f our c oll ee
u
that h e m us t b e j ud g ed .
t i o n of ov e r a h u n dr e d d eal wi t h c ooki n g as a fi n e ar t d i n i n g an d , ,
Th e ti tl e s o f hi s pl ay s
’
at l eas t a r e fl ec tio n o f t h e l att er s t al e n t .
t he At h e n i an s w he n Men an d er b eg an to c o mp e t e an d c o n ti n u ed ,
3 10 SH ORT H I ST O R Y O F G RE EK L IT ERATU R E
w h o s ail e d fro m A s i a to Du ri n g M e
’
fr ee A t h en s ‘
.
’
n an d e r s l at e r y e ar s At hen s p assed n o w i n to the c o n trol of
, ,
C assan d e r n o w o f De m e triu s
, H e d i ed i n th e harbor o f th e
.
s e d uc ed c om e s o n an d
,
c o n v e r s es fi r st wit h her c o n fi d an t e, ,
t h e h e ro B ut t h i s w as evi d e n tl y a c o m ed y of i n trig ue wi th th e
.
,
1 V ol I I , Lo n d o n ,
. 1 8 99 .
N EW C O M E DY r
th e d aug h t e r o f a n e ig hbor .
1
I n t h e t h ird volu m e of t h e Oxy r hy n ch us P apy r i w er e pub
l i s he d fr ag me n t s amo u n ti n g t o s ix ty v e r s e s of t he F l atter er
th e p l ay fro m w h i c h T e r e n c e as h e ad mit s i n hi s Prologu e bor , ,
i nate to d r aw fr o m t wo pl ay s o f M en an d er fo r the b en efi t o f o n e
,
’
2
E zcn i cch Tog e t h er wi t h the fo urt e en v e r ses pu bl is h ed i n the
.
3
z ati o n an d wi tty d i alogu e .
c o u l d r e ad M e n an d e r as a w h ol e t he e x c l amatio n o f A ri s to p han e s ,
1 L0n d o n , 1 9 03 2 Le o i n Go tt A a ch r
’
. . . 190 3 .
3 It i s to o ea r l y to
t hi n g d e fi n i t e ab o ut a papyrus frag men t o f Me
s ay an
y
n an d e r u n e art h e d o n l y t hi s ye ar ( 1 9 0 6 T h e l e ave s
, ) i n Egypt by M L e f b r , . e e.
,
i t i s s ai d ar e n o t c o n t i n uo us b ut t he r e a e fi v e h u n d r d l i n es fr o m e ac h o f
, , r e
P ur m i je c ro i s e n t e n d r e l O mb r e d c M én an d re pa
’
o o , h ac un d e c es , r c
mo i ai me z Tere n c e
, SA I N l E B EUVE i n N o w / ea ter Lu n d i V
.
” ’ ‘
-
s .
3 12 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F G RE E K LITE RATU R E
’
t h e An d ri an s y o u n g si s te r .
A d eo mod es/o ,
a d eo v en usto, u t n ihi l pr a
su .
fl un g h e r sel f o n h i s b o s o m w eep i ng as t ho u g h at h o me t he r e
,
e ffac ed hi s o w n p e r s o n al i ty mad e n o d i r e c t ap pe al to th e au d i e n c e
,
d id bu t foll o w i n t h e s t e p s o f E u ri pi d es hi s c h i e f mo d e l Bu t i f , .
l ov e w as n o w th e d o mi n an t i n t er es t t he r e w as a w i d e fi e l d for ,
M e n an d e r s g en iu s fo r p ai n ti n g ty p es o f c har ac te r w i t h e v e ry
’
,
1 The I d ea f
o Comedy p 4 4 . .
2
Tr i st i a 2 .
3 70, p u er i s mrg i n zhzcsgu e .
3 14 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F G R E E K L ITE RATUR E
W Al l n L o n d o n 1 9 0 2 ( facsi mi l e ) Th e P l u t u Cl u d F g th e favo ri t e
. e , , . s, o s, r o s,
II ED I T I O N S
. Ed p n Al d us V en i c e 1 4 9 8 ( 9 c o me d i s )
. . Di n d f ri e.
, , , e . or ,
O xfo rd 1 8 3 5 1 8 3 9 ( i n c l ud es s c h o l i a)
,
— B ergk L e i p z i g 1 8 5 2 ( n e w ed i t i .
, , o n,
18 8 6 B l ay d es H all [8 8 0— 1 8 9 3 ( un fi n i s h d
) B l ayd es H all e 1 8 8 6
,
e, e .
, ,
m v V el se n L e i z i g 1 8 6 9 — 1 8 8 3
( c o p l et e )
p .
( u n fi n i sh ed c o n t i n u d by Z ac he r )
.
, , , e .
d en Wasps , 18 93 ; F r og s, 18 96 ; Cl ou d s, ~1 8 9 8 ; K n i ghts, 1 9 00 ; A ch .
, 1 90 1
B i r ds, 1 90 2 ; Th es mop h
Ly s , 1 9 03 ; P l u t , 1 9 04 ; E ccl , 1 90 5 Sp e , 1 90 3 ; . . .
c i al e d i t i o n s : A ch , M erry, O x fo r d , 1 8 9 3 K n i ghts, v V e s e n -Z ac h er , L ei p i g ,
. . . l z
1 8 9 7 ; M er ry, O x fo r d , 1 8 9 5 Cl o u ds, M erry, Ox fo rd , 1 8 9 9 Wasps, St ar i e , . . k
Lo n d o n , 18 9 7 ; M erry Ox fo r d , , 1 8 98 . P ea ce, v H e rw er d en , L eyd en ,
. 1897 ;
M err y Ox fo r d , , 1 900 . B i r d s, M erry O xfo r d , ,
18 9 6 F r ogs , an d E ccl
. .
( w ith
Rogers, L o n d o n , 1 90 2 . F r og s M erry O xfo r d , , , 1 90 1 . Tuc k er , Lo n
d on, 1 9 06 . B o di n e t M a on, z E x tr a i ts d ’A r i s toph a n e, Par i s, 1 90 2 .
n ol d t D i e Chorp a r ti een d A
,
L e i p z i g 1 8 73 M ii l l e r St rii b i n g A n d i e . .
, , .
-
, . .
h i st K r i t i h , Le i p i g , 1 8 7 3
. z
L e o , Q u a estt A r i stoph , B o n n , 1 8 7 3 V an L ee u . . . .
comm , Utr e c h t , 1 8 7 7
. v V el s e n , D i ss A r i sto h , L e i
p p i g, 1 8 78 . B ro w n i n g , . . . z .
A r i stoph a n es
’
Apol ogy , L o n d o n , 18 85 . M urray , On P a r ody i n A .
, B erl i n ,
18 9 1 . D es c h an el , B l a d es sur A .
, P a i s, r 18 9 2 . Z ac h er A r i stoph an es stu d i en ,
-
,
ph a n e Par i s 3 d e d 1 90 1
,
Ro mer S tu di en z A
,
L ei pz i g 19 02.Maz o n ,
,
.
, . .
, , .
m
E ss a i s u r l a co posi ti o n d s
e co med i es d ’
A r i stoph a n e Par i s 1 9 04 , , .
V L EX I C A
. D un b ar Con cor d a n ce to th e Pl ay s a n d F r ag men ts Lo n d o n
.
, , ,
1884 H o l d e n On omasti co n Lo n d o n 1 9 0 2
.
, , , .
Lo n d o n , 1 8 74 F r er e .
, A ch , K
n i hts , B i r d s , n ew e d , L o n d o n , 1 8 9 0
g . Ro g ers , . .
F r ogs an d E ccl .
, L o n d o n , 1 902 Ro g ers, Cl ou d s, P ea ce, Wa sp s ,
. Lo n d o n
(in se
par at e H i c k i e, L on d o n , 1 90 1 . F r og s, by M urray i n h i s E u r ip
i d es, Lo n d o n , 1 902 .
N EW C O M E DY 3 15
EPI CH ARM US
Gr a ec F r ag .
, Be rl i n ,
1 8 99 i n Ah r e n s , D e d i a l D or zca I I , G Otti n g e n , . 1 84 3 in
L o r en z ,
Lehen u . S ch r if ten d . A oer s Ep i ch a r mos , B e r i n ,
’
l 1864 . A fr agme n t
i n P apy r i Ra i n er ( p ub i s h e d 1 8 99 ) i s ass i g n ed b y G o mp e r z to Ep i c h ar mus l .
M EN A N D ER
M ei n e k e , M en a n d r i et P h i l emon i s r ell .
, B er i n , l 1 8 23 . Ed .
pr i n c , of th e
l
B ass i n Li t Cen tr a l B l a tt, . 18 98 . Kai b el i n Gott . N a ch r .
, 18 98 . VVi l a
mo w i tz D er , La n d ma n n d . l l/ en a n d r os i n N e ue f ah r h .
,
18 99 . Kaue r i n
Wi en er S t u d i en , 1 904 . B aums t ark , De fr ag M en a n d r i . Sy r i a ci s i n f f .
Ph i l .
, S up p l . 21 . T h e H Gp LKfl pO/Lévn frag me n t i n 0x P ap I I , L o n d o n , . . 1 8 99 .
l i n es ) i n 0x P ap I I I , L o n d o n ,
. . l 1 903 B ass i n H er mes, 1 8 9 8
. . L eo i n Gott .
N a ch r .
,
1 903 C o l l i n s , l l/ en a n d er i n E ss ay s
. an d S tu di es , Lon d on, 1 8 95 .
B e n o i t , E ss a i h i stor i q ue
méd i e d e M én a n d r e Par i s 1 8 54
cl l i ttér a i r e s ur la co , , .
1 9 00 . L eg ran d i n l i
’
ev ue d es Et . Gr ec q u es , 1 9 02, 1 9 04 .
SOP H RON
b urg , 18
51 .
CO LL ECT I O N S OF C O M I C F RA G M E N TS
M ei n ek e , Fr ag Com Gr a ec . . .
, 5 vo s l .
,
B er i n , l 18 3 9 —1 8 4 1 . Ko ck , Com A l t . .
F r ag , 3 l L
vo s e i z
p gi 1 8.8 0—1 8 8 8
, , . Kai b e l Co m C r a ec F r ag v o l I B e r l i n
, . .
, .
, ,
1 8 99 . Pi c k ar d C amb r i d g e S l t -
, e ec [ rag men ts of th e Gr eeh Co mi c P oets O x
f
,
fo r d , 1 900 .
L I TERATU RE OF CO M ED Y
An o ny mo us : H cp l m p hl a s i n Kai b el C G E . . Ge n z , D e p a r a ha s i , B e r
li n, 18 6 5 . Fi e l i t z , D e A tti cor u m com . hi p a r /i ta , B o n n , 18 66 . Ohs .
cr zt . in co m gr . .
,
Be rl i n , 1 8 90 . Z i e l i ri s k i , D i e Gl i ed er un
g a . A l ta /l . A o moed ze,
'
3 16 SH O RT H I ST O RY O F G RE E K LITE RATU R E
Le i p z i g , 18 8 5 . Po pp el re ut er, D e co m . Att .
p r zmor d i i s B er l i n
, , 18 93 . N an e k ,
F ii h r , D e l il i mi s Gr a eco
'
l ldel a ng es C r . St Pet e r s b urg ,
. 1 8 9 2— 1 8 9 4 .
H I STO RI ES OF C O M EDY
the at m o sp he r e Of th e r es tor e d d e mo c r ac y
gr e eabl e I n 3 9 6 h e a .
two so ns G ryllu s an d Di o d or us w ho fo ug ht at M an ti n ea wi th t he
, ,
to Sp art a plu n d e r ed Sc i ll us
,
H i s l ast y ear s may h av e b ee n s p en t
.
t he p l ac e an d t he e x ac t d at e o f h i s d eat h ar e al ik e u n c er tai n .
As an i n d ep en d en t t h i n k e r X en o ph o n has n o c l ai m t o di s ti n c tio n .
an d c o u l d n o t ap p r e c i ate th e su b t l e ti es o f t h e So c r at i c d i al ec ti c .
Th e
H e i s n o t at hi s b es t as a r ep ort e r o f t h e c o n v e r sati o n s
v alu e i s muc h d eb at ed H e w as c hi e fly i n t er es t ed i n th e p r ac ti c al
.
c ep t s o f S o c r at es o n e d u c ati o n
’
p r e ex e r c i s e d i e t d u ty to o n e s
, , ,
1
of arrivi n g at d efi n i ti o ns h e d esc rib e s l as t o f al l an d d ec l i nes to ,
p u r su e t h e s ubj ec t at an y gr e at l en gt h H i s t al en t l ay r at h e r i n .
—
d esc ribi ng ac tio n and ad v e n ture t han i n r ep ro d uc rn g for t he
”
t he C hoi c e o f H e r ac l es w hi c h X en op h o n m ak es So c r at e s r ec i t e to
‘
b eyo n d hi s r an g e X en op ho n l ay s st r e ss o n th e c o n vi c tio n o f
,
4
i m ag es o f Sil enu s .
1
M emor ahzl za 4 6
. .
2
2 . 1 .
3
7 l l er
e X en opho n t i c aut h o rsh i p o f t h e Apol ogy
d e n i es th e .
4
Cp X e n Sy mp 4 1 9 w i th Pl at Sy ra/1 2 1 5 1;
. . . .F o r a full ac co un t o f . .
Pl at o s ec h o es o f X e no p h o n s e e th e e d i t i o n s b y I I ug an d Rett i g o f th e
’
,
Pl at o n i c Sy mpos i u m B r un s i n N eu e j a h r h 1 9 00 mai nt ai ns t h pr i o ri ty
. .
, , e
o f Pl at o s w r k an d i s fo ll o w e d b
y G o mp e r
’
o , z .
3 20 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F G R EE K L1TERATURE
t o h el p C y r us to r e d uc e t h e trou bl es o me h ill t ri b es o f Pi si d i a ,
o f th e E uphr ates t o C u n ax a ,
T her e C yr us was sl ai n i n b attl e
.
,
C l ear c hu s b e t r ay ed hi m wi th th e o t he r o ffi c e rs o f t h e G r ee k fo r c e
, , ,
i d h se th a t w er e s h o u ti ng X e n oph on th ough t i t mu s t he s o me
j o n e t o ,
Li k e m o s t G r ee k s w ho w en t ca m paig n i ng in A si a ,
th e Te n
1 A n a has i s 4 .
7
.
3 22 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F G RE E K LITE RAT URE
an d w n e s, an d c ea
i t r l rly mak es an effort to i mi t at e t he T hu c y d i d ean
man n e r an d poi n t o f V i ew B ut he w as n o t form ed to wri t e p hilo
.
s o p h i c al h i s t o ry o f t hat p at t e r n H i s w as r at he r t he t al e n t of a
.
r e fl ec tio n o f the p e r so n al e x p e ri e n c e o f an ac u t e an d i n t er es t ed
ob serv e r The H ell en i ca i s c ol or ed by the i n flu e nc e o f Agesi l aus
.
,
’
an d th e w rit e r s u n c o n c e al e d p r e fe r enc e fo r Sp art an id eal s and
m etho d s .
Th e an i d eal iz e d p ortr ai t o f t h e el d er C y r us w it h an ac ,
an d n o t wi t ho u t t h e So c r at i c d i al e c ti c H e p l ac es hi s i d eal ki n g
.
i n a U to p i a w h i c h c om bi n es s o me o f t he feat ur es o f th e S part an
c o n s ti t u ti o n w it h t ho s e o f t he P e r si an e m pir e t h e w h ol e e mb el ,
mo n arc h s w i sd o m an d t e m p er an c e w as l at er th e mo d el o f mo r e
’
, ,
c o n s ti tutio n w as t h e S art an
p H i s Co n s ti tu ti o n of Sp a r ta i s a
.
i
s nc e V al c k enaer has b e e n fr e q ue n tly r ej ec t ed as s pu rio us .
Arr i an w ho w as n i c k n am e d t he N e w X en o ph o n b e
“
, Th e
c au se h e c lo sely mo d el e d hi s work s o n t h o se o f t he Cy neget i cus
t o ig n or e an d i s o n t h e w h ol e ag ai n st t h o s e w h o m ai n t ai n t h e
,
I t i s n o t to b e ex p ec t e d t h at o n e w ho h ad s ep ar ate d h i ms el f
fro m A t he n s an d th e fashio ns o f At h en s i n early yo u th an d h ad ,
2
word s that w e r e un Atti c o r c o n si d e r ed by t h e c ri ti c s too p o et i c
-
,
Tr a n s A P A , 1 8 7 8 , w h o ac c e pt s as X e n o ph o n t i c l es s t h an o n e hal f o f t h e
. . . .
N o rd e n , A n t i h e [( u n s t r os a
p I 43 1, thi nks th a t i t w as w i r tt en by a con e t mp o
p er i o d a pr o d uc t f th e S e c n d S phi t i c
,
o o o s .
2
S aupp e c o un t e d 3 1 6 p o e t i c 9 9 I o n i c an d 6 2 D r i c w o r d s i n X e n o p h o n
, ,
o .
3 24 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F G RE E K L ITE RATU R E
T ho ug h h e w as c e rt ai n ly famili ar wi t h th e e ti q u e t t e O f p ro se c o m
p o s i tio n i n fou rt h c en t u ry-
A t h e ns h e t ak es n o p ai n s t o avoi d
,
i s the mo s t di ffi c ul t o f al l to i mi t at e b ec au se i t i s the m o s t si n c e r e
,
an d th e mo s t s i mpl e I n al l hi s wri ti n g s o n e c an d e t ec t th e to u c h
.
p art i n s om e v e ry e x c i ti n g i n c i d en t s an d i n th e l o n g l e i su r e o f hi s
,
C h e iro n ,
”
trai n i n g hi s d i s ti ng ui s h e d s o ns as th e C en tau r t rai ne d ,
A c hill es i n t h e art s o f hu n ti n g an d w ar
,
h i st ori an s T h eo po mpus an d E ph or us
,
T H EO PO M PUS o f C h io s .
Th eop omp u s
.
ar t of r h e to ri c he w o n d i s ti n c ti o n as a wri t e r of p an e
,
gyr i c s tr av e l ed far an d w i d e an d c o ul d bo as t t h at e v e ry c o n s i d e r
, ,
T hu c y d i d es d ow n to 3 9 3 B C an d a H i s tory of P h i l ip fro m 3 6 2 to
. .
,
’
t he ki n g s d e at h i n 3 3 6 T hi s w as a seq u el to X en o pho n s
.
’
1 Or a tor i mag i s si mi l i s , sa
ys Q ui nt i l i an . S e e Di o n ys H al . .
, L etter to P o rn
p ei u s 6 , fo r the c h arac t e ri s t i c s of Th eo p o mp us .
CH A P T ER X VI I
al l
,
t h er e h av e alw ay s b e en goo d sp eak e r s b ut i t i s a l o n g s t ep
,
s p e ak e r s b e fo r e P e ri c l es B u t men l ik e Ar i st ei d es o r T h e mi s to c l es
.
s p ok e b efor e r h e tori c h ad b ec o me an ar t an d t h e y l e ft n o m or e
,
3 26
A NTI PH O N 3 27
1
G r e ec e .Two o r t h r ee m et ap ho r s quot e d by A ri s totl e i n the
’
hav e h e ar d P e ri c l e s sp e ak A r ap i d speaher y o u ca l l hi m hu t he
.
,
s i d es th a t f tness per s u as i on s a t up on h i s l ip s
sw i ,
s u ch a ch a r m h e ,
Su c h a s ti n g i n t h e wo u n d must h av e b e e n l e ft
?
th ose th a t hea r d
’
tho u g h o n e h ad robb e d t h e y e ar o f i ts spri ng .
Th e fi r s t c o n t ribu tor to t h e l it er at ur e o f e l o q ue n c e w as A N TI PH O N ,
ex p r e ss i n g i t an d o f tr ai n i n g o t h e r s t o s p e ak i n t h e l aw c o urt s o r
,
t h e E c c l es i a
3
H e w as an ex tr e me olig ar c h o n e o f a p arty t hat
.
,
had lo n g b ee n p l otti n g to ov e rt h r o wt h e d e mo c r ac y an d w he n i n , ,
4 1 1 t h e i r c han c e c ame A n ti p h o n w as t h e s o ul o f t he pl o t t h at
, ,
l ac e d t h e F o u r H u n d r e d i n o wer F o r ab o u t t h r e e mo n t h s t h e
p p .
1 2 l
A cha r n .
55 0 . Eu po l i s , / r .
94 . 8 . ( 18 .
3 28 S H O RT H I STO RY O F GR E E K LITE RATU R E
t r ai to r to h i s c o u n try an d hi s h ou se w as r az e d P artly n o do ub t .
, ,
T h uc y d i d es w ho i s n o t easily m ov ed to su c h pr ai se
, I t w as n o t .
s c ho ol s . T hr ee ki n d s o f mu r d e r by an en e my ac c i d en t al an d
, , ,
t h e t e ac hi n g o f t h e s o p h i s t s H e us es t h e i r c o mmo npl ac es t h o se
.
,
c o n d e mn ed by Pl ato o n mo r al gro un d s
1
w as c o ns t an tly u sed by ,
1 Ph aed r u s 2 73 .
3 30 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F G RE E K LITE RATU R E
‘
mod er ate styl e w hi c h r ej ec ted po e ti c w or d s an d n ov el ti es o f
’
,
l
d esig n e d to ro use the e mo t io n s s u spi c io n or an g er o r p i ty an d, , , ,
a r e al ad v an c e i n t he d ev el o p me n t o f th e r h yt h m i c p ro s e p e rio d .
(fl H
’
i c all ed by Pl ato a c u nn i ng s p e ec h w ri gh t
‘
or u t e .
Th eod orus
Thrasymac hus an d T h eodoru s p ur su e d at A t he n s
t h eir p rofess i o n as t eac h er s of r h eto ri c What o n e ob s erv es i n .
1 Pl at o , Ph a ed r u s 26 7 .
AN DO C I DES 33 1
o m e n for t h e e x p ed i tio n o n w hi c h t h e y h ad s t ak ed s o
M ut i l at i on
m uc h Th e go d s w ho pro t ec t ed At hen s w er e t he y
. of t h e ,
Her mae
t ho ug ht ali en at ed at t he v ery o p en i ng o f t h e e n t e r pri se
, .
c l ai mi n g a p ar d o n fo r p as t offe n s e s o n t h e grou n d t h at h e h ad
C y p ru s I n t he e n d h e h ad to w ai t fo r th e amn es ty o f 4 0 3 w h e n
.
,
h ad b ec o me c o n s pi c u o us i n publi c li fe h e w as ac c u s ed o f i mpi e ty ,
pi e ty H e was ac qu i tt ed an d i n 3 9 1 r eappear s as o n e o f th e
.
,
1
O n th e mo t i ve fo r th e mut i l at i o n o f th e H e rmae , c
p . A r i sto
tel es u . A then II 1 13 .
2
S i ttl , Gr i ech Li t I I 8 5 , d e n i es th e g e n u me n e s s
. .
o f t he O n th e P ea ce .
2 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F G RE EK LIT E RA TUR E
Thi s w as t he c l o se Of hi s
p ubli c c ar e er O f hi s furt he r ad v en t ur es .
an d t h e d at e o f hi s d e at h w e k n o w n o t hi n g An d o c i d e s i s o n e o f .
o f a l ate r s o p h i s t An d o c i d es w as n o t o n e o f t h o s e w h o li k e
.
,
A n ti p h o n mark an ad v an c e i n th e t ec h n iq ue o f el o q uenc e H e
, .
s o ph i s t s I n sp i t e o f hi s p l ac e i n the c an o n h e w as s o me t h i n g O f
.
w hen h e i s m en t io n ed i t i s w it h a h i n t O f d i s p ar ag e
S tyl e
men t H i s s tyl e l ac k s un i formi ty an d fall s b e low t h e
.
,
g en ui n e n obili ty o f A n ti ph o n So me ti m e s h e i s c o n t en t wi t h th e
.
po e ti c i mag es an d l an gu ag e i n o r d er to b e i m p r e ssiv e H e h as .
T h e li fe O f LY S I AS ( ci r ca 4 4 0— 3 8 0 B C ) h as a s pe c i al i n t e r e st . . .
’
h ear p hilo so p h e r s t alk b u t wi t hd r aw i n g to att e n d to t he sac ri fi c e s
, ,
G r e e k s to agr ee amo n g th e m se lv e s an d to b ew ar e of th e n ew
tyr an t o f Si c ily Dio n y si us w ho had se n t a sh o w y d ep u t ati o n to
, ,
1
c o mpo s ed fo r a fi c titi o u s o c c asi o n I ts au t h or shi p i s di sp ut e d . .
w e h e ar n ot h i n g .
i n th e c e n tu ri es aft e r hi s d ea t h t h e r e w as a t e n d e n c y to as c rib e t o
hi m any j u d i c i al sp e e c h wri t t en i n t h e p l ai n styl e that had n o
‘ ’
Dio ny s iu s allo w e d 2 3 3 to b e g en u i ne O f t h es e w e k n ow 1 2 7 by .
1
B l ass ,
A tt i s ch e B er edsa mhei t I 44 2 ff , i s i n c i n e d t o ejec i t o n th e
. l r t
sco er of i nf r t
e i o r i i es o f s yl e 8 0 to o Wi l amo w i tz , w h o p ac es i t i n t h e h i d
t . l t r
c e n t ury .
LY S IA S 335
T he p l ai n ti ff or d e fen d an t i n an A th e n i an c o urt mu s t be h i s o w n
sp eak e r .
’
w as r esp o n si bl e for hi s bro th e r s arr es t an d i m p ri s o n Erat os
m en t , an d t he r e for e as Ly s i as c o n t en d ed for h i s
,
t h emes ,
d eat h al s o We d o n o t k n o w th e p r ec i s e c ir c u ms t an c e s or s e t ti n g
.
to uc h es b e c hang es hi s to n e of p er s o n al e mo ti o n an d i n t h e p ero
, ,
c l ud e s y o u h a ve s een y ou h a ve s uffer ed y o u ha ve h i m i n t o u r
, , ,
s en ten ce hi m
2
han d s —
1 Me i e r Bl ass
, , Li psi us, an d J eb b mai n t ai n , Rauc h e n s t e i n o
p po s e s , t hi s
j
co n ec u e t r .
2A
g a i n st E r atosth en es 100 .
336 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F GR E E K LITE RATUR E
s p eec h es . B ut i t w as r at he r i n t h o se w ri t te n for c li en ts t h at h e h ad
Ch arac t er a c han c e t o sh o w h i s t al e n t for ex p r essi n g c har ac t er
d raw i n g é T h e s p eec hw ri gh t at At h e n s mus t h av e s o m e
( t h os )
n o t to b e t ak en o fl th e
pu bl i c r e l i e f li s t t h e i nj ur e d hus b an d o f t h e
’
, ,
an d m an y mor e h e hi t o ff t h e c h ar ac t e r an d po i n t of vi e w an d so
'
,
t h ei r O l d c o m mo n p l ac es Ly s i as s ay s D io n y si u s w as p ec u li arly
1
.
, ,
p roo e mi u m o r
’
s po n t an e o us c o u l d b e d ep e n d e d o n for a fr e sh
‘
,
th e lik e . Ly s i as u n li k e T hu c y d i d es c o ul d m an ag e an an ac o
, ,
e xqui s i t e s i mp li c i ty w hi c h o n e o n ly r e c og n iz es as th e p e rfe c ti o n o f
1
On Ly s i as 17 .
338 SH O RT H I ST O RY O F G R E E K L ITE RATU RE
I n I SO C RATES ( 4 3 6 3 e pi d e i c ti c
—
o r ato ry t he or ato ry of ,
d e me E r c hi a th e d e m e o f X en o pho n t he so n o f a p ro sp ero us
, ,
-
flu te mak er an d i t i s evi d en t t h at li k e th e yo un g H ip
, ,
I s ocrat es ’
o c r at e s i n Pl at o s P r o ta or a s h e w en t to sc h ool w it h
p g ,
w ar w h i c h h el pe d to e n ri c h t h e fami ly o f Ly si as d i d n o t e n c o ur
, ,
sp ee c h w r i gh t b u t i t d i d n o t sui t I so c r at es to mak e an ar t of s i n k
,
C i c ero c all ed ‘
th e o r atori c al l abo r ato ry w er e t r ai n ed men l ik e
,
’
1
u n iv e r s i ty e d u c ati o n t h at t he ti m e affor d ed Th e ac tivi ty o f .
c o n fi n ed to t eac h i n g .
Ph a ed r us r e ad s li k e a sar c asm
?
For I so c rat e s w hen i t w as .
,
’
o f h i s r h e t ori c as h i s p h ilo s o p h y .
H e h ad th e ar ti s ti c t em p e r am en t wi t h al l i ts q uali ti es and d e
fec ts .B ut h e w as at any r ate a p u bl i c i s t i f h e c o ul d n o t be a
1
To h ave b e e n a
p u pi l of I so c rat es g av e a ce rt ai n ca ch et just so , man y
an En g i s h l w ri t er an d s a e s t t man h a s b ee n l ab le e d a l
p up i o f j o w ett Cp .
”
.
ex e q uo Tr ojan o me r i p r mc i p es e x i e r un t .
2
I ass u me t h at the P h a ed r u s w as w i r tt en af et r th e P a n egtvr i c u s of I so c
rat es ( 3 8 0 w h e n S o c r at e s h ad b e n d e ad s o me t w e n ty e ye a rs , an d th e
voc at i o n o f I s o c r at e s w as n o l o n g e r an p e n q ue st i n o o .
3 40 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F G RE E K L ITE RATUR E
w h om h e ex ho rt ed to r ec o nc il e the G r ee k s so t hat h e mi g ht ,
c i ti es o f G r e ec e se n d i ng e mb assi es to s h ar e P h i li p s c o un c il s an d
’
,
rid i c u l ou s t o t h o s e w h o k n ew P hi l i p b e tt er than h e d i d n o o ne ,
t h e n es an d alli e d h er s el f wi t h T h e b es ag ai n st P h il ip Th e d e .
2
n i n et y e ig h t
-
.
lik ely that w e p o ss ess all but fo u r of the c o mpo si tio n s t hat the
c ri ti c Di o n y s iu s r eg ard e d as g en ui n e A mo n g the sc h ol as ti c wri t
.
1
L etter to P hi l ip 6 8 ff .
2
Di o n ys i us of H al i c ar n ass u s pr es e rv e d
trad i t i o n t h at I s o c rat es w o u l d n o t
a
c o ns e n t t o s ur vi v e t h e d e fe at o f At h e n s at C h ae r o n ea an d M i l t n s S o n n et to
’
,
o
p o rt t h at o l d man el o q u e n t B ut w h at w as a c r us h i n g d i s app o i n t m n t to
”
e
D emo s t h e n es an d t h e an ti M ac e d o n i an p art y w o ul d h a e an o t h r s i d e fo r
- v e
c au ses o f d eat h .
342 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F G RE E K L ITE RATU R E
c o mp o s i ti o n s .
Wi th t hi s gr o u p o f sc h ol ast i c w ri ti n g s w e may r ec ko n t h e
s p eec h es Ag a i n s t the S o h i s ts an d t h e A n ti d o si s I so c r at es was
p .
S oph i s t s an d ad mi r e r o f So c r at e s h e c o ul d n o t be c o un t ed ,
s t an d as id e fro m t h e du st an d heat of t h e p ol i ti c al r ac e M uc h as .
n o t k n ow t h e p r e c i s e d a t e of h i s m an i fe s to ag ai n s t th e s op h i s t s ,
b ut i t w as p rob ably w ri tt e n ab o u t 3 9 1 at th e o p e n i n g o f hi s c ar ee r ,
an d th e i r w ay s U n l ik e t he m h e i n si st s o n t he n eed of sp ec i al
.
,
B ut h e w as o f c o ur s e i n th e A t h en i an s e n se o f th e word a
, , ,
(108 13 h ad b e en an d i n t he A n ti d os i s ( 3 5 4 B C ) h e ac c e p t s .
