FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE, PLANNING AND SURVEYING UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA,

SERI ISKANDAR

AAR 604 ARCHITECTURAL SCIENCE II

SEPTEMBER 2022 – FEBRUARY 2023

ASSIGNMENT 1 – LIGHTING IN STUDENT’S FACILITIES

MASJID BANDAR UNIVERSITI, SERI ISKANDAR

PREPARED BY:

No. Name ID. No

1 NUR AINA BINTI DAHLAN 2020871894
2 NUR SYAFIDATUL AYUNI BINTI MOHD 2020842852
SUKMAN
3 FARAHDILA AKMAR BINTI ISMAIL 2020870512
4 SITI NURAZLIN BINTI MOHD MUNAWWAR 2020472488
5 NUR HIDAYATI BINTI MOHD RAZIP 2021382505

PREPARED FOR :
TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 STUDENT’S FACILITY – MASJID BANDAR UNIVERSITI

1.1 Introduction
1.2 Floor Plan
1.3 Section
1.4 Elevation
1.5 Reflected Ceiling Plan
1.6 Section Reflective
1.7 Elevation Interior Reflective
1.8 Material and Finishes
1.8.1 Floor
1.8.2 Wall
1.8.3 Ceiling
1.8.4 Source of light

2.0 LIGHTING MEASUREMENTS

2.1 Lighting Measurements
2.2 Illumination Level By IES, JKR and MS 1512
2.3 Recommendations and Conclusions

3.0 ANALYSIS SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE

3.1 Background of Respondents
3.2 Masjid Bandar Universiti Lighting Information
3.3 Possible Area With a Problem of Lighting and Suggestion To Improve
3.4 Work Procedures and Precautions

4.0 CONCLUSION
4.1 Recommendation

REFERENCES

APPENDIX
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious and the Most Merciful,

First and foremost, we would like to thank Allah SWT in this time full of challenges and
hardships faced not only by ourselves but by the whole world. We are extremely
grateful to be able to continue our studies and complete the tasks assigned to us with
ease.

Our deepest gratitude goes to everyone who voluntarily involved themselves with us
in this project, especially those who were willing to help us with surveys and provide
us with valuable resources for our project. Without their help, it would be very
challenging for us to complete the project.

We would also love to thank our family members and friends for their endless amounts
of care and support, which helped us complete the project.

Finally, our special thanks to En. Amran Bin Abdul Rahim, our lecturer on the subject,
for his guidance and supervision as we worked on this project. We really appreciate
his dedication to teaching us and enlightening us with all the necessary information for
us to be able to complete this project successfully.
TERM OF REFERENCES

Lighting for High Quality Student’s Facilities

(Masjid Bandar Universiti, Seri Iskandar)
22 December 2022

1. Background
The assignment 1, Lighting for High Quality Student’s Facilities was given on 6
December 2022, as a group assignment to investigate the possible health risks posed
by artificial lighting in the chosen student’s facility that was given by En. Amran Bin
Abdul Rahim. The students are assigned to write a report regarding the chosen facility.
The report includes the introduction, technical drawings, lighting measurements and
the analysis of the survey questionnaire.

2. Objectives
The objectives of this assignment are:
i) To investigate the possible health risks posed by artificial lighting in the student
facilities.
ii) To introduce the students to the functions of artificial lighting in a built
environment and the importance of architectural acoustics in buildings.

3. Issues
Some of the issues that occurred while doing this assignment are:
i) Stunted work as the drawings acquired had to undergo a process within a week
to receive it.
ii) Stunted work as it is required to borrow equipment. Sometimes the superior is
not in the office, or the amount of equipment is currently limited.
iii) Limited spacing while at the Masjid Bandar Universiti as it is always occupied
for people to perform their prayer and other religious activity.

4. Methodology
The methodology of this assignment is by doing research on the background and the
materials of the building, surveying by giving out questionnaires regarding the lighting
comfort level from users’ perspectives, analysis of the survey and practical as it is
provided to find the lighting measurement by using an equipment called LM-8100.

5. Expertise
The skills that were provided to finish this assignment are practicality in using the
equipment, LM-8100, using the software AutoCAD to amend the drawings, Microsoft
Word to finish writing the report systematically.

