Transportation, Assignment and Transshipment Problems

Chapter 7
Transportation, Assignment and

Transshipment Problems
to accompany
Operations Research: Applications & Algorithms,
4th edition, by Wayne L. Winston
Dr. İsmail Kayahan
1
Copyright (c) 2004 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
Description
A transportation problem basically deals with
the problem, which aims to find the best way
to fulfill the demand of n demand points using
the capacities of m supply points. While trying
to find the best way, generally a variable cost
of shipping the product from one supply point
to a demand point or a similar constraint
should be taken into consideration.
2
7.1 Formulating Transportation Problems
Example 1: Powerco has three electric power plants that
supply the electric needs of four cities.
•The associated supply of each plant and demand of each
city is given in the table 1.
•The cost of sending 1 million kwh of electricity from a
plant to a city depends on the distance the electricity must
travel.
3
Transportation tableau
A transportation problem is specified by

the supply, the demand, and the
shipping costs. So the relevant data
can be summarized in a transportation
tableau. The transportation tableau
implicitly expresses the supply and
demand constraints and the shipping
cost between each demand and supply
point.
4
Table 1. Shipping costs, Supply, and
Demand for Powerco Example
From To
City 1 City 2 City 3 City 4 Supply
(Million kwh)
Plant 1 $8 $6 $10 $9 35
Plant 2 $9 $12 $13 $7 50
Plant 3 $14 $9 $16 $5 40
Demand 45 20 30 30
(Million kwh)
Transportation Tableau
5
Solution
1. Decision Variable:
Since we have to determine how much electricity is
sent from each plant to each city;
Xij = Amount of electricity produced at plant i and

sent to city j
X14 = Amount of electricity produced at plant 1 and

sent to city 4
6
2. Objective function
Since we want to minimize the total cost of

shipping from plants to cities;
Cost of shipping
power from
plant 1
Minimize Z = 8X11+6X12+10X13+9X14
Cost of shipping
+9X21+12X22+13X23+7X24 power from
+14X31+9X32+16X33+5X34 plant 2
Cost of shipping
power from
plant 3
7
3. Supply Constraints
Power is supplied by the power plants, each is a supply
point.
A constraint that ensures that the total quantity shipped
from a plant does not exceed plant capacity is a supply
constraint.
Since each supply point has a limited production

capacity;
Plant 1 supply constraint
X11+X12+X13+X14 <= 35
X21+X22+X23+X24 <= 50 Plant 2 supply constraint
X31+X32+X33+X34 <= 40 Plant 3 supply constraint
8
4. Demand Constraints
Each city demands power, so each is a demand point.
A constraint that ensures that a location receives its
demand is a demand constraint.
Since each supply point has a limited production

capacity;
X11+X21+X31 >= 45 City 1 demand constraint

City 3 demand constraint
X13+X23+X33 >= 30
9
5. Sign Constraints
Since a negative amount of electricity can not be
shipped all Xij’s must be non negative;
Xij >= 0 (i= 1,2,3; j= 1,2,3,4)
10
LP Formulation of Powerco’s Problem
Min Z =
8X11+6X12+10X13+9X14+9X21+12X22+13X23+7X24
+14X31+9X32+16X33+5X34
S.T.: X11+X12+X13+X14 <= 35 (Supply Constraints)

X21+X22+X23+X24 <= 50
X31+X32+X33+X34 <= 40
X11+X21+X31 >= 45 (Demand Constraints)
X12+X22+X32 >= 20
X13+X23+X33 >= 30
X14+X24+X34 >= 30
11 Xij >= 0 (i= 1,2,3; j= 1,2,3,4)
Graphical Representation of the Powerco
Problem
Optimal
Solution
12
General Description of a Transportation
Problem
1. A set of m supply points from which a good
is shipped. Supply point i can supply at
most si units.
2. A set of n demand points to which the good
is shipped. Demand point j must receive at
least di units of the shipped good.
3. Each unit produced at supply point i and
shipped to demand point j incurs a variable
cost of cij.
13
Xij = number of units shipped from supply point i to
demand point j
i =m j =n
min  cijXij
i =1 j =1
j =n
s.t. Xij  si (i = 1,2,..., m)
j =1
i =m
X
i =1
ij  dj ( j = 1,2,..., n)
Xij  0(i = 1,2,..., m; j = 1,2,..., n)
14
Balanced Transportation Problem
If Total supply equals to total demand,
the problem is said to be a balanced
transportation problem:
i =m j =n
s = d
i =1
i
j =1
j
15
Balanced Transportation Problem
For a balanced transportation problem, the LP model may be
written as
𝑖=𝑚 𝑗=𝑛
min ෍ ෍ 𝑐𝑖𝑗 𝑋𝑖𝑗

𝑖=1 𝑗=1
𝑗=𝑛
𝑠. 𝑡. ෍ 𝑋𝑖𝑗 = 𝑠𝑖 (𝑖 = 1,2, . . . , 𝑚)
𝑗=1
𝑖=𝑚
෍ 𝑋𝑖𝑗 = 𝑑𝑗 (𝑗 = 1,2, . . . , 𝑛)
𝑖=1
𝑋𝑖𝑗 ≥ 0(𝑖 = 1,2, . . . , 𝑚; 𝑗 = 1,2, . . . , 𝑛)
16
Balancing a TP if total supply exceeds
total demand
If total supply exceeds total demand, we can balance the problem by

adding dummy demand point. Since shipments to the dummy demand
point are not real, they are assigned a cost of zero.
To understand the use of a dummy demand point, suppose that in the
Powerco problem, the demand for city 1 were reduced to 40 million
kwh.
To balance the Powerco problem, we would add a dummy demand
point (point 5) with a demand of 125-120 =5 million kwh.
From each plant, the cost of shipping 1 million kwh to the dummy is 0.
17
Graphical Representation of Unbalanced Powerco Problem and
Its Optimal Solution (with Dummy Demand Point)
Unused capacity
18
Transportation Tableau
A transportation problem is specified by the supply, the demand,
and the shipping costs, so the relevant data can be summarized
in a transportation tableau.
If 𝑥𝑖𝑗 is a basic variable, its value is placed in the lower left-hand
corner of the ijth cell of the tableau.
Demand 1 Demand 2 Demand n
𝑐11 𝑐12 … 𝑐1𝑛
Supply 1 𝑠1
𝑥11 𝑥12 𝑥1𝑛
𝑐21 𝑐22 … 𝑐2𝑛
Supply 2 𝑠2
𝑥21 𝑥22 𝑥2𝑛
⋮ ⋮ ⋮
⋮
𝑐𝑚1 𝑐𝑚2 … 𝑐𝑚𝑛

Supply m 𝑠𝑚
𝑥𝑚1 𝑥𝑚2 𝑥𝑚𝑛
𝑑1 𝑑2 … 𝑑𝑛
19
Transportation Tableau for Powerco
The balanced Powerco problem and its optimal solution could be
displayed as shown in the table below.
City 1 City 2 City 3 City 4 Dummy City

8 6 10 9 0
Plant 1 35
15 20
9 12 13 7 0
Plant 2 50
40 10
14 9 16 5 0
Plant 3 40
5 30 5
40 20 30 30 5
20
Balancing a transportation problem if total
supply is less than total demand
If a transportation problem has a total supply that

is strictly less than total demand the problem has
no feasible solution. There is no doubt that in
such a case one or more of the demand will be
left unmet. Generally in such situations a penalty
cost is often associated with unmet demand and
as one can guess this time the total penalty cost
is desired to be minimum
21
Example 2- Handling Shortages
Two reservoirs are available to supply the water needs of three
cities. Each reservoir can supply up to 50 million gallons of
water per day. Each city would like to receive 40 million gallons
per day. For each million gallons per day of unmet demand,
there is a penalty.
At city 1, the penalty is $20; at city 2, the penalty is $22; and at city
3, the penalty is $23.
The cost of transporting 1 million gallons of water from each
reservoir to each city is shown in Table below.
To
From City 1 City 2 City 3
Reservoir 1 $7 $8 $10
Reservoir 2 $9 $7 $8
Formulate a balanced transportation problem that can be used to
minimize the sum of shortage and transport costs.
22
First calculate the dailly supply and demand
Daily supply → 50+50=100 million gallons per day
Daily demand → 40+40+40=120 million gallons per day
To balance the problem, we add a dummy (or shortage) supply
point City 1 City 2 City 3 Supply
7 8 10
Reservoir
1
50
9 7 8
Reservoir
2
50
20 22 23
Dummy 20
Demand 40 40 40
23
Min Z = 7X11+8X12+10X13+9X21+7X22+8X23+20X31+22X32+23X33
S.T.: X11+X12+X13<= 50 (Supply Constraints)

X21+X22+X23<= 50
X31+X32+X33<= 20
X11+X21+X31 >= 40 (Demand Constraints)

X12+X22+X32 >= 40
X13+X23+X33 >= 40
Xij >= 0 (i= 1,2,3; j= 1,2,3) = can be used because

it is a balanced
transportation problem
24
After you solve the LP model,
City 1 City 2 City 3 Supply

7 8 10
Reservoir
1
50
20 30
9 7 8
Reservoir
2
50
10 40
20 22 23
Dummy 20
20
Demand 40 40 40
25
7.2 Finding Basic Feasible
Solution for TP
Consider a balanced transportation problem with m supply points and
n demand points.
Such a problem contains m+n equality constraints.
Very hard to solve with Big M method.
Unlike other Linear Programming problems, a balanced TP with m

supply points and n demand points is easier to solve, although it has
m + n equality constraints. The reason for that is, if a set of decision
variables (xij’s) satisfy all but one constraint, the values for xij’s will
satisfy that remaining constraint automatically.
26
In Powerco problem, 𝑥𝑖𝑗 satisfies all constraints with the exception
of the first supply (s1) constraint.
The total demand is d1+ d2 + d3 + d4 =125 million kwh
The supply of s2 + s3 = 90 million kwh
The the plant 1 must supply s1 = 125 –90 = 35 million kwh
Thus 𝑥𝑖𝑗 ’s must also satisfy the first supply constraint.
This means (m+n-1) constraints are enough to define the problem.
In other words, a basic feasible solution (bfs) must have
(m+n-1)BVs.
27
For example, consider the following balanced transportation
problem.
Demand 1 Demand 2 Demand 3 Supply
Supply 1 4
Supply 2 5
Demand 3 2 4
28
In matrix form, the constraints for this balanced transportation
problem may be written as
𝑥
1 1 1 0 0 0 𝑥11 4
12
0 0 0 1 1 1 𝑥13 5
1 0 0 1 0 0 𝑥 = 3
21
0 1 0 0 1 0 𝑥 2
22
0 0 1 0 0 1 𝑥23 4
We (arbitrarily) assume that the first supply constraint is omitted
from consideration. (m+n-1 constraints are sufficient)
After dropping the first supply constraint, we obtain the following
linear system: A basic solution must have four
𝑥11 basic variables. Suppose we try
4
0 0 0 1 1 1 𝑥12 BV={x11, x12,x21, x22}.
𝑥 5
1 0 0 1 0 0 13 0 0 1 1
= 3
0 1 0 0 1 0 𝑥21 𝐵 =
1 0 1 0
2
0 0 1 0 0 1 𝑥22 0 1 0 1
𝑥23 4 0 0 0 0
No way to find the inverse of B.
(rank=3)
29
Methods to find the bfs for a balanced TP
There are three basic methods:
1. Northwest Corner Method
2. Minimum Cost Method
3. Vogel’s Method
30
1. Northwest Corner Method
To find the bfs by the NWC method start in the cell (route)
corresponding to the northeast corner, or the upper left,
of the tableau (𝑥11 ). Below is a description of the steps:
Step 1: Allocate the maximum amount available to the selected cell and
adjust the associated supply and demand quantities by subtracting the
allocated quantity.
Step 2: Exit the row or the column when the supply or demand reaches
zero and cross it out, to show that you cannot make any more allocations
to that row or column. If a row or a column simultaneously reachzero, only
cross out one (the row or the column) and leave a zero supply (demand)
in the row (column) that is not crossed out.
Step 3: If exactly one row or column is left that is not crossed out, stop.
Otherwise, advance to the cell to the right if a column has just been
crossed out, or to the cell below if a row was crossed out. Continue with
Step 1.
31
According to the explanations in the previous slide we
can set x11=3 (meaning demand of demand point 1 is
satisfied by supply point 1).
x11=min{5,3}=3
5
3 5 2 3
s1=5-3=2
3 2
2
d1=3-3=0
Cross out column X 5 2 3
1 32
min{5,2}=2
3 2
6
Cannot go next
row 2
X 5 2 3 s1=2-2=0
Cross out
3 2 X
row 1
X 3 2 3
d2=5-2=3
33
Cannot go next
column
3 2 X
min{6,3}=3
X 3 2 3
3 2 X s2=6-3=3
3 3
d2=3-3=0
Cross out column
2 2
X X 2 3
34
min{3,2}=2
3 2 X
Cannot go next
3 3
row
X X 2 3
3 2 X s2=3-2=1
d3=2-2=0 3 2 1
Cross out
column 2 2
X X X 3
35
min{1,3}=1
3 2 X
Cannot go next 3 2 1
row
2
X X X 3
s2=1-1=0
3 2 X
Cross out
row 2
3 2 1 X
X X X 2
d4=3-1=2
36
Finally, we will have the following bfs, which is:
x11=3, x12=2, x22=3, x23=2, x24=1, x34=2
3 2 X
3 2 1 X
2 X
X X X X
The most
northwest
remaining
variable is x34
37
2. Minimum Cost Method
The Northwest Corner Method does not utilize shipping costs.
It can yield an initial bfs easily but the total shipping cost may
be very high. The minimum cost method uses shipping costs
in order come up with a bfs that has a lower cost. To begin
the minimum cost method,
1- We find the decision variable with the smallest shipping cost (Xij).
2- Assign Xij its largest possible value, min{ si , dj }
3- Cross out row i and column j and reduce the supply or demand of
the noncrossed-out row or column by the value of Xij.
4- Choose the cell with the minimum cost of shipping from the cells
that do not lie in a crossed-out row or column
5- Repeat the procedure and continue untill there is only one cell that
can be choosen.
38
An example for Minimum Cost Method
Step 1: Select the cell with minimum cost.
Minimum cost
Set
x22=min{8,10)
2 3 5 6
5
2 1 3 5
10
3 8 4 6
15
12 8 4 6
39
Step 2: Cross-out column 2
Reduce s2 to
10-8=2
2 3 5 6
5
2 1 3 5
2
8
3 8 4 6
15
12 X 4 6
Reduce d2 to
8-8=0
40
Crossout column 2
Step 3: Find the new cell with minimum
shipping cost and cross-out row 2
We could now
choose either
x11 or x21 Crossout row 2
2 3 5 6
5
min{2,
12}
2 1 3 5
X
2 8
3 8 4 6
15
10 X 4 6
Reduce
41 d1 to
12-2=10 Copyright (c) 2004 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
shipping cost and cross-out row 1
Crossout row 1
min{5,10}
2 3 5 6
X
5
2 1 3 5
X
2 8
3 8 4 6
15
5 X 4 6
Reduce
42 d1 to
10-5=5 Copyright (c) 2004 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
shipping cost and cross-out column 1
Reduce s3 to
15-5
2 3 5 6
X
5
2 1 3 5
X
2 8
3 8 4 6
10
5
X X 4 6
min{5,15}
Crossout
43 column 1
shipping cost and cross-out column 3
Reduce s3 to
10-4
2 3 5 6
X
5
2 1 3 5
X
2 8
3 8 4 6
6
5 4
X X X 6
min{4,10}
44 Crossout column 3
Step 7: Finally assign 6 to last cell. The bfs is
found as: X11=5, X21=2, X22=8, X31=5, X33=4
and X34=6
2 3 5 6
X
5
2 1 3 5
X
2 8
3 8 4 6
X
5 4 6
X X X X
45
A problematic case for Minimum Cost
method
If we apply the minimum-cost method to the following table
Demand 1 Demand 2 Demand 3 Supply

6 7 8
Supply 1 10
15 80 78
Supply 2 15
Demand 15 5 5
We set x11= 10 and cross out row 1.

This forces us to make x22 and x23 basic variables, thereby
incurring their high shipping costs.
Thus, the minimum-cost method will yield a costly bfs.
46
3. Vogel’s Method
1- Begin with computing each row and column a penalty.
The penalty will be equal to the difference between the
two smallest shipping costs in the row or column.
2- Identify the row or column with the largest penalty.
3- Find the first basic variable which has the smallest
shipping cost in that row or column.
4- Then assign the highest possible value to that variable,
and cross-out the row or column as in the previous
methods.
5- Compute new penalties and use the same procedure
until only one uncrossed cell remains.
47
An example for Vogel’s Method
Step 1: Compute the penalties.
Supply Row Penalty
6 7 8
10 7-6=1
15 80 78
15 78-15=63
Demand 15 5 5
Column Penalty 15-6=9 80-7=73 78-8=70
48
Step 2: Identify the largest penalty and assign
the highest possible value to the variable.
Supply Row Penalty
6 7 8
5 8-6=2
5
15 80 78
15 78-15=63
Demand 15 X 5
Column Penalty 15-6=9 _ 78-8=70
49
Supply Row Penalty
6 7 8
0 _
5 5
15 80 78
15 _
Demand 15 X X
Column Penalty 15-6=9 _ _
50
Supply Row Penalty
6 7 8
X _
0 5 5
15 80 78
15 _
Demand 15 X X
Column Penalty _ _ _
51
Step 5: Finally the bfs is found as X11=0, X12=5,
X13=5, and X21=15
Supply Row Penalty
6 7 8
X _
0 5 5
15 80 78
X _
15
Demand X X X
Column Penalty _ _ _
52
Observe that Vogel’s method avoids the costly
shipments associated with x22 and x23.
This is because the high shipping costs resulted in large
penalties that caused Vogel’s method to choose other
variables to satisfy the second and third demand
constraints.
53
7.3 The Transportation
Simplex Method
In this section we will explain how the simplex

algorithm is used to solve a transportation
problem.
54
How to Pivot a Transportation Problem
Based on the transportation tableau, the

following steps should be performed.
Step 1. Determine (by a criterion to be
developed shortly, for example northwest corner
method) the variable that should enter the basis.
Step 2. Find the loop (it can be shown that there
is only one loop) involving the entering variable
and some of the basic variables.
Step 3. Counting the cells in the loop, label them
as even cells or odd cells.
55
Step 4. Find the odd cells whose variable assumes the
smallest value. Call this value θ. The variable
corresponding to this odd cell will leave the basis. To
perform the pivot, decrease the value of each odd cell by
θ and increase the value of each even cell by θ. The
variables that are not in the loop remain unchanged. The
pivot is now complete.
If θ=0, the entering variable will equal 0, and an odd
variable that has a current value of 0 will leave the basis.
In this case a degenerate bfs existed before and will
result after the pivot. If more than one odd cell in the loop
equals θ, you may arbitrarily choose one of these odd
cells to leave the basis; again a degenerate bfs will result
56
The definition of Loop
An ordered sequence of at least four different cells is called a loop
if
1 Any two consecutive cells lie in either the same row or same
column
2 No three consecutive cells lie in the same row or column
3 The last cell in the sequence has a row or column in common
with the first cell in the sequence.
In the definition of a loop, the first cell is considered to follow the

last cell, so the loop may be thought of as a closed path.
57
Examples for Loops
(1, 1) (1, 2)
(2, 1) (2, 4) (2, 3)

(2, 2)
(3, 5)
(3, 1)
(4, 1) (4, 4) (4, 3) (4, 5)

Loop Loop
(1, 3)
(1, 1) (1, 2) (1, 2) (1, 4)
(2, 1) (2, 3) (2, 2) (2, 4)

No loop No loop
(1, 2) and (2, 3) do not lie in the (1, 2), (1, 3), and (1, 4) all lie in the same row
same row or column
58
Powerco example
We illustrate the pivoting procedure on the Powerco example.
When the northwest corner method is applied to the Powerco
example, the bfs in the following table is found.
City 1 City 2 City 3 City 4
8 6 10 9
Plant 1 35
35
9 12 13 7
Plant 2 50
10 20 20
14 9 16 5
Plant 3 40
10 30
45 20 30 30
59
Illustration of pivoting procedure on the
Powerco example. We want to find the bfs that
would result if X14 were entered into the basis.
5 0
35 35
4 10 20 3 20 50
2 1
10 30 40
45 20 30 30
E O E O E O
(1, 4) (3, 4) (3, 3) (2, 3) (2, 1) (1, 1)
Nothwest Corner bfs and loop for

60
Powerco
New bfs after X14 is pivoted into basis. Since
There is no loop involving the cells (1,1), (1,4),
(2,1), (2,2), (3,3) and (3, 4) the new solution is
a bfs.
35-20 0+20 35
20-20
10+20 20 50
(nonbasic)
10+20 30-20 40
45 20 30 30
After the pivot the new bfs is X11=15, X14=20,

X21=30, X22=20, X33=30 and X34=10.
61
Two important points!
In the pivoting procedure:
1. Since each row has as many +20s as –20s,

the new solution will satisfy each supply and
demand constraint.
2. By choosing the smallest odd variable (X23)

to leave the basis, we ensured that all
variables will remain nonnegative.
62
Pricing out nonbasic variables
To complete the transportation simplex, now we

will discuss how to row 0 for any bfs. For a bfs in
which the set of basic variables is BV, the
coefficient of the variable Xij (call it čij) in the
tableau’s row ) is given by
čij = cBV B-1aij – cij
Where cij is the objective function coefficient for

Xij and aij is the column for xij in the original LP.
63
Since the example is a minimization problem,
the current bfs will be optimal if all the čij‘s are
nonpositive; otherwise, we enter into the basis
with the most positive čij.
After determining cBVB-1 we can easily
determine čij. Since the first constraint has
been dropped, cBVB-1 will have m+n-1
elements.
cBVB-1= [u2 u3…um v1 v2…vn]
Where u2 u3…um are elements of cBVB-1
corresponding to the m-1 supply constraints,
and v1 v2…vn are elements of cBVB-1
corresponding to the n demand constraints.
64
To determine cBVB-1 we use the fact that in any
tableau, each basic variable Xij must have
čij=0. Thus for each of the m+n-1 variables in
BV,
cBV B-1aij – cij=0
so
[u2 u3…um v1 v2…vn] aij -cij =0
Finally,
ui + vj = cij
65
Summary and Illustration of the
Transportation Simplex Method
Step 1 If the problem is unbalanced, balance it.
Step 2 Use one of the methods described in Section 7.2 to find a
bfs.
Step 3 Use the fact that u1 =0 and ui + vj = cij for all basic variables
to find the [u1 u2 u3…um v1 v2…vn] for the current bfs.
Step 4 (Minimization Problem) If ui + vj - cij ≤ 0 for all nonbasic
variables, then the current bfs is optimal. If this is not the case,
then we enter the variable with the most positive ui + vj - cij into
the basis using the pivoting procedure. This yields a new bfs.
Step 4’ (Maximization Problem) If ui + vj - cij ≥ 0 for all nonbasic
variables, then the current bfs is optimal. If this is not the case,
then we enter the variable with the most negative ui + vj - cij into
the basis using the pivoting procedure. This yields a new bfs.
Step 5 Using the new bfs, return to steps 3 and 4.

66
Powerco example
Now, we can illustrate the procedure mentioned.
Step 1. The problem is balanced.

8 6 10 9
Plant 1 35
35
9 12 13 7
Plant 2 50
10 20 20
14 9 16 5
Plant 3 40
10 30
45 20 30 30
67
Step 2. We can use Northwest corner method for the initial bfs.
We have already find in the previous slides.

8 6 10 9
Plant 1 35
35
9 12 13 7
Plant 2 50
10 20 20
14 9 16 5
Plant 3 40
10 30
45 20 30 30
68
Step 3. Calculate [u1 u2 u3…um v1 v2…vn]
One can calculate these values by the way.
Approach 1
[u2 u3…um v1 v2…vn] aij -cij =0
Approach 2
ui + vj = cij
69
For the Northwest corner bfs of Powerco problem, BV={X11, X21, X22, X23,
X33, X34}. Applying the equation above we obtain:
0
0 Constraints in the LP
1 X21+X22+X23+X24 = 50
č11= [u2 u3 v1 v2 v3 v4] -8 = v1-8=0
0 X31+X32+X33+X34 = 40
0 X11+X21+X31 = 45
0 X12+X22+X32 = 20
X13+X23+X33 = 30
1 X14+X24+X34 = 30
0
1
č21= [u2 u3 v1 v2 v3 v4] -9 = u2+v1-9=0
0
0
0
1
0
0
č22= [u2 u3 v1 v2 v3 v4] -12 = u2+v2-12=0
1
0
0
70
1
0
0
č23= [u2 u3 v1 v2 v3 v4] -13 = u2+v3-13=0
0
1
0
0
1
0
č33= [u2 u3 v1 v2 v3 v4] -16 = u3+v3-16=0
0
1
0
0
1
0
č34= [u2 u3 v1 v2 v3 v4] -5 = u3+v4-5=0
0
1
0
71
u1=0 For each basic variable Xij (except those having
i=1), we see that the equation we used above
u1+v1=8 reduces to ui+vj=cij. If we define u1=0, we must
u2+v1=9 solve the following system of m+n equations.
u2+v2=12
u2+v3=13
u3+v3=16
u3+v4=5
By solving the system above we obtain:

v1=8, u2=1, v2=11,v3=12, u3=4, v4=1
72
Step 4. Determine the entering basic variable
For each nonbasic variable, we now compute