,
.
t he ti tl e. T hi s t he l o ng es t o f hi s s peec h es w hi c h m ig h t w ell b e
, ,
h i s o w n works .
1
P a n ath . 16.
I SO C RATE S 43
p r es e rv e d i n t he q u ot ati o n s of l at e r wri t e r s I n t he m w e fi n d th e .
a p u pil o f G orgi as h e d i d no t ad mi t i n t o hi s o w n p ro se t he o r na
,
S tyle
bro ugh t th e p erio d t o p erfe c tio n payi n g o ut ev ery mem ,
2
o n i t sel f a ft e r a wi d e c ir c l e A writ e r w h o d elig h t e d i n sho w i n g
.
d an g e r o f n o t k n owi n g w he r e to s to p B ut t ho ug h sen t e nc es so .
o r i es I s o c r at es i s t o b e j ud g e d for w hat h e w as t h e fi n i s he d
g .
,
1 8
P a n egy r . .
2
C i c er
’
o s s t yl e i s b as e d on t h at o f [S o c r a t es , s o t hat t h l att r e e may b e s ai d
to h ave i n fl ue n c e d th r ,
o ug h C i c er o, th e p r ose o f mo d r n Eur o p e
e .
3 44 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F GREEK LIT E RATU RE
”
Al ex an d e r .
B IB LI OGRAP HY
A N D O CI D ES
I . MA N U S C R I PTS . Cr ipps i a n u s , 1 3 th c en t .
, i n t h e B r i t i sh M us eum . A rn
hr os za n u s , 1
5 th c en t .
,
M i l an .
D e My ster zi s, et de r ed i t u , Lo nd o n , 18 8 9 . B la ss , z
L e i p i g, 1 8 92 .
II I . L I T E RATUR E . Fr e n g e l , D e A n d oc . de p a ce or .
, KOn i g s b e rg , 18 66 .
1 9 03 .
A N T I PH O N
I . MA N US C R I PTS . Cr ipps i a n us , 1 3 th c e n t .
,
i n th e B r i t i sh Muse u m . Ox on i
en s i s ,
p r o b ab l y 1 4 th c e n t .
, at O xfo r d .
II I I N S M aet z n e r B er l i n 1 8 3 8
ED T O . .
, ,
. I e rn ste d t, S t . Pe t ers b urg , 1880 .
B l ass L e i p z i g 1 8 9 2
‘
, , .
Par i
’
C uc u el , E ss a i sur l a l a ng u e et le s ty l e de l o r a te u r A n t iph o n , s 18 8 6 .
I SA EU S
I . M A N USC R I PT S . Th e sa me as fo r A N DOC I D ES su
pr a .
II . ED I T I O l NS . an d Rei sk e c o n t ai n
Th e o l d er e d i t i o ns o f A d us , St ep h an us ,
on l y t en O a ti n s t he w a fi r t p ub l i s h e d b y M ai i n 1 8 1 5
r o ,
‘
C m el e th
ev n s s . o
pl te e d i t i ns a S hOman
e Gr e i f w al d 1 8 3 1
o S c h i b e B e rl i n
re : 1 8 74 ;
c n, s ,
e , ,
B ii man n B r l i n 1 8 8 3
r W y e Ca mb r i d g e 1 9 04
, e ,
s , , .
Et ud e u l s p l a d y e d I ee Par i 1 8 7 6 Rod e r B t
’
s r e i o E r hl u I t t i h
rs
’
s ,
s, .
, ez r . z . . r z .
1 Essay on S ty l e .
3 46 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F G RE E K L ITE RATU R E
TH RA S Y M A C H US
ON TH E CO N ST I TUT I O N OF A T H EN S
Go tt .
, 1 8 74 . B el o t , Par i s , 1 8 80 .
d . B er t Aha, . 1 8 74 an d i h 1 8 7 8
,
M ii l l e r Strii b i ng , D i e A tt S ch r ift v S d
. .
-
. . . .
'
CO L LECT I O N S
l
A d us , Rh etor es Gr a eci , V e n i c e, 1 5 13 . St ep han us, Or a tor es Gr a eci , 1 5 75 .
Lo n d o n , 1 8 2 8 B ai t er an d S aupp e, Z ii r i c h, 1 8 4 3 an d 1 8 4 5
. D i d o t , Or ator es .
A tt i ci , Par i s, 18 68 .
I TERATURE
L
St utt gart 1 8 2 8 ,
. V ol k man n , D i e Rh etor i h d .
{ nr op mh
i u . i h r e Geg n er . N o r d en , D i e A n ti he K u n stp r os a , L ei p i g , 1 8 9 8 z .
C H A P T ER XVI I I
DEM OST H EN ES ,
of De mo sthen es o f th e d eme Paean i a
t he so n ,
o f Sc yt hi a an d w e may n o t e as an i nst an c e o f th e ab s ur d p er so n
, ,
arg u m en t the r ep ro ac h of t h e o pp o ne n ts o f De mo s
,
t h en es t hat h e was n o t a fu ll bl oo d e d A th en i an -
By .
’
hi s fat h e r s will he w as t o i n h eri t a suffi c i en t fort un e b u t w h e n h e ,
s ui t an d d eliv er ed h i s s e ec h Ag ai n s t Ap h ohus
p A p h o b us pro .
ab an d o n ed .
3 48 S H O RT H I ST O R Y O F G RE E K LIT E RATU R E
poli ti c al t ri al s T her e c o ul d b e n o b e t t e r e x er c i se fo r o n e w ho
.
t hat Ag a i ns t A n d r o ti on ( 3 5 5 c o m o se d for o n e Di o d o ru s
p
w ho ac c use d An d r o ti o n of havi n g mov e d an i ll eg al r e sol uti o n In .
o n An d ro ti o n by p e r s ec u ti n g o n e o f hi s s u p p or te r s T h e s p ee c h
.
m arri ed th e si s t e r of C er so b l e p tes ki ng o f T hr ac e an d l at e r ( 3 4 9 )
, ,
c o mm an d e r . T h e p oli c y o f De m o s t h e n es h i ms e l f i s h ar d ly to b e
j u d g ed from t hes e p ro fess io nal sp eec hes t h oug h t h ey p rob ably
,
e x p r e ss hi s g en u i n e c o n vi c tio n s .
I n th e same y e ar
1
t he d e mo c r ats o f R h o d es app eal ed to
F or t h e Rh o t h e olig ar c h i c al p ar ty i n th e i sl an d R ho d es had l ed .
, , , ,
t h e i sl an d w as l e ft i n t h e c lu tc hes o f C ari a .
sc h e m es o f c o n q uest h e n e ed e d m o n e y an d h e tu r n e d hi s e y es t o ,
fr ee t ow n of Py d n a w h i c h w as to b e r es to r e d t o M ac edo n h e
, ,
o t he r A t h en i an o u tpo s t h e m ad e ov e r to the O ly n t hi an s w ho m h e
, ,
1 Th i s d at e i s mad e a l mo st ce rt ai n b y th e rgume n ts
a of J ud e i c h K l ei n
,
a s za t zsch e S t u d i en 18 6 ff . Th e l at e r d at e, 3 5 1 , i s gi ven b y D i o n ys i us of
H al i c ar nass us, w h o is f ll o w e d
o by B l ass .
DE M OSTH E N E S 51
w as no t ye t r eady to ab sorb I n 3 5 3 h e c ap t ur e d M e t ho ne th e
.
an d P h ili
p fell b ac k to t ur n hi s at t en tio n to th e c o n qu e st o f th e
,
abov e all th e g en e r al s mu st b e A th en i an s
,
Ev ery c i tiz en mu st .
ev e ry t h i n g fo r th e glory o f e m p i r e at th e bi d d i n g o f P e ri c l es .
35 2 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F GR E E K L ITE RATUR E
t h eat er s mu s t n ev e r be d iv e rt ed to th e p ur po se s o f w ar
,
Th e .
ar e P hilip pi c s w i t h a sp ec i al r e fe r en c e to O ly n t hu s Th e .
t i me i n s en di ng h el p to O ly n t hu s I n th e Th i r d O ly n th i ac
.
4 8 O ly n th u s fell
3 .
A g ai n s t ri c h At hen i an an ad he r en t of t h e p eace p ar ty w ho
, ,
se e m e d .
s tro n g e n o ug h t o c r ush Dem o s t henes and A esc hi n es ,
p ol i ti c al c ar ee r h ad b e en i n s i nc er e an d fatal to A t he n s Demo s .
hi s p ol i c y . Th e sp eec h O n th e Cr ow n i s th e m ast er p i ec e of hi s
o r atory a spl en d id e pilogu e to h i s p oli ti c al li fe A esc h i n es w o n
,
.
arriv ed i n At hen s wi th 7 00 t al en ts hO p i n g to i n d u c e t he
,
c om mi s sio n er s of w ho m De m o s t h en es w as o n e
,
H arp alu s esc ap ed .
,
i n g a brib e o f tw en ty t al en t s H yp er ei d es a m e mb e r of h i s o w n
.
,
d e r mi g h t fairly b e c o n v e r t ed to A t h en i an us e B u t t h i s w as n o t .
th e opi n io n o f h i s j u d g es an d t h at i n a c o mm u n i ty w ho s e s t an d ar d s
,
I n 3 2 3 t he h op e s of At h en s w er e r eviv e d by th e d eath o f
A l ex an d er an d D em o s t h en es w as r ec all ed
,
A ft e r so m e slig h t
.
t h e s u rr en d e r o f De mo s t he n es Hyp er e i d es an d c er Crann on , , ,
t ai n o t he r s o f t he an ti M ac ed o n i an agit ator s De mo s
-
3 22 3 0 .
t he n es fl e d to t he t emp l e o f Po se i d o n o n th e i sl and of C al au r i a .
s t atu e i n bro n z e .
ad di n g up t h e qu aliti es i n w h i c h hi s c o n t e mp or ary H yp er e i d es
c h ar mi ng a m as t e r o f t h e p at h o s t hat w as s o t e ll i n g i n
,
i s ti CS
e p i d e i c ti c e loqu en c e ; De mo s t h en e s i s n o n e o f t hes e B ut yo u .
may add up all t hes e p oi n t s o f ex c e ll enc e and s till the gr eat n ess ,
Sh o o k th e ars en a l a d ful mi n d o v er Gr ee c e
’
, n .
a n d I s h a r e i n a l l th e emo ti o n s th a t s w a y th e mi n d of ma n .
1
O n the S u hl i me 3 4 .
2 On the [fl at/ H en ce f Demos then es
o 22 .
3 56 S H O RT H I ST O RY OF GREEK LITE RATUR E
ov e r w hel me d l i k e a sn ow stor m i n wi n t er 1
B u t h e i s i n fac t a .
, ,
r at es Abou t hi s ac tu al tr ai n i n g w e k n o w l i ttl e ex
.
,
o f l saeus 3
H e w as a c lo s e s tud en t o f T hu c y d i d es and i n th e
.
,
c an b e d e t ec t e d Th e o r atory o f De mo s t h en es i s n at u r ally r ai se d
.
hi s c h oi c e of w o r d s De mo s t he n es w as n o p uri s t li k e I s o c r ates
or Ly si as H e do es n o t avoi d c olloqui ali s m s an d r e fe r en c es to
.
I so c r at es .
1 11. III 22 2 .
th en es w as a p up i l of l ato
P .
3
N avarre , L a Rhétor i q ue Gr ecou e 168 ff
.
3 58 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F GR E E K L IT E RATU R E
so n of an ob sc ur e At h en i an sc h ool m as t er H i s m ot he r i f w e ar e
.
,
n i fi c an t o ffi c e bu t h e w as abl e to use i t as a s t ep p i n g s to n e to
,
-
ac c o u n t A t t he age o f t hi rty t w o ( 3 5 7 B C ) h e b eg an hi s p ol i ti
.
-
. .
c al c ar ee r b u t w e h av e n o r ec or d o f a sp eec h b e for e 3 4 8 w h en h e
, ,
as a su pp or ter o f M ace d o n an d as t h e ow n e r o f c e rt ai n es t at es
,
any r at e De mo s t h e n es ac c ou n te d for t h e m an d i n 3 4
5 h e p r e p ar ed
,
t h o se W h o se li fe w as i n fam ou s T he s p e ec h Aga i n s t Ti ma r ch u s
.
t h en es h i msel f c ame fo rw ar d to i mp e ac h A es c h i n es w ho sp ok e i n ,
sc or e ag ai n st A th en s by acc u s i n g h er i n t h e A mp hi c ty Embas s y
s tahl es . Yo u s ee w i th y o u r ow n eyes h o w th e h a r ho r th a t w a s
d evo ted to th e g od a n d l a i d u n d er a c u r se h as heen r ehui l t . No
o n e h n ow s het ter th a n y o u h ow they ex a ct por t d u es a nd mahe a
r even ue f r o m th a t s a c r ed h a r ho r . Thi s I s ai d , a n d much
A m phi c tyo n i c w ar .
at t ac k o n th e poli ti c al c ar e e r o f De mo s t h en es in C t es i ph on
,
al l t hi s s i n c e De m o s t h en es e n t e r ed pol i ti c s H e i s lik e o n e o f .
o f an y h o p e o f r ei nstat e m e n t at A th ens h e sp en t t he r es t o f hi s ,
l i fe i n teac hi ng .
al l th at h e p ubl i sh ed t h a t sh or t b ut bi tt e r c o n fli c t of s ix t ee n y ear s
b et w e en th e fri en d an d th e en e m y o f M ac ed o n I n ferior at al l .
p o i n t s to De mo s t h e n es h e h as c e rt ai n c h ar ac t e ri s ti c s t h at r emi n d
,
o n e o f an o r at or o f t he earl i e r fi ft h c en tu ry gro up An d oc i d es -
,
.
l
Ph i l o st rat us , Li ves o
f th e S oph i sts 2 1 6 , t el l s an a n e c d o e o f t A es c hi n es at
R ho d es .H e ha d g i ve n a l
pu b i c r e ad i n g f h s spe ec h Ag a i n st Ct iph on
o i es ,
w h er e u p o n t h e Rh o d i a n s r ex
p e ss e d t h e i r s ur pr i se t hat so b ri ll i an t a s p ee c h
w as d e f at e d
e ,
an d t h e i r d o u b ts of th e s an i t y o f t h A t h e n i an j u d ges
e Yo u :
w ou l d n ot w o n d er , s ai d A e sc h i n es, f y ou
z h a d h ea r d D emosth en es n za he his
p eech
s i n de
fen se .
3 6 2 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F GR E E K L ITE RATU R E
I n t h e p an i c aft e r th e b at tl e h e w as o n e o f t h e for e mo st to t ak e
m easu r es for th e safety o f t h e c i ty an d mad e c e r tai n ill eg al pro
,
M ac ed o n had b l i n d ed hi s ey es to the l aw s an d t he e x c u se w as
‘
H yp er ei d es hi s p oli ti c al ad he r e n t w as o n e o f hi s ac c us e r s
, ,
T he .
ex il e o f De mo s t h e n es p l ac ed hi m at t h e h e ad o f h i s p arty an d o n , ,
t he d eat h o f Al ex an d e r h e w as o n e o f t he m o st ac tiv e i n
ad vi si n g r es i s t an c e to A n ti pat e r i n w h at i s c all e d t h e Lami an w ar
A c om pl et e m an u sc ri p t o f H yp erei d es wi t h the sc ho l i aw hi c h w as
, ,
l id es a mer e n am e d e p en di n g o n t h e j u d gm e n t s o f t he G r ee k
, ,
an d Ro m an c ri t i c s an d t h e e v i d en c e o f so m e i n sig n ifi c an t fr ag
me n t s B ut i n 1 8 4 7 an d 1 8 5 6 the r e w er e d i sc ov er ed i n E gy p t
.
an d F or E ux en ippus an d th e famo u s F u n er al Or a ti o n sp ok e n
,
t h e Louvr e ac q ui r e d a p ap yr us c o n t ai n i ng t h e sp e ec h Ag a i n s t
A then og en es I n 1 8 9 0 t he B ri ti sh M us e u m ac q u i r ed t he p apy r us
.
t h e A th en ogen es an d t h e F u n er al Or a ti o n t h e l at t e r b ec ause , ,
e t i q u e t te of G r ee k fu n e r al s p eec h es t h i s i s t h e o n ly s u rvivi n g o n e
,
w h i c h t h e gr an d s tyl e o f D e mo s t h e n es wo ul d h av e b e en o u t o f
’
t hei r c l i en ts i n ex p eri en c ed i n affai r s to t ak e ov e r as w ell th e
,
‘
, , ,
sh o p t he sl av es
,
an d t h e d e b t s o f th e b usi n ess w h i c h
,
h e sai d , , ,
t h e vi c ti m to sig n th e c o n tr ac t an d s h e se c u r ed a sl av e gi rl as h er
,
s h ar e o f t h e p l un d e r Th e p l ai n ti ff s oo n fo u n d h i msel f l i abl e fo r
.
mo n d e .
hi s i mi t ator s r an k e d hi m fi r s t as a mo d el o f th e A t ti c man ne r .
C i c e ro br ac k e t ed h i m w i t h De mo s t h e n es an d w e hav e s e e n t hat ,
act io n. I n 3 3 8 he su c c e e d e d E u b u l u s as mi n i s t er of fi n an c e an d
publi c work s hol di n g t he o ffi c e fo r tw elv e y ear s
,
H e w as o n e o f .
t he mo s t u se ful o f al l At he n i an s tat es m e n an d u n d e r hi s ad mi n i s
“
n as i u m . H i s n am e i s for ev e r as so c i at ed wi th th e t h eat er o f
Dio ny su s w hi c h he c o m p l e t e d and ador n ed wi t h t h e m arbl e
t hro nes t h at s till surviv e an d the s t ag e buil d i ng s s til l to b e d i s
,
2
c e r n e d amo ng th e l at e r additio n s To o n e so d eeply r el igio us and
.
1 Cp F u n er a l Or ati on 1 3 w i t h I s ocr E v ag or as 6 5
. . .
2
Dorpfeld , D as Gr i ech i sche Theater 3 6 ff .
3 66 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F GRE E K L IT E RATU R E
d ig n i fi ed an d d ry o ft e n r efl ec t s t h e i n fl u en c e o f I so c r at es
, He .
l ac k ed t h e fl exibili ty o f H yp er ei d es an d w as n o pu ri s t i n hi s use ,
e loq u en c e .
C o ri n t h abou t 3 6 0 B C H e se t tl ed i n A t hen s as a . .
wi t h a l o n g l i st o f t i tl es Ag a i n s t D emos th en es Ag ai n s t A .
,
h ad b een r e mov e d .
B I B LI OGRAP HY
A esc n ms s
Co i s l i n za n us , l o th c en t .
, at Par i s , an d th e H el ms ta d zen s zs , at M o sco w .
II N S S th e C ll e c t i o ns f th
. ED I T I O . ee o o e O r at o r s . B r e mi , Z ii ri c h , 1 8 24 .
H n s l r L i p z ig 1 8 6 0
e e e , S c h ulz L ei pz i g
e , .
, , 18 65 . \V e i d n er , B e rl i n ,
1 8 72 .
Fr an k Le i p z i g ( 8 8 3
e, Gw at k i n L o n d o n
, .
, ,
1 8 90 . B l ass , z
L e i p i g, 18 9 7 .
DEI NARC H US 367
the Cr ow n ) .
I T E RATU RE A d am De od d
III . L .
, c . A es ch .
,
B erl i n , 188 2 . Ts c hi e d el ,
Q ua est A s h B er l i n 1 8 8 7 . e c .
, , .
I V T RA N S LAT I O N S
. F ra c i s L e l an d . n , .
V L EX I CO N . Pre uss Le i p z i g 1 8 9 6 .
, , .
D EM O STH EN ES
at l o re n c e
F .
II ED I T I O N S Al d us V en i c e 1 504 Re i sk e a d B ai t er a d S aupp i n
. .
, , .
,
n n e
O x fo d 1 8 4 1— 1 8 5 1 B l ass Le p z i g 1 8 8 9— 1 8 9 2 B ut c h r v o l I i n B hl zoth a
’
r , .
, i , . e , . z ec
O x on O fo r d 1 9 0 3
.
, S el ec t e d Or at i o n s W est erman n 7 th e d B r l i n 1 8 7 5
x , . : ,
.
, e , .
d an t B l ass 1 8 66 1 8 90
z- W ei l Pari s 2d e d i t i o n 1 8 8 3 Pal y an d San d ys
,
— .
, , , . e ,
P i a t O a ti
r v Camb ri d g e 1 8 7 5
e r On th C ow n
o n s, Si mc o O fo rd 1 8 7 2 ; , . e r x, x ,
W i l Par i s 1 8 7 7 ; Go o d wi n Camb ri d ge 1 9 0 1 Ag a i n t M i d i a : Go o d w i n
e , , , , . s e s ,
C ambri d g e 1 9 06 , .
, e ,
1 8 58 ; 2d c d 18 8 5 Cr o i s et D i d ee m a l d a n l él o p l t d D m
’
.
, .
, es s or es s o . o z . e e .
,
Pari 1 8 74
s, B o d e n d o ff D a Rhy th m G t d s D
. Kon i gs berg 1 8 8 0 r , s . es e z e en z .
, , .
B ut c h r D m th e ,
L nd on 18 8 1
e Ch r i st D i A tt u a u g a h d
os en es , D em o , .
, e zc s s e es .
,
B l ass i Rh i n M u s 3 3 Perro t i n l D ux ’
I 9 04 . Rii h l i h 3 4 n eu d . . . . . r ev e es e
N u j ah h 1 9 0 2 an d 1 9 04
e e r Di l s an d S ch ub art D i dy m s
.
, p i Ann a fté s . e ,
o 7r e o vo v ,
Lei p z i g 1 9 04 B éd i f D m sth n
, En g tran s b y M ac mah o n C hi c ag o 1 8 8 7
. r , e o e es , . .
, , .
G i ard i n Etu d e
r u l Ffl qu A tt i q u Par i s 1 8 74
s A d ams i n T a n s
s r
’
o en ce e, , . r .
A P A 32
. . C ar taul t D
. . a us a H a p a l a Par i s 1 8 8 1 , e c r zc , , .
I V T RA N S LA I I U N S L el an d C o ll i er
' ’
. . .
,
V L EX I C O N
. Pre uss I n d x D n th n i u s L ei p z i g 1 8 9 2
.
, e et os e c , , .
D EI N A RC H us
I . MA N U S C RI PT S . Th e sa me as fo r A N TI PH O N .
II . ED I T I O NS . S ee th e ll ect i o n
Co s f A tt i c O rat r
o M ae t o s . z n e r, Be rl i n ,
18 42 . l
Th a h ei m, B er i n , l 18 8 7 B l as . s, 2d d L i pz i g 1 8 8 8
e .
, e , .
H Y PE RE I D ES
l att er h al f t Th at of th e l gth c en . c o n t ai n i n g th e A th e n og en es ( d at i n g ab o u t
t he 2 d c e n t i s at Pari s i n t h e Lo uvr e an d e xc e pt fo r s o me sl i gh t f ag
.
, ,
r
.
amo ng th e Pe tr i e papyr i an d t h e P er sa e o f Ti mo t h e us i s th e o l d e s t e xt an t
, ,
II ED I T I O N S Fo ur s p e ec h es ar e i n cl u d ed i n Di d ot s c o ll e ct i o n f
. .
’
o
Or a t r es Atti ci Par i s 1 8 6 8
o B l ass L ei p z i g 2 d ed
,
18 8 1 ; 3 d ed
, 1 8 9 5 ( 1n .
, , .
, .
,
e l u d es al l s i x s ee c h es an d t h e
p f r ag ) Ag D emosth en es : ed p r i n e H arri s . . . .
, ,
Lo n d o n 1 8 4 8 B abi n gt o n Lo n d o n 1 8 50
, . B o ec k h H al l e F o r E ux , , .
, ,
en ipp us ed
p r i n e B abi n gt o n C amb ri d g e 1 8 5 3 ; S ch n ei d e w i n GOt t i n ge n
‘
. . .
, , , , ,
1 8 54 C o b et i n l ll n emosy n e 1 8 5 3 ; Co mpar e tt i Pi s a 1 8 6 2 F u n e a l O a ti o n
.
'
, , , . r r
ed p r i n e
. B ab i n gt o n C amb r i d g e 1 8 5 8 — 1 8 5 9 ; C o b e t L e yd en 1 8 5 8
.
, , Sa upp e , , , .
,
ed p r i n e
. Revi l l o u t Rev u e Egyp t 1 8 8 9
.
,
Keny o n i n Cl ass i cal Tex ts fr om th e
, ” .
P apy r i i n th e B ri t i sh M u se u m, L o n d o n ,
18 9 1 . W ei l i n R ev . d . Et ud es gr .
Kays er L ,
’
a r t or a to i r e, te s ty l e et l a l a ng u e d ’Hyp ér i d e i n M usée B eig e 2 .
LY CURGU S
I . MA N U S CRI PT S . Th e sa me as fo r A N T I PH O N .
II . ED I T I O NS . S e e th e C o ll ec t i o n s of A tt i c O r at o rs . Mel an ct h o n , VVi t
t e n b er g ,
1 54 5 . M aetzn er B erl i n , , 1836 . Ki essl i n g, H a
ll e, 18 4 7 . Re hd an t z
z
L ei p i g , 1 8 7 6 S c h e i b e , L e i p i g, 1 8 8 5 . z .
I I I L T E RATUR E . I
D ii rr bac h , L or a teu r Ly cu r g u e, Par i s , 1 8 8 9
’
. .
I V L E CO . XI N
F o r man , I n d ex A n d oc i d eu s, Ly c urg eus, D i n ar ch eu s, Ox
.
fo r d , 18 9 7 .
3 70 SH O RT H I ST O RY or GR E E K LITE RAT U RE
fo rm e d d ec i s io n s Pl ato an d X en o ph o n v ary i n th e ir pr ec i se c o n
.
n ew ed u c atio n an d th e me t h o d s o f t h e so ph i s t s I n t hat pl ay he .
he w as n o d oubt tol e r at ed as an od d i ty bu t h e c am e t o b e an
, , ,
c o n vi c ti o n t h at t h e y w e r e l ess qu al ifi e d for go v e r n m en t as r e ,
4 8 1 ; Sy mp os i u m 8 5
. . . .
2
F o r a t h o r o ug h an d sympat h et i c s i ft i n g o f t h e c h arg es ag ai n s t X an th i pp e ,
s ee th e n ot w ho ll y ri
se o us e s s ays o f Z ell e r, Z u r Eh r en r ett u ng d er X a n th ippe i n
h i s Vor tr a
fg e, L ei p z i g , 18 65 ; an d Gi l d ersl e eve, X a n th ipp e an d S ocr ates i n
E ss ay s an d S t u di es , B a i mo lt re , 1 8 90 .
SOC RATE S AN D T H E LE SSE R SO C RATI C S 3 71
s tat e n e it h e r se rv e d i t h i m se l f n o r ed u c at e d t ho se w h o d i d
, ; w ho
d e spi s ed or s e t hi s fac e ag ai n st the w hol e r an g e o f H ell eni c c ul
, ,
’
almo s t th e sam e t hi n g as a tr ai to r to o n e s s t at e ; fi n ally he w as a ,
th i s mig ht h av e b e en ig n or ed as me r e ec c en t ri c i ty ; w h at c oul d
n o t be forgiv en w as h i s su c c e s s w i t h t h e yo un g e r g e n er atio n ,
1
T hi r ty Tyran ts the gay an d bri ll i ant Al c ibi ad es w ho w as to av en g e
,
h i ms el f o n th e d e mo c r at s fo r hi s exil e by b e t r ayi n g A t h e ns to
Spar t a Pl ato t h e vi sio n ary ari s to c r at X e n op h o n th e soldi er o f
, ,
fo r tu n e wi t h hi s sl ac k n o tio n s o f t he d u t i es o f an A t hen i an I t .
ti c i an w ho h ad b ee n p ro mi n en t i n r esto ri n g t h e d e mo c r ac y bro ug h t ,
c ili at e hi s j u d g es o r to wi th d r aw fro m At h e n s H e w as c o n d e m n e d .
1 Th e l i t e rar y ac t i vi t y of C r i ti as h as b e e n o ve rs h ad o w e d
t r i et y b y hi s no o
as a fi e r c e o l i g ar c h .H e w r t e p o e try an d p r s e
o We h ave f ag me n t o f
o . r s
o l i t i c al l i f t w d r m d i d d l E ur i id e a n i n t h e i r r fl c t i ve e e
p e g e s
e ; o o a as e e y , pc
an d S p e c ul at i ve c h ar ac t e r ; an d a f w ho rt fr ag me nt s
e s f h i s Co n st i t u ti on s o ,
a t yp e o f h i s t o ry w hi c h h w as n e f th e f rs t t w r i t e
o e o i o .
3 72 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F G RE E K LITE RATU R E
i n hi s p hi lo so p h y o f l i fe t he e ss en ti al virt u es an d w er e to b e
, ,
g no mi c p o e ts an d i n hi s o wn g en e r ati o n w e fi n d i t a by p rodu c t
,
-
an d w as c o nte n t to h an g o n i t hi s w h ol e e t h i c al argu m en t w as ,
’
o n e o f hi s o w n will d o e s w ro n g Al l hi s di al ec ti c w as b en t
.
e n c e, p oli ti c s e d uc atio n an d c o n d u c t
, ,
H e s aw o n all si d e s t he .
as l aw by t h e l i fe of r easo n
, So i t w as th at h e w en t about d e
.
— t h at h e r mi sc o n d u c t w as B ut
s aw , d ue to i n t e ll ec tual c o n fus io n .
i t i s n o t so m uc h t h i s assu mp ti o n as hi s ac tu al d i al ec ti c al met h o d
t hat pl ac es So c r at es am o n g the mo st origi n al t h i n k e r s T he r h etori c .
1
an d th e fi x i ng of g en er al con ce p ts . It w as, of c ou r se ,
by th e
1
M etaphy s i cs 1 3 p , . 1 0 78 .
3 74 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F GRE E K LITE RATU R E
, ,
p r e
-
S o c r ati c p h ilo s op h ers Fro m t he El eati c s th e M eg ari an s took
.
Pr ac ti c al e t hi c s w e r e n egl ec t ed by t he sc h oo l o f M eg ar a b ut ,
so n o f an A t h e n i an fat h er an d a T h r ac i an s l av e A N T I STH E N ES w h o , ,
pl ay s a c o n s pi c u ou s p ar t i n t he Sy mpos i u m o f X en o
An t i s t h enes
p hon (4 2 2 Pl ato sn eer s at hi m as a l at e l ear n er
b ec au se h e w as n o lo n g er yo ung w h en he for sook r he tori c t o
j oi n th e So c r ati c c i r c l e H e t aug h t i n t h e gym n asi u m ou t si d e
.
o ge n es of Si n op e ( 4 1 2 3 2 3 B C —
) hav e hro w n i n to t he shad e t h e
. .
s op h i c wri ti n g s w h i c h w e r e c h i e fly d i al o gu es w ri tt en i n A t ti c
, ,
ti c t w o s pee ch es t h at s ur vi ve u n d e r t h e n ame o f A n t i s t h e n es Th ey ar e
.
o f th e ar ms o f A c h i l l es .
SOC RATE S AN D TH E LE SS E R SO C RAT I CS 3 75
m ai n c h a ac te
r ri sti c s of the C y n i c sc hool i ts i n si st en c e o n s el f ,
d ep en d en c e , o n vi rt u e as t h e o n ly goo d o n a r e tur n t o n at u r e , ,
A n ti sthen es .
I n t h e b e gi n n i ng o f th e t h i r d c e n tury B C B io n o f B o rys th e n es w h o . .
,
1
s at ir es t hat H or ac e t ell s u s w e r e bot h c o ar se an d wi tty T h ey .
P US t he fi r st o f t h e C yr e n ai c s C yr e n e had so far
A ri s t i p pus
.