6. Work Plan
The work plan to complete the project is as followed:
 i) The assignment was given and briefed by the lecturer.
ii) After the students were in the group, the facility was chosen, and a background
check was run.
iii) The group members visited the facility to take pictures and write down important
notes regarding the facility.
iv) The questionnaire was given out to the students and the responses are
recorded for analysis purposes.
v) The equipment, LM-8100 was borrowed from the provided workshop and the
measurements of LUX were taken. The calculations begin after the
measurements have been provided.
vi) After the data and measurements have been collected, the report is written to
complete the assignment.
1.0 STUDENT’S FACILITY – MASJID BANDAR UNIVERSITI

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Figure 1.1.1 Masjid Bandar Universiti

Masjid Bandar Universiti is in Seri Iskandar, Perak and was open in 2018 to
accommodate the surrounding congregation, Lakeville City and University City in
general. It is a community mosque where people come to perform their prayer and can
accommodate about 1,000 pilgrims on Friday Prayers as well with other religious
activities.

The main spaces provided in the main building are the open and enclosed prayer hall.
There are also mortuary management room, reading room, offices and ablution area
in the main building. Meanwhile the toilets are unattached to the main building.
 Figure 1.1.2 Location of Masjid Bandar Universiti

The mosque is specifically located at an open area, by the main road (Lebuh Bandar
U Utama) near Lakeville neighbourhood. Therefore, this building requires a lot of
lighting, whether it is natural or artificial, as light is crucial while for people to perform
their religious activity comfortably.
1.2 FLOOR PLAN

Figure 1.2.1 Ground Floor Plan of Masjid Bandar Universiti

1.3 SECTION

1.3.1 SECTION A-A

Figure 1.3.1 Section A-A of Masjid Bandar Universiti

1.3.1 SECTION A-A

Figure 1.3.2 Section B-B of Masjid Bandar Universiti

1.4 ELEVATION

1.4.1 NORTH EAST ELEVATION

Figure 1.4.1 North East Elevation of Masjid Bandar Universiti

1.4.2 SOUTH WEST ELEVATION

Figure 1.4.2 South West Elevation of Masjid Bandar Universiti

1.5 REFLECTED CEILING PLAN

Figure 1.5.1 Reflected Ceiling Plan of Masjid Bandar Universiti

Yellow indicates artificial light fixture meanwhile orange indicates natural light fixture (atrium)

Type of artificial light fixture

Area/ Zone LED LED LED LED Total
Surface Spotlight Wall Fluorescent
Downlight Light Light
Open Space Area (Brown) 77 - - - 77
Enclosed Male Prayer Hall (Red) 6 20 20 - 46
Enclosed Male Prayer Hall (Pink) 20 - - - 20
Ablution (Blue) 10 - - 6 16
Mortuary Management Room 2 2
(Turquoise)
Landscape (Green) - - - -
Reading Room & Office (Purple) *unaccessible
161
1.6 SECTION REFLECTIVE

Figure 1.6.1 Section Refelctive of Masjid Bandar Universiti

1.7 ELEVATION INTERIOR REFLECTIVE

Figure 1.7.3 Interior Refelctive of Open Space Praying Hall of Masjid Bandar Universiti
Figure 1.7.1 Interior Refelctive of Enclosed Male Prayer Hall of Masjid Bandar Universiti
Figure 1.7.2 Interior Refelctive of Enclosed Female Prayer Hall of Masjid Bandar Universiti
Figure 1.7.4 Interior Refelctive of Ablution Area of Masjid Bandar Universiti
1.8 MATERIAL AND FINISHES
1.8.1 FLOOR

ZONING MATERIAL AND FINISHES FUNCTION

Enclosed Velvet carpet It is a very common type of

male pray carpet use as prayer rug in
area mosques. The velvet carpet
does not only for the
comfortability of the users to
perform their prayer but also
have the line marking on it
which especially handy during
the congregation prayer as it
helps the users to line-up and
form the row easily.

Enclosed Velvet carpet and ceramic tiles Ceramic tiles is placed

female pray between the female pray area
area the female ablution area. As
these two spaces is adjacent to
each other. The ceramic tiles
can separate the clean zone
and the non clean zone.

The velvet carpet is the usual

material that used for praying
as the prayer rug.

Male and Pebbles flooring The floor there is covered with

female pebble flooring. Since the
ablution ablution area is wet and
slippery, pebbles flooring is to
prevent the users from slipping
and falling down on the floor.

Open space Ceramic tiles Ceramic tiles have the cooling

properties such repelling heats
and emits comfortable cool
temperature. Therefore, it is
most suitable floor material for
the open prayer hall as the
area is expose with warm
outside air.
Landscