Introduction to amplifier

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 What is amplifier
 An amplifier is an electronic device that increases amplitude
of the voltage, current, or power of a signal without changing
frequency and waveform.

 This type of amplifier known as Linear Amplifier

 Amplifiers are used in

 wireless communications and broadcasting,

 Audio equipment of all kinds.

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 Amplifier circuit Symbol

Fig: a)circuit symbol b) amplifier with a common terminal (ground ) between input
&output is called as circuit ground which used as reference point

𝑣𝑜
Voltage Gain : 𝐴𝑣 = 𝑣𝑖

𝑖𝑜
Current Gain : 𝐴𝑖 = 𝑖𝑖

Power Gain : 𝐴𝑝 = 𝐴 𝑣 𝐴𝑖

Where, A is amplification constant ,𝑣𝑜 and 𝑣𝑖 are output and input signal voltage
respectively
𝑖𝑜 & 𝑖𝑖 are output and input signal current respectively
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Expressing gain in decibel
 Amplifier gain defined above will expressed either
dimensionless or as V/V,I/I,P/P.
 Amplifier gain expressed with logarithmic measure (decibel)
in order to avoid computing big number .

 Voltage gain in decibel = 20log 𝐴𝑣 dB

 Current gain in decibel = 20log 𝐴𝑖 dB
 Power gain in decibel = 10log 𝐴𝑝 dB

Power efficiency……

 It is important performance parameter for amplifier that

handle large amount of power.

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Typical amplifier parameters
 Gain.
 Input impedance.
 The resistance seen by an ac source connected to the
input of an amplifier.
 Output impedance.
 The ac resistance looking in at the output of an amplifier
 Frequency response.
 Bandwidth.
 Phase shift.
 Feedback.

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 How to make amplifier?
Transistor is the main component of an amplifier

 It is to be biased to operate in the flat-region of V-I curve.

 FET –in saturation region

 BJT-in active region

 Single Stage Transistor Amplifier: When only one

transistor with associated circuitry is used for amplifying
a weak signal.

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Components of BJT amplifier

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How to analysis amplifier

Two stage to analysis amplifier circuit

I. DC Analysis

II. AC Analysis

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 DC Analysis (example)
 the dc bias values must first be determined by developed
dc equivalent circuit
I. Remove the coupling and bypass capacitors by make it
open circuit
II. Remove the load resistor and signal source.

Fig: DC equivalent circuit for the amplifier in Figure

above

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Cont.

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 AC Analysis
 An AC equivalent circuit is developed as follows:

I. The capacitors C1, C2, and C3 are replaced by effective

shorts because their values are selected so that Xc is
negligible at the signal frequency

II. The dc source is replaced by ground.

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Cont.

Fig:AC equivalent circuit for the amplifier in Figure 2

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Cont.

Fig:AC equivalent of the base circuit.

…The signal voltage at the base of the transistor

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 Cont.
 The input resistance looking in at the base ,use the simplified r-
parameter model of the transistor.

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 Summary
 Steps for using small-signal models
1. Determine the DC operating point of the BJT － in
particular, the collector current

2. Calculate small-signal model parameters: r be

3. Eliminate DC sources – replace voltage sources with

shorts and current sources with open circuits
4. Replace BJT with equivalent small-signal models
5. Analysis

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Classification of Basic Amplifier
 Amplifiers can be classified broadly based on magnitude
of input & output impedance as,

I. Voltage amplifiers.

II. Current amplifiers.

III. Transconductance amplifiers.

IV. Transresistance amplifiers

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Cont.
 Voltage Amplifier

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Cont.
 Current Amplifier

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 Cont.
 Transconductance

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Cont.
 Transresistance Amplifier

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 Other classification of amplifier
 Based on the active device.
 BJT Amplifier
 FET Amplifier
 Based on the transistor configuration.
 Common Emitter amplifier
 Common Collector amplifier
 Common Base amplifier
 Based on input.
 Small signal amplifiers
 Large signal amplifiers

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Cont.
 Based on the output.
• Voltage amplifier
• Power amplifier
 Based on the number of stages.
• Single stage amplifier
• Multistage amplifier
 Based on the Q-point (Operating conduction)
• Class A Amplifier
• Class B Amplifier
• Class AB Amplifier
• Class C Amplifier

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