, , ,
p ro d uc e d o n ly o n e w ri t e r o f an y n ot e Eugammo n , ,
li fe ev ery c o n di ti o n ev ery c ir c u ms t an c e w as b ec o mi n g ?
, ,
He
d e riv e d fro m So c r at es hi s i n t er es t i n e t hi c s bu t fo r th e So c r ati c ,
an d i n i ts p u r su i t h e w as e ag e r t o l e av e n o ex p eri e n c e n o s e n s a ,
’
is alway s a goo d an d t hat t o k n o w h o w to se l ec t o ne s pl e as u r es
,
s at i o n s man c an k n ow n ot h i n g an d t ho ug h t al l o t h e r r es ear c h es
,
1
Ep i stl es 2 . 2 . 60 .
2
Ep i s tl es I . I
7 . 23 .
3 76 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F G RE E K L IT E RATUR E
o f C yr en e bu t o f al l t hi s no t a g en ui ne li n e r e mai ns So far i n
,
.
,
t o Pl ato .
t hi r d c e n t u ry B C by Z en o h im s el f a p upil o f t h e m o st fam o us o f
. .
,
t he M eg ari an s Sti l p o ,
.
Z E N O w as Se m i ti c by d esc en t a n ativ e o f C i ti u m a P h o en i c i an , ,
hi s work s w h i c h w er e bo t h p h ilo s o p h i c al e x p ou nd i n g
, ,
z en o
hi s sy st e m an d c riti c al o n t h e p o e t s ,
O n hi s d eath ,
.
e w as su c c ee d e d by h i s di sc i p l e C LEAN TH ES o f
( ci r ca 2 6 0 B C
) h . .
S t o i c s an d t h e s t ud y o f logi c an d o f t h e l aw s o f n at u r e w hi c h
, ,
B I BLI OGRAPHY
SO C RAT ES
D Ei c h th al , S ocr a te et
’
n ot r e temp s , Pa i s, 1 8 8 0 r . B o utr o ux, S ocr a te f on d a teu r d e
mor a l e,
'
l a s c i en ce Par i s , 18 8 5 .
jo él D er , ech te u . d er X en op h o n t i sch e S ohr a tes ,
Ph i l .
X . V o l quar d s en , D as D a emon zu m d es S o cr a tes, Ki e l , 18 62 . F . W . H .
D ori n g , D i e L eh r e aes
’
S ohr a tes , M un i c h ,
189
5 .
N I CS TH E C Y
Gr a o u m ; an d t h e e d i ti o n by Wi n c k e l man n Z u ri h 1 8 4 2
ec r Dii mml e ,
c , . r,
A n ti th n i a H all e 1 8 8 2
s e B l ass i n A tt B
c , ed a mh i t II BION,
Fr agmen t s . . er s e .
i n Wac h s mut h S l l g ph u m g a um l i gu a
, L ei p z i g 1 8 8 5
i o ro RO S or r eco r re z e, , .
s i g n l F ag B n i
o , B y sth
r Par i s 1 8 3 0
. H e i n z e D H at i
i o s B i n ts or .
, ,
.
,
e or o o
i mi ta to Bo nn 1 8 8 9
r e, M EN I PPUS Fr agme n t s i n W ac hs mut h
, S ee und er
. .
B ION Wi l d en ow D e M n ippo Cy n i
. H all e 1 8 8 1 Z ell er i n S c at s
, e co, , . o r e
a n d th S ocr ati S h o l s
e En g tran s L o n d o n 1 8 8 5 c c o . .
, .
TH E C Y RE N A I CS
Th e rec or d s
t eac h i n g o f ar e co ll ec t e d i n M ull ac h
of th e Ari st i pp u s ,
F r ag P h i l os oph Gr a ec
. Wi el an d A i stipp us L e i p z i g 1 8 00 St e i n D e v i ta
. .
,
r , , .
,
A r i stipp i Gott i n ge n 1 8 55
, Z e ll er i n S ocr ates a n d the S ocr ati c S chool s En g
, .
, .
t r an s Lo n d o n 1 8 8 5
.
, , .
TH E EP I C U REAN S
Us en et , Ep i c u r ea , L ei p z i g , 1 8 87 Go mp e r z N eu e B r u c/zstu che Ep i h u r s, .
,
’
V i e n n a, 1 8 7 6 ; an d D i e Ueher r es te ei n es B u ch es v o n Ep zh u r , V i e n n a, 1 8 7 9 .
b y Rei c h e l , Lo n d o n , 18 70 .
TH E STO I C S
G er c ke , Ch ry s ipp ea i n j ah r h .
f . P h i l ol .
, 18 8
5 .
C H A P T ER XX
PLATO
’
ari s to c r at c l ai mi n g o n hi s fat h e r s s i d e d esc e n t from the A t h en i an
,
p o e ms an d j oi n ed th e c ir c l e of So c r at es d e t e r mi n ed to d ed i c at e ,
h ad vi si t e d At h e n s w it h i n t h e me mo ry o f So c r at es an d wi t h t h ei r ,
1
fam ili ar .
I n sh ort he w as t h e h e ir o f al l t h e t e n d e n c i es o f t h e pas t al l
, ,
1 Th e t mi s t i c p h i l s o ph y o f Le uc i pp us an d De mo c r it us i s
a o o n e ve r me n
t i o n e d b y Pl at — a s i n g ul ar mi ss i o n p s i b l y d ue t t h e g n e ral
o o ,
o s o e i n d i ffe r e n c e
o f t h e A t h e n i an s t o t h e s t u d i s o f t h e At mi t s
e o s .
3 79
3 80 S H O RT H I ST O RY OF GREE K LITE RATUR E
O n th e d e at h o f So c r at es i n 3 9 9 Pl ato l e ft A t h e n s an d afte r a vi si t , ,
an d t he wi s d o m of h e r pri es t s Duri n g a vi si t to C yr en e h e
.
,
an d p h y s i c s an d fo r hi s s t at es m an s h i p an d mi li tary g en iu s
,
Ar c hy .
p e r s o n o f t h i s r e m a rk a bl e m a n hi s i d e al o f a p h il o s op h e r at t h e
h ead o f th e st at e .H i s fi r s t j o u r n ey to S i c ily ( ci r ca 3 8 8 B C ) w as . .
Di o n y s i us w as fo n d o f li t e r at u r e an d h i m s el f wro t e tr ag ed i es .
s el f m ad e man w ho h ad ri se n to t he t h ro n e by hi s p e r s o n al e n e rgy
-
o f sc h ol ar s ag ai n st an ti qu i ty t hat i t n e v er o c c urr e d to a c o n
t e m po r ary A c ad e mi c i an suc h as Sp eu si ppus to wri t e a l i s t o f
, ,
’
Pl ato s work s i n c hro n ologi c al ord e r T hat si mpl e ac t woul d .
l
th ese hav e b ee n r ec og n iz ed by all as abov e su sp i c io n g uar an t ee d ,
h ow ev e r d w el l o n th e ec c en tri c i ti es o f a c ri ti c i s m w h i c h att ac k e d
e v e n t h e P a r men i d es an d th e S op hi s t s i n c e a mor e t e m p er at e ,
c e p te d Ap ol ogy E u thyph r o C r i to Ch a r mi d es L a ch es Ly s i s
, , , , , ,
1
Sc h aars c h mi d t ( 1866) a tt ac k e d t h e ge n u i n en e ss o f all b ut ni ne of th e
t h i rt y fi ve
-
d ia l ogu es . VVi n d el b an d ( 1 8 93 ) j
r e ec st t h e P a r me n i d es , S oph i st,
an d S tates ma n .
2 Th e [o n i s r ej e c t e d by Z e l l er , \Vil amo w i tz , S us e mi hl .
P LAT O 83
C r i ti a s , L aw s .
’
T hat the L aw s w as Pl ato s l at est work w e l ear n from Ari s totl e
that the Sy mp os i u m w as c o mp o s ed aft er t he d ivi s io n o f Ar c ad i a i n
3 8 4 B C an d t h at th e M en o fall s l at er t h an t he brib e ry
. .
,
Ch ron ol ogy
o f I s men i as by the P er s i ans i n 3 9 5 w e g at her fro m of t h e ,
i n t r nal evi d en
e c e
’
N 0 o e d o b ts t hat th e Ti maeus
n .u d i a1° g ues
?
r ac i e s of th e wri t e r s o f t h o se d i ss er tatio n s T he c h i e f j us tifi c a tio n
o f th e s t ati st i c al me t h o d i s t hat i t has d ev elo p ed n o gl ari ng
ab sur d ity ex c e pt i n d ee d t h e d ivi si o n o f th e R ep uhl i c i n to s tr at a
, , ,
3
s e p ar at ed by o th e r d i alog ues an d h as l e ft t h e L a w s i n i ts t r ad i
,
M en o P l at o s b o l d us e o f an ac h r o n i s ms i s o n e o f th e mi n o r c o mp l i c at i o n s o f
’
l t o n i c q u e ti o n
t he P a s .
2 L ut o s l aw k i ’
O ig i n a n d G w th f P l a t
s s r ro o o s
’
Log i c, Lo n d o n , t
1 8 9 7 , c o n ai n s
a g o d s ur y f t h e t at i t i al st ud y o f Pl at o an d is us e fu l as a w r k f re f
o ve o s s c o o
ere n ce i n p i t e o f t h t o o c o n fi d t n c l u i
,
s e en co s o ns o f i ts ‘
s tyl m try an d
o e
’
t he
fre q u n t mi s i t erpr t at i n f Pl at s t t
’
e n e o s o o ex .
Rep uhl i c .
3 84 SH O R T H I ST O RY O F G R E E K LITE RATU R E
’
c all ed So c r ati c bec ause th ey d eal wi t h t he So c rati c sear c h for
d efi n i tio ns fo r g en e ral c o n c e p t s fall e arly ; t h e p u r el y sc i e n ti fi c
, ,
, , ,
w e r e l at e w hil e t he r e i s a mi d d l e p e ri o d for w
,
h i c h t he R ep u bl i c
i s t h e mo s t i mp ort an t c o m po si tio n Fort unat ely i t m att er s l i ttl e
.
,
an d th e s ec i al s t u d e n t w h o t ak es u p t h e p robl e m o f s tyli s ti c
p _
op p o si n g s i d es .
e n d o f h i s t e ac h i n g th e go al o f w h i c h h e n ev e r l o s t sig h t i n all h i s
,
Et h i cs
pri n c i pl es o f a sc i en c e he tri ed to formul at e t he l aw s
,
I n t he Ck a r mzo os C r i ti as an d
’
’
w hat i s an d i s n o t to b e fear ed .
,
th at c h oi c e ig n or an c e of t h e ar t o f l i fe of t h e r e al n at u r e o f
, ,
h app i n ess .
,
d ec ad en c e . I n th e R ep u bl i c, as t h o ug h t o O ffse t th e p i c t ur e of
T huc ydid es ,
h e d esc ri b es j us t suc h an agr eeabl e , l awl ess, man y
c o mmo n w e alt h as t hat O f At h en s an d tur n s fro m al l
’
c olor ed ,
Lac ed ae mo n th e ho m e o f d i sc i p li n e an d s el f d en i al wi t h i ts
,
-
o f t he s t at e an d for Pl ato t h er e c o ul d b e n o w el l o r d er e d c o m
,
-
m un i ty i n w h i c h th e r ul er s w er e n o t p hilo sop he r s .
'
R ep ub l i c l eavi ng n o t on e s to n e u p o n an ot h e r o f th e A t h en i an
c o n s t ituti o n w e s e e ho w c om p l et ely h e w as o ut O f s ym pat h y wi t h
,
hi s t i m es wi t h At h en i an i d eal s an d am bi ti o n s w it h th e w hol e
, ,
o n e may t u r n t o t h e
1
thoug h t h ey w er e n o t all origi n al w it h Pl ato ,
1
E g H er o d 4
. . . 1 04 h ad d es c ri b ed th e co mmun i t y o f w o me n amo n g t h e Aga
thyrsi , d esi g n e d to sec u e r h armo ny an d t o mak e b ro t h e r s o f t h e t r ib esmen
’
.
P LAT O 387
by d i al ec ti c to gr asp t he n at ur e o f r eal ex i s t en c e an d p e r su ad ed , ,
’
fo r t hei r c ou n try s goo d to t ur n fro m t he i r philo so phi c al pu r suit s
,
’
l awy e r the b est l egi sl ator Pl ato s e th i c al i d eal s n ev er v ari ed
,
.
,
an d i n th e L aw s he r ei t e r at es th e mai n t h es i s o f th e R ep ubl i c ,
th e c oi nc i d e n c e o f j u sti c e an d h ap p i n ess B ut he r ec og n iz e d i n
.
p rogr es s as t h o ug h h e w e r e o rg an izi n g a mo n as t e ry .
y
all ki n d s as t he r e ar e alw ay s t eac h e r s o f al l ki n d s bu t
,
to th e ,
s oPh i S t S
t houg h Pl ato mig h t r esp ec t i nd ivi d u al s amo ng t he m h e ,
n ev e r w av e r e d i n c o n d e mn i n g t h e s o p h i s ti c i d e al O f ed uc ati o n as
c o mp li m e n t o f r e p r o d uc i n g t h e i r brilli an t r h et o ri c an d frankly ,
al l t h e asp ec t s o f so ph i s ti c t h e p r e t e n s i o n t o o mn i sc i e n c e t h e
, ,
s o ph i s t s c l ai m t hat h e c o ul d t al k d o w n any e x pe rt by s h e e r
’
3 8 8 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F GR E E K LITE RAT UR E
1
i ng en ui ty o f sp e ec h t he l o n g se t sp eec h es by w h i c h h e avoid ed
,
t he e mo tio n al s i d e Th e p o e t i n as mu c h as h e d iv e rt e d m e n s
’
.
,
’
su bj ec tivi ty O f so p h i s ti c e t h i c s th e s op h i s t s ac c ep t an c e o f c o n ,
l an g uag e to w h i c h t h e Z en o n i an d i al ec ti c h ad d eg en er at ed he
, ,
as I so c r at es h e i n s i s t ed t h at at i ts b es t i t w as me r e ly a br an c h
'
, , ,
2 ’
o f t he l esso n s o f t h e P /zo eo r w .
3
r i c i an o r s o p hi s t
,
To th e H er ac l e it ean fl u x an d t he r el ativi ty
.
’
obj ec tiv e ty pe an en ti ty mo r e r eal t han the r eal t hi ng t hat c an
,
4 52 E .
2
Th e re a l ti o ns o f P l at o an d I so crat e s h ave b e e n l
e n d e ss l y d i sc us s e d si n c e
( En g .
3
Cr a zy /us 3 8 9 , 44 0 B .
3 90 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F GREE K LITE RATUR E
l
ph en om ena i n th e vi sibl e worl d The di al ec ti c i an i s ai d ed by
.
2
ceflce t hat al l k n owl ed g e i s r ec oll ec ti o n I n t he Pli o e/l r us h e .
To d esc rib e the I d eas zoi l /zou t col o r zo i l /zo u t f omn i n fu ngi bl e
, , , ,
’
vi s i bl e o nly l o the i n tell i gen ce ( R/za en r u s 2 4 7 ) w as as Pl ato k n e w , ,
A ll the gr eat i m p r ess iv e myt hs t hat d eal w i t h the I d eas and the
’
fate o f th e soul are p ut i n the m out h of So c r at es I n th e Pluzeo o .
c io n s s t o n es i t s ov e r ar c h i n g am pl e r aet h er an d wi t h a g eo gr ap h y
, , , ,
’
n o t u n l ik e t h at o f Dan t e s E ar th ly P ar adi se
3
tell s O f th e p l ac e o f ,
1
R ep 50 8 ff
. .
2
M en o 8 0 ff .
’
P/i a eo o 7 2 ff Rb a ea’
. f u s 24 9 .
t h e B l esse d an d th e me ad ow w he r e t h e j u d g es M i n o s R had a
, , ,
( 6 1 4— 6 2 1
) yi s e t a n o t h e r p i c tu r e o f t he mead o w o f th e j u dg men t
’
o f th e Rbo eo r us ( 2 4 6 — 2 5 7 ) i s d evo ted to lov e w hi c h i s d esc rib ed ,
B eau ti ful an d th e G o od
,
B ea u ty i l self br i g/i l l) » s /zi n i ng i t w as
.
, ,
i l /zo u z s h a d ow f cb a ng e Tl i ese fi l i ng s o u r s o ul s be
‘
n a fur o, zer o .
b l
e o
’
i n p u r e l n l , i /zemsel ves bei ng p u r e a n d zo i /l zo u t i bl e ma r k of
l /zi s w /zi cl i w e call bo rly , a n d n o w ca r ry a bo u l w i l l : us , as l be fi s /i
ca r r i el l z f bi s s /zel l
l /i e p r i s on h o use o .
Th e Pl ato n i c my t hs w h i c h who k n ow e t h n o t to b e fl ow er s O f
,
’
o e t ry d i d n e v e r w a lk i n to A pollo s g ar d en t h o se p assag es fo r
p ,
’
Pl ato n i c di al ec ti c and t he sc i e nti fi c d ri ft o f Pl ato s t eac h i ng .
i sts d e b at ed wi th t he N o mi n al i s ts w ho op p o se d t o t h e Pl at o n i c
,
s etti n g an d c h ar ac te r s O f t he pi ec e for th e p i c t ur e o f t h e w e ll
,
’
sc e n ts t hat hau n t t h e P /zaeo r us I n hi s O l d age l o n g ex p o si ti o n s
.
gr ew m or e fr equ en t wi t h Pl ato I n th e L a w s he s ee ms to r e t ai n
.
ot he r n o te o f c h an g e i s t hat i n t he l at es t d i alogu es So c r at e s i s no
lo n g er th e c hi e f s p eak er ; i n the L aw s hi s pl ac e i s t ak en by an
’
‘
A th en i an s tr ang er w ho i s p er h ap s m ean t fo r Pl at o h i m se lf
,
.
c ri ti c s w ho r ec og n iz e d i n Pl at o o n e O f th e fe w mast e r s o f the gr an d
l ’
say s i n t h e L o w s h e wro t e s p eec he s v e ry l i k e p o e try an d i n
,
‘
,
’ 2
t h e P b o eo r us h e for estall ed h i s c ri ti c s by ridi c ul i n g hi s o w n
t en d e n c y to b ec o m e d i t h yr ambi c i n mo me n t s o f ex al t atio n What .
’
th e w ri ter s o n r h e tori c p rob ably fo rgo t i s Pl ato s fo n d n ess fo r ,
1 2 2
811 .
3 8 , 24 1 .
3 94 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F G R E E K LITE RATURE
s
p un i n th e w eb o f t/zei r f ate on tl ze d ay o f tbei r bi r t/i . B ut f or
t/zee, D i o , w i d e w er e t/i e b opes tb a t tb e g od s s /zow er ed d ow n as
fi er i ng f o r
o vi cto ry . And n ow tl zo u l i es t i n
B I B LI OGRAP HY
18 9 1 . Th e Cl a r b i a n u s ( B odl ei a n u s Ox o n i en s zs ) , 9 t h
or c en t . A D . .
,
fo u n d i n
180 1 in a mo n as t ery on Pat mo s, i s at O xfo r d ; i t c o n t ai n s 24 d i al o g u es . The
P a r i s i n us, 9 th c e n t at Pari s , c o n t ai n s 1 4 d i a o g ues an d t h e Letter s Th e l .
( T) ,
1 2th cen t at V e n i ce, t
c o n ai n s 3 1 d i al o g ues F o r a co mpl et e c at a .
II ED I T I O N S E d p i n e Al d us V en i ce 1 5 1 3 St ephan u s Pari s 1 5 78
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i / t d P l a t Li t 1 8 74
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,
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Par i 189 3
s, B o n i t z P l a t n i lz
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S u emi hl D o sc e zen , e n ,
. s , i e
g n ti c/ e E n tw i k l u ng d P l a t R/i i l s
e e s i L ei p z i g 1 8 5 5
c Pfle i d ere S ob tes
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1 A n tb P a l 7 9 9 . . . .
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G o mp er z , C r ee/é Tb i n ber s, vo s l . II
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5 .
L ut o s l aw k i s , Tb e Or ig i n
’
a n d Gr ow t/z of Pl ato s L og i c, Lo n d o n , 1 8 9 7 . M et
t auer , De P l a t sc/i ol zor u m .
fon ti bus Z uri c h , ,
18 80 . S o c h e r, Ueber P l a to n s
S c/zr zfte n , 1 8 20 . Uebe r w eg , Un ter s u c/i u ng en , 18 6 1 . Kr o h n D ze P l a to n i sc/ze
,
f ra
g e, 1 8 78 . Pe i p e rs, O n tol og i a P l a ton i ca , 18 8 3 . Di tt e n b erg er i n H er
mes 1 6 . S c han z i n H er mes 21 . Ri tt er , Un ter s u c/i u ng en , 18 8 8 . S h o r ey i n
A .
j . P .
, X , X I II , X VI . J ac k so n in o
f P .
,
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i n H er mes 3 5 Pat er, P l ato a n d Pl ato n i s m, Lo n d o n , 1 8 9 2 S h o rey i n C/i i c ag o
. .
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'
z
S t ew art , T/ze M y l /zs of P l ato, L o n d o n , 1 9 05 . .
IV . LE X I CA
M i t c h e ll I n dex Gr aec i t P l ato n i ca e O xfo rd 1 8 3 2
. A st ,
, .
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V . TRA N SLAT I O N S . F i c i n us , F l r
o en c e, 14 8 3 ( Lat i n ) . J ow ett , Lo n d o n ,
3d cd .
, 5 vo l s 18 9 2 .
, . Sy mp os i u m b y S h e l l ey ,
Lo n d o n , 1 8 40 .
C H A PT E R X X I
A RI STOT L E
t h e r e i s n o t r ac e A t A t h en s h i s g uar d i an w as a c e rt ai n Prox en u s
.
,
r eac hed matu ri ty Ari sto tl e r emai n ed the fai t h ful p u p il o f Pl ato
, ,
n o t br eaki n g aw ay from t h e A c ad e my i n s pi t e o f h i s o w n i n d e ,
My s i an c o as t U n d e r t he pat ro n ag e o f H erme i as h e sp en t t hr e e
.
1
Th e mai n fac ts an d da t es of A ri st o t l e s l i fe
’
ar e g i ven c o n c i se l y by D i o n ys .
’
o f Ari st otl e i s as un mi s tak abl e as P l at o s
, .
by C i c e ro i n th e H or ten s i us .
ari se s.
‘
ov er an d ad d ed to by A ri s to tl e hi msel f an d p e r haps by m e mb e r s ,
Th e o n m e t h o d w e r e c all ed by th e l ate r P e ri p at e ti c s th e
l
’
Org an on O rg a n o n tool o r O f th e gr eat
s y s t e m of logi c w h i c h he p l ann e d bu t d i d n o t c o mpl et e w e hav e
ti me (r e) an d t h e r e s t O f th e famo us T e n T h e Topi cs o n .
,
d i sc uss e s d i al e c ti c an d h as a s eq u e l i n t h e S op/zi s ti ci E l en cl i i
,
‘
( S op/zi s ti c R cyu ta ti o n s ) s t ud i es i n eri s ti c rath er t han d i al ec ti c
,
.
t/ze S by ( c o m mo n ly k n ow n as t he D e C uel o) he d i s
'
t he n at ur e of the h e av en s an d th e mo tio n O f th e p l an e ts I n th e .
th e p r ese n c e o f s o ul i n all t h i ng s t h at h av e li fe i n c l ud i n g pl an t s , ,
an d th en d e v e lop s hi s o w n th e ory o f B e i n g H e r ej ec ts t he Pl a .
of th e ab s ol u t e P l at o had l e ft th e m u nan sw er ed an d t h ey w er e
.
, ,
i n fac t u n an sw e r abl e
,
.
’
di ti o n wit h the n am e o f A ri s to tl e s so n w ho di ed as a ,
Th e Et h i c s
y ou t h
yet may hav e l iv ed lo n g e n o ug h to e d i t th ese
,
t h e c h i e f goo d t h e en d an d ai m of al l h u m an ac tio n
,
T he r e .
’
r e m ai n ed Ari s to tl e d i d n o t o f c o u r se ac c e pt Pl ato s G oo d c o n
.
, ,
c e i v e d as a tr an s c e n d e n t al I d ea H e poi n t ed ou t t h at i t c o ul d b e .
l
an i n d e p en d e n t e xi s t en c e I t w as h e t ho ug h t a po e ti c al ab s tr ae
.
, ,
t io n O f n o us e to t h e p r ac ti c al man fo r w h o m h e h i m se l f s u ppl i ed
, ,
of ti me bu t f o r a co m l ete or
a c a s u al p er i o d p, p erf ect l ifeti me B u t .
b e l i ves ?
fro m t he s t an d p o i n t of mo d er n u til i t ari an
Sp en c e r , 3
’ ’
ethi c s br ac k e t s tog et h er Ari st otl e s an d Pl ato s c o n c ep tio n s O f
,
i n as su mi n g an i d eal go o d 4
A ri s totl e h ad b e for e hi m an aud i en c e .
s u m es s uc h a k n owl ed g e es p e c i ally i n t h e E tl zi cs w h er e h e w as ,
1
E l b i es I .
4 .
2 E t/zi cs 1. 10 . VV ell d o n s
’
t ran s l ati o n .
3 D a ta f
o E t/zi cs 13 .
4
Fo r a d i sc u ss i o n of th e w h o l e q ue s t i o n of th e Go o d as e n vi s ag e d b y Pl at o
an d Ar i s t o t le , s ee S h o r ey, T/ze I d ea o
f Good i n P l at o
’
s Rep u bl i c .
40 2 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F GREE K LIT E RATUR E
an d ch ildr en p oi n ti n g
,
o ut th at ,
u n d e r tho se c o n d i ti o n s t her e ,
wo ul d b e b ut a d i lu t ed
affec tio n to bi n d t h e c i tiz e n s tog et h e r .
of s u c h an e mp i r e as t hat c o n c e iv ed by Al ex an d e r H i s i d eal i s .
s u c h c i ty s t at e s t h at h e i s i n t e r es t e d i n su mmi n g u p an d h e e i t he r
-
,
d i d n o t s ee o r i g no r e d t he fac t t hat t h ei r d ay i n G r e ec e w as ov e r .
Th e ed u c at io n o f th e c i tiz en w as o n e of t he m ai n to p i c s B ut .
Ed ucat i on
What h e had t o say o n th e trai n i n g of th e bo d y w e
h av e i n full an d h i s i d eas o n m us i c as a m ean s i n th e e du c atio n
,
o f c har ac te r 1
B ut o f t h e e d u c atio n O f t h e mi n d t h e r e i s n o t a
.
an d p h y si c s w e r e t h e favori te s t u d i es of t h e Ly c eu m Pl ato h ad .
’
p ri so n e r s o f w ar m u st n ev e r b e so .d egrad e d Ari s totl e s at ti tud e .
j u s t i c e o f sl av e ry to b e o p en to d i sc u ss i o n an d b eset w i t h d i ffi
3
c ul ti es w hi c h h e r evi e w s at l e ngt h
,
B u t h e t h o ug h t sl av ery j us ti .
1 P ol i ti cs 8 .
p l ay O f Epi at f 1 1 ( K k ) Pl at o an d hi l d esc r i b e d
2 sch o o
In a cr es , r . oc , s ar e
as be n d i n g al l t h e i r e e rg i s t o t h d e fi i t i o n o f a g o ur d
n e e n .
3
P o l i t i cs 5 6
1 — .
.
A RI ST O T LE 4 03
P oli ti cs that h e m ad e hi s d es c ri p ti o n s o f C o n s ti tu ti o n s 1 5 8 i n n u m ,
d i sap p e ar ed w i t h o n e e x c e p tio n
,
A portio n o f th e Co ns ti tuti o n
.
A t h en s
t hat w e n o w hav e the w o rk al m o s t en tir e The ed i ti o .
T hi s t r ac t h ow ev e r si n c e i t c o n c e r n ed a s t at e o f w h i c h h e w as a
, ,
l ik e H e ro d ot us or T h uc y d i d es and t hi s i s n o m o nu m en t o f hi s
,
to r i c al r e se ar c h
. H e assu mes a k n o wl e d g e o f h i s tory i n hi s r ead e r s
an d d r aw s o n th e p o ems O f Sol o n t h e h i s tori es o f H e ro d o tu s an d ,
T hu c y d i d es an d th o se A t ti c c h ro n i c l e r s w ho l ik e H el l an i c us wro t e
, , ,
e ac h hi s A tt/i i s o r c h ro n i c l e s o f At h e n s i n t h e fo urt h c en t u ry
, , .
1
Ke n yo n Lo n d o n
, .
4 04 S H O RT H I ST O RY OF G RE E K L ITE RATU R E
s e n at e t h e magi s tr at e s t h e l aw c o urt s :
,
I n t he P ol i ti cs he show e d
,
ho w l it tl e O f all t hi s h e ac c e pt ed fo r hi s i d eal c i ty T he d at e of .
Th e P oeti cs i s a c ri ti c al d o c u m en t w hi c h i n t he si x teen th ,
se v en t e en t h an d eig h t e en t h c en t u ri e s b ec ame t h e c an o n o f d ra
,
Th e P oet i cs
h as s urviv ed an d t h at w i t h m an y al t e r at io n s an d m u ti
,
h e ig n o r es n o d o u bt b ec au se h e w as i n d i ffe r en t to i t
,
H e p ro c eed s .
ki n d s bei ng f o u n d i n s ep a r a te pa r ts of tb c pl ay ; i n tb e f o r m of ac
ti o n , f n a r r a ti ve ; t/i r oug/i p i ty a n d fea r ej ecti ng tb c p r oper
n ot o
u rg a ti o n of t/zes e emo ti o n s
?
T h s i x p art s O f tr ag ed y ar e Plo t
p e ,
T ho ug h t Sc en e ry So n g H e w o ul d h av e b ee n n o G r ee k had he
, ,
.
2 c . 6 . B ut c h er
’
s tran sl ati o n .
40 6 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F G RE E K L ITE RATUR E
t h at a c ri ti c O f t he d r am a w ho n e v er d r e ame d o f su c h an ap pari
c ri ti c i s m w as i n d eed n o t i n hi s l i n e so mu c h hi s d eafn e ss to G r ee k
,
o f no n ew t y p es ; h i s t r eati se i s u n fi n i sh ed and i n t h e ro ug h es t ,
an d h e i s bot h i ng e n io us an d j u s t H i s t er mi n ology an d d efi n i
.
u i n e ) r e m ai n u n al t e r abl e an d o f r eal v al ue .
’
follow s Pl ato s hi n t i n the P /za ed r us O f t he n eed o f p sy c h ology as
t h e b asi s O f r h e t ori c an d an alyz es th e p assi o ns h abi t s an d t ast es
, , ,
'
S ee S pe n g el , Evva y w yi) r ex w bv, St uttgart,
1 ' '
1 8 28 N avarr e, L a R/zétor zgu e
Gr ec oue a va n t A r i state, Pari s, 1 9 00 .
A RI ST O T LE 407
r h et o ri c al
‘
étho s fo r me n O f d i ffe r e n t ag es an d c o n ditio n s may
’
t o o k h i s Fo ur Ag es o f hu man li fe T h ro ug h ou t or atory i s t h e
.
,
pr ai s ed — u u u an d u u u t he l atte r for th e e n d o f a c l au s e In .
’
an d
‘
p ropri e ty are l ab el s that h e d e vi sed an d h e has mu c h to say ,
g e n tl e man ly .
’
As early as th e S ix teen th c en tu ry i t w as r ec og n iz e d th at th e
R /zeto r i c to A l ex a n d er w h i c h h as c o me d ow n u n d er the n ame of
,
Th e k n e w h o w lo ng to mak e a l e tt e r w h at to pi c s w e r e su i t ,
b eyo n d q uestio n .
sp i r e d A ri s to tl e t o c o m o s e an e igr am an el e gi ac q uatr ai n to b e
p p ,
t i n gen ,
18
56 . I pfe l k o fe r , Di e R/i etor zb d es A n ax i men es \V ur z b u r g 1 8 8 9 ,
/
, .