čij = ui+vj – cij
We obtain:
č12 = 0+11 – 6 = 5 č13 = 0+12 – 10 = 2
č14 = 0+1 – 9 = -8 č24 = 1+1 – 7 = -5
č31 = 4+8 – 14 = -2 č32 = 4+11 – 9 = 6
Since č32 is the greatest positive čij, we would next enter

X32 into the basis. Each unit that is entered into the basis
will decrease Powerco’s cost by $6.
73
We have determined that X32 should enter the
basis. As shown in the table below the loop
involving X32 and some of the basic variables is
(3,2), (3,3), (2,3), (2,2). The odd cells in the loop
are (2,2) and (3,3). Since the smallest value of
these two is 10 the pivot is 10.
35 35
10 20 20 50
10 30 40
45 20 30 30
74
The resulting bfs will be:
X11=35, X32=10, X21=10, X22=10, X23=30 and X34=30

8 6 10 9
Plant 1 35
35
9 12 13 7
Plant 2 50
10 10 30
14 9 16 5
Plant 3 40
10 30
45 20 30 30
75
Step 3.
The ui’s and vj’s for the new bfs were obtained by solving
By using the equation ui + vj = cij

and u1=0
u2+v2=12 Step 4. Determine the entering nonbasic variable .

u3+v4=5
In computing čij = ui+vj – cij for each nonbasic
u1+v1=8
variable, we find that č12 = 5, č13 = 2 and č24 = 1
u2+v3=13
are the only positive čij‘s.
u2+v1=9 Thus we next enter X12 into the basis.
u3+v2=9
76
The loop involving X12 and some of the basic variables is (1, 2)–
(2,2)–(2,1)–(1,1).
The odd cells are (2, 2) and (1, 1).

8 6 10 9
Plant 1 35
35
9 12 13 7
Plant 2 50
10 10 30
14 9 16 5
Plant 3 40
10 30
45 20 30 30
77
8 6 10 9
Plant 1 35
25 10
9 12 13 7
Plant 2 50
20 30
14 9 16 5
Plant 3 40
10 30
45 20 30 30
Step 3. The ui’s and vj’s for the new bfs were obtained by
solving
u1+v2=6
u2+v1=9
u1+v1=8
u2+v3=13
78 u3+v4=5
u3+v2=9 Copyright (c) 2004 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
Step 4. Determine the entering nonbasic variable .
In computing čij for each nonbasic variable, we find that the only
positive čij is č13 =2. Thus, x13 enters the basis.

8 6 10 9
Plant 1 35
25 10
9 12 13 7
Plant 2 50
20 30
14 9 16 5
Plant 3 40
10 30
45 20 30 30
79
The loop involving X13 and some of the basic variables is (1, 3)–
(2,3)–(2, 1)–(1, 1).
The odd cells are (2, 3) and (1, 1).

8 6 10 9
Plant 1 35
10 25
9 12 13 7
Plant 2 50
45 5
14 9 16 5
Plant 3 40
10 30
45 20 30 30
80
Step 3. The ui’s and vj’s for the new bfs were obtained by solving
u1+v2=6
u2+v1=9
u1+v3=10
u2+v3=13
u3+v4=5
u3+v2=9
In computing čij for each nonbasic variable, we find that the all čij ≤0
so an optimal solution has been obtained.
The optimal solution for Powerco is X11=10, X13=25, X21=45, X23=5,
X32=10 and X34=30.
As a result of this solution the objective function value becomes:
Z=6(10)+10(25)+9(45)+13(5)+9(10)+5(30)=$1020
81
Thus we next enter X12 into the basis. By applying
the same steps we will finally get a solution where
all čij’s are less then or equal to 0, so an optimal
solution has been obtained.
The optimal solution for Powerco is X11=10,

X13=25, X21=45, X23=5, X32=10 and X34=30.
As a result of this solution the objective function
value becomes:
Z=6(10)+10(25)+9(45)+13(5)+9(10)+5(30)=$1020
82
7.4 Sensitivity Analysis
In this section we discuss the following three
aspects of sensitivity analysis for the
transportation problem:
1. Changing the objective function coefficient of a
nonbasic variable.
2. Changing the objective function coefficient of a
basic variable.
3. Increasing a single supply by Δ and a single
demand by Δ.
83
1. Changing the objective function
coefficient of a nonbasic variable.
Changing the objective function coefficient of a
nonbasic variable Xij will leave the right hand
side of the optimal tableau unchanged. Thus
the current basis will still be feasible. Since we
are not changing cBVB-1, the ui’s and vj’s remain
unchanged. In row 0 only the coefficient of Xij
will change. Thus as long as the coefficient of
Xij in the optimal row 0 is nonpositive, the
current basis remains optimal.
84
Let’s try to answer the following question about
Powerco as an example:
For what range of values of the cost of shipping 1
million kwh of electricity from plant 1 to city 1 will
the current basis remain optimal?
Suppose we change c11 from 8 to 8+ Δ.
Now č11 = u1+v1-c11=0+6-(8+ Δ)=2- Δ.
Thus the current basis remains optimal for –2-

Δ<=0, or Δ>=-2, and c11>=8-2=6.
85
2. Changing the objective function coefficient
of a basic variable.
Since we are changing cBVB-1, the coefficient of
each nonbasic variable in row 0 may change, and
to determine whether the current basis remain
optimal, we must find the new ui’s and vj’s and use
these values to price out all nonbasic variables. The
current basis remains optimal as long as all
nonbasic variables price out nonpositive.
86
Let’s try to answer the following question about
Powerco as an example:
For what range of values of the cost of shipping 1
million kwh of electricity from plant 1 to city 3 will
the current basis remain optimal?
Suppose we change c13 from 10 to 10+ Δ.
Now č13=0 changes from u1+v3=10 to u1+v3=10+ Δ.
Thus, to find the ui’s and vj’s we must solve the
following equations:
u1=0 u1+v2=6 u2+v1=9 u2+v3=13
u3+v2=9 u1+v3=10+ Δ u3+v4=5
87
Solving these equations, we obtain u1=0, v2=6,
v3=10+ Δ, v1=6+ Δ , u2=3- Δ, u3=3, and v4=2.
We now price out each nonbasic variable. The
current basis will remain optimal as long as each
nonbasic variable has a nonpositive coefficient in
row 0.
č11 = u1+v1-8=Δ-2<=0 for Δ<=2
č14 = u1+v4-9=-7
č22 = u2+v2-12=-3-Δ<=0 for Δ>=-3
č24 = u2+v4-7=-2-Δ<=0 for Δ>=-2
č31 = u3+v1-14=-5+Δ<=0 for Δ<=5
č = u3+v3-16=Δ-3<=0
88 33
for Δ<=3
Thus, the current basis remains optimal for –
2<=Δ<=2, or 8=10-2<=c13<=10+2=12
89
3. Increasing Both Supply si and Demand dj
by Δ.
Changing both supply and demand by the same
amount will maintain the balance of the
transportation problem. Since ui’s and vj’s may be
thought of as the negative of each constraint’s
shadow price, we know that if the current basis
remains optimal,
New Z value = old Z value+Δui+Δvj
For example if we increase plant 1,s supply and city

2’s demand by 1 unit, then
New cost=1020+1(0)+1(6)=$1026
90
We can also find the new values of the decision
variables as follows:
1. If Xij is a basic variable in the optimal solution,

increase Xij by Δ.
2. If Xij is a nonbasic variable in the optimal

solution, find the loop involving Xij and some of the
basic variables. Find an odd cell in the loop that is
in row i. Increase the value of this odd cell by Δ and
go around the loop, alternately increasing and then
decreasing current basic variables in the loop by Δ.
91
To illustrate the first situation, suppose we increase s1 and d2 by 2.
Because x12 is a basic variable in the optimal solution, then only
increase the x12 by 2.
The new optimal z-value is 1,020+2u1+2v2=$1,032.
10+2

8 6 10 9
Plant 1 37
12 25
9 12 13 7
Plant 2 50
45 5
14 9 16 5
Plant 3 40
10 30
45 22 30 30
92
To illustrate the second situation, suppose we increase both s1 and
d1 by 1.
Because x11 is a nonbasic variable in the current optimal solution,
we must find the loop involving x11 and some of the basic
variables. Odd cell in row 1.
(i=1)
Increase by Δ
8 6 10 9 Decrease by
Increase by Δ Plant 1 36 Δ
10 26
9 12 13 7
Plant 2 50
46 4
14 9 16 5
Plant 3 40
10 30
93 46 20 30 30
7.5. Assignment Problems
➢ Assignment problem refers to a class of LP problems that

involve determining most efficient assignment of:
➢ People to projects,
➢ Salespeople to territories,
➢ Contracts to bidders,
➢ Jobs to machines, and so on
➢ Objective is to minimize total cost or total time of

performing tasks at hand, although a maximization
objective is also possible.
94
Problem definition
– m workers are to be assigned to m jobs
– A unit cost (or profit) Cij is associated with
worker i performing job j.
– Minimize the total cost (or maximize the total
profit) of assigning workers to jobs so that each
worker is assigned a job, and each job is
performed.
95
7.5. Assignment Problems Characteristics
It is a special form of linear programming models

similar to the transportation model.
Supply at each source and demand at each destination is
limited to one unit.
In a balanced model supply equals demand.
In an unbalanced model supply is not equal to demand.
96
7.5. Assignment Problems Assumptions
– The number of workers is equal to the number of jobs.

– Given a balanced problem, each worker is assigned
exactly once, and each job is performed by exactly one
worker.
– For an unbalanced problem “dummy” workers (in case
there are more jobs than workers), or “dummy” jobs
(in case there are more workers than jobs) are added to
balance the problem.
97
Example: Machineco has four jobs to be completed. Each
machine must be assigned to complete one job. The time
required to setup each machine for completingeach job is
shown in the table below. Machinco wants to minimize the
total setup time needed to complete the four jobs.
Time (Hours)
Job1 Job2 Job3 Job4

Machine 1 14 5 8 7 Setup times
(Also called the cost matrix)
Machine 2 2 12 6 5
Machine 3 7 8 3 9
Machine 4 2 4 6 10
98
The Model
According to the setup table Machinco’s problem
can be formulated as follows (for i,j=1,2,3,4):
min Z = 14 X 11 + 5 X 12 + 8 X 13 + 7 X 14 + 2 X 21 + 12 X 22 + 6 X 23 + 5 X 24
+ 7 X 31 + 8 X 32 + 3 X 33 + 9 X 34 + 2 X 41 + X 42 + 6 X 43 + 10 X 44
s.t. X 11 + X 12 + X 13 + X 14 = 1
X 21 + X 22 + X 23 + X 24 = 1 The first 4 constraints ensure that
X 31 + X 32 + X 33 + X 34 = 1 each machine is assigned to a job
X 41 + X 42 + X 43 + X 44 = 1
X 11 + X 21 + X 31 + X 41 = 1
X 12 + X 22 + X 32 + X 42 = 1 The last four constraint ensure that
X 13 + X 23 + X 33 + X 43 = 1 each job is completed
X 14 + X 24 + X 34 + X 44 = 1
Xij = 0orXij = 1
99
For the model on the previous page note that:
Xij=1 if machine i is assigned to meet the demands