2
D eme tri us , O n S ty l e 23 0 ff
.
3
B e rgk , / r 6 . .
4
Ep i gr a mm, u . S k ol i on 4 2 .
4 10 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F G R E E K L ITE RATUR E
’
h as r e l atio n to the u n iv e r se no t l ik e Pl ato s G o d a c r eativ e
no , , ,
a n d to l za ve a p l eas u r e t/i a t i s a ll i ts ow n , f
i thi s i s s o, I s ay
i t is evi d en t t/za t i t i s i n tl i i s a c ti vi ty tl za t w e
fi f ff s /za ll n d s el -s u
a bl e to l i ve tbi s l if e bu t o n ly so f a r a s b e l za s a d i vi n e el emen t i n
,
l
n ess , w i ll be sp ec u l a ti ve .
g e nu i ne d i sc ov e ri es an d arrivi n g at c o n c l usi o n s t h at ar e v al i d to
,
?
d ay . H e w as i n fac t t h e c r eato r o f N atur al Hi s t ory
, ,
1
E t/zi cs 1 0.
7 7 8
.
— . B ur n et
’
s tran sl at i o n .
2
O sb o r n i n F r om Me Gr eeks to Da r w i n h as rt ai n p ass ages fro m co ll ect ed ce
A ri st o t l e to pro ve th at h e h ad s ub st an ti al l y t h e mo d e r n c o n c e p t i o n O f t h e
Evo l uti o n o f l i fe fr m a pri mo r d i al so ft mass o f l i vi ng matt e r to th e mo s t
o ,
p e r fe c t fo r ms an d t h at e ven i n t h es e h e b e l i e ve d Evo l ut i o n w as i n c o mp l e t e
, ,
a n d i n t h e l i vi n
g w o rl d i s a p e r fe c t l y l o g i c al o n e an d h i s c o n s e q ue n t r ejec t i o n
, ,
o f t h e h y o t h e si s o f th e s u rv i v a l o f t h e fi tt est a s o un d d e d uc t i o n fr o m h i s O w n
p
l i mi t e d k n o w l e d g e O f n at ure It s e ms per fe c t l y c l ear t h at h e p l ac ed al l un d er
. e
w o u l d h av e b e e n th e l i t era l pr o ph e t o f Darw i n i sm
”
.
A R I ST OT LE 41 1
p h y s i c s ,
m e tap hy s i c s e t hi c s p oli ti c s
,
r h e tor i c,
an d li t e r ary c r i ti , ,
H i s c o n c e p ti o n o f l i fe i s l es s sy mp ath e ti c to us t han Pl at o s
’
,
’
t h e pr ac ti c al p h ilo s o p h y of Pl ato w as n o t A ri s totl e s To r eo r .
a n i z e h u m an li fe w as n o t hi s ambi tio n B ut to m ak e c an o n s an d
g .
c at egori es to b ri n g i n t o o r d e r al l t h e ac c um ul at e d work s of t h e
,
c al t hi n ki n g an d k n owi n g t h i s w as t h e t as k o f h i s l ife an d i n th i s
,
h e s u c c e ed e d .
S tyl e
I n t he Si n gl e e x tan t
’
sp eec h ad mi r ed by C i c e ro .
hi s s tyl e i s se v er e u n ad or n e d w i t h p o e ti c wor d s an d lu c i d an
, , ,
?
i n g h e h as o n ly ri d i c ul e B ut h e ow ed m u c h to I s o c r ates an d ,
1
Th e wo d r i t se l f is , h o w eve r, l at er t h an Ar i t t l e 9 Rh s o . etor ic 3 . 1.
3 Cp C i c e ro , Or ator 6 2,
. Ar i st o t e l es I s c ate m i psum l ac e ss i vi t
o r .
41 2 S H O RT H I S TO RY O F GR E E K LITE RATU R E
h i s work s w e r e tr an s l at e d i n to Lati n I n t he s ix t h c en t u ry A D . . .
c ommen t a N eo Pl ato n i s t H e l e ft A t h en s i n 5 2 9 w h en t h e
-
.
101 3
A c ad emy w as c l o s e d by the ed i c t o f J us ti n i an H i s .
B I B LI OGRAP HY
I MA N USC RI PT S
. . Th e r e i s n o si n g e co l mpl et e man usc ri pt o f Ari st o tl e . Fo r
th e P oeti cs an d Rh eto r i c t h e b es t i s th e P a r i s i n u s, I O I h o r 1 1 t h c en t . F acsi mi le
r
P a i s, L e r o ux ,
189 1 . Phy s i cs , l lI etaphy s i cs , H i sto r y of A n i ma l s, e t c . : P ar i
s i n u s , 1 2 th c e n t . M etaphy s i cs : L a u r en ti a n u s, 1 2th c e n t Org a n on .
: M ar
c i a n us , l o th c e n t . Co n sti t u t i on o
f A th en s p apyr i at B e rl i n an d t h e B ri t i s h
M useu m e n d o f th e i s t o r b e gi n n i ng
, l o f t he 2d c en t A D Fac si mi e . . .
Ke n yo n L o n d o n 1 8 9 1
, P ol i ti cs man usc ri pt s o f t h e 1 4 th an d 1 5t h c e n t
, . .
,
at Par i s an d M i l a n a n d t h e L at i n v ers i o n s o f B r u n i 1 5 t h c e n t
, an d Wi ll i a m ,
.
,
O f M o e rb ek e 1 3 t h c e n t ,
.
II . ED I T I O NS . l e d by B ekk r 14 9
5
—1
49 8 . B er i n . e
an d B r an d i s 1 8 3 1 — 8 70 ; v o l s I — l V t ext L at i n t an s s c h l i a ; v o l V P ag an d
5 , .
, ,
r . o .
,
r
pag es o f t h e B er l i n ed i t i o n D i d o t e d b y Dii b n er a d o th er s Pa i 1 8 4 8 1 8 74 n r s, — .
. .
, ,
T e ub n e r e d ( un fi n i sh e d ) by A p el t B l ass S use mi h l C hr i st R
. an d o t h e , . , ,
o se, rs .
S pe ci al e d i ti o n s . Org a n o n ’
Po s t e , L o n d o n , 18 66 ( w i th D e Ca ci a s Pr an t l , L ei p z i g , 18 8 1 . De
Col o r i bu s, et c . : Pr an tl , Lei p z i g ,
18 8 1 . P hy s zc a ‘
. Pr a n t l , L e i p i g , 1 8 7 9 De z .
A n i ma : B i e h l , L ei p i g, 1 8 8 4 ; Tr en d e e n b ur g, z l l
B er i n , 1 8 77 M etaphy s i cs : .
Pa ri s , 18 9
7 . E u d emi a n Ethi cs S use mi hl , L ei p z i g , 1 8 84 . [Mag n a M or a l i a
S us e mi hl an d Hi c ks , B oo ks 1— 5, Lo n d o n , 1 8 94 . N ew man , vo s l . 1 — 2, Ox
fo rd , 18 8 7 ; l
3 4 , 1 9 02
vo s Co n st i tu ti on of A then s
.
— ed
p r i n c , Ke n yo n ,
. . .
L o n d on , 1 8 9 1 ; V an H e rw er d e n an d V an L e eu w e n , L e yd e n , 1 8 9 1 ; S an d y s
C H A PT E R X X I I
A LEX AN D RI AN L I TERATUR E
o u si e s O f t h e G r ee k s t at es t h e H e ll e n i c s p i ri t woul d fi n d a wi d e r
,
v en tur er Al ex an d ri a mig ht n ev er h av e b ec o m e t he c en t e r o f th e
,
hi s pat ro n ag e w e r e P hi l e tas o f C o s t h e fo un d e r o f Al e x an d ri an
e l egy E uc l i d th e g e o me t e r St il po of M e g ar a t h e p h ilo so p h e r an d
, , ,
4 14
C A LLI MA C HU S 415
4 7 B C i t i s s ai d to hav e c o n tai n ed
. .
,
vol um es Z eno d o tus .
,
c ri ti c al an d p hilologi c al s tu d i es o f th e tr e asu r es u n d e r hi s c ar e .
o n e w ho s i n g s b ec au se h e mu st th e o th er s s i n g b ec au se t hey c an .
say s Ti mo n of Phli us
1
scr i bbl ers on p apy r us en dl ess ly s qu a bbl i ng
, ,
all ach us
T her a i n the sev e n t h c en tu ry H i s d esc ent fro m B at
,
.
an d imi t at ed hi m C al li m ac hu s i s
’
,
B atti ad es so t hat lik e Pi n d ar , , ,
1 2 0 B C
3 . .
4 16 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F GR E E K LIT E RATU R E
H i s tr ag e di es hav e go n e the w ay o f hi s p ro se .
’
I f you w an t , say s M arti al wri ti n g abou t 9 5 A D to a fri en d to
,
. .
,
‘
1
B ut th i s w as a c ri ti c i s m o f th e l eg e n d s t hat C alli mac hu s
’
c hus .
h ad c h o se n r at he r th an o f th e t o n e o r m an n e r o f th e p o e m
,
It .
‘
Avoi d th e sen ti men t al p o ets l ik e m y sel f an d C alli mac hu s say s ,
’
O vi d i n h i s C u r e f or L ove s i ch n ess
?
H e r e w e may su ppo s e t hat
-
he r e fe rr e d to the C a u s es ( AZ— r m
) I t w as a c ol l ec ti o n o f ro m an
.
1
Ep ig ra m
s 1 0. 4 .
2
75 7 ff .
4 18 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F G R E E K L ITE RATU R E
A thene as sh e
b ath ed i n t he w ater s o f H eli c o n an d h ow for th i s ,
mo r p hoses l
Th e Hy mn to Z eus d e sc rib es the bi rt h O f
.
t h e go d i n A r c adi a wi t h al l t h e at t en d an t m ir ac l es
, B ut C al l i ma .
p h oses
?
T h is i s th e s t ory o f t h e i m pi ou s E ry s i c h t h o n w h o hav , ,
ti n e A n th ol ogy -
T h ey i n c lu d e ep i tap hs d ed i c atio n s d esc ri ptio n s
.
, ,
al l t h e h ac k n ey e d t h e m es O f o e try al l i fa c t t h at h e c o u l d n ot
p n ,
hi s t i m e s giv es e v e n t h i s e pigr am a n o te of p at h o s
,
B ut lik e .
,
1
3 . 14 3 ff . The t al e i s t o l d ag ai n i n Te n n yso n
’
s Ti r es i as .
2
,
8 74 1 ff
. .
C A LLI MA C H U S 4 19
n assus
They tol d me H er a cl ei t us th ey
, , tol d me y ou w er e dea d ,
A n d n ow th a t th o u a r t ly i ng , my d ea r ol d Ca r i a n g u es t,
A ha n df u l o
f g r ay ash es, l ong , l ong a o a t r est,
g
Sti l l ar e thy pl easa n t v o i ces,
g ht i ng a l es, a w a he thy nz
Am o n g t he
u m erou s i n s c rip t io n s fo r th e shi pwr ec k e d i n th e
n
c hu s r e p r e s e n t ed t h e b es t that c oul d be ac h i e v e d by th e G r e e k
e pi gr am m ati sts an d i t i s i n th e Ep ig r a ms t h at w e w h o k n o w t h e
, ,
Ca uses o n ly by i ts r at h er o mi n ou s t i tl e mu st lo ok for t he p e r ,
H er e to o i s that p un g en c y .
, ,
wov e i n to hi s G ar l an d of P oets T h e r eg u l ar m e t e r o f th e G r ee k .
e pigr ams .
A u th P a l 7 8 0 ; C o ry s tran sl at i o n
1 ’
. . . .
2 A u th P a l 7
. . . 27 1 .
3
Ep i gr a ms 4 3 3 . .
4 20 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F GR E E K LITE RATU R E
Th e Hecal e
t hat y ear w as pu bli shed an ex trac t of abou t fi fty v e r ses
fro m a woo d en tabl e t of t he fo u rt h C hri sti an c en t ury T hi s w as .
?
o f th e P apy r i R a i n er Fro m t h i s fr agm en t i t i s c al c ul at e d t h at
t h e l engt h o f th e p o em w as abo u t 5 0 0 v er ses a goo d d e al lo ng er , ,
s iz e d t he fac t t hat t h i s i s a g en r e ep i c w h en h e g av e i t t he n am e ,
n o t o f T h e s eu s w h o se v i c tory ov e r t h e M ar at ho n i an bull i s d e
sc ri b ed bu t o f th e ol d p easan t wo m an H e c al e w ho en t e rt ai n e d
, , ,
th e he ro i n h er poor hut o n t h e ev e of t h e e n c o u n t e r Th e p o e m .
suc c e ss .O f al l t hi s t h e r e c ov er e d fr ag me n t s gi v e u s brok e n
gl im p ses e n oug h to sh o w ho w C all i mac hus i n d ulg e d hi s p assi o n
,
d r ew for hi s t al e o f t h e p easan t s P h il e mo n an d B au c i s w h o en t e r
tai n e d Z e u s an d H e r mes
?
e p igr am s h i s e ru d i ti o n s h ow s t h ro ug h
,
H e w ill al w ay s poi n t t he
.
1 V i e n n a, 1 8 93 .
2 M et 8
. . 6 20 ff .
4 22 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F GR E E K L ITE RATU R E
t h e c o u r s e o f e v en t s d esc ri b ed mu s t t ur n to t h e r es u me giv en by
B ut t h e r eal m u t i n ee r ag ai n s t t he r es tri c ti o n s of C al li m ac hu s
w as hi s you n g e r c o n t e mp o r ary an d pu p il A POLLO N I US o f R ho d es , .
Th e e pi t he t t h e R h o d i an w h i c h h e h as r e t ai n ed t h roug h s o
‘ ’
,
w as lo n g wi t h ou t h o n or i n h i s o w n c o un try h ad b e en m ad e w el
c o me at R h o d es H e h ad v e n tu r e d w h il e still a yo u t h an d i n
.
, ,
t h e A rg on a u ti ca ( Ta l es of th e A rg on a u ts ) When he r ec i t ed po r
.
an d ri an M useu m i t w as u n fi n i s h ed
,
b u t al r eady b e tr ay e d by i ts
,
am pl e o u tli n es t h at i ts s c o p e far ex c e ed ed t h e l i mi t s ac c ep t ed by
p an y o f j ealo u s p ed an t s an d h e w i thdr ew to R h od es w h er e h e
, ,
w as at o n c e appl au d e d bo th as p o e t an d professor
,
T he r e h e d e .
?
l ogi c al c o n trov e r sy I n t h e c our se o f ti m e C alli m ac h u s an d hi s
suc c essor E r ato s t h en es d i e d Al ex an d ri a had c o m e to admi t the
.
1 A n th P a l
. . 11 . 2 75 .
A P O LLO N I U S O F R H ODES 4 23
h ad b ee n c h ec k ed an d hu mi li at ed . H e d i ed at Al ex and ri a about
1 90 B C . .
p o pul ar t al es o f G r ee c e se c o n d i n i n t e r es t o n ly to t he Troj an an d
,
v e r ses l ess t han hal f the I l i a d I t i s w rit ten i n fou r B ook s The
,
. .
sl e p t O r p h eu s san g to e nc han t th e m a so n g w h i c h w as t h e m o d e l
, , ,
i ng t h e y l au n c he d t h e Argo Th e c h i e f e pi so d es o f t h ei r fi r s t
.
s uc h as t h e boxi n g m at c h o f Po l vd euc es an d t he e p i s o d e o f
1 A rg on a u ti ca I .
5 1 3 ff .
4 24 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F GR E E K LITE RATUR E
P h i n eu s o n e o f th e famou s p ro ph e t s old of M il to n s v er se H e
,
’
.
Odyss ey an d t el l s t h e m o f d an g e r s to c o me th e c l as h i n g ro c k s
, ,
o f M e d ea I n t h ei r c o ur se t he y c o m e to t he p al ac e of Ly c us t he
.
,
age ,
a r e mi n i sc e n c e o f t h e d e vi c e i n th e O dys s ey ad o pt ed l at e r ,
an d n o w M e d ea s p ass i o n fo r th e ad v en tu r e r J as o n b ec o mes t he
’
’
for J as o n s d an g e r E v e n t h e n h o w ev er s he had w o n a r epu t a
.
, ,
Or i n to a p a i l , an d h i th er a n d th i th er th e s u n bea mflashi ng
ff.
4 26 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F GR E E K LITE RATU RE
Th e sc h ol arly n o t e i s alw ay s i n c l ud e d i n th e t e xt of th e p o e m so ,
.
,
hi s b es t h e w as a t r ue p o e t
,
Q u i n tili an sai d o f the A rgon a n ti ea
.
hi s g e n er al l ev el an d n ext to t h e p o e m s of T he o c ri tu s hi s
,
A rg o n a a ti ea i s th e m o s t c o n s i d e r abl e p e rform an c e o f t he Al ex
an d r i an s H e wro te o th e r e p i c s w hi c h hav e n o t s u rviv e d
. O vi d .
1
p assag e s o f th e b es t k n o w n o f hi s lo n g e r po e m s .
w ho m h e h as o n ly wo r d s o f p r ai s e T hi s w as A RATUS o f Sol i i n
.
2
v e ry m an n e r o f H esi o d I n t h i s h e sh o w e d t h e
.
Arat us
p arti al i ty o f a fri en d A r atu s d i d i n d ee d asp i r e to b e
.
t h e H es i o d of Al ex an d ri a as A p ollo n i us d es i r e d t o b e i ts H o me r
, .
H i s w o rk was a p o eti c v e r si o n i n r 1 5 4 h ex am e t er s o f th e p ro se
, ,
2
1
64 . A n i h P u t 9 50 7
. . . .
T H E O C RITU S 427
l at ed by C i c e ro V arro an d G e rm an i c u s T ho ug h he w as no doub t
, ,
.
, ,
B C
.
2
. at Syr ac u se
,
C O S t he Do ri an i sl an d t h ou g h i t l ay so far
.
, ,
i n hi s S even th I dy l B ut o f hi s p e r s o n ali ty an d c i r c u m s t an c es w e
.
[i ty /s w h o se sc en es are l ai d t h e r e I f he h ad n o t sp e n t so me .
1 Cp V ergi l , Georg i es
. I
3 5 6 ff w i t h P h a en omen a 9 09 ii
. . .
2
S us e mi hl pro p o ses 3 1 5 B C , L egran d 3 0 5 , I I aul er , an d H e l m 3 0 5—3 00
. . .
3
Ac c o rd i n g to C r On er t i n [f er mes 3 7 , P h i l i t as i s t h e c o rr e c t fo r m AS . an
l
e e gi ac p o e t Ph i l etas ran k ed n ex t aft er C all i mac h us : Q ui nt i l i an IO .
58 .
4 28 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F GR EE K LITE RATUR E
p atro n ag e t hat , i n t h e fi ft h c e n tu ry , h ad b e en b e s t o w e d o n
S i mo n id es by th e gr e at H i ero The d at e o f th e p o e m w as p er
.
T h f ( ei SvAMo v l it tl e p o e m)
’
ar e t he m o s t ty p i c al of t h e g en i us o f T h eo c ri t us B u t i n t he .
Ev e ry ext an t G r ee k p o e m w h e r e su c h a s e n ti men t w o ul d be i n
,
’
Vo/h s /i eaer o f p as to r al l i fe T h at su c h a p o et S ho ul d b e a Si c ili an
.
s i bl y ac h i e v e an i nt i m ac y wi t h t h e li fe o f t h e fi el d an d fol d w i th ,
o r p at h et i c ac c or d i n g to th e t e mp er am en t o f th e u n t u tor ed po e t .
’
Suc h i s t he P h rygi an L i zj er s es S o ng o f t he Ten th [oy/ o f T heo c r i
’
an d c o mmo n pl ac e s o f th e s i n gi n g m at c h t h e r e fr ai n t h e c arv ed , ,
1 B e l o ch .
43 0 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F G RE E K LITE RATURE
S i t s p i pi n g lo s t i n t he c o n c e i t o f hi s o w n c harm s wh il e s he lig h t
, , ,
as th i s tl e d ow n ,
1
b een ec ho ed by all th e c o nc ei t ed shep h erd s o f pas to r al p o etry .
fi n es t i n Lati n po etry .
’
w hi c h Sai n t e B euv e c all ed th e q ue en of ec log ues i s a r e mi
-
‘
,
n i sc e n c e o f th e l i fe of T h e o c ri tu s i n C o s an d o f th e fri en d sh i p s o f ,
c hi d as
( w ho i s T he o c ri t us h i m self as V ergil i s Ti tyrus an d Sp en se r ,
e y e s th at s m il e d al w ay s an d a l a ngh s ti l l o n h i s l ips
,
3
H e s i ngs .
1 “
N or m I s o d efo rme d
a to s i gh t ,
If in my sc ythe I l oo k e d ari gh t In
w hi c h I s ee my p i ct ur e d o n e .
— M A RVELL .
2
Lan g
’
s tran sl ati o n .
3
l
L eg r an d w o u d i d e n t i fy Lyc i d as w i t h Le o n i d as of Tare n t um, t h e e
pi
grammat i st , a yo u n ger c o n t emp o rary o f Th eo c ri t us .
TH E O C RITU S 43 1
the m a
”
s o n g w hi c h or t of r es u me o f p astor al the m es hi s ow n
is a s ,
t h r es hi n g fl oor i n th e sh ad e o f e lm s an d p o pl ar s w h e r e De m e t e r
-
, ,
d r aw s th e l o t c hoo s es t he motif t h e c ad en c es an d t ur n s o f t ho u g h t , ,
1
the S i ci l i a n s ea .
1 L an g .
2 Th e sc h o l i as t w ho sa s
y t h at i t w as fro m a mi me o f S o ph ro n t hat Th eo c
43 2 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F G R E E K L IT E RATUR E
s il e n c e an d m oo n lig h t t h e s to ry o f h er l ov e t h e p ai n an d t um ul t ,
sh o w s t h at i n N ew C o me d y an d i ts Lati n i mi t atio n s so o ft en e n d
Th e t al e o f h er s u mmo n s hi s c o mi n g an d h er
’ ]l
i n lov er s m ee ti n g s , ,
E i gh th E cl og ue Th e F ou r th I dy l i s a mi me a go ssi pi n g d i alogu e
.
,
b e t w ee n B at t us an d C ory d o n w h i c h c o n t ai n s n o so ng s i s r eali s ti c
, , ,
an d r e mi n d s o n e t hat C o m ed y b eg an i n S i c ily H e r e w e ar e i n n o .
’
The F o u r teen th t he s to ry of t h e l ov e r s qu arr e l o f A e sc h i n es an d
, ,
i n sc h e m e to th e E i gh th I ll i me o f H e r o d as t he D r ea m , .
v er s es ev i d e n tl y utt e r e d b y wo me n p r e p ar i n g magi c r i t es .
1
Cp Pl au t us Ci stel l a i a I I 8 9 ff
.
,
r [t w a s the f east of D i ony s n s
. . . [M y .
fo r me d at R o m e .
Hyl as an d t he bi t te r gri e f o f H er ac l es fo r t h e lo ss o f
'
s c rib e d i ri V e rgil s S i x th E cl og u e
’
T e n n y so n sai d h e woul d be .
c o n t e n t to d i e i f h e h ad wri tt e n an y th i n g l ik e t he p assag e w h e r e
Hy l as
. as l ou d as h i s d eep th r oa t cou l d ca l l , an d th r i ce ag a i n th e
O t h e r e p i c i dyl s ar e t h e Tw en ty F ou r th an d Tw en ty s th w h i c h - -
t ri e d to c ov e r t h e w h ol e H er ac l e s my th bu t t h es e l i t tl e e p i c s ar e ,
o f th e Do ri an h ero .
v en t i o n al A e ol i c d i al e c t an d w as wri tt e n as t h e d e d i c a
,
ti o n of an
i vory d i s taff T h i s w as a p r es en t fro m T heo c ritu s to
.
Th e Di s t aff ’
d ai n ty an kl e d Theugen i s the wi fe o f h i s fri en d
‘ -
,
N i c i as . H er h u sb an d a p hysi c i an o f M il e t us w as hi m sel f a po et
, ,
A n t ol og th e gr een mi n t o f N i c i as 2
Th e me t e r o f th e D i s taj
’ f
h ‘
.
i s c h ori am bi c .
1
Lan g Cp Pr o p ert i us
. . I . 20 .
2
M e l eag er Gar l a n d
,
19 .
TH E O C RITU S 35
in w hi c h the k er s t ak e al t e r nat e v e r se s
S p ea T houg h no t .
al l d e p e n d s o n t h e S kill wi th w h i c h t h e s p e ak er s i n t h e i r g ame
‘
l
r esti n g hi s tir ed li mb s i n a c ool c av er n O t h er s are for st at ues
.
,
2
as t hat for t h e s tat u e o f Ar c hilo c h u s an d th e r e i s an e pi t aph
3
,
for
t h e gr av e of H i pp o nax writ t en i n th e E p h es i an s o w n c h oli ambi c s
’
.
h i m l ivi n g i n an y o t h e r age H e i s Al e x an d ri an i n hi s l o v e o f
.
c al m ,
the g en tl e mel an c h ol y t hat br eat he s t h r o ug h the fr agm e n t s
2 3 21
19 . .
43 6 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F GR E E K L ITE RATU R E
l
a wa s y pai n t th e s oft Si d e o f c ou n t ry li fe an d br eat he o f su mme r ,
an d th e c ool n e ss o f Dori an w at e r
’
‘
I t aly as Sai n t e B euv e p oi n ted
.
,
-
i n a c ou n t ry w h er e t h e r e i s s o l i t tl e o f th e l abor o f t ill ag e so ,
di al ec t s an d the mo s t m u si c al w i th i ts avoi d an c e o f ,
Di al ec t
s ibi l an ts an d t he c o ns t an t pr e sen c e o f th e lo n g
“ ”
a .
Th e Li ttl e Ep i cs an d th e E n co mi a are I o n i c as b ec om e s th e i r ,
e pi c t he m e s bu t wi th a mi xtu r e o f Dori c
,
The D i s tafi and two .
1
Ep i cs d ac tyl s pr e d o mi n at e .
O f hi s l i fe w e k n ow n o t h i n g an d p e r hap s mu st n o t ev en ac c ep t as
,
w as s o c r u el as to mi x p oi s o n f o r thee
’
B io n s work as far as w e ,
S p ri n g wil d .
an d 4 t h e r e ar e i mi tati o n s o f t h e F if teen th I dy l o f T h e o c ri t us
Herod as
s p i c uo us by t h e p at ro n ag e o f th e Ptol e mi es an d w as ,
t h e pl aygrou n d o f un l ov el y Al e x an d ri a a r es o rt o f po e t s an d ,
ac k n owl ed g e d m as t e r o f t h i s l it e r ary ty p e H e r o d as i n a fr ag .
,
no t , ,
H i pp o n ax h av e st am p e d i t fo r e v er as t he vulg ar es t o f all th e G r e e k
meter s th e b est sui ted to p i c t ur es o f low li fe o f th e seamy S i d e of
, ,
’
wo m an s adv an c es i n l angu ag e wort hy of P en el o p e he r sel f Th e .
th i rd p e r s o n i s a m ai d se rv an t a T hr ac i an the G r e ek e qu iv al e n t of
, ,
t he sc ol d i n g o f th e m ai d w hi c h w as evi d e n tly a c o m mo n pl ac e
,
-
O f th e mi m e c l o se ly r ese mbl e t h e fi r s t sc e n e o f t h e Sy r a cu s a n
,
o n t h e p ar t o f H e r o d as O n t he o t he r h an d he may h av e d r aw n
.
,
d ir ec tl y o n So ph ro n w h o had fur n i sh ed t h e mo d el fo r T h e o c ri tu s .
M yr tal e T he w h ol e i s a mo n ol o g u e t he s p ee c h of
.
,
B at tar us as pl ai n tiff i n t e rr up t e d o n ly by t h r ee v e r se s w he r e t he
,
c l e rk o f t h e c o u rt r e ad s a d o c u me n t Ev en t hes e w e r e p r ob ably
.
a favori t e c o mi c t he m e an d c o n t ai n s t h e s to c k argu m e n ts o f su c h a
,
e x c i t e t h e p i ty o f t h e j ury as i n t he fam ou s i n c i d en t w h e n H yp e r
,
al l h e may have h er
,
fo r a c o n s i d er atio n .
c en t k n u c kl e bo n es b ut wi t h c oi n -
an d t hat
,
too o n , , ,
'
H i s w ax t abl et t h e G r ee k Sl at e l i es u n us ed b e t we e n hi s b ed an d
, ,
h i s m ot he r a n d n ex t ti me h e s h al l be ti ed f as t s o th at th e M uses
, ,
1
fam ou s C o an sh ri ne w hi c h had b ee n d ec or at ed w i th s t atu es an d
p a i n ti n g s L ik
. e t h e wo m e n i n t h e [o n o f E u ri p id e s t h e y ad mir e , ,
wi t h n ai v e e x c l amatio n s t he s c ul p tur es by t h e s o ns o f
M i me 4
,
i ng at t h e r e al i s m — s oo n men w i l l l ea r n to p u t l ife i n to s to n es .
’
Lu c i an s i s the
m o st fam ou s G r ee k ex ampl e The n arr ativ e i s .
n o t b e d ec ip h e r e d .
th e j ealo us B i ti nn a c ap ri c io us c ru el an d r ev en g e ful t h e mi d d l e
, , , ,
c o n v e r s atio n .
di al ogu es p erform ed i n o u r o w n ti me bo t h i n E n gl an d an d A m e r ,
1
Th e d i a l o gues fo r o n e a t r mad c o , e
p o p u l ar b y Gr o s s mi th , C h ev al i er, an d
B eatri c e H er fo r d a p r o se mi m s ft e n i n l e n gt h an d s c o e r ec i s e l y arall e l
,
re e ,
o
p p p
to a mi me of H er o d as .
T H E A LE X A N DR IA N E R O TI C FRA G M E N T 443
p os i u m w h,
e n t h e en te r tai n men t w as a
panto mi mi c d an c e of
T heseus an d Ari ad n e .
‘
nu m ero u s ec h o es o f Ari s top han e s .
c o n s t an c y an d e ag e r n ess to forgiv e t h e ab an d o n m en t o f h er ,
i s wri t t en i n d o c h mi ac s th e m e t e r o f e x c i t e men t i n tr ag e d y a
, ,
1 K r ak e rt H er od , as in mi ni i a mbi s q ua te n u s co ncoea
’
mm g r a ecu m r es
p ex i sse
’
v i d eat u r , z
L e i p i g, 1 9 0 2 .
o f t he p i ec e d i d n o t c o n for m I ts d at e i s p artly i n d i c at ed by t he
.
Ev ery ty p e o f li te r at ur e w as essay e d by th e Al ex an d ri an s O f .
S h ow t h at i t w as i mi t ativ e I t i s at an y r ate u n l ik el y
.
e arl i e r c h ap t e r.
O n e of t h e t r agi c po e t s o f th e Pl ei ad c o mp o se d a po e m w hi c h
c an har d ly hav e b ee n s u r p assed as a li t e r ary c u rio si ty e v en i n t hat -
,
a e o f l ear n e d
g p o etry LY C O P H RO N o f C hal c i s w as bor n abo ut 3 2 0
.
,
e my P hi l ad el p h u s
'
,
t o arr an g e t h e c o medi e s i n the Al ex and ri an
1
53 1- 53 2
446 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F GR E E K LIT E RATU R E
’
ou t by t he l ate r an t h ol ogi st s su c h as the ro ses o f Sapp ho o r the
,
’
roug h w h i t e t ho r n o f Ar c hilo c hu s
-
.
for work s o f ar t fo r an y o c c as i o n w h i c h w o ul d ad mi t of an e x p r es
,
ti on s . Lov e w h i c h si n c e th e d aw n of t h e N e w C o m ed y h ad
, , ,
an d ri an s i n v ad ed the e pigram
,
I n t h e t h r e e c e n t u ri es b e for e
.
t h i s ty p e i n c l ud i n g M el e ag e r h i ms el f fal l u n d e r t h e p erio d of R0
, ,
t h e eas t e r n si d e o f t h e A e g e an or at any r at e t h e y ig n or e d Ro m e
, , ,
.
As cl epi ad es
,
M e l eager s G a r l a n d ’
O f th e forty th r ee t hat su rviv e
.
-
,
1
Per s ae 21 .
T H E AN T H O LO GY 44 7
bo n e of c o n t en tio n a mo n g th e Al e x an dri an s 2
.
L eon i d as
i n d esc ri p tio ns : D r i nh n o t h er e w afla r er of thi s
’
, ,
n d , mu r mu r i ng th r o ugh the
s to n e
p i ne o
-
f th e s he
p h er d s th ou s h al t
fi
3
w et r o ch, a s
p r i ng cold er th a n a ny I f w i
s n ow
e n o f the N o r th .
h i s ep igr am s ar e wri t t en c h i e fly fo r t he p oo r T h ey r e fl e c t t h e .
5
d oor .
, , ,
u n d e r hi s n ame i n t he A n th ol ogy ]
Th e Al ta r o f Do si ad as w h i c h ,
8
try h as an ex ac t p ar all el i n th e c o nc e i t of G e o rg e H erb e rt s
,
’
1 A u th P a l 5 1 4 5
. . . . A S tr e ttel l
.
’
s transl at i o n .
2
A u th P a l 9 6 3 . . . .
3
A u th P l a n 2 3 0
. . .
4
A u th Pa l 6 3 00 .. . . .
5 C p S ai n t e- B e uve i n N ou vea ux L u n d i s V I I
. .
0
A u th P a l 1 5 2 7, . . . 23 .
7 1 8
5 . 21 . Lex i pha n es 2
5 .
44 8 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F GR E E K LITE RATU RE
’
p e t al s of the l ili es o f AN YT E of T eg ea c oll ec t ed by M el eag er
‘
, ,
o n th ei r w ay or t h e s e a s h ri n e of A p h ro d i t e a bo u t w h i ch th e ver
, y
s ea i s s ti r r ed a s i t
g azes o n h er s h i n i n
g i mag e W e h av e tw elv e .
1
to c h all e n g e th e s u p e ri ority o f Sap ph o b u t o nly o n e o f h er e ro t i c ,
her flow er s a r e .
th e pat ho s o f d e at h th e d an g er s o f t h e se a w h i c h t o t he Al ex an
, ,
s ou n d s a n obl e r n o te o f e n c o ur ag e m en t
H er e l i es a sh i pw r eched ma r i n er y et d o th ou s a i l ;
;
2
28 1
3
1 A u th P a l
. .
7 .
7 18 . A u th P a l 5 . . . 1 70 . A u th . P al .
7 . .
4 50 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F G RE E K L ITE RATUR E
l ec ted by Kai b el 1
H i s volu m e o f l ap i d ary i n sc rip t i o n s i n c lu d es
.
lo n g li fe he sp en t at A th e n s so that he d i d n o t b elo ng to th e
,
d i c e d c ri ti c Ti m ae u s w as a t ru e p ed an t wri ti n g h i s to ry an d ev e n
'
.
,
’
th e Asi ani sts .
T he work s Of t h es e men an d
o f o th er s o f t h eir trib e su rviv e i n
, ,
ven to r of a m e t ho d fo r fi n di n g p ri me n u mb e r s th e c e l e br at e d ,
Th e c e n te r of p h ilo s op hy i n t he t hi rd ce n tury w as n o t Al e x
’
an d ri a bu t At h en s
,
T h er e Pl ato s A c ad em y c o n ti nu ed to fl ou ri sh
.
s op hi c al p ro se ma
y s afely be illu s tr at ed fro m E p i c uru s an d t he
1 O n th e S u bl i me 4 .
45 2 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F GR E E K LITE RATU R E
t us
w h i c h h e emigr ate d as a yo u t h b ec ame hi s ho m e an d , ,
c o n s i d e r abl e fr ag m e n t s o f o t h e r p h i l o so p h i c al tr e at i s es H e dis .
to d ay
-
H e r e was ex c ell en t mat eri al for a wri t er o f mi m es lik e
.
H e ro d as or o f M en an d er s c o med y of m ann e r s an d t h e l at t e r
’
, ,
t o r s es p ec i ally i n E n gl an d an d Fr an c e i n t h e s e v en t e en t h c e n t ury
, ,
.
Th e Al ex an dri an s c ar ed l i t tl e fo r o r atori c al p ro se an d i t w as ,
Of P h al er um w as o n e w h o s e s uavi ty el eg an c e
p ol i s h an d s u btl e ty al l
, , ,
n am e s too d for t h e d ec l i n e of e l oq u en c e an d to b al an c e th e te r ms ,
c h arm s t h e p ai n ts an d dy e s o f a c o u r tesan
,
The s ty l e w as the .
th e s p h er e o f p ol i ti c s b eg an to c o mpo se d e c l am atio n s ex e r c i s es
, ,
1
al low e d t o b e hi s an d i s d e sc ri b ed e l s ew h e r e
,
.
B ut De me
’
t en d en c y that t he p u ri s t s d e pl o r ed i n C i c e ro s d ay .
v
1 S ee i nf r a , Ch ap t e r XXIII .
A SI AN I SM 455
'
c ul t of s tyl e I t w as a t e rm l e v el ed by t h e p u ri sts w h o p r e fe rr ed
.
,
ev e r ,
prov e d to be the safe p ath an d t he A s i ani c d an g er was
,
sh or t l iv e d
-
as i s seen i n th e p r ac t i c e o f t he m aj ori ty o f th e
,
G raec o Ro m an r h e tori c i an s
-
.
t h e h al f r el uc t an t ap p rob atio n o f t he Ro m an s
-
C i c e ro giv es an .
c l o s e an d arti fi c i al c o rr es p o n d en c e o f c l aus es ar c s o me o f t he ,
as a r ec o r d o f hi s ac h i e v e me n t s t h at w as t o l as t for al l ti me by
s om e G r ee k r h e tori c i an i n t h e fi r s t c e n t u ry W it h t hi s e x
c i t ed ,
ov erd ec or at ed s tyl e d i t hy r ambi c full o f n e w o r p o e ti c
, ,
r eac h ed the an ti p o d es of A t h en i an p ro se w ri ti n g .
n d hi s s u c c e s s o r s d esir ed to H e ll e n iz e t h e ir ng d o m
197 B C .
) a. ki
an d t o o pp o se as a bulw ark her e w h er e th e C e lt s men ac ed
, ,
c iviliz atio n th e c ul tu r e o f G r ee c e
,
At P e rg am o n gr ew u p a
.
s brb ed w h e n A n to n y m ad e a p r e s e n t o f i t s vol u m es to
C l e o pat r a H e r e fl o u ri she d a s c h ool o f H o m eri c c ri ti c i s m an d
.
ag ed r h e tori c as Al ex a d ri a d i d n o t b ut n o po e t s o r p ro s e w ri t e r s
n, ,
H e w as a p h y s i c i an an d h i s t w o l o n g p o e m s t hat su rviv e t h e
, ,
Ther i a ca ( 9 5 8 v e r s es) an d t h e A l ex ip ha r ma ca ( 6 3 0
N i can d er
v er se s) are d i d ac ti c an d w h olly m ed i c al i n t h e i r i n t e r
e s t an d r an k amo n g t h e c u rio s i ti e s o f lit e r atur e A bu c oli c p o e m .
w h i c h V e rgil i mi t at e d i n hi s G eo rg i cs h as p eri s h e d .
A N T I GO N U S o f C ary s t us i n E u bo ea w as amo n g t h o s e w ho m
An t i g onus At t al u s i nvi t ed to hi s c o u r t H e w as a s c ul p t or w h o
.
p her s has p e ri s h ed
,
B ut t h e r e h as s u rviv e d t he Wo n d er booh
.
,
1
F i rs t l
p ub i s h e d i n H u man n an d Puc h s t e i n s k e i s en i n A l ei n a s i e n
’ ’
u .
N or d sy r i en , B e r i n , 1 8 90 l
S ee N o r d e n , A n ti he A u n szp r osa I 1 4 1
.
’
.
458 S H O RT H I STO RY O F G R E E K LITE RATUR E
A POLLO N I US
at F l o r en c e, th e p i n c i pa r l c o d ex fo r A esc h y l us an d S o ph o c l es E d p . . r i ne .
,
n ew cd .
, 189 7 . S eat o n , O x fo r d , 1 9 06 H émar d i n q uer , De Ap
. Rh A rg o n ,
. . .
G ott i n g e n 1 8 8 5 La V i ll e d e M i r mo n t L a n av i r e A rg o
’
Ap l i h A rgo n
. . .
, , .
, ,
Ap Rh A rg on fon ti bus , L ei p i g , 1 9 0 2
. . M aass i n Ph i l . z . . Un ter s u ch u ng en
X II 357 G er c e i n Rh ei n hi m 1 4. k . . .
A RATUS
Th e b es t man us c r i p t i s t h e hl a r ci a n u s, 1 2 th c e n t .
, at V en i c e . Ed i t i o n s
B uh ,
le
L e i i
p g, 1 79 3 8
— 1 01 Be er , z
B e r i n , 1 8 28 M aass, B e r i n , 1 8 9 3 . kk l . l .
t i o ns : L amb , L o n d o n , 1 8 48 . Po st e, Lo n d o n , 1 8 80 .
I O N A N D M O SCH US B
B i o n an d M o sc h us ar e us ual l y i n c l ud ed i n th e man us c ri pt s an d ed i t i o n s o f
Th eo c r i t us Wi l amo w i tz B u ol i ci G a ec i O x fo rd 1 9 06 B I O N : A h re ns
.
, c r , , .
,
L e i pz i g 1 8 54 W i l amo w i t B i on von S my r n a B e r l i n 1 9 00 M O SC H US
, . z, , , .
L an g ( w i t h Th e o c r i t us ) L o n d o n 18 8 9 B i o n L a men t for A d on i s by E , , .
, .
B ro w n i n g .
CALL I M ACH US
I . MA N US C R I PT S Th e ar c h et yp e o f th e [l y mn s w as a man usc ri pt ( c o n
.
t o V e n i c e b y A ur i s p a i n 1 4 2 3 C o pi es o f th i s s urvi ve i n th e V at i c an L au .
‘
at V i e n n a w as p ub l i s h e d i n P apy i R a i n e
, Vienna 18 93 r r , , .
II . ED I T I O N S S c h n e i d er Ca l l i ma ch ea L e i pz i g 1 8 70—1 8 73
. M e i ek , , ,
. n e,
B er l i n 1 8 6 1, V al c k e n aer E l eg i a u m fr ag men ta L e yd e n 1 7 9 8
. Hy ,
r , , .
an d Ep i r a ms
g V o l g e r L e i pz i g 1 8 1 7 ; \Vi l amo w i tz B e rl i n 1 8 8 2 an d 1 8 9 7
:
, , , , .
N i g ra l n n i d i Ca l ma
, s u D i a n a et u i L ava i d i P a l l a d T u ri n 1 8 9 2
z co s cr e, , .
18 93 .
Ga l l i m .
, B o nn , 18 65 . Degn er , D e Dor i s mi us u Gal l i m , . B r esl au, 18 7 7 .
188 7 . z
R e i t e n s t e i n , Ca l /i nc H ech l e, Ro s t o c , 1 8 9 1 Re i n ac h o n th e ne w . k _ .
l l y mn zs gu aestt , B r e s au, 1 8 9 4
-
S t ud n i c z k a i n H er mes 2 8 W e i n b e rg e r ,
. l . .
K a li S tu d i en , V i en n a, 1 8 9 5
. Kui per , D e Hy mn or um d zctzon e ep i ca, Leyd e n , .
1896 W i l amo w i tz i n [f er /n es 3 6
. .
TH E EROT I C F RAGME NT
E d p r i n e i n Gr en fell , A n A l ex a n d r i a n E r ot i c F r ag men t a n d Other G r eeh
. .
N a ch r .
, 1 8 96 C r us i us i n P h i l ol og us 5 5
. . B l ass i n f a h r f cl ass Ph i l ol . . . ., 18 96 .
Ro h d e i n B er l Ph i l Woch en s ch r , 1 8 9 6
. . . . L eo i n A bh d Gen Ges . . . .
, 1897 .
H ERO D AS
II . ED I T I O N S
E d p r i n c i n Ke n yo n , Cl ass i ca l Tex ts fr om P apy r i i n th e
. . .
B r i ti sh M u se u m, L o n d o n , 1 8 9 1 Rut h e r fo r d , e d d I an d 2 , L o n d o n , 1 8 9 1 . . .
B ii c h el e r , B o n n , 1 8 9 2 Cr us i us, L ei p i g , e d 1 , 1 8 9 2 ; e d 2 , 1 8 9 4 ; e d 3 , 1 8 9 8 ;
. z . . .
ed .
4, 1 9 00 ; ed .
5, 1 90
5 . V an H e rw er d en i n M n emosy n e, 1 8 9 2 ( t e xt an d
t )
n o es . M e is t er i n A bh . d h . .
'
s achs . Ges .
,
z
L e i p i g, 1 8 93 ( w i h t N ai rn ,
Ox fo r d ,
1 9 04 . Parti a l ed d . : B ii c h el er i n Rh ei n M u s 4 6 ( l l/ i me
. . . I ) . K ai b el
i n H er mes 26 ( M i /n es 4 an d Rago n, L e M a i /r e d Ecol e
’
, Le sa cr ifi ce d
E sc u l ape, Par i s, 1898 .
V , VI Re i ch , D er M i mus , B er i n , 1 90 3
. Kr ak e r t, ua ten u s co moed i a ni l . Q
g r a eca m r esp ex i sse v i d eatu r H er on das, L e i p z i g , 1 9 0 2 .
I V T RA N S LAT I O N S
. B o i s ac q , Par i s , 1 8 9 3 C r us i us , GOtt i n g e n , 1 8 9 3
. Dal . .
me yd a, Par i s , 1 8 9 3 M ek l er , V i e n n a, 1 8 9 4 S ett i , Mo d e n a, 1 8 9 3 Q ui l l ar d ,
. . .
Par i s , 2d c d .
, 1 9 00 . S ymo n d s i n The Gr ech P oets ( e n l arg e d Lo n d o n
,
18 93 .
S h arpl ey , L o n d o n , 1 9 06
( vers e ) .
L Y CO PH RO N
Th e b es t man uscr i pt s ar e t h e Ven et a s , 1 1t h c e n t .
, an d , r
d e i ve d f om i t
r , th e
Va ti ca n u s .
4 60 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F GRE E K L ITE RATURE
E d p r i n e , Al d us, V e ni c e , 1 5 1 3 ( w i th Pi n d ar ) , B ac h man n , L ei p i g , 1 8 3 0
. . z .
w i t z D Ly ph
, nie A l x a d a Gr i f w a l d 1 8 8 3
co S t e k er D Ly p h
ro s e n r , e s , . r c , e co r o n e,
G r e i fs w al d 1 8 8 4 _ B at es i n H a a d S t u d i
, 6 W al t e r D Ly ph r n rv r es .
, e co o e
H me i m tat
o r B as l e 1 9 0 3
i Tran l at i o n Y o rk e Camb ri d g e 1 8 0 6
i or e, , . s : , , .
RH I AN U S
Cr eten s i s s t u d i i s H o mer i c i s, L ei p z i g, 1 8 70 .
TH EOC R I T US 1
an d o f V e n i ce , an d are o f t h e 1 3 th , 1 4 th , an d 1
5 th c en tt . Th e A mbr os i a n u s,
( K) 1 3 th c e n t .
, at M i l an , i s th e mo st i mp o rt an t fo r [dy l s 1, 3
—1
3 .
II . ED I T I O NS . Ed .
pr i n e .
, Mi l an 1 4 8 1 ( l dy l s 1 , l
A d us , V e n i ce ,
1 4 9 5. V al ck en aer , L eyd en , 1 7 79 . Fri t z sc h e L e i p ig , 2 d ed ,
, z . 18 69 . A h re n s
in B u col i ci Gr a eci , L e i p i g , z 18
55
— 1 8 59 . Pa e y, Camb ri d g e,
l 2d cd .
, 18 69 .
Stral s u n d , M emoi r e
'
Raye t , Par i s , 18
’
t i o n es , 18 74 . s ur l zl e de Cos, 76 .
N a t u rg ef uhl s bei d
'
. Gr i echen , Ki e , 1 8 9 2 l . J ahn , D i e A r t d er A bh izng ig hezt ’
Verg i l
’
s v on Th eohr i t .
,
B er i n , l 1 8 9 7— 1 8 9 8 . L e g ran d, Etu de sur Th eocr i te
Et u des W i l amo
'
Par i s, 18 9 8 . Gi r ard i n l a p oes i e g r ec
s ur q ue , Pa i s , r 1 9 00 .
ca ti o n of t he l dy l s , w hi c h d a t es fro m St e ph an us , an d , ac c e p ti ng the o rd re
as ll w s T he c i t us 1 7 3 —6 8 — 1 3 1 4 2 1 5 I 7 1 6 1 8 24 2 2 2 8 —3 0
fo o : o r , , , , . , , , , , , , ,
e p i g r ams fr ag me n t A n A pp n di x c o t ai s al l th e b u o l i p o ms t h at n w
, . e n n c c e o
l dy l who g n ui n n
s, an n t b e p r o v e d
se e Fi n al l y h i n c l u d es th T h
e es s c o . e e ec no
pa g n i a t h us r est o r e d to t h e i r an ci en t po si t i o n as an A pp en d i x t o Th e o c r i t us
e ,
.
C H A PT E R XXI I I
G RAECO — R O M AN L I TERATU RE
i n g t o t he l i te r atur e o f th e fi r s t c e n tu ry B C and t he si x C h ri st i an
. .
25
3 the A c hae an Le agu e o n e o f th e l ast effort s o f that r ac e o f bor n
,
46 2
P O LY B I U S 4 63
do ne i n 1 9 6 B C — a gi ft o f t h at w hi c h i s n o t to be giv en
“
. .
M ag n esi a i n 1 9 0 Ro me p r e d o mi n an t i n A si a an d Egypt H e
,
.
ag ai n w h en h e c lo s ed t h e w ar i n Sp ai n by t h e sac k of N um an ti a i n
’
c ou n t ry s fal l H er e en ds th a t p er i od of fif ty th r ee yea r s thi s i s the -
hi s c o u n t rym en r eg ar d hi m as a r e n eg ad e s i nc e t he y s e t u p h i s
1 O n the Rep u bl i c 2 . 14 .
2
Th o ug h not a
pr o fess e d S t o i c , Pbl yb i us t
c o n s an tl y ShO W S t he i n fl ue n c e o f
St o i c d o c tr i n es .
3
3 4 . .
4 64 S H ORT H I ST O RY O F G RE E K LITE RATU RE
t
s ta u e n ea o f Ar atu s an d Phil o poe me n t he h ero es of the
r th o se ,
an d t h e r e h e d i e d at t he age o f eig h ty t w o -
.
Th e Hi s t ory
B o o k 3 i s t he h i s t ory of t h e Sec o n d Pu n i c War to
t he b attl e O f C an n ae i n 2 1 6 B ook s 4 an d 5 r el at e t he struggl e s
.
s p ec i al m an u sc ri pt s an d c o n s i d e r abl e fr agm e n t s o f t h e r e m ai n d e r o f
,
1
faul t s of ei t her Tru t h h e wo r sh i ped li k e a go d d ess an d sp ar ed
.
,
u i ty say s M o mmse n
,
”
p e r haps c an b e nam e d to w ho m w e ar e
,
“
,
2
twilig h t b egi ns .
”
i ns t an c e o f th e N em e si s that w ai t s o n th o se w ho t hi n k w i t h Epi c u ,
3
as t h ou g h i t w e r e tr ag e d y e ffort s at fi n e w ri ti n g w hi c h h e too k
,
d e vo t e d to t h e c ri ti c i s m o f o t he r s an d h e sp e n d s n o l ess t han ,
1
13 .
5 .
2
H i story o
f Rome III 4 68 .
3 Po ybi us l 2 .
56 .
466 SH O RT H I ST O R Y o r G RE E K LI TE RATUR E
t he y c ov e r e d t he sam e grou n d .
w as to r em ai n lo n g wi tho ut a riv al O PP IA N S d i d ac ti c po em On
.
’
O p p i an w as a man o f N i c an d er s sc h ool an d i mi t at ed
’
c en turi es .
o n fi shi n g i n p ro s e an d v e r s e
’
, O p p i an s d e sc rip t io ns are ac c u r at e
.
en o ug h t o i n t e r es t th e m od er n n atur ali st An ep i c On H un ti ng .
,
l at e r r ead er
I t i s no t t ill th e four t h c en tu ry t hat w e enc ou n ter o nc e m o re a
w ri t er o f my tho logi c al e p i c w h o se n am e has so m e l i ter ary i m po r
’
M u ses wi t h th e t h e m e o f hi s epi c as h e p as tu r e d hi s flo c k s i n t he
1
Di o n ys H al
. .
, On Me A r r a ngemen t of Wor d s 4, r ec k o n s Pol yb i us w i t h
t ho se w ho m man r re ad t hro ugh ’
no e n d u es to .
N O NNUS 46 7
l
pl ai ns o f Smyr n a Ev en hi s d at e i s a m atter of c o nj ec tu r e H i s
. .
H ec tor s bu ri al’
Fo r th ese he dr ew o n t he A ei /zi opi s Qui n t us
“
. .
pr ec ed ed N o nnus .
w ho follo we d H o me r c l o se ly an d ow e d muc h to t h e B o er / m e of
w hi c h he d elig h t s to n arr at e h e us e d Al ex an d ri an mo d el s H i s
,
.
as h e c all s t h e D i o n rs i o m i s a r am
’ ?
( l i ner s eo/o r eo
-
f l y /l i n , ,
bli n g c o n fu sed se ri es of l e g e nd s w h i c h d efi es ev e ry c an o n of e pi c
,
12 .
3 10 .
2
D i o ny s i a a z x . 1
5 .
468 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F GRE E K L IT E RATU R E
H i s G r eek i s r he to ri c al an d fe v e ri s h as t he mos t d i so r d e r ed d i t hy
,
p l e ad i ng wi t h N i c ae a t he A mazo n w i t h i ts t e d io us p l ay o n wor d s ,
an d al l t h e ti ns e l o f s o p hi s ti c al p an egyri c ( 1 2 1 3 0 B ut hi s .
c o mpo s i ti o n of th e D i ony s i a ea N o n n u s w as c o n v e rt e d t o C h ri s ti an
,
’
i ty an d m ad e a p ar ap h r ase i n v e r s e of S i j o/zn s G osp el w h i c h
,
.
s urviv e s wit h h i s e p i c .
i n 6 9 1 h ex am e t e r s w h i c h i s e xt an t an d w e h av e the R ape of H el en
, ,
n e arl y 4 00 v e r se s ) by C o l uth us
( B o th of t h es e p o e ts w e r e
. l ik e ,
N o nnus Egy p ti an G r e ek s
,
Li t e r atu r e w oul d hav e l o st n ot h i n g h ad
.
s c h ol ar s o f t he R e n ai ssan c e l ik e t he p o e t M arlow e i d en ti fi e d hi m
, ,
sixt h B o o k of t h e Aen ei d as th e c e n t e r of an ad mi ri n g th ro n g i n
,
th e u n d e rworl d B ut t h e w ri t e r o f H er o a n d L ea n d er a bri e f
.
,
1 O f th e 3 2 v ar i e t i es o f H o me r i c h e x amet e r , L a Ro c h e h as s h o w n t h at N o n
n us u s e d o n l
y 9 ; A p o ll o n i us h ad us e d 2 7 N o n n us sh o w s a d e c i d e d p r e fer
.
en ce fo r mak i n g t h e w o r d ac c e n t c o i n c i d e i n , th e l as t fo o t , w i t h t h e i c t us . In
th e ch o l i amb i cs o f B ab r i us t h i s p r ac t i c e i s t h e
,
l i hi
r u e , an d , a i n n s c s e, s o t
d o ub
d u e t o th e i n fl ue nc e of t sk a o n
the La i n z . L at er w i th th B yz an t i n
,
e es , acc e n t
s ee ms t o h ave b ee n r eg u l arl y t ak e n i n t o ac c o u n t i n me t i al o mp it i r c c os on .
SH O RT H I ST O RY O F GRE E K L IT E RATUR E
‘
4 70
c o n tr as t wi t h th e o pe n i n g sc e n es an d th e sw i m mi n g of th e s tormy
H e ll esp o n t ,
Th e r o ar i n g se a l ame n t i n g to t h ese h o ur s
Lean d er s L o v e an d Death
’
’
lov e r s d eat h s ees hi s d row n e d bo d y o n t h e ro c k s b elow h er
,
mo d ern r ead e r
I n eve r th i n k of
p o o r Lean d e r s fat e
’
An d h o w h e s w am, a n d h o w h i s b r i d e
l at e s at ,
A n d w at c h e d th e d r ead fu l d aw n i n g o f t h e l i gh t ,
B ut as I w o u l d o f t w o th at d i e d l ast n i gh t .
S o mi gh t t h ey n o w h av e l i v e d an d so h ave d i ed ; ,
3
i n th e A n th ol ogy so c lo sely ec h o es t he p h r ases o f M u sae u s t hat i t
mu s t hav e b een a d ir ec t i m i tati o n .
2 L ei gh H un t .
3
9 362
. .
T H E E P I GRAM MATI ST S 47r
'
g er ,
t h e fello w t ow n s m an o f
-
P h i l o d e m us bu t by epi g ram
,
m ad e a c oll ec ti o n of mo d er n po e t s H e w as p e r h aps th e fi r s t to .
ev en Ro man po e ts w ho wro t e i n G r e ek s u c h as t h e ac c o m p li sh ed ,
th e m od e r n s en s e an d n o n e o f t he m c ert ai n ly fro m t h e h an d o f
,
Lu c i an .
an d F aum
fo rm e r fro m hsi c u h
o n t ry o seu o n t h e B s h
o p or u s s
,
w i l t ni ahe me d r n n /e tas te th o /c fir s t a n d hr i ng i t to me a n d
, ,
n u mb er o f mo r e than s e v e n ty ar e a mo n g t h e b es t of t h i s l at er ,
M y b i rth w as n o b l e — 1Vh at if i t w er e n ot 9 .
Gl o ry I w o n Wh a t boots zt an th e tom!) 9
A n d h er e I l i e — Wh o s ay s so a n d to w h om ,
an d i n givi n g fr e sh t u r n s to t h e o l d c o m mo n l ac es
p All w e r e i mi .
t ato r s w h o se favori t e m od el w as an Al e x an d ri an Le o n i d as of
, ,
Tar en tu m .
a ti me w h e n i t w as th e fas h i o n fo r a Ro man t o c o m
B abri us
po se i n G r ee k as i n o ur d ay c e rt ai n E n gl i s h and
, , ,
p l ac e d i n t h e t i me o f C ro esus w h il e t h e G r e ek s p r o c e ed e d to at
,
1
A n th . Pa l .
5 . 26 1 ; M ac k ai l ’
s r l t
t an s a i o n . J o n s o n u se d th e p ros e r
ve s o n i
of
’
l h i l os trat us 3 5 5 .
2
Ro g er s
’
tran s l at i o n .
4 74 SH O RT H I ST O RY O F G R E E K LITE RATUR E
’
o f u n iv e r sal h i st ory dow n to C aesar s c o nqu est o f G aul O f t hi s .
c h w as c o m
n as s u s
s 1 — 1 1 an d fr agm en ts o f 1 2
( B ook w h i
p l eted abou t 8 B C T h i s h e wro te p artly fo r the gl ory o f
. .
mus t c o m e t h ro ug h t h e i n flu en c e o f Ro me Th e m ai n t he me of .
mo us p er so n s c hi efly ep i d e i c t i c i n c h ar ac t e r an d s tyl e an d c o m
, ,
r an k o f a c l assi c . H e i s li fe l ess an d mo n o to n ou s an d i s bu r d en e d
wi th to o m an y r emi n i sc en c es H i s m o st i m po r tan t c o n tribu tio n
.
t or s .
I so c rates fo r i n s t ance
,
Th e fac ts an d d ates ar e i n hi s favo r
.
,
n u m e ro us S ta di es d e di c at ed t o d i s ti n gui sh e d sc hol ar s o f o u r t im e ,
1
t he word s T hen w e hav e the d e fi ni tio n o f t he t hr ee har
!
mo n i es th e au s t e r e ( e g A esc hyl us Pi n d ar T hu c y d id es) the
,
‘ ’
. .
, , ,
an aly si s h e r e m ad e o f D e mo s t h en i c r hy t h m s ( c Di o n y si us .
an d mo s t p r ec io us o f al l t h e w ho l e o f t h e S apphi c O d e to A h r o
, p ,
2
S ty l e i n L i ter atu r e i s a c lo se mod e r n p ar all e l to the A r r ange
men t of Wo r ds .
t h en es H yp er ei d es A e sc hi n es
,
Ly s i as i s t h e mo d el o f the p er
,
.
s i o n all y to o c o pi ou s l saeus t oo c l ev er t o c o n vi n c e ow e d t w o
.
, ,
3 ’
se l f c all e d d i t hy r am bi c w as n o t to b e ad mi r e d wi t hou t r es erv e
‘
, .
F o r Pl at o s s p ar e an d mu sc ul ar m an n er h e has n ot h i n g bu t pr ai s e
’
.
1
3 . Co n temp or a ry Revi ew , 18 8
5 .
3
Ph aed r us 23 8 D .
4 78 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F G R E E K LIT E RATU R E
fi t o f n o n Se m i t i c r ead e r s
-
I n t h i s t ask h e r equi r e d t he h el p o f
.
t iv e o f ev e n ts o f w h i c h he h im se l f w as a p ar t .
Arr i an
t ary c ar eer h e b ec ame a c itiz e n o f A t h e n s c o n spi c u
, ,
o u s fo r w e al t h an d p u bl i c s pi ri t an d t h e r e wrot e h i s H i s to ry of ,
th e A n a ha s i s of A l ex a n d er ( i n se v en B ook s ) w h i c h has c o me d o w n
t o us al mo s t c ompl et e I t c ov e r s t h e y ear s 3 3 6 — 3 2 3 B C
. Arr i an . .
w as a d evo te d di sc ipl e o f the p h ilo sop her Epi c tetus who lik e an ,
w h il e a sl av e at R o me ed u c at ed hi m s el f an d b ec am e o ne of the
,
i sh ed t he ph ilo s op h er s ( 9 4 A D ) h e r et r eat e d to N i c o po li s i n
. .
c e r n s t he fr e e do m o f the s oul i ts i n d ep e n d en c e o f e xt e r n al s
,
Fo r .
’
o ut o n e s o wn pri n c ipl es o f c o n du c t T h e t eac h i n g of Epi c t e t us
.
r h etori c of hi s d ay .