of job j
Xij=0 if machine i is assigned to meet the demands

of job j
In general an assignment problem is balanced

transportation problem in which all supplies and
demands are equal to 1.
100
Step 1. Initial table (If it is not balanced then balance the table)
Job 1 Job 2 Job 3 Job 4
Machine 14 5 8 7
1 1
Machine 2 12 6 5
2 1
Machine 7 8 3 9
3 1
Machine 2 4 6 10
4 1
1 1 1 1
101
Step 2. Apply the minimum cost method to find a bfs
Machine 14 5 8 7
1 1
1 0 0
2 12 6 5 Randomly
Machine
2 1 selected
1
BVs
Machine 7 8 3 9
3 1
1
Machine 2 4 6 10
4 1
1 0
1 1 1 1
Now, we can solve the problem with transportation simplex.
Remember:You should start with (m+n-1) basic variables.
Currently, the problem is highly degenerate, since there are only 4 positive BVs.
m: # of machines n: # of jobs
102
Step 3. The ui’s and vj’s for the new bfs were obtained by solving
ui + vj = cij
𝑢1 = 0
𝑢1 + 𝑣2 = 5
𝑢1 + 𝑣3 = 8
𝑢1 + 𝑣4 = 7
𝑢2 + 𝑣4 = 5
𝑢3 + 𝑣3 = 3
𝑢4 + 𝑣1 = 2
𝑢4 + 𝑣2 = 4
By solving the set of equations above;
𝑢2 = −3, 𝑢3 = −5, 𝑢4 = −1, 𝑣1 = 3, 𝑣2 = 5, 𝑣3 = 8, 𝑣4 = 7
103
𝑐𝑖𝑗
ҧ = 𝑢𝑖 + 𝑣𝑗 − 𝑐𝑖𝑗
𝑐11ҧ = 𝑢1 + 𝑣1 − 𝑐11 = 0 + 3 − 14 = −11
𝑐21 ҧ = 𝑢2 + 𝑣1 − 𝑐21 = −2 + 3 − 2 = −1
𝑐22
ҧ = 𝑢2 + 𝑣2 − 𝑐22 = −2 + 5 − 12 = −9
𝑐23 ҧ = 𝑢2 + 𝑣3 − 𝑐23 = −2 + 8 − 6 = 0
𝑐31 ҧ = 𝑢3 + 𝑣1 − 𝑐31 = −5 + 3 − 7 = −9
𝑐32 ҧ = 𝑢3 + 𝑣2 − 𝑐32 = −5 + 5 − 8 = −8
𝑐34 ҧ = 𝑢3 + 𝑣4 − 𝑐34 = −5 + 7 − 9 = −7
𝑐43 ҧ = 𝑢4 + 𝑣3 − 𝑐43 = −1 + 8 − 6 = 1
𝑐44
ҧ = 𝑢4 + 𝑣4 − 𝑐44 = −1 + 7 − 10 = −4
We find that 𝑐43 ҧ = 1 is the only positive 𝑐𝑖𝑗 ҧ .
We therefore enter 𝑥43 into the basis.
104
The loop involving 𝑥43 and some of the basic variables is (4, 3)–
(1,3)–(1, 2)–(4, 2).
Machine 14 5 8 7
1 1
1 0 0
Machine 2 12 6 5
2 1
1
Machine 7 8 3 9
3 1
1
Machine 2 4 6 10
4 1
1 0
1 1 1 1
The odd variables in the loop are 𝑥13 and 𝑥42 . Because 𝑥13 = 𝑥42 =
0, either 𝑥13 or 𝑥42 will leave the basis.
105
We arbitrarily choose 𝑥13 to leave the basis. After performing the
pivot, we obtain the bfs.
Machine 14 5 8 7
1 1
1 0
Machine 2 12 6 5
2 1
1
Machine 7 8 3 9
3 1
1
Machine 2 4 6 10
4 1
1 0 0
1 1 1 1
All cij’s are now nonpositive, so we have obtained an optimal assignment:
x12 1, x24 1, x33 1, and x41 1. Thus, machine 1 is assigned to job 2, machine 2 is assigned to
job 4, machine 3 is assigned to job 3, and machine 4 is assigned to job 1. A total setup
time of 5+5+3+2=15 hours is required.
106
Although the transportation simplex appears to be
very efficient, there is a certain class of
transportation problems, called assignment
problems, for which the transportation simplex is
often very inefficient. For that reason there is an
other method called The Hungarian Method. The
steps of The Hungarian Method are as listed below:
107
Hungarian Method
Step1. Find a bfs. Find the minimum element in each row of the
mxm cost matrix.
Construct a new matrix by subtracting from each cost the minimum

cost in its row.
For this new matrix, find the minimum cost in each column.
Construct a new matrix (reduced cost matrix) by subtracting from

each cost the minimum cost in its column.
108
Find the minimum element in each row of the mxm cost matrix
Row Minimum
14 5 8 7 5
2 12 6 5 2
7 8 3 9 3
2 4 6 10 2
Construct a new matrix by subtracting from each cost the minimum cost in its row.
9 0 3 2
0 10 4 3
4 5 0 6
0 2 4 8
109
For this new matrix, find the minimum cost in each column.
9 0 3 2
0 10 4 3
4 5 0 6
0 2 4 8
Column Minimum 0 0 0 2
Construct a new matrix by subtracting from each cost the minimum cost in its row.
9 0 3 0
0 10 4 1
4 5 0 4
0 2 4 6
110
Hungarian Method
Step2. Draw the minimum number of lines (horizontal and/or
vertical) that are needed to cover all zeros in the reduced cost
matrix.
If m lines are required , an optimal solution is available among the

covered zeros in the matrix.
If fewer than m lines are required, proceed to step 3.
111
Draw the minimum number of lines that are needed to cover all zeros in
the reduced cost matrix.
9 0 3 0
0 10 4 1
4 5 0 4
0 2 4 6
Because less than 4 lines are drawn we proceed step3
112
Hungarian Method
Step3. Find the smallest nonzero element (call its value k) in the
reduced cost matrix that is uncovered by the lines drawn in step
2.
Now subtract k from each uncovered element of the reduced cost

matrix
Add k to each element that is covered by two lines.
Return to step2.
113
The smallest nonzero element that is uncovered by the line is 1
9 0 3 0
0 10 4 1
4 5 0 4
0 2 4 6
Add 1 to each element that is covered by

Subtract 1 from each uncovered element
two lines
9 0 3 0 10 0 3 0
0 9 3 0 0 9 3 0
4 5 0 4 5 5 0 4
0 1 3 5 0 1 3 5
114
Return step 2 and Draw the minimum number of lines that are needed to
cover all zeros in the reduced cost matrix.
Optimal asignment
10 0 3 0 X12=1
X24=1
0 9 3 0
X33=1
5 5 0 4 X41=1
0 1 3 5 This agrees with
Transportation Simplex
4 lines are required to cover all zeros. Thus, an optimal solution is available.
To find optimal assignment
• The only covered 0 in column 3 is x33 =1 thus x33 = 1 (Row 3 and Column 3
cannot be used again)
• The only covered 0 in column 2 is x12 =1 thus x12 = 1 (Row 1 and Column 2
• The only covered 0 in column 4 is x24=1 thus x24 = 1 (Row 2 and Column 4
• The only covered 0 in column 1 is x41=1 thus x41 = 1
115
Final comments about Hungarian
Method
Intiutive Justification of the Hungarian Method
●If a constant is added to each cost in a row (or column) of a
balanced transportation problem, then the optimal solution to the
problem is unchanged.
Assignment problem with maximizationobjective function