480 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F G R E E K L ITE RATU R E
advo c ate at Ro me u n d e r H ad ri an an d A n to n i n u s an d w as r ai se d
c o m p r eh en s iv e su rv ey i n a si n gl e B oo k o f t h e w ar s i n I taly
t h e w h ol e o f 6 8 th e l at t er hal f o f 9 an d th e w h ol e o f 1 1 — 1 7
—
, , ,
w ar s at 3 4 B C
,
App i an i s a h i sto ri an o f th e sc hool of P0
. .
hi s s ou r c es ac t u ally w er e i s s ti ll an op en q u e s tio n bu t h e s e em s t o ,
O t ho w h i c h w e r e writt en si n gl y
,
Plu t ar c h w as a t ru e hero wor
.
sh i p er ,
an d h e c h o s e for hi s h e ro es men w ho h ad di s ti n gui sh e d
’
s p ear e fo un d i n N o rt h s t r ansl atio n o f th e L i ves d r am as lik e
C or i ol an us o r j u li us C aes a r r ead y mad e
’
Plu t ar c h s L i nes ar e .
to M o n t aig n e h i m s el f as h e r ead h i m i n th e Fr e n c h v e r s io n o f
,
’
essay s an d d i alogu es M o n taig n e s c r eam o f p h il o sop hy
“
,
w hi c h
w e h av e u n d er h i s n am e ar e all m o r al an d d i d ac ti c i n ai m s o t hat
, ,
u n d e r s u sp i c i o n Li k e m o s t o f the i n te l l e c tual s o f hi s d ay Pl u
'
.
,
Th e Tahl e Ta l h i n fo ur B o o k s i s a se ri es o f d i sc u ssio n s o n al l
m ann e r o f qu estio n s p h ilo s o ph i c al an ti q uari an l it er ary q uesti o n s
, , , ,
d i sc u ssio n s w hi c h are h el d at At h en s o r D e l p hi or at t he G am es i n
, , ,
H er od o tus d i spl ay s th e n at ur al p r ej ud i c e of a B o eo ti an ag ai ns t o n e
w ho had so s ev er e ly c ri ti c i sed t he c o n d u c t of t h e B o e oti an s i n the
o f all ki nd s e v e n i n C o m e dy
,
H e h at e d t he E p i c ur ean s an d .
,
at t ac k e d t h e m i n Ag ai n s t Co l o tes ( an E pi c u r e an ) an d i n a d i a ,
t h eo logy an d to j us ti fy t h e w ay s of go d to man .
o f c o u r se p r o n e to At ti c c o ns tr uc tio n s an d v o c ab ul ary
,
Fo r t h e .
M rs l ti n f h e r p o e m, Th e D ea d I
’
1 . B ro w n i n g , i n h e r exp an a o o an,
g i ve s
P l ut ar c h as her au t h o r i ty ,
b ut mi s q uo t es h i s v e rs i o n
.
484 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F GR E E K L IT E R AT UR E
c al G r e ek s an d Al ex an d ri an s an d h i s fo n d n e ss for q u o ti n g p o e try
,
mo r e Us cy ul i s a typi c al ep id ei c ti c pi ec e ; t he G ry l l us a d i alog ue
‘
,
O f O d y s s e u s w i t h o n e of C i r c e s s wi n e i s a p ar ad oxi c al e n c o mi u m
’
, ,
e x c e ss an d ridi c ul e d e qu al ly t h e rigoro u s A t ti c i s t w ho w o u l d r at h e r
,
2
i n ac ti v e i n th e fi n e an d t h r ead b ar e c lo ak o f Lysi ani c sp eec h .
l
s urv ey ed th e w h ol e fi el d o f p h ilo s o p hy c o mbi n i n g a l t h e s ep ar at e ,
s o u r c e s ar e s ti ll d eb at ed an d w e ar e u n c e rt ai n as to hi s m e t h od o f
,
u si n g t h e m H e h ad b e for e h i m n u me r o u s h i s to ri e s O f t h e sc hool s
.
,
h el p ed o u t h i s o w n m eag er r es o u r c es As h e h as n o t h i n g to s ay
.
ab o u t N e o Pl ato n i s m an d men ti o n s t h e su c c e s s or o f th e s e c o n d
-
,
of t he t hi r d c e n t ury T h e L i nes ar e i n te n B o o k s
. 1 — 2 th e ,
1
Th e us e o f h i at us i s , t h er e fo r e, n o s afe c ri t er i o n fo r th e g e n ui n e n ess of
h i s w r i t i ngs .
2 H ow to L i sten 9 .
48 6 SH O RT H I ST O RY O F G RE E K L IT E RATU R E
w r i te P r os e i s c l earl y P e ri p at e ti c i n origi n an d s ho w s th e i n flu
, ,
( ko m m ,
‘
, ,
an d of t he p e riod Fo u r ki n d s o f s tyl e ar e d i s t i n g ui sh ed th e
.
,
sc rib e d T h e u se o f th e d ual b e tr ay s th e A t ti c i st
. Th e au t h or .
w as h ow e v e r n o pu ri s t
, ,
H i s s tyl e i s l uc i d an d c o n c i se
. .
L on gi nus On c o n v e y th e G r ee k wor d {i i o; m or e
i p r ec i sely to t h e /
t h e S ub l i me
mo d er n r ead e r To thi s t r eati se w e h av e r e fe rr ed n o w
.
Gr eeh Cr i t i c i s m i n S tu d i es i n P oetry an d Cr i t i ci s m, Lo n d o n , 1 90
5 . VV i l a
mo w i tz , i n H er mes 3 5 , 4 9 , p l ac es t h e ess ay i n t he fi rs t hal f o f t h e fi rst cen u t ry ,
AD .
P SEU DO — LO N G I NU S 48 7
’
l ab el s hi s b o o k Lo ngi n u s The fi rs t s us pi c io n was aro used i n 1 8 0 8
.
,
t rib e u n l i k e t ho se A l e x an
,
d ri an p h ilologi c al c riti c s w h o as Po p e , ,
s ai d h ad al l t h e ac c o mp li s h me n t s
,
e x c e p t s p iri t t as t e an d se n se , ,
w as n o t o n e o f th e v e ry fe w i n sp i r e d aes t h e ti c c ri ti c s w h o m t h e
,
p a ss io n s
,
’
w h i c h su rviv e s o n ly by r e aso n o f i ts q uo tati o n h e re .
ar e s u rv ey e d wit h n o pr ec i se sy st e m the l ac k o f or d er b ei n g i n ,
’ ’
d e al i n g wi t h the faul tl ess w ri t er s Lo n gi n us sh ow s hi s gi ft fo r ,
p l e as e at all t i m e s an d i n al l c o u n t ri es
quod s emper quod ,
as m uc h i n hi s D i a l og ue o n O r a to r s T h e aut h or s hi p of th e essay
.
“
ar d e n t j ud g e ,
t h i s bol d Lo n gi nus an d h e ap p eal s afr esh i n
” “
,
”
affec t atio n s o f l i t er at ur e .
Th e N ew c ri ti c s mig h t b e e n o ug h to i n s pi r e G r e e k s wi t h tru e
an d sc i e n ti fi c . H e s e t u p H egesi as as t h e bi te n o i r e o f th e A tti c i s t s ,
t h e mo d el o f w h at to avoi d B u t h e d i d n o t c o un t w it h t h e rigorou s
.
p u ri s t s w h o s e mo d el mu s t b e Ly s i as
,
E ac h to h i s c h oi c e an d i t
.
,
as s i m p ly a r e nai ssan c e o f t h at A s i an i s m w h i c h to D i o n y si us h ad °
’ ’
Herod es of p o e t ry T hey san g t h ei r so n g s as t hey c all ed
.
‘ ‘
t o th e ir r hy th ms . Th e p o mp an d p ro d ig al ity of th e l ife l ed e v en
a ri c h man li k e H ERO DES A TT I CU S ( 1 00— 1 7 5 A D ) t o d ec l ai m an d . .
e l oq ue n c e w e h av e o n e s h or t an d u n i m p or tan t s p e ec h a fi c ti ti o u s ,
w hi c h w e c an g at h er l i t tl e of th e c har ac t er of hi s man y s id e d el o -
q u e nc e . W e h a v e t w o d ec l am a t i o n s of th e famou s P o l e mo n o n
p pu il o f H e ro d e s ( 9
1 2 — 18
9 do es i n d eed su rviv e i n fi fty fi ve -
m ad e h i ms el f o n e o f t he mo s t c orr ec t w ri t e r s o f t he d ay H e .
l iv e d lo n g at Smyr n a w h er e h e u ph el d th e b an n e r o f p ur e At ti c
,
ag ai n s t th e s ol ec i s t s H e ai med at u si n g n o w or d t h at d i d n o t
.
c o me fr o m book s b u t hi s p r ac ti c e as wi t h al l t h e s e p u r i s ts l agge d
, , ,
s tro ng c o n tr as t w i t h hi s r eg ul ar
p e rio d i c s tyl e .
p l ac e d DIO s ur n am ed , C hry so s to mu s ‘
th e G ol d en mou t h ed ,
’
-
.
’
so rt o f A si ati c Pl ut ar c h he w as fo r
p art of h i s li fe at
, Di o
l east a p ro fessed so phi st w rot e p ar ad oxi c al pan egyri c s Of P r us a
,
of p rro t
a a a , g t a d hair ac c o r d i n g to th e p r e v aili n g fashio n
n a n
2
, , ,
t ak e n by t he G r eek s 3
B ut h e w as mad e o f s t e r n e r s t u ff t h an
.
H e ro d es an d hi s fe llow s B an i sh ed as a su sp ec t by Do miti an h e
.
,
s o ph i s t s w h o m Di o d en o unc es H i s ai m h o w ev e r was v e ry d i f
.
, ,
aw ak e ,
it o d i an s
6
t he i r p ar s i mo n y and v an d al i s m i n
m aki n g ov e r o l d s t at ues I n an o t h er c at egory ar e the d oz en
.
1 Or a t i o n 20 .
2 S yn es i us r e pl i e d in
p ra i s e o l
f b a d n e ss .
3 O r at i o n II ( Ar mi n ) .
4
32 .
5
3 3
v
,
s
3 4 .
6
3"
49 2 SH O RT H I ST O RY O F G R E E K LITE RATU RE
of vi ew o f R o m an fun c ti o n ary an d a bo r n B i t hy n i an I n h i s
a .
Di o c o mp ar es at e v e ry p oi n t t he s im pl e man n e r o f hi s ki n d ly h o s t s
i n t he h ollo w s o f E u bo ea t he c ourt shi p o f t w o r us ti c l ov e r s th e
, ,
an y c ri ti c i s m o f t h ei r ad or ed po e t an d eag e r to l i s t en to a s p e e c h
,
i n tho s e p art s
1
Di o l ab el ed h i m sel f p hi lo so p her an d he w as
.
,
’
i mi t ati o n w riti n g t he pl ai n styl e an d avoi d i ng by hi s g en i ality o f
,
‘
,
Pl ato w e r e hi s favori t e m od el s an d n e xt to Lu c i an h e i s th e mo s t
,
2
h ig h pr ai se by Epi c t e t us .
Aur el i us
p r e fe rr e d to th e t r ad iti o n al M ed i tati on s ) i n t w el v e ,
To Hi ms el f
B ook s w as p rob ably w ri tt e n d ow n fro m d ay t o d ay
, ,
t h e r ec or d o f a s o ul c o n v e r si n g wi t h i t sel f wi t h n o th o ug h t o f o t h er ,
1 Or at i on 3 6 2
.
3 . 23 . 1
7 .
4 94 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F GR E E K L ITE RATU R E
an Ap ol ogy fo r an i n c o n si s t e n c y t hat w as o n l y ap p ar en t H e re .
ti m e w h en he m ov ed to At he n s he d i sc ar d ed t h e so phi s t s p ro
,
’
fe ss i o n an d fl att e r e d h i msel f t h at
h e had t u r n e d to p h ilo s op h y .
‘
ca l l ed a s h a d ow o f
f r acti o n of s ta tec r af t or a f o u r th of fl attery
a .
H e w as i n d ee d n o p h il o s o p h e r H i s c o n v e r s io n by t h e Pl ato n i s t
.
N i gr i n us i n Ro me d e s c ri b e d i n the M gr mus w as to o su d d en to
, ,
b e l as ti n g a r ar e g us t o f e m o tio n ali s m
, Sati r e w as h i s tr u e .
s eu d o L u c i an t he r e i s a slig h t e r i n t e r es t i n t he su e r n atur al s i d e
p p
-
.
3
The A ss as p ar ap h r as ed by M ac h i av elli
w .
O f th e s o p h i s ti c p i ec es t h e P h a l a r i s ( I an d I I ) t h e ap ology o f ,
Th e D i s
’
Lu c i an s l eg al e x p eri e n c e had b ee n goo d tr ai n i n g .
d i alogu e fo r p an egyri c as t he P o r tr a i t S tu dy i n p r ai se o f P an t he a
, ,
1 D ou bl e I n d i ctmen t 3 4 .
3 A ai n t
g t h e L u i an i c aut h rs h i p a
s c o re C o b e t, Di n d o r f , J ac t
o bi e ; fo r ,
Ar n i m R h d e an d o t h ers
, o , .
49 6 SH O RT H I ST O RY OF G RE E K LITE RATU R E
g eni al satir e o n t he m an i a fo r at hl e ti c s Th e H er mo
Di al og ue s
.
er mo ti mus w as
‘
H
’
h e rs say s T r ail l s Lu c i an to P asc al B ut t h e
p ,
.
T he y w e r e pl ai n ly wri t t en u n d e r th e i n fl u en c e o f a sati ri s t w ho
t ak es p art i n mor e than o n e o f th em M en i ppus o f G ad ar a w ho , ,
c h ar ac t e r of th e sati r e s of M e n i p p u s w h i c h ar e all l o s t w e mu s t
, ,
l ook to Luc i an s li v el y i mi t at io n s
’
T he D i a l og ues of the G o d s
.
u n sp ari n g fo e .
1 Th e N ew L u ci a n , L o n d o n , 1 900 .
n o t un d er t h e d i sg u i s e o f Ly i n us as i n th e o r i g i n al
c .
498 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F GR E E K LITE RATUR E
f oe no w o r s e f a te th a n the r ea d i ng f
o th em . F r zgi d ? Ca spi a n
w ar m i n
mp a r i so n ‘
s now s , Cel ti c i ce, are Lu c i an i s at hi s
co .
en e my kil l ed w h il e th e Ro man s lo s t t w o ;
’
t h e q u ee r g e ogr ap hy ,
’
I t i s a G ul l i ver s Tr a vel s wri t t en wi t h o ut th e bit t er ness of Swift a ,
’
t hat h e i s a B abylo n i an an d r eally wro te al l t h o se s puriou s ‘
The c o n c e i t s o f t h e hy p e r At ti c i s t w er e n o t t o b e l e t p ass by
-
G u i d e i s an i ro n i c al s et of rul es fo r t h e bu d d i n g r h e to ri c i an d e ,
H i s i s n o t an en d eari ng p e r s o nality H e h as n o n e o f th e
”
aw ay . .
n e ss fro m t he c an t an d c harl at an i s m of h i s d a h e d i d n t m ak
y o e
,
What i s hard .
H i s styl e i s th e t ri u mp h o f th e i mi tativ e m e t ho d H e w as n o t .
,
hi t o n a goo d fi gu r e h e u s ed i t mor e t h an o nc e a t en d e n c y c o m
, ,
— t he rom an c e T he G r eek n o v e l b eg an w it h X en o
R oman ce
.
p h o n s Cy r op aed i a, an d t hi s so rt of biogr ap hy h al f
’
,
marv elo us t al es d ow n to ,
t h e s o p hi s t w h o i n t h e , ,
a su m mary of i t i n P h o ti us .
i n t h e en d T h e N ew C o m ed y had p r ep ar ed th e w ay for i t an d
.
,
s e ri es o f ad v en tu r es i n s t r an g e l an d s d i fferi n g li t tl e fro m t h e w o n
,
1
Cr ass u s 3 2 .
50 2 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F GR E E K LIT ERATURE
Th e fourt h , ,
. .
S oph i s t s
wi t h C hri s ti an emp eror s and J ul ian t he H ell en i st .
hy mn s
’ ’
h i s s p eec h es ,
o d es o r so n g s i n th e so ph i s ti c j argo n
, , , .
-
.
,
an d hi s P o mp /V as es o f Ari s totl e r ar e e vi d en ce o f
Th emi s t i us
,
se riou s sc h ol ar s h i p i n o n e o f t h es e s op hi s t s T he mi s .
o ph er s . T ec h n i c ally he w as a s o p hi st g av e d i spl ay s o f e pi d ei c ti c ,
th e fo u rt h c en t u ry wo ul d hav e n o n e of hi m an d by hi s atti t ud e
, ,
t he p e rfec t ac c u r ac y o f a p u ri st an ac c u r ac y t o w h i c h i n d ee d n o
, , ,
pu ri st had ev e r at t ai n e d .
an d d e c l ar ed t h at h e wo ul d giv e t h e w e al t h o f M i d as t o ac h i ev e
an yt h i n g lik e t he p e rfec t io n s of t h at n ew De mo s t h en es .
Li bani us
H e w as r i gi d ly c o n v e n ti o n al an d hi s p an egyri c s ar e ,
c ut o ut
p r ec i sely aft e r th e p att er n pr e sc ri b e d by the t he ori s t s .
an d d ar e d to mo ur n H e w as c o n t e n t wi t h t h e ti tl e o f s o ph i s t
.
,
l
b es tow o n Juli an . H e w as am o n g t h e m o st p un c tilio u s o f the
s o p hi s t s i n h i s avo i d an c e of Ro man n am e s an d as far as
-
o i bl
p ss
, e , ,
sp it e o f t h e p ro hibi tio n of t h e C h ri s ti an C o n s t an ti us H e h ad .
aloof fro m th e
Jul i ani c r eviv al J uli an s w ork as a J ul i an
’
.
all t h e r ul es l ai d do w n by M e n an d e r for t hi s s p ec i e s o f c o mp o si
t io n i n w h i c h e v e ry so p h i s t mus t b e an ex p e rt
,
We hav e n earl y .
,
J uli an s .
c en t u ri es mu st r e m ai n t he r el igi o n o f t h e e d uc a t e d b u t he w as ,
1
L e/ter 4 3 .
5 04 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F GREE K LITE RATUR E
s o p h i s ti c ty p e . H e oft en m ak es t h e s to c k e x c u s e o f h ast e an d
l ac k of p rofessi o nal ease i n wri ti n g an d all hi s w ork sho w s by i ts
,
c l u m s y r e p e ti ti o n s an d digr e ss i o n s a w an t of fi n i sh I n n arr at iv e .
an d w h ol e s e n t e n c es t ak e n wi t h ou t ac k n owl e d g me n t fro m th e
for m o f a b an qu et o f hi s p r ed ec esso r s i n w h i c h C o n s t an ti n e pl ay s
,
g en e r at ed i n th e c ou r se o f a c en t ury .
t i o n s c o n t ai n ed n i n e d i sc u ssio n s fi fty fo u r bo o k s i n al l T hi s
,
-
.
Un pl ac e d , rt e d o n e c l o se Un i ty
un p a ,
Y e t o mn i pr es en t ; all t hi n gs yet b ut O n e ; ,
N o t s tr e ak e d w i t h g au d y mul t i p l i c i t y ,
Pur e l i gh t w i th o ut d i sc o l o urat i o n 1
,
”
h e T h e sec o n d m e mb e r o f hi s Tri n i ty w as M i n d w hi c h c r e at es
p rs .
,
B e i n g by th i n ki n g an d i s i t sel f th e t h i n k e r an d th e t h oug h t
, .
t ow ar d att e r s i n c e t he y c h oo se th e wo r s e
,
th e p ri so n o f the ,
an d t he d es i r e fo r r e asc en t for ,
3
to the A l o n e Suc h a vi si o n Plo ti n u s h im sel f ac h i e v ed fo u r tim es
.
1
H e n ry M o r e, P sy ch o th a n a s i a M o r e w as o n e o f t h o s e Camb ri d g e Pl at o
.
n i s ts w h o t r i e d t o r e c o n c i l e t h e C h r i s t i a n d o c tr i n e t h at G o d i s L o v e w i t h th e
P l t i n i an
o con c e p tion of a p ri n c i pl e ab o ve al l b e i n g i mperso n a
, l , u ms el fc o n
-
sc i o u s . I n h i m i s t o b e fo un d th e mos t d i r ec t po et i c ex
pr essi o n of th e teac h
i n gs of Ploti n us .
2 V au
gh an , Th e W or l d .
3 E n n ead 6 1 1.
.
9 .
T H E N EO PLATO N I S I S
’ ‘
—
507
ag en c y .
,
w hi c h hi s follow er s t ook i n d ue c ou r s e .
Th e d ec ad e n c e of N eo Pl at o n i sm mad e li t tl e h e ad w ay i n the
-
n obl e d es c en t w ho fo r soo k al l t o b e t h e d i sc i pl e o f
P orph y ry
,
c an d or t h e d r awb ac k s an d fr au d s of polyt h e i s m as i t w as p r ac ti c e d
i n hi s d ay B ut h e e x pl ai n e d t h em by th e worki n g o f wi c k e d
.
Li k e al l th e N eo Pl at o n i sts h e Was ec l e c ti c an d
e
I ambl i c h us
, ,
H e s t an d s for t h e d ec ad e nc e o f N e o Pl ato n i s m an d t h o ug h w e -
,
c h o s e fo r at t ai n i n g my s ti c al u n io n w i t h t h e O n e The tr eati se .
e n o ug h t h at t h o u g h h e w as m or e r e fi n e d i n hi s m e t h od s t h an
,
r eviv al o f H ell en i sm n o t t o th e R o m
,
an ari s t o c r ac y an d Sen at e t h e
, ,
Ju st i ni an c lo se d the sc h ool ( 5 2 9
The l as t gr eat N eo Pl ato n i s t PRO C LUs (4 1 0— 4 8 5
-
,
w as
bor n i n C o n s tan ti nopl e o f p ar en t s w ho had e mi gr at ed fro m Ly c i a
,
.
hi s d i s c i pl e M ari n us
,
I n h i s at t em p t to sy s t e m atiz e p h ilo s o ph y
.
,
1
Th e si x L etter s ad d ess e dr t o I ambl i c h us w hi c h ar e i n c l u d ed mo n g the
a
J ul i an i c rt
w i i n gs are , r
o f c o u se, s
p uri o us . I ambl i c h us d i ed ab o u t t h e t i me
when J ul i an was b o rn .
5 10 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F GR E E K L ITE RATUR E
o n th e tr e e o f k n owl ed g e i n th e c at egory of li t er at ur e at al l ,
.
al w ay s o mi t wi t h a qu al m t h e m o s t trivi al pi e c e o f evi d e n c e s i n c e
B IB LI OGRAPHY
B A B RI US
at M t A t h o s i n 1 8 4 3 ( 1 2 2 fab l e s )
. Si x o t h ers ar e pr es erv e d i n t h e Va t i ca n us .
,
1 5 th c e n t an d o n a w ax t ab l et fr o m Pal myr a
.
,
M an yf r g are q uo t ed i n th e . o .
1845 . S c h n ei d e w i n L e i p z i g 1 8 5 3 Gi tb au e r V i e n n a x8 8 2
, ,
R ut h er fo r d .
, , .
,
L o n d o n 1 8 8 3 ( w i t h a s p ec i al L ex i con )
,
Cr us i us L e i p z i g 1 8 9 6 ; t ex t o nl y .
, , ,
18 9 7 . We r n er Q ua esti on es B a hr i a n a e B e r l i n 1 8 9 1
,
H o c h D e B ahr i i , , .
,
a on l i s H all e 1 8 70 C ru s i us i n L ei S t u d i en 2 F o r th e me t e r : A h r en s
f , , p . . .
,
D e er as i et ap haer es i S t o l b erg 1 8 4 5 , , .
DEM EI RI US ’ ‘
Th e b est r t man us c t
i p i s th e P a r i s i n z/ s, w hi ch c o n ai n s a so l Ar t otl e s Rheto r i c
i s
’
an d F eel i es an d r h e t o r i c al tr e at i s es o f D i o n ys i us H al . E d p r i n c , A d us , V e n i c e ,
. . l
1 5 08 — 1 5 09 Vi c t o r F l o r e n c e 1 5 5 2
.
,S p e n gel i n , . vo l I I I o f R h et Gr a eei
. . .
Rad er mac h e r L e i pz i g 1 9 0 1 ,
Ro b e rt s C amb ri d g e
,
.
, , 1 902 ( w i th Li ers,
De a eta te et s er ip to r e 1r e
pt
‘
. W r ati sl aw , 18 8 1 . H amme r , D emetr i u s
'
r
7 epi Ep , Lan d s h u
. t ,
18 8 3 . A l ts c h u l , De D . Rhetor i s a eta te. L ei p i g, z 18 8 9 .
B I B LI O G RAP HY 51 1
'
B e h ei m S c hw arz b ac h , Li bel l a s
-
7r e
p i Ep gu o temp or e . eo mpos zt zts s i t, Ki el , 1 8 90 .
S eb e n k l i n V i en er S tu d i en 4
[ .
D I O GEN ES LA ERI ’ ‘
I US
N i et z sc h e i n Rh i n l ll n 2 3 e .
/ s .
—2
5 . Wi l amo w i t z i n P hi l . Un ter s . I V 3 20 ii .
Sc h w art z i n Pau l y Wi s w a - s o .
DI O OF PRUSA
Th e b es t man us cr i pts ar e t h e P a l a tm n s , 1 5 th c en t .
, Va ti ea n n s , 1 3 th c en t .
M eer nza n n i u s, 1 1 th c e n t .
,
is the on l y man u c ri pt t hat s c o n ai n s t t he w ho l e of th e
t t w ork s E d p i n c V e n i c e 1 5 5 1 R i sk e Le i pz i g 1 7 8 4 Emperi us
e x an . . r .
, , . e , , .
,
Br u ns w i c k 1 8 44 Di n d o r f L e i p z i g 1 8 5 7
,
Ar n i m B er l i n
. 1 8 9 3 — 18 96 , , .
, , .
Ar n i m Lehen i t Wer he d es D i o B er l i n 1 8 9 8
,
M art h a L s M r a l i stes s u s
.
, , .
,
e o o
l E mp i r e R o ma i n P ari s 1 8 8 6
’
S o n n y A n a l ecta a d D Ki e f 1 8 9 6
, Web er , .
,
.
, , .
D I O N Y S I US OF H A L I CAR N AS SUS
c ent . Ed i t i o n s : K i ess l i ng , L e i p z i g ,
1 8 6 0 —1 8 70 . Ki essl i n g -J ac o b y, 1 90 5 .
B o c k sc h , D e f on tt . D i ony s . H al i n L eip S tu d i en 1 7
. . . M an uscr i pt s of th e
cr i ti c al an d r h e t o ri c al w o rk s are th e P a r i s i n n s , 1 1 t h c e n t .
,
A n i hr os za n u s, 1 st h
ce n t La u r en t i a n u s 1 2 th c e n t
.
, , . Ed i t i o n s : R e i s k e, vo s l . V —V I of hi s ed .
, Lei p
zi
g , 1 77 5
— 1
7 77 . V an H e rw e r d e n , Ep . er i t tr es, G
. r on n i ge n , 18 6 1 . Usen e r, D e
i mi ta t i o n e ep i st n l a egu e er it . d u a e, B o n n ,
18 8 9 . Us en e t an d Rad er mac h er ,
z
L e i p i g , v o l I , 1 8 9 9 ; II , . 1 904 . Des r o ussc aux an d Egg e r, D d t/ .
’
.
j ng emen t
s u r Ly s i a s, Par i s, 1 8 9 0 . We i l , Pr emi er e Lettr e d A nt /n ee, Pari s , 18 78 The .
Us e n e r , D I ] . . q u ae fe r tn r a r s L e i p i g, 1 8 9 5
r h etor zea , Kai be l , D I ] a d i e z . . . .
'
b ury, H i story f
o Cr i t i ci sm I 1 2 7 ff , Lo n d o n , 1 9 0 2 Raud at , D tl H l e Tr o t/é
. . . .
EPI C Po ms
M US AEU S : M an uscr i pt s : Ox o n i en s i s i n t h e B o d l e i an , 1 1t h c e n t .
, V ati ca n u s ,
1 4 th c e n t .
, P a l at i n n s , at H ei d e l berg , 1
5 th cen t . Ed pr i n c. .
, l
A d us , V e n i c e,
51 2 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F GREEK LIT E RATU RE
1 4 94 . H ei n ri c h , H an n o v er, 1 79 Pass o w , L ei p i g, 1 8 10
5 . z . Di l t h ey, B o n n ,
1 8 74 . S ch w ab e, D e M u sa eo N o n n i i mi ta tor e, Tub i n g en , 18 76 . Kn aac k ,
H er o L ea n d er , L ei p i g , 1 8 9 8
u . K emm, D e fa bu l a ( H e ro an d L ean d er ) , z . l
z
L ei p i g, 1 8 8 9 Tr an s C h ap man , L o n d o n , 1 6 1 6 ( v erse )
. N O N N US : M an u
. .
s c ri p t : P a l a t i n u s , 1 6 t h c e n t E d p r i n e , F a e nb urg, 1 5 6 9 M os er , H e i d el . . . lk .
O PP I A N : M an usc r i pt : Th e Ta u r i n en s i s E d p r i n c , A d us , V e n i c e, 1 5 1 7
. . . l .
Rh o d man n H an n v er 1 6 04
o K o c hl y Z i mmerman n W i l h el msh ave n 1 900
, o , . e -
, , .
S ai n t e B e uv e Q u i n t S my n e i n Et u d s u
-
Vi g i l
, Pa i 18 71 K mpt e r e s r r e, r s, . e
zow D Q S fon tt Ki el 1 8 9 1
, e La Ro c h e P osod i u M et i te i n Wi n
. . .
, , .
, r e . r e er
S t u d i en 22 .
EP I GRA M MA TI STS
M I N O R H I STO RI A N S
APP I A N : The b es t man us cr i p ts ar e Va t i ca n u s, 1 1 t h an d 1 2 th c e n tt .
,
an d
L a ur en ti a n us, 1 5 th c e n t .
, M on a een s i s ( at M u n i c h ) , 1
5t h cen t . Ed .
pr i n c .
,
1 9 03 Tr an s W h i t e, N e w
. or . Y k , 1 8 99 ; v ol I F ig n I Va ; II C v i l Wa
.
, or e / rs , i r s.
A R RI A N : M an usc r i pt s : th e P a r i s i n us , P a l a ti n u s, L a u r en t i a n us , B od/ei a n u s .
E d p r i n c , Tri n c avel l i , V en i c e, 1 53 6
. . A n a ha s i s E d p r i n c , Kr u eg er, B e r i n . . . l
1 8 3 5— 1 8 4 8 G ei er , L ei p i g, 1 8 7 3. Abi c ht , L ei p i g , 1 8 79 S cr ipta tld i n o r a z . z . .
‘
z
H e rc h e r , L e i p i g , 1 8 5 4 D i sco u r s es , M a n u a l , an d F r ag men ts o f Epi c t et us .
S b e n k l L i pz g 1 8 94 1 8 9 8
e , Re n z A i a n us q u a t n u i i ta t
e i , X n oph n
, .
,
rr e s nz or e o
ti s si t Ro s t o k 1 8 79
, B o eh n er D A d i n d i g n e e Er l an g en 1 8 8 6
c , . CA S , e . ee e r , , .
8 111 s D 10 M an us r i pt s La u r n ti a n u an d tl l a i a n us 1 1 th c e n t
: c Ed : e s
’
re , . .
i S t h P r i 8 D i d f—M el b e r L i z i 8 M el b r L ip
p r n
p acn u.
,a 1 5 4e n o p
s, g 1 9 0 s, . r ,
e , . e ,
e
z i g 18 96
, B o i s e ai n B er l i n 1 8 9 5 1 9 0 1
. C On e t i n Wi e S t u d i n 2 1
s v , ,
— . r r en r e .
M ai s el Obs va ti n i n C D B e r l i n 1 8 8 8
, er D I O DO RUS M an u sc r i pt s an g
o es . .
, , . : r
i n g fro m l o th t 1 st h n tt i n t h e l i b ra i e f V i n n a t h e V at i c an a d Par i
o ce .
,
r s o e , ,
n s .
T h e P at i u 1 0t h c e n t fo u n d at Tat mos E d p i n
/n s, S t p h an u Par i 1 5 5 9 .
,
. . r c .
, e s, s, .
M ii l l er Pari s 1 8 4 2 ,V o gel Di n d o f L e i p z i g 1 8 93
,
B e kk r Di n d o f Fi c h er
.
- r , , . e -
r -
s ,
5 14 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F G RE E K L ITE RATU R E
MARC US AU REL I US
Th e P a l at i n u s c o d ex u s e d b y X yl an d e r fo r th e ed p r i n e , Z uri ch , 1 5 50, i s . .
l o st Th e o n l y c o mpl e t e
. man us cri p t i s t h e Vat i ca n us Ed i t i o n s : D ub n er , .
Pari s 1 8 40 ; S ti c n L ei pz i g 1 8 8 2
, , , . Re n an , fri a r c—A u r el e, Par i s , 18 8 3 . M at
t h e w A rn o l d [Ma r u s A u r el i us i n E , c ss a
ys i n l at i ns by C ll i er
Cr zti c i s nz . Tran s o o ,
PAU SA N I A S
A l d us , V e n i c e , 15 16 . Be k k er , B er i n, l 1 8 26 . S c h ub art - Walz , L e i p i g, 1 8 3 8z
18 39 . Di n d o r f, Par i s , 18 4 6 . S ch ub art , L e i pz i g , 18 74 . z
H i t i g B l ii mn er , L e i p
-
zi
g, vo l . I 1 8 9 6 ; II, ,
1 90 1 . W i l amo w i tz i n H er /n es 12 Ka man n , P a u
. lk
so n i a s, B erl i n 1 8 8 6 , . G url i t t, P a u sa n i a s, Gr az , 1 8 90 . Tran s . Fraz r e , Lon d o n ,
18 98 .
PL UTARC H
I . M A N U S CR I PT S . O f t h e L i ves S a ng er ma n en s i s, l o t h c en t .
, P a l a t i n u s,
1 1 th c en t .
; s ev e a r l at Par i s ( Par i si n i ) , an d M a tr zten s i s at M ad r i d , 14 t h
c en t . O f th e [Mor a l i a fo ur P a r i s i n i , 1 1 th , 1 3 t h , an d 1
5 th c e n tt .
, M ar
c i a n u s, 1 1 t t hree Vat i a n i 1 3 th an d 1 sth c e n tt
h cen t .
; c , .
II ED I T I O N S St eph an u s Pari s 1 5 72 R ei s k e Le i p z i g 1 7 74 — 1 7 8 2
. .
, , .
, , .
Do eh n e r Dii b n er Par i s 1 8 4 6 —1 8 5 5
-
L i ves E d p r i n c Fl o r e n ce 1 5 1 7
, Si n , . . .
, , .
Wytte n b ac h , L e i i
p g, 1 79 6 — 1
79 9 B e r n ar d ak i s , Le i i
p g, 1 8 8 z
4
— 18 6
9 ( 7 vo s . z l .
an d a
pp e n d i x ) Pa o n , Py th i ci D i a l og i tr es, B e i n , 1 8 9 3
. t
Par th ey, [s i s u rl . .
Os i r i s , B e i n , 1 8 50 rl .
G r eard D e l a l ld or a l e , d e P , Par i s, 1 8 6 6
. . M i c hae l i s D e , or di ne v i ta r u m ,
V . LE X I CO N . Lex i co n P l u ta r ch eu m, Wytte n b ac h , L ei pz i g, 1 8 3 0 .
B I B LI O G RA PHY
5 15
Y B I US PO L
I MA N USC RI PT S Th e
. . b est man u c r i p t s fo r 1 —5 is t h e Va t i c a n u s, 1 1 th
c ent Ex c erpt s fro m 1— 1 8
. i n t he Ur hi n a s . F o r th e la t s b oo ks , exc e rpts in
C Po rp h yr o g e n e t us,
. 1 0th c e n t .
h a us e r L e i p z i g 1 7 8 9 1 7 9 5
, B e kk er B e rl i n 1 8 4 1 Di n d o r f L e i pz i g 1 8 6 6
,
—
.
, , .
, ,
18 8 2 H uts c h B er l i n 1 8 6 7 ; 2 d c d
. 1 8 8 8 18 92 B utt n er Wo hs t Le i p z i g
, , .
,
—
.
-
, .
1 8 8 2— 1 9 04 .
Un ter s u ch u ng en i i her d . Q u /t n d e e . P .
, B er i n , l 18 8 0 S trac han - Davi d s o n,
.
P o ly bi us i n H el l en i ca , O xfo r d 1 8 8 0 , . G o et z l e r , D e P . el oc u ti on e, \'Vi i rz b u rg ,
188 7 . S cal a, D i e S t ud i en d . P .
, St uttgart , 18 90 . Cu n tz , P oly bi us u s ei n
'
.
IV . T RA S LAT O N I N . k
S huc b urgh , L o n d o n , 18 8 9 .
TH E N EW S O PH I ST I C
( Seco n d Ce n t ury)
Ap ol l on i u s f
o Ty a n a i n E ss ay s an d S t u d i es, B a t i mo r e , l 1 8 90 . PO LEMO N :
H i n c k , L e i p z i g, 18
73 .
1 8 8 7— 1 8 9 6 . .
'
A s i a n i s mus u A ttzc i s nzu s i n [I er nzes 3 5
. . Ro h d e i n l xh ezn . zl / u s .
4 1 . Rad e r
mac h er l i hei n fi l m 5 2, 54 l raphy b y S c hmid ’
in
’
B ib i o g
. . . i n B u rs i au s j ah r es
ber i cht, 1 90 1 .
TH E N ew S U I H I ST I C
’
( Fo urt h Ce n t ury)
EU N A PI US : L i ves : B o i s so n ad e , Ams ter d am , 1 8 22 Par i s , 1 8 49 . H I M ERI US
Dub n er , Par i s , 18 49 . T e ub e r , Q u a esti on es l / u n er i a n o e, B re l a u s , 18 8 2 .
J UL I A N : Th e b e s t man us c r i pt i s t h e Voss i a n u s at Le yd e n ,
1 o r 1 th c e n t
1 2 11
3 .
Ed .
p r i nc .
, Mart i n Par i s , , 1 58 3 . Pe t au , Pa i s , r 16 3 0 . l l e r t l e i n , Le i p i g z ,
18
75
5 16 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F G RE E K LITE RATU R E
1 8 76 . Ag a i n st th e Ch r i st i a n s, N e umann , L e i p i g , z 18 80 . M uc k e j ul i a n us, ,
et s cr ip t i s j u l i a n i , B o n n , 18 8 8 . Te u ffe l , K a i ser / u l za n u s i n S t u d i en . Gi l d e r
s l ee ve , .j ul i a n i n Essay s Fran c e j u l i a n s
an d S t u d i es, B a t i mo re , l 1 8 90 .
,
’
eg ri zm M i l an 1 9 02 ( tran sl at i o n by Lett a
’
189 N L er a to e C zu l i a n o
5 .
p ,
r , ,
V i sc o n t i Ar ese Lo n d o n
-
L ett r s W est e rman n L ei pz i g 1 8 5 4
, , B id ez e : , , .
an d C umo n t R e h er ch es s u r l a tr a d i t i o n ma n us c i te d es L tt es d e j
,
c B r us r e r .
,
s el s 18 98
, B ramb s S t ud i en Ei c h s t att 1 8 9 7
. A ll ard j ul i en l Ap ostat Par i s
, , , .
,
’
, ,
1 90 3 LI B A N I US
. Re i sk e A l t e n b urg 1 7 8 4 — 1 79 7 : F o e rs t e r L e i p z i g 1 9 0 3
, , .
, ,
( un fi n i s h e d ) L etter s : Wo l f Amst er d am 1 73 8
. Si evers D as L ehen d es L , , .
, .
,
z i g 18 3 2
, S c h e n kl i s p r e par i n g an e d i t i o n
. Se e h i s art i c l es i n Wi en er S t u .
J ul l e v i ll e , L d A t/zen es an I V6 e
s z cte,
TH E N EO -PLATO N I STS
S i mo n , H i sto i r e d e l
’
Ecol e d ’
A l ex a n d r i e, Pa i s, r 184
5 . V ac h e r o t, H i s to i r e
de l
’
Ecol e d A l ex a n d r i e Par i s 1 8 4 6 1 8 5 1
’
, , , . Ch ai gn et , H i stoi r e d e l a p sy ch ol og i e
d es Gr ecs ( vol I V ) Par i s 1 8 9 3 Z el l er
.
, , .
,
Ph i l os oph i e d Gr i echen , vo l V , . .
z
L e i p i g, 1 8 8 1 B i gg, l Veo-P l ato n i s m, L o n d o n , 1 8 9 5
. Wh i a e , Th e N eo . tt k r
P l a ton i sts , C amb i d ge , 1 9 0 1 C u d w o h , The Tr u e I n tel l ect u a l Sy stem of the
r . rt
Un i ver se, L o n d o n , 1 6 7 8 PLOT U S : Th e b es man us c i p i s t h e M ed i ceus , . IN t r t
1 3 th c e n t . E d p r i n e , F i c i n us, . . B asl e , 1 58 0 . C r eu z e r, O xfo r d 1 8 3 5 , . Ki rc hh o ff ,
L e i p i g, z 18 6
5 M il l l er, B er i n ,
. l Ki rc h n e r, D i e P h i l osoph i e d es Pl ot i n s
18 78 .
,
1 8 54 N e zg l h
e, .
p .
P l ot i n i sche S t u d i en , H ei d e be rg , l 18 83 . B e n n , Th e Sp i r i t u al i s /n f
o P l oti n u s
In Gr eeh P h i l osop h er s, L o n d o n , 188 2 . Tr an s l at i o n s : Tayl o r, L o n d o n, 1 79 4,
18 1 7 ; B o ui l l et , Pari s, 18
57
— 18 6 1 ; M iil l er , B ook s i —v i , B er i n , l 1 8 78 —1 8 80 .
18 27 : 2d c d .
, 1 8 64 . M ar i n us , L if e of P r ocl u s, i n th e Di d o t e d i t i o n o f Di o g
e n es L ae r t i us , Par i s , 18
50 . B erg er , P r ocl us ex p os i t i o n d e sa d oct r i n e, Par i s ,
18 40 . Ki r c h n er , De P r oc l i M etaphy s i ca B e r l i n , ,
18 46 . P r at l i Ch r estoma
thi a e g r a mma t i ca e f ra
g nzen ta in West ph al , S cr zp tor es metr i ci g r a ec i .
C H RO N O L O G I C A L T A B L E x
Al l d at es fo r G re ek e ve n s t rl i er t h an
ea th e mi d d l e of th e se v en t h
c en u t ry B C. . ar e l egen d ary or c o nj ec t u r al .
B C . .
68 0 ? C A L L I N US of E p h es us , el e g i ac p o et .
6 76 ? T E R P A N D ER of mus i c i an an d mel i c p o et
Les b o s , .
648 Ec l i ps e o f th e s u n me n t i o n ed by A r c hi l o c h us ( s ee p .
630 M I M N ER M US o f C o l o ph o n el eg i ac po et ,
.
62 S E M O N I D ES o f A mo rg o s i amb i c p o e t ,
.
S A P P H O o f Les b o s mel i c p o e t
,
.
599 S OL O N At h en s el eg i ac po et 6 3 9 599
of . ,
— .
59 9 T H A L E S o f M i l et us p hi l o s oph e r
,
.
5 70 A N A X I M A N D E R o f M i l et us ph i l o s o ph e r ,
.
5 50 A N A X I M EN ES o f M i l e t us phi l o s oph er ,
.
P H E R EC Y D ES o f S yr os p h i l o s o ph e r ,
.
54 6 C Y R US t ak es S ar d i s F all o f C ro es us
. .
5 40 P H O C Y L I D E S o f M i l et us el e gi ac po et ,
.
D E M O DO C US o f Ler o s el eg i ac po et ,
.
A N A C R EO N o f T e o s mel i c po e t ,
.
H I P P O N A X o f E p h es us c h o l i amb i c s at i ri s t
,
.
I B Y C US o f R heg i um mel i c po et ,
.
X E N O P H A N ES o f C ol o ph o n ph i l o s o phe r an d el eg i ac , po e t .
d ate g i v e n i s th e
1 The
flor u i t ,
l
p ac e d ap p o xi ma te y at fo r ty
r l y ea s r o f ag e . to
w h i c h are ad d e d w h e n ,
k now n , th e d a te s o f b i th a n d d e at h r . A u t ho rs w ho se
c e n tu ry i s un k n o w n a re o . mi tte d .
5 20 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F GREEK LITE RATU R E
F i rs t trag i c co n t es t at t h e C i ty D i o ny s i a I n At hens , .
T H ES P I S o f Atti ca trag i c p o e t
,
.
T H EO G N I S of M egar a el eg i ac p oet ,
.
C O R I N N A o f B o eo t i a c h o r al mel i c p o e t
, .
S I M O N I D E S o f C e o s c h o ral mel i c p o et 5 —4 68
, ,
.
H E R A C L EI T US o f Ep h es us p h il o s o ph er ,
.
H E C A TA E US o f M i l e t us l o g o graph e r . .
C H O E R I LU S o f At h e ns tragi c p oe t ,
.
P R A TI N A S o f t h e P el op o n n es us tr agi c p o et , .
F all o f M i l et us .
PH R Y N I C H US o f At h en s tr agi c p oe t ,
.
B attl e o f M ar at h o n .
PA N Y A S I S o f H al i car n ass us ep i c p o e t ,
.
A E SC H Y L U S o f At h e n s tragi c p o et 5 2 5 —4 5 6
, ,
.
EP I C H A R M U S o f C o s c o mi c p o e t
,
.
P I N DA R o f T h eb es c h o ral meli c p oe t
, .
B attl e o f S al ami s .
B attl e o f Pl at aea .
P A R M E N I DES o f El ea p h il os op he r an d p o et
, .
B A CC H Y L I D ES o f C eos c h o r al meli c po e t,
.
C H I O N I D ES o f A t h en s co mi c poet , .
M A G N ES o f At h en s c o mi c poet,
.
A N A X A GO RA S o f C l az o men ae ph il os oph er , .
S O P H O C L E S o f At h e n s tr ag i c p o e t 4 9 6 —4 0 5
, ,
.
P H R Y N I S o f Les b o s mus i c i an
,
.
G O R G I A S o f Leo n t i n i s o ph i s t an d r h et o ri c i an
,
.
C RA TES o f At h e n s co mi c po e t
, .
Z E N O o f E l ea p h i l o s o p h e r
. .
E M P E D O C L E S o f A gr i g e n t u m p o e t an d p h il os op h er ,
.
H E R O D O TUS o f H al i car n as s u s h i s t o ri an ,
.
P R O TA G O RA S o f Ab d era s o ph i s t an d g rammari an ,
.
C RA TI N US o f At h e n s c o mi c p o et ,
.
A N T I P H O N o f At h ens o rat o r ,
.
EU R I P I D ES o f At h en s tr ag i c p o et ,
.
M E L I SS US o f S amo s p h il o s o p h e r
. .
5 22 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F G RE E K L ITE RATU R E
3 50 T H E O P O M P US of C h i o s , hi s tori an .
LY C U RG US of A t h en s o rat o r ,
.
3 49 A ES C H I N E S o f At h en s o rat o r ,
.
H Y P E R E I D E S o f A t h e n s o rat o r , .
3 44 A R I S TO T L E o f S t ag ei ra p h i l o so h er 3 8 4
p 3 22
, ,
—
.
3 43 D EM O S T H E N ES o f At h en s o r at o r 3 8 3 3 22 , ,
— .
3 3 7 D I P H I L US o f S i n op e c o mi c p o e t
,
.
3 3 2 T H EO P H R A S TUS o f Les b os p h il o s op h er , .
3 3 1 F o un d at i o n o f Al ex an d ri a .
3 23 Deat h o f Al ex an d er .
3 20 P H I L E M O N o f S o l i co mi c poet ,
.
D E I N A R C H US o f C o r i n t h s p eech w r i ght , .
3 0 5 T I M A E U S o f T au ro me n i u m hi s t o ri an ,
.
3 0 2 EP I C U R US o f S amo s phi l o s o ph er ,
M E N A N D E R o f At h e n s co mi c p oet , .
3 00 D E M E T R I US o f P h al er um o rat o r ,
.
ZE N O o f C i t i u m p hi l os o ph er
, .
DO U R I S o f S amo s h i s t o r i an
,
.
29 1 C L EA N TH E S o f A s s o s phi l os op h er ,
.
29 0 H E G E S I A S o f M ag n es i a r h et o ri c i an ,
.
P H I L E TA S o f C o s el eg i ac p o et
,
.
2 8 0 ? I S Y LL U S o f Ep i d au ru s ch o ral meli c p o e t
,
.
L Y C O P H R O N o f C h al c i s ep i c an d tr ag i c p oet
, .
27 6 LE O N I DA S o f T ar en t u m ep igrammat i s t , .
27 5 T H EO C R I T US o f S yracus e b u col i c p o e t ,
.
270 C A LL I M A C H U S o f C yr e n e Al ex an d ri an ep i c an d el egi ac po et
, .
H E R O DA S o f C o s w ri t e r o f mi mes
,
.
23 6 ER A TO ST H E N E S o f C yr en e l i br ari an an d e n cy c l opaed i s t . .
23 4 E UP H O R I O N o f C h al c i s epi c p o et ,
.
222 R H I A N US o f C r e t e ep i c p o et
,
.
1 8 0 ? N I C A N D E R o f C o l o p h o n e p i c poe t , .
170 P O L Y B I US o f M egal o po l i s h i s t o r i an , .
B I O N o f S myr n a b uco l i c p o et
,
.
C H R O N O LO G I C A L TA B LE 5 23
55 P H I LO D E M US G ad ar a, E pi c ur ean
of an d ep i grammat i s t .
40 D I O D O R US o f S i c i ly , h i s t o r i an .
20 S T RA B O of A mas i a h i s t o r i an an d g eo graph er
, .
8 D I O N Y S I US o f H al i car n as s us hi s t o r i an an d c r i t i c , .
A D . .
50 C R I N A GO R A S Mi tyl en e ep i grammati s t
of , .
77 J O S EP H US o f J er us al em hi s t o r i an ,
.
80 D I O C H R Y S O S TO M US o f Pr us a s o ph i s t an d l ec t ure r , .
13 0 A P P I A N o f A l ex an d ri a h i s t or ian ,
.
A RR I AN o f N i co me d i a hi s t o r i an ,
.
1 40 H E R O D ES A TT I C US o f At h e n s s op h i s t , .
I 50 PA US A N I A S o f Ly d i a t o pograp h e r .
16 1 M A R C US A U R EL I US e mpe ro r an d p h il o s op h er
, .
169 A R I S TE I D ES o f M y s i a S o phi s t ,
.
180 O P P I A N of C i l i c i a w r i t e r o f d i d ac t i c ep i c
,
.
180 ? A L C 1P H R O N e i s t o l o ra h er an d s o h i s t
p ,g p p .
18 0 C A SS I US D 10 o f N i caea hi s t o ri an ,
.
220 A B L I A N o f Prae n es t e s o ph i s t 1 ,
.
ui ti es .
2 2 5 P B A B RI US , fabl es i n c h o li amb i c s
w r i t er of .
2 50 ? D I O G E N E S LA E R T I US b i o r a h er
g p ,
.
3 50 T H E M I S TI U S o f P ap h l ag o n i a s o phi s t and A r i s t o t el i an , co m
men tat o r .
3 54 L I B A N I Us of A n t i o ch . s o phi s t a n d ep i s o og ap h e t l r r .
3 55 H I M E RI US of P rus a , s o ph i s t .
p rs o n s i mpo rtan t a n d
e ,
i ns i g n i fi c an t, w h o m h e g a th e r ed i n to h is o
/ H I sto t y
( Var i a H i stor i a ) . T h i s h as r
s u v i ve d ,
t o g e th e r w i th t h e t e a ti s er On . l n i ma /s
~
and a
nu mb e r of Letter s of d ub i o us a u th e n ti c i ty . I t is o nlv by c o n ve n t i o n th a t o n e in
l
e ud e s th e i r a u th o r s '
na me a mo ng th o s e w h o ha ve c o n t i b u te d r to G r k l i t rat ur
ee e e.
5 24 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F GR E E K L ITE RATU R E
J UL I A N o f C o n s tan ti no pl e empe ro r an d s o ph i s t
,
.
E UN A P I US o f S ard i s s o p hi s t an d b i o gr ap he r
,
.
PH E LI O D OR U S o f P h o en i c i a w ri t e r o f r o man c e
,
.
P N O N N Us e i c
, p po e t .
P RO C L U S o f Ly c i a p hi l os oph e r
,
.
? M US A E US e i c
, p po e t .
C l os i n g o f t h e s c hoo l s o f p h i l o s o p hy by J us t i n i an .
A G A T H I A S ep i grammati s t
,
.
PA UL US S I L EN TI A R I U S epi grammat i s t
,
.
A myo t r
t an s ato l r of Pl utarc h 4 8 2. A N TI PH O N 17 5 , 18 0, 3 27 — 3 29 , 33 2 ;
A N AC REO N of Te o s 8 6 , 1 01 , 1 02 1 05 -
,
Tetr a l og i es 3 2 8 .
1 13 , 1 17 , 1 25 , 283 , 333 ; di a l t
ec 1 04 ; A N T I ST H E N ES 3 7 4 — 3 75 .
A n an i us 9 0 . A n to n i n u s P l us fo u n d a ti o n o f c h ai s r of
A n to n i us D i o g e n es Th e Won d er s Be
A na xan d r i d e s
’
28 2 .
y on a Th ul e of 5 00 .
A N A X I M A N DE R 14 5 1 5 3 , . A n to n y M ar 4 5 6 k .
A N A X I M EN ES 14 5 . A NY T E o f T eg e a 44 8 .
Al a d
ex a nri b d t 4 8
er sc e o 0 . ll
A p e es 4 3 8 4 4 1 , .
A N DO C I D ES 3 3 0— 3 3 2 , 3 60 ; On th e A p h e tae 1 5 8 .
My ster i es 3 3 1 ; O n th e P ea ce 3 3 1 ; On A ph i d n a 7 4 .
th e R et u r n 3 3 1 . A po ll o d o r us th e mu si c i an 1 19 .
A nd ro me d a r l i va
1 00 o f S ap p h o . A po llr b bl th
o d o us
’
f zo ec a o f 222 .
A n d ro n i c u s o f Rh o d es 3 9 7 . A PO LL O N I US o f R h o d es 41,
A N T H O LO G Y PA LA T I N E 1 05 24 0 4 1 8 , , , 4 17 . 4 19 . 4 22 4 26 -
. 43 5 . 4 6 6 . 4 67 ;
43 4 4 5 4 5 0; e p i gram o f A p ll o
2, -
o A rg on au tzca — 26
4 3 4
2 ; a tact k ed by
n i us i n 4 ; f C all i ma h u s o n A ratus
22 o c ll
C a i ma c h u s 4 1 8 ; e p i g am ag ai n s r t
4 6 ; ep i tap h o f Eu ri p i d s 1 3 6 ; p i g ram
2 e e ll
C a i mac h u s 4 2 2 ; L o ng i n u s o n 4 8 8 .
on Eri n n a 1 1 8 ; e p i g rams o f N i as ic A PO L LO NI
US o f Tyan a 4 9 9 —5 00 .
43 4 ; p i g ram o n t h e n i n l yri c p o e ts
e e AP P IA N 4 8 0 .
on I b yc us 1 13 ; e p i t ap h of N o n n us A R A TUS of l
S o i 4 26 - 4 27 ; P h aen omen a
4 6 7 ; i mi ta i o n o f M u s ae u s 4 7 0
t .
l
A n fh ol ogy o f Ph i i p o f T h ess a o n i c a 4 5 7 l . A ratus th e p atri o t 4 6 4 .
A n th ol ogy o f Pl an u d es 44 5 . A r c h e l a us o f M a c d e o nia
52 , 13 5 , 13 6 ,
A N T I G O N US of 1 7 6 , 2 3 9 , 2 40 , 2 6 9 , 4 14 .
45 6 . Arch i d a mu s o f S p arta 1 7 6 1 7 8 , ,
180 .
A n ti g o n u s of C arystu s th e ep i grammati s t A R C H I LO C H US 6 7 4 8 5 —8 8 2 , , , 97 , 1 03 ,
45 7 1 15 , 1 86, 446 ;
2 13 ,
2 29 , 27 1 , 3 07 ,
A n ti go n u s o fM ac e d o n i a p at ro n o f Aratus e p i gr am o f T h e o c i tus o n 4 3 5 ; L o n g i r
4 27 . n us o u 8 8 ; b e as t fab e s i n 8 8 ; mete s l r
N I
A T M AC H US of Co l oph o n 5 1 4 19 ;24 , ,
88 .
Ly d e of 5 2 4 16 , , 44 7 ; Th ebazs o f 5 1 ,
A rchytas of Ta r e n tu m 3 8 0 .
1 18 . Ar c ti n us 4 8 4 9 , .
A n ti men i d as b ro th r o f A l c aeus 9 6
e . r
A eo p ag u s c o u n c i o f 208 l .
A n ti o c h u s C o mmag e n e 4 5 6
of . r
A g o n au ts s ag a o f 1 2 1 .
A n ti o c h u s th e S e e u c i d 4 2 1 l . AR O I N o f L e sb o s 1 08 — 109 , , 13 6 , 186 ,
A nt i o c h u s o f S y i a 4 6 3 r . l t
1 8 7 ; d i a e c 1 09 ; H e o d o t us r o n 1 08 .
A T PA TE R o f S i d o n 4 0 4 4 9 ; e p i gr am A r i s taen e t us w i te o f
N I ,
r r ro man c e 4 1 7 .
r
o n E in na 1 1 8 ; on b yc u s 1 1 3 A r i s tago ras o f M i e tu s I . l 1 5 2 , 15 6 .
A N I I PA TER G ac c o - Ro man ep i g am A i s ta c h us 1 8 2 2 2 3
r r r r 2 5 , 26 ,
'‘
, , , 3 1 , 3 4, 39 ,
mati st 4 7 1 .
365 . A R I ST E I D ES th e s o p h i s t 4 9 0 4 9 1 49 2 ;
-
,
, . na
I N DE X 527
i mi tate d b y Li b an i u s 5 0 2 ; p u i s m r of 26 8 ,
2 69 ,
27 1 , 27 2 , 27 9 , 4 04 — 4 06 on
,
499 r
t ag e d y 19 1 ; P ol i t i cs 3 01 4 0 1 40 2
, , ,
A r i s to n i c u s H o me i c s c h o i as t 2 5 r l . t i o ns to N atu r a H i s to
y 4 10 c i ti c o f l r r
A ri s to n o us P a ean o f 1 3 7 . th e P l at o nic Id e as
399 ; ec h o ed in
A R I STO P H A ES 1 7 0 2 3 8 N , ,
249 , 26 5 , 27 4 , p se u d o -
P l at o nic d ia l o
g ue s 3 8 2 ; o ss l
2 77 , 28 2, 28 3 —3 05 , 3 08 3 12 , , 4 28 ; of th e p o p u a l r wo rk s of 398 n ot a
A c h ar n i an s 2 66 27 1 , ,
28 3 — 2 8 4 , refo r m r 4 1 1 ; e on De mo c ri tu s 15 1 ; on
3 2 7 ; Aeol os i con 3 03 ; B aby l on i a /i s 2 8 3 , , Ed u c ati o n 4 02 ; o n Emp e d o c e s 1
49 ; l
2 8 5 ; B an queter s 2 8 3 2 8 7 ; B i r d s 2 9 2 , o n G o d 4 1 0 ; o n H e o d o tu s 1
54 ; o n r
29 4 ,3 04 ; Cl ou d s 205 2 5 1 , 2 7 7 2 8 3 , , , r
H i pp o c a tes 1 6 1 ; o n s ave y 4 0 2 ; o n l r
28 7 — 2 8 9 2 90 ; attac ,
o n S o c ates i n k r S te s i c h o r us 1 10 ; o n t he lif e o f s ecu
p
3 70 Cocal us 3 0 3 ; E ccl esi a z ous a e 3 00 l at i on
409 ; o n Oed i p us Ty r a n n us 405 ;
3 0 1 ; F r og s 19 3 , 196 , 2 14 , 2 17 , qu t o es Sa
p ph o 9 8 ; e mi n i s c e n c e s o f r
2 23 ,
23 9 , 26 1 ,2 6 9 , 2 7 4 , 27 7 ,
2 8 0 , 297 Pla t i n 4 0 1 ; s ty e 4 1 1 ; P a r aph r ases
o l
o f b y T h e mi s ti us 5 0 2
3 00 3 04 3 05 ; Gerytad es 2 6 9 ; K n i g h ts
, , .
2 7 6 27 9 2 8 0 2 8 2 2 8 3
, ,
2 8 6 —2 8 7 ; Ly s i s
, , , r l
A n o d M atth e w 2 3 7 ; ec h o es Pi n d a i n r
tr ata 2 94— 2 9 5; P ea ce 1 12, 27 7 , 28 1 , M er ope 1 23 ; F r ag men t of an A n t i g on e
28 9 , 2 9 1— 29 2 ; Pl utu s 28 3 , 3 0 2— 0
3 3 ; 2 22 ; i mi tate s M o s ch us i n Yhy r s / s 4 3 7 ;
P r o a go n 29 6 Th es nzop/zor i a z ou s ae 2 47 ,
Cel ti c L i ter atur e q u o te d 1 23 ; o n Pi n
2 4 8 , 2 6 9 , 2 7 7 , 2 9 5 — 2 97 T h eo c i tus I dy l 15 4 3 3
; on I by c us 1 1 3 ; d ar 1 23 ; on r .
t p s 1 0
9 2 77 2 8 7 2 8 9
—2 1
9, ; e fe A R R I A N 3 3
2 ,
4 7 8 —4 7 9 ,
r r , .
en c e to A es o p 4 7 3 d i a e c t 3 04 ; Ars mo e W i fe o f Pto e my 4 3 3 4 3 8
'
l l , .
l
b y P u ta c h 4 8 3 ; me t e s 3 04 ; o n A r e mi s te mp e o f a t Ep h e s us 1 06 1 47
r r t l , .
r
S o c ate s 1 6 6 ; o n th e S even ag a i n st A te mi s i a
r of C a ia r 1
54 , 3 50 .
Th ebes 1 9 6 ; p a o d y o f H e o d o t us 1 5 5 r r ,
A rt e mi s i u m
o f S te s rc h o ru s 1 1 2 . A s arh ad d o n of A ss y r a 73 i .
A i s to p h an e s o f B y an ti u m 2 5 3 4 3 1 1
r z , , ,
A SC L EP A D ES I of S amo s 1 18 , 446- 447 .
l
4 1 5 ; P ato n i c c an o n o f 3 8 2 . A sc l pu
e i s 13 6 ; te mp l e o f at C o s 16 2 .
I
A R STO T LE 1 7 1 1 8 2 2 49 3 03 , , , ,
As c ra 5 4 , 56 .
0
3 9 3 .
1 2 , 33
2
33 6 373 3 9 6 —4 1
1 45 1
. . . . .
A s i an i s m 17 2 , 45 1 , 454 45 5 , 4 7 4 , 47 6 ,
45 2 ,4 5 4 4 8 4 5 00 ; A n aly ti cs 3 9 8 ;
, , 4 8 4 ; D i o n y s H a l o n 4 90 ; i n A r i s . .
3 99 ; E u d emi a n E th i cs 4 00 , 40 1 ; A s p zi S ta 18 1 .
H i s tory f A n i ma l s 3 99 4 5 7 ; Letter s
o ,
A ss ua n H e ro d o tu s at 1
55 .