●Multiply the profits matrix by (-1) and solve the problem as a
minimization problem.
116
7.6 Transshipment Problems
A transportation problem allows only shipments
that go directly from supply points to demand
points. In many situations, shipments are allowed
between supply points or between demand points.
Sometimes there may also be points (called
transshipment points) through which goods can be
transshipped on their journey from a supply point
to a demand point. Fortunately, the optimal
solution to a transshipment problem can be found
by solving a transportation problem.
117
Definitions in the Transshipment
Problems
Supply point is a point that can send goods to another point but
cannot receive goods from any other point.
Demand point is a point that can receive goods from other points
but cannot send goods to any other point.
Transshipment point is a point that can both receive goods from

other points and send goods to other points.
118
Widgetco manufactures widgets at two factories, one in Memphis
and one in Denver. The Memphis factory can produce as many
as 150 widgets per day, and the Denver factory can produce as
many as 200 widgets per day. Widgets are shipped by air to
customers in Los Angeles and Boston. The customers in each
city require 130 widgets per day. Because of the deregulation of
airfares, Widgetco believes that it may be cheaper to first fly
some widgets to New York or Chicago and then fly them to their
final destinations. The costs of flying a widget are shown in the
table (next slide).
Widgetco wants to minimize the total cost of shipping the required

widgets to its customers.
119
To ($)
From Memphis Denver N.Y. Chicago L.A. Boston
Memphis 0 — 8 13 25 28
Denver — 0 15 12 26 25
N.Y. — — 0 6 16 17
Chicago — — 6 0 14 16
L.A. — — — — 0 —
Boston — — — — — 0
120
The graphical representation of the
Transshipment Problem
121
The following steps describe how the optimal
solution to a transshipment problem can be found
by solving a transportation problem.
Step1. If necessary, add a dummy demand point
(with a supply of 0 and a demand equal to the
problem’s excess supply) to balance the problem.
Shipments to the dummy and from a point to itself
will be zero. Let s= total available supply.
Step2. Construct a transportation tableau as
follows: A row in the tableau will be needed for each
supply point and transshipment point, and a column
will be needed for each demand point and
transshipment point.
122
Each supply point will have a supply equal to it’s
original supply, and each demand point will have a
demand to its original demand. Let s= total
available supply. Then each transshipment point will
have a supply equal to (point’s original supply)+s
and a demand equal to (point’s original demand)+s.
This ensures that any transshipment point that is a
net supplier will have a net outflow equal to point’s
original supply and a net demander will have a net
inflow equal to point’s original demand. Although we
don’t know how much will be shipped through each
transshipment point, we can be sure that the total
amount will not exceed s.
123
Transportation tableau and the optimal
solution
N.Y. Chicago L.A. Boston Dummy
8 13 25 28 0
Memphis 150
130
15 12 26 25 0
Denver 200
130
0 6 16 17 0
N.Y. 350
220 130
6 0 14 16 0
Chicago 350
350
350 350 130 130 90
124
Graphical representation of optimal
solution
125

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Chapter 7

Transportation, Assignment and

Dr. İsmail Kayahan

A transportation problem is specified by

Xij = Amount of electricity produced at plant i and

X14 = Amount of electricity produced at plant 1 and

Since we want to minimize the total cost of

Since each supply point has a limited production

X31+X32+X33+X34 <= 40 Plant 3 supply constraint

Since each supply point has a limited production

X11+X21+X31 >= 45 City 1 demand constraint

X12+X22+X32 >= 20 City 2 demand constraint

Xij >= 0 (i= 1,2,3; j= 1,2,3,4)

S.T.: X11+X12+X13+X14 <= 35 (Supply Constraints)

Xij  0(i = 1,2,..., m; j = 1,2,..., n)

min ෍ ෍ 𝑐𝑖𝑗 𝑋𝑖𝑗

If total supply exceeds total demand, we can balance the problem by

𝑐𝑚1 𝑐𝑚2 … 𝑐𝑚𝑛

City 1 City 2 City 3 City 4 Dummy City

If a transportation problem has a total supply that

S.T.: X11+X12+X13<= 50 (Supply Constraints)

X11+X21+X31 >= 40 (Demand Constraints)

Xij >= 0 (i= 1,2,3; j= 1,2,3) = can be used because

City 1 City 2 City 3 Supply

Unlike other Linear Programming problems, a balanced TP with m

Demand 1 Demand 2 Demand 3 Supply

There are three basic methods:

1. Northwest Corner Method

2. Minimum Cost Method

Demand 1 Demand 2 Demand 3 Supply

We set x11= 10 and cross out row 1.

Supply Row Penalty

Column Penalty 15-6=9 80-7=73 78-8=70

Supply Row Penalty

Column Penalty 15-6=9 _ 78-8=70

Supply Row Penalty

Column Penalty 15-6=9 _ _

Supply Row Penalty

Supply Row Penalty

In this section we will explain how the simplex

Based on the transportation tableau, the

In the definition of a loop, the first cell is considered to follow the

(2, 1) (2, 4) (2, 3)

(4, 1) (4, 4) (4, 3) (4, 5)

(2, 1) (2, 3) (2, 2) (2, 4)

(1, 4) (3, 4) (3, 3) (2, 3) (2, 1) (1, 1)

Nothwest Corner bfs and loop for

After the pivot the new bfs is X11=15, X14=20,

1. Since each row has as many +20s as –20s,

2. By choosing the smallest odd variable (X23)

To complete the transportation simplex, now we

čij = cBV B-1aij – cij

Where cij is the objective function coefficient for

cBV B-1aij – cij=0

Step 5 Using the new bfs, return to steps 3 and 4.

City 1 City 2 City 3 City 4

City 1 City 2 City 3 City 4

One can calculate these values by the way.

By solving the system above we obtain:

For each nonbasic variable, we now compute

Since č32 is the greatest positive čij, we would next enter

City 1 City 2 City 3 City 4

By using the equation ui + vj = cij