40 8 ; M ag n a M or al i a 4 0 1 ; [We/aphy s A t h e n ae u s 4 6 , D i n n er ( ” c ip
t cs 3 9 9 o n S o c ates 3 7 2 o n t h e P l a
,
r ,
n oso
ph zs ts ) of 3 06 ; o n S ap pho 99 ;
I
to n i c d e as 3 8 9 ; O rg a n on 3 9 8 ; P hys i cs co ll e c ti o n o f fr ag ti i i -ti ts of C o me d y 5 09
399 ; Po e ms 40 8 E eg y To l i n d en/ us , l Ath e n s c h ro n i c e s
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i o n e es s 499 . L e u c as 9 8 ; Le u c ad i an l eap 1 1 1 ; i d e n
jUL I A N mp r r e e o 5 03 — 5 04 5 1 0 ; ,
t i fi e d b y D o rp fe ld as t h e h o me o f
Ca es ar s 5 04 ; Hy mn s 5 0 3 ; Letter s 5 03 ; O d yss e u s 3 1 .
v o c ab u a l ry
5 04 ; s ty e 5 03 ; L etter s to l L I B A N I US 5 02— 5 03 ; Or ati on s 5 02 ; L et
I a mb l i c h u s n o t g e n u i n e 5 08 . ter s 5 02 .
l
p h i o s o p h e s 4 1 2 ; c o s es th e A c a d e my
r l L I N US 10 L i n us- S ong 13 8 .
50 8 . Li vy fo ll
Po yb i u s 4 66
ow s l .
49 8 Lo g o g ra p h e i s 15 2—1 5 4 ,
177 .
LO N G I N US (o r au th o r o f On th e S ubl i me )
Kab b ad i as 1 3 6 . 61 , 10 1 , 2 18 ,
25 4 , 4 8 6 —4 8 8 ;
K ai b e l o n i n fl u e n c e of He r o d o t us on on A rc h l i o c h us 88 ; on B ac c h y i d e s l
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62 ; Ody ss ey on t he I l i a d 30 ; on T i mae u s th e h i s to
K o ec h l y o n Ody s sey 3 7 . r an 45 1 q uo tes S ap p h o
i 101 .
I N DE X 53 5
Y rr
LO U S P i e e Les Ch an s on s d e B i l i ti s , Lyg d a mi s o f H a i c a n ass us l r 1 54 .
1 00 . l
Ly i i c e us e g en d o f 4 8 1 9 4 ,
.
He ro an d L e an d e r 4 6 9 . Lvs ms 3 3 2—3 3 7 3 3 8 , ,
o th e God s 4 9 6 ; D i a l og u es of th e S ea
f Lys i mac h us o f T h ace 24 8 r .
Go d s 49 6 ; Th e D i s i n /i er i ted 4 9 5 ; Th e
D oubl e I n d i ctmen t 4 94 ; o n Pi n d ar i n M ac au l ay 26 2 ; Th e A r mad a 202 ; on
Th e D r ea m 1 27 ; o n A tti c i s m i n Gu i d e r l
V e gi 43 0 .
to Rh et or i c 4 8 9 ; H er mot i mus 4 9 6 ; M ac e d o n i a Pe rs i an c o n q u es t o f 1 5 6 .
i n Lex i ph an es 44 7 N i g r i n us 49 5 , M ae te rl i n c k 23 3 .
co mpar i s o n o f Ro me A th e n s 49 4 ;
an d M A G N ES 27 6 .
P er eg r i n us 4 9 7 ; P h a l ar i s 4 9 5 ; P or M ag n e s i a 8 5 .
tr a i t S t u dy 49 5 ; P r a i s e F ly 4 9 5 ; o
f a M ah abh ar ata th e 27 .
P r ai se of D e mos th en es 4 7 M a n ti n e a
3 ; S a l e of
Cr eed s 4 9 7 ; S w an s a n d A mber 4 9 5 ; M an z o n i o n th e p l ag ue at M i l an 182 .
Ti mon 3 03 ; s ati ri z es H o me r i c r
t ad i M arath o n 1 1 9 1 5 4 1 9 3 , , , to w n
ti o n i n Tr u e H i s t ory 47 ; Tr ue S tory of 1 87 .
49 8 5 00 ; ,
e us Z
th e Tr ag ed i a n 2 6 5 ; M arc e ll i n u s th e b i ograp h er 1 7 6 .
atti tu d e to C h i s ti an s 4 9 7 ; e p i g a ms r r M arc e ll us 47 1 .
as s i g n e d to 4 7 1 ; o n H o me r4 2 ; s ty e l M A RC US A U REL i us 4 6 6 4 7 9 4 9 2—4 9 3 , , ,
49 5 ; Lu ci us o r Th e A ss 49 5 ; Ph i l o of in jul i an 5 04 .
L u c i us V ru s 49 4
49 7e , . M ari n us the d i sc i pl e o f Pro c l us 5 08 .
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L uc e ti us 20 2 ; e c h o e s T h u c yd i d es 18 2 ; M arl o w e 4 6 8 ; H er o a n d Lea n d er 4 6 9 .
o n Emp e d o c e s 1 4 8 l . M arsyas 7 1 .
L u to s l aw k i s on r
ch o no o g y l of Pl at o n ic M arti al 9 8 ; Ep i g r a ms 4 1 9 ; e p i g ra m on
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s ati i e d b y A c h i o c h u s 8 7 r l ,
M ar ve ll q uo te d 4 3 0 .
89 . M ai t s o l i i s o f C a r i a 3 5 0 .
L Y C O PI I RU N 4 4 4 44 5 ; A — l e xa n d ra 4 4 5 ; M ax i mus of
' '
I y e r qu o te d 1 00 .
L u c i an o n 44 7 . M axi mus l ’l a n u d c s 17 0 .
Lyc o r tas 4 6 2 . M c g ae le s t he A t h e n i an 1 19 .
Y
L C U RG US o f A th e n s 1 90 . 33 8 3 6 4 -
366 ;
,
M e g al o po l i s 3 19 ,
3 58 .
Ag . Leo cr a tes 3 6 5 . M e g a ra 8 2 8 3 ; Co
, me d y at M eg a
Lyc u r g us o f S pa ta 1 5 5 r .
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5 3 6 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F G R E E K LITE RATU R E
M el eage r l eg en d i n art 1 3 1 . M o r yc h i d e s d ec re e o f 2 7 8 .
47 2 : Gar l a n d 3 9 3 . 4 1 9 4 3 4 . 44 5 . . 44 6 .
M o s es q u o te d by L o ng i n us 4 8 7 .
4 47 44 8 ; o n S app h o 1 02
, . M o vers o n th e L i n us song 1 0 -
.
M e l es i g e n es 1 5 . M ummi u s s ac k o f C o ri n th b y 4 6 3 .
M E L I C PO ET R Y 9 3 — 14 2 ; ch o a r l 1 05 M US A EUS e p i c p o e t H er o a n d
13 7 ; A eo i a n l an d D o ri an 9 4 . L ean d er 5 00 , 5 1 0 .
M e mn o n o f Rh o d es 4 0 8 . M u s i c o f D e l p h i c H ymn s 1 3 7 .
M E N A N D E R c o mi c p o e t 2 6 7 2 68 , ,
28 1 , M yc al e ss u s mas sac re at 1 7 9 .
3 08 . 3 09 — 3 13 4 14 . 43 5 444 . 4 5 2 ;
. .
M yc e n ae 1 7 1 9 2 0 2 1 2 2 ; M ycen aean
, , , ,
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P uta c h 4 8 3 r . M yr s i l u s o f M i tyl e n e 9 5 97 , .
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M e n an d e th e h eto i c i an 4 8 9 5 03 r r , . M ys i a s aga o f 4 8 .
r
M e e d i th G Th e I d ea . o f Comedy 3 1 2 .
M e sse n i a 7 4 . N ap o l eo n I r e t eat r of f ro m M o s co w
M e te rs A l c ai c 97 ; an ap aes ti c 2 23 ; A s co mp ai e d w i th re treat of N i c i as 295 .
c l e p i ad 4 4 6 ; b u c o i c c ae s u a 4 3 6 ; l r N au c r ati s 9 8 .
l
c h o i a mb i c 4 3 9 4 7 3 ; c h o i a mb i c 1 0 2 ; ,
r rr
N ava e o n h eto ri c r of S o ph o c l es 2 3 6 .
d o c h mi ac in th e E r ot i c F r ag men t N ax o s w o rs h i p of D i o n ys u s on 186 .
443 ; l
e e g i ac in A n th o l og y 44 6 ,
in N eb u c h a d n e zz ar 9 6 .
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t ag e d y 7 2 ; g a i a mb i c o f ll C at u ll u s an d Ne l e us o f S k eps i s 3 97 .
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C a i mac h u s 4 2 1 ; Io nic in Al c man N e me a g ame s at 1 2 1 1 3 6 , .
1 08 ; l o gao e d i c 9 7 ; s k a zo n i n H i p p 0 N e mes i s 4 8 ; i n A e s c h y us l 21 1 ; in He
max 90 i n ,
H ero d as 4 3 9 ; t o c h ai c te r ro d o tu s 1 5 9 .
t r ame ter 2 1 3 ,
250 ; S app hi c 97 , 1 0 2 . N e o b ul e b e t ro th ed to A rc hi l o ch us 87 .
M eth o n e 3 5 1 . N eo c l ei d e s 4 5 1 .
M i d as e p i tap h o f 16 9 . l
N eo - P a to n i s m at A e xan d i a 3 9 1 ; o f l r
M i l et u s 1 7 ,
fa ll o f 1 45 ,
1 5 2 , 1 56 ; J l
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p h i o so p h y o f 1 45 .
508 .
l
M i ti ad e s 1 7 5 ,
28 7 . r l
N e ro p o c ai ms fr ee d o m o f th e G ee s r k
M ilt on 3 5 5 406 4 24 5 07 ;
2 12, 2 44 , , , , 46 3 .
I so c ate s 3 40 ; c o mp a e d w i th
r e rgi r V l N e w to n th e ar h a o l og s t 1 6 1 c e i .
1 28 . N I CA N D ER of Co4 5 6 46 6 l o p ho n ,
.
M i M N ER M US 7 6 —7 7 8 1 ; N a nn o 7 7 ,
. N i c an o r H o me ri c s c h o i as t 2 5 l .
M i n o a n re ma i n s i n C rete 2 2 . N ic an o r s o n i n - l aw o f A r i s t o t e 3 9 6
-
l .
M i n o s i n B ac c h yl i d es 1 3 0 . N i c etes of S my rn a So p h s t 4 8 9 i .
M i tyl e n e N i c i as th e g e n ra l 179
e 18 ,
2, 286 , 29 4 ;
M o l i ere 2 7 4 2 8 8 , . Peac e o f 1 7 6 ,
2 9 1 , 29 5 .
M o mms e n o n Po l yb i u s 46 4 . N i c i as of M i l et us th e p o e t f ri e nd o f T he
M o n tai g n e c o mp a i e d w i th Pl utarc h 4 8 2 . o c r i t us
43 4 .
M o o re T 1 05 . . N i co mac h u s , s on o f r
A i s to t l e 3 97 4 00 , .
M o re H e n ry 5 07 P sy c h i zth an asi a q u o te d N i es e H o me r i c h e o y t r of 13 .
5 06 .
z
N i e t s c h e 26 7 .
538 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F G RE E K LITE RATU RE
Pe rs i us 3 02 . 2 29 , 2
3 0, 23 1 , 3 3 3 4 1 5 ; F i r st
25 1 , ,
r l r
Ph a e d u s p up i o f S o c ates 1 00 . h yl d
c 9 ; i o mp ar d w i th S i mo i
es 12 c e n
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es 1 B a h yl i d by e e e o cc es
Ph a i c ll s o ng t h e 2 7 1 , 2 8 5 . L o gi u 4 8 8 ;
n P i n d ari s m 1 3
n s 2 .
Ph ao n l eg e n d o f 98 . Pi so th n u l 47 0e co s .
P H E REC RA T ES c o mi c p o et 28 0, 3 04 ; f lk s n g 1 3 8
o -
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Wi l d M en o f 2 8 0 . Pi tth e us 5 9 .
P H i L EM O N 2 6 8 3 08 — 3 09 , . l
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Ph i l etas o f C 0 5 4 1 4 4 2 7 4 3 0 ; , ,
d eb t of P LA TO 6 9 1 6 2 2 7 5 2 8 2 3 07 3 1 7 , , , , , , 3 22 ,
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3 23 3 2 6 , 3 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 6 3 3 7 . 3 6 1
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5 09 ; E ut/zy d emas 3 8 8 ; Gorg zas 1 7 1 ,
Ph i o l of A l e xan d ri a 47 8 .
3 8 5 3 8 8 myth i n 3 9 1 ; H ep , ,
P hi l o c h o r us 23 8 .
p i as M ajo r an d M zn or 1 69 ; [on 3 8 2 ;
P hi l o c rates 3 6 2 . L ac/zes 3 8 4 ; L aw s 3 8 5 , 3 87 , 3 9 2 d ate ,
Ph i l o d e mu s o f Gad a ra 47 0 , 47 1 . o f 3 8 3 ; M en ex en u s p a r o dy of e pi d e i c
Phi l o n i d e s 28
3 . ti cman n e r i n 3 9 2 ; M en o d ate o f 3 8 3 ;
Ph i lo p o e men 4 6 2 4 6 4 ,
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PH I LO S T R A T US o f A th en s 5 0 1 ; L zfi of P r o l us c 5 09 ; P /zaea’o 3 0 1 , 3 7 3 3 9 0 ; ,
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g a d e n s o f A d o n i s 4 3 3 o n r h eto i c , r
5 03 ; i mi tat e d b y B e n jo n s o n 47 2 .
406 o n S tes i c h o r us 1 1 1 ; P/ztl eous 3 8 5 ;
,
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PH R Y N IC H US co mi c p o et 28 0; M i s an 3 7 3 3 90 d ate o f 3 8 3 ; T/zeaeteta s 2 7 3
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t/zr ope 28 0 .
383 391 ;,
Tzrn aeas 3 8 3 3 8 9 Co m , ,
P H RY N I C H US t ag i c p o e t 18 9 1 9 2 2 1 7 r , , ,
me n ta y o f P o c us 5 09 ; A c ad e my
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l eta s 1 89 . c i ti c i s m o f 3 9 9 ;
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409 ; c i ti c i e d b y D i o n ys H al 47 6 ; z . .
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A i s to ph an e s 3 04 o n D i o 3 94 ; e th i cs ,
P i E Ri A N E p o s 9 — 12 . of 3 8 4 ; I
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Pi g re s o f H a i c a n ass us 6 9 l r . o f D i o 49 2 ; myth s i n 3 9 0—3 9 1 ; o n
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t i ne 3 9 0 ; S o c ati c d i a o g ues 3 8 4 ; r l Pro xen us fri e n d o f X e no ph o n 3 1 7 ; p upi l
s tyl e —
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3 96 , 4 00 ; T h eo r y o f d e as 3 8 8 — 0
39 I ,
Pr xe n us g uard i n o f A ri s to tl e 3 96
o a .
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c i ti c i z ed b y A ri s to t l e
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ve . Ptol emi e s t h e 1 6 2 .
PLA TO co mi c po et 28 0— 28 1 . Pt lo em
y I ( S o te r) 4 1 4 45 0 , , 45 4 .
Pl at i o n s ts th e C amb i d g e 3 9 1 5 06 r , . Pt lo e my I I
( Ph i l ad el p h u s )
Pl au tu s 27 3 , 3 0 8 3 09 3 1 3 ; ca n tt ca
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l
P i n y 49 1 . Pyd n a 3 5 0 .
PLO T I N US 3 9 1 5 04 ,
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P T H A G O RA S of S amo s 14 5 i n Lu c i an
b y jul i a 5 03 n .
4 97
P LU I A RC H 94 2 3 6
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4 ; i l l or al za
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wi h t D i o 49 2 ; on r
A i s to t e 4 03 ; o n l 45 4 ; P h i l etas 4 2 7 ; o n S i e S i c h o ru s
on
I by c us 1 13 ; on t h e M i l es zan Ta l es 1 1 0 ; o n T h eo p o mp us 3 24 ; o n T h u c y
Po l e mo n A c ad e mi c i an 4 5 1 .
'
Po l e mo n s o p hi s 4 9 0 t . Rac i n e 2 6 2 29 1 ; 43 2, P/zéar e .
PO L Y B I US 3 24 , 45 0 , 4 6 2— 4 6 6 , 47 4 47 5
, ,
Rad e r mac h e r o n Eu i p i d e s 24 9 ; r o n th e
H t story 4 6 4—4 6 6 ; se q l ue b y s o p hi s ts 1 6 6 .
Po l yc rat s o f S a mo s 103 e , 1 13 , 1 46 , 1 5 8 . r
Re f a i n u s e o f b v C atu ll u s Th e o c i tus r
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q .
th e Lac/e 4 1 7 ; o n L o ng i n us 4 8 8 . Remy- B e e a u 1 04 ll .
Y Y
PO R P H R 5 05 5 07 ; Letter to A n eoo ,
Re n a n o n M ar c us A u e i us 49 3 rl .
5 07 . R /zel or zc to 40 8 .
Po ti d ae a 3 50 . I
R H A N US o f C e te 4 21 - 4 22 ; xl ' l essemaus
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P RO C L US 4 6 5 0 8 —5 09 , ,
C/zr es to mat/zy of Rh yth m i i i p r o se 455 , A r i s to t l e on
4 07 ;
5 09 ; Pl ato n i c C o mme n ta i e s 5 0 9 r of De mo s th e n e s 4 7 0 .
Pro e0 p i i i s of Ga z a 46 9 .
Ri d g e w a y tt i y o l t h e A c h a e a ns l o .
P RO D I G US ’
1 00 , 16 6 , 16 9 ,
289 , 338 , 37 2 .
Ri tc h i e ,
M H . . t r a ns a t i o n l o f sc o li o n 13 8 .
C/zo zc e o f H e m c /es 3 1 9 . R i ts c h l m ,
2
3 .
P r o me t h e us myth 60 , 196 ; in H e s io d 5 6 . Ro b e rt on t h e l i mi t 1 0, 2 0 .
l ’r o p e r t i us 4 3 4 .
Ro b e rt s e d i to r o f On Me S u b/1 m 48 7 .
5 40 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F G R E E K LIT ERATUR E
Ro g e rs t l
r an s ati o n o f e p i g a r m of Pau lus S e eck th Ody y 3 6 on e ss e .
47 2 ; of P l at o n i c ep i g a r m 3 04 . S mi rami i n Gr ek r man
e s e o ce 5 00 .
Ro h d e o n th e N e w S o ph i s t i c 4 9 0 . S E M O N I D ES f A m rg 59 o o os ,
8 0 8 8 —8 9, .
Tal es 5 00 ; N i n u s a n d S e mi rami s i n S e n ec a th e E d e r S u as or i ae 49 5 l .
5 00 . S en geb us c h o n H o me 1 5 r .
Ro n s a d r 1 0 4 , 1 05 , 1 2 5 . S e pti mi u s so n o f S to b ae u s 5 1 0 .
S app h o 1 02 . S e uth es 3 2 1 .
S e x tus Emp i r i c u s 4 8 4 .
S aga th e h ero i c 1 3 ; C o i n th i an 24 2 ; o f S h ad w e 1 2 5 r ll .
r
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S ai n t Pa u l qu o ta t i o n o f A ra t u s b y 45 3 .
9 7 ; P r o met/zeus Un oou n d 200 ; t an s r
Sa l ami s b att l e 1 15 , 13 3 , 1 54 , 193 , 1 95 , l ati on of P l at o n i c ep i g a r m 3 93 .
S h er i d an Cr ztzc 3 07 .
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S i c i i an Exp ed i ti o n 1 7 6 2 9 4 , 2 9 5 ,
.
44 6 44 9 ; Od e to Ap /zr od zte
, 47 6 ; 101 , S i d ney Ap ol ogy / or P oetry o n th e U n i ti es
Od e t o A n actor i a uo te d b y L o ng i n u s q 405 .
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— 447
8
4 7; C l za r a x u s Od e 9 9 9 ; Ep zt/za l a
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on l
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,
1 16
2 27 . ra mb s 1 1 5 m t rs 1 1 8 ; d i rges 1 4
d i th y e e 2 .
r
Sa d is 1 3 1 , 1 53 , 1 5 5 . S i mp l i i u s c o mm n t ato
c f A ri s t o t l e 4 1 e r o 2.
S ayc e on H ero d o tu s 15 8 . S O C R AT ES 16 9 , 17 1 , 17 3 , 23 9 ,
S c ap e go at me nt i o n e d b y H i p p o n ax 9 0 .
3 17 . 3 18 , 3 19 . 341. 3 69 3 7 3 -
.
S ch i ll r
e D ee Kr an i c/ze d es l éy éu s 1 1 3 ; 3 7 5 3 7 7 3 7 9 3 8 4 ; m th e P /zae d o 3 9 0 ;
. . .
u se o f t h e He ro l eg e n d 47 0 . i n th e Rep u ol zc 3 9 2 ; v i n d i c at i o n i n
S ch l ie man n 14 ; u se of Paus an i as 4 8 5 . l
P ato 3 8 0 ; p u p i s o f 1 00 ; r e ati o n s l l
S o to ne 17 9 . w i th P r o tag o ras 1 6 7 ; A i s tor tl e o n 3 9 9 ;
S c i p i o A fr i c an u s 4 6 2 4 6 3 , . l
c as s e d w i th th e s o p h i s ts 1 6 6 .
l
S c o i o n th e 1 3 7 1 3 8 ; th e , 4 fri c S c ol i a S O C RA T I CS th 3 7 4—3 7 7
e .
13 8 ; of A l c ae u s 1 3 8 ; of r
A i s to t l e 138, S O LO N 72 , 77 7 8 — 9
7, ,
1 55 , 3 58 , 4 03 ;
40 8 ; of Pi n d a r 13 8 ; of S i mo n i d es E x /zor ta tzon to Me A t/zema n s 78 ;
1 14 . S al a m/ s 7 9 ; an c e s to r of P l ato 379 ;
S c yth i a 1 5 6 . Po e ms 22 ; i n L u c i an A u ac /zar s i s 4 9 6 .
54 2 S H O RT H I ST O RY O F G R E E K LITE RATU RE
T H A L E I AS 1 05 — 106 Th e ro of Agr i ge n tu m 1 1 7 r 2 o _1 24
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.
, , .
T h ammu z th e G ree k Ad o n is 43 3 . T h es eu s l eg e n d i n B ac c h y i d e s 1 3 0 l .
T H A M v Ri s 9 ,
18 . T H ES P IS 18 7 19 2 F u n er a l ,
r l
T h a g e i a th e 1 2 9 . Ga mes o
f P el i as 18 8 .
T h as o s 8 6 1 5 0 1 7 5 , , . T h es to ri d es 4 7 .
r
T hea te th e at Ath e n s 19 0, 3 64 . r
T h ac e D i o n ys u s i n 185 ; Pe rsi an c on
T h eb es 186 ; s ag a o f 46 . qu est o i 1 6
5 .
T h eb es Egyp ti an 1 5 8 . Th ra s yb u u s l 3 08 3 3 3 , .
T h e mi s o n i n g o f C yp k rus 3 9 8 . Th ras yl l u s l
P ato n i c c an o n of 382 .
T H E M IS TI US 5 02 49 1 ; Or ati on s 5 0 2 ; , T H R A S Y M A C H US of C ha l c ed o n 3 29
P ar aph r as es of A r i st otl e 5 02 ; atti tu d e 330 .
to Pag an r
e vi va l 5 03 . T H UC Y D I D ES 159 , 1 60, 1 7 5 —1 8 3 , 2 40 ,
T h emi s to c l es 3 26 .
3 21 » 3 2 6 3 2 7 3 2 8 3 29 3 3 6 3 5 6
3 24 » ; » » , » .
T h e mi s tog e n es of Sy rac us e 3 2 1 .
4 03 4 5 0 4 6 5 ;
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4 27 — 4 3 7 4 3 8 44 9 ; Ep i , , 1 8 3 ; i mi tate d b y App i an 4 8 1 ; i mi tate d
gr a ms 4 3 5 ; I dy l 1 4 29 ; I dy l 2
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27 5 43
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43 2 , 4 6 9 : I dy l 4 4 27 . 4 3 2 ; a c te r 3 85 ; s p ee c h es o f 1 7 9— 1 8 0 ; s ty e l
I dy l 5 4 2 7 : I dy l <5 43 0 ; I dy l 7 1 6 1 , 1 8 2 , an a l yz ed b y D i o n ys H al 47 6 . . .
— I dy l 8 4 3 1 I dy l 1 0 4 2 8 ; I dy l T h ur i i 157 16 6 ; fo u n d at i o n o f 1 5 4 ;
43 0 4 3 1 ,
1 1 4 3 0 ; I dy l 13 i mi tate d b y A p o o n i u s ll He r o d o tu s at 154 .
4 23 ; ad mi re d b y Te n n ys o n 4 3 4 ; I dy l Ti b u ll u s 19 8 .
14 : I dy l/ 1 5 2 7 5 . 4 3 2 4 3 4 . 4 3 9 i mi
43 2
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T M A EUS of T au ro me n i u m 4 5 0, 4 6 4 .
M Arn ol d
.
4 3 3 ; I dy l 4 2 8 ; I dy l 16 I 7 T i mar c h u s attac k o f A es c h i n e s on 3 58 .
4 27 ; I dy l 21 43 2 ; 1dy 1 2 4 4 3 4 : I dy l 25 T i mo n of
Phl i us 4 1 5 .
4 3 4 ; I dy l 28
4 3 4 ; p as to a I dy l s 4 2 8 r l I
T M O T H EUS o f M i etus 13 3 - 1 3 6 l ,
2 40 ;
4 3 1 ; L i ttl e Ep i cs 4 20 ; d i a e c t 4 3 6 ; l P er s ae of 84 ,
133 , 3 57 o n o ld, p o et y r
fi r
g u ed p o e m o f 4 47 ; i mi tates A c man l 44 6 ; d i a l t ec 13 5 ; d i th y a mb s r of 13 6 ;
en ce Lo ng us 5 0 1 ;
on me te s 43 6 ; r T i mo th eu s th e g e n eral 3 3 8 .
p an egy i c o f P o e my 4 1 8 ;
r u o te d t l q T I S I A S th e r h e to r i c i an 16 5 ,
16 6 , 333 .
9 8 , 1 14 ; ea a ng e d b y W i l amo w i tz
r rr T i s s aph ern es 3 2 0 .
4 60 . T i th o n u s eg e n d 67 l .
T h eo d o ru s o f Byz an ti u m th e rh eto ri c i an T i t us s i eg e o f
je r us al e m b y 2 4 6 , 47 8 .
T heo d o ru s e
p i g am o f 44 8
r . T rag ed y D ri an g o at—s o n g 1 8 8 ;
o d ia l ec t
T h e o d o r us
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th e ma th e mati c i an 3 8 0 . of 1 8 8 ; d eve l op me n t of 19 2 ; mete rs
T H EO G N I S 8 1 —8 5 d ate
75 , 3 29 3 3 4 ; , , 192 .
85 . T raja n 4 9 1 ; A tti c i s m u n d e 4 7 8 r .
T H EO P H RA STUS 6 9 1 4 5 3 9 7 4 5 1 4 5 2 , , , ,
T r y p h i o d o r u s e p i c p o et 4 6 8 .
4 5 3 4 5 4 4 8 6 ; Ch ar a cter s 2 9 1 3 09
, , , , T Y RTA EUS 7 1, 72 74 1 06 1 18 , , , , 42 1 ;
—
4 5 4 5 3 ; e c h o e d b y A atu s 4 26
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3 24 .
r
Th eo i c o n th e th eate r fun d 35 2 . U n i ti e s th e i n r
A i sto t l e 4 05 ; S i d n ey on
T h e o xe n us sc o li on of Pi n d a to r 1 24 .
4 05 ; d o c t i n e r of Bo i l e au 4 05 .
T he r mo pyl ae l r
c e e b ate d b y S i mo n i d es
1 14 . V al c k e n ae r on X e n o ph o n 3 23 .
IN DE X 543
Va r ro r
t an s ato l r of A ratus 4 27 ; [Men ip niu m 190 ; on S ap p h o 1 00 ; on
V e i g i l 4 06 4 2 1 4 24 ,
A e n ei d 2 1 2
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13 5 ,
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25 9 , d e b t to C a ] T h e o c r i tu s b y 4 6 0 .
l i mac h u s 4 2 1 , o n M us ae u s 4 6 8 , ti c W o f 2 3 27 3 4 P r o/eg o ni en a
l , , , 26 , 36 .
l og u es 1 9 8 i mi tat i o n o f T h e o c i t us
,
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437 , on Ga ll u s4 29 ,
i e pr ese n te d on th e th e R i ver D ud d on 4 3 7 ; o n A c ae us 9 6 ; l
s tage 43 4 ; ue 3 i mi tati o n o f E c l og Pl at o nic mys ti c i s m i n 5 07 .
T h eo c i t us 4 3 1 ; E cl og u e 5 i mi ta ti o n
r
r
o f T h eo c i t us 4 3 0 ; E cl og u e 6 4 2 3 4 3 4 ; ,
X an th i pp us fath e r of P r l e i c es 1 0
3 .
E cl og u e 8 mi tati o n o f T he o c r i t us 4 3 0 ;
i X A N T H US o f L yd i a 1 5 3 .
Georg i cs 1 8 2 2 25 c o mp are d w i th t h e , ,
X n rat s th A ad mi i an 45
e oc e e c e c 1 .
of N i c an d e r 4 5 6 , on He ro an d L ean 8 0 —8 1 .
d e r 4 6 9 ; c o mp a e d w i th M i to n 1 2 8 ; r l X EN O P H O N 37 ,
173 3 27 , 17 8 , 3 1 7 — 3 25 , ,
p as to r al in 43 6 .
47 9 ; Cy z op aed i a s t G ree ro man c e fir k
V e rallr
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on E u i p i d es r 2 47 , 26 6 ; on th e 3 2 2, 49 9 ; H el l e n i ca
3 2 1 — 22
3 , 3 24 ;
H el en 24 8 ; o n T y tae u s 7 4 r . H i er o 3 2 2 ; A/ eni or a hi l i a
V es p as i an 47 8 .
p o rt a i t o f S o c ates 3 7 3 ; Oe con o mi c us
r r
V i l lo i so n 25 .
3 18 ,3 23 ; Sy mpos i u m 3 1 8 3 1 9
3 19 , , ,
V i ll o B a l l a d 3 8
n e .
3 7 4 44 2 ; e c h o e d b y L u c i an 4 9 9 ;
,
V is ti n s tatu f M e nan d r 3 1 3
co n o l e o e . mo d e o f D i o 4 9 2 .
V l tai re o n Pi n d a 1 3 ;
o th e U n i ti es X r x 1 5 1 19 r 2 on e es 1 , ,
154, 1 59 , 1 95 , 211 ; in
405 ; o n V e rg i l 4 3 0 T mo th u s P . i e er s ae 1 3 4 .
W e l c k e r o n S apph o 1 00 Ze ll r o n X
e en o ph o n Apol ogy 3 1 9 ; rej e c ts
on d ate of On th e S u bl i me 48 6 ; on th e Z EN O o f El a 14 8 3 6 3 7 4 3 7 9
e , 2 , ,
.
ep i g a r ms of S i mo n i d e s 1 15 ; on th e Z n o f Rh d th hi to r a n 4 6 4
e o o es e s i .
[Er ot i c F r ag men t 44 4 ; o n Eu i p i d e s r Z E N O th S to i 3 7 6
e c .
24 1 , 25 5 ; on H e o d o tu s 1 6 1 ; o n r Z b ia f P l m ra 4 8 6
e no o a y .
I s yll us 13 6 ; on th e M u t i l a ti o n o f th e Z e n o d o t us 2 5 4 6 4 1 4 4 1 5 , , , .
H e r mae 3 3 1 ; o n th e Ody s s ey 1 1 3 9 ; , Z l k
i e i ns i o n th e A g o n i i i C o me d y 27 6 ;
on A es c h y u s P er s a e 1 9 5 on l
th e , o n S o p h o c e s 2 29 l .
l
P ato n i c L etter s 3 8 2 ; o n t h e p o s c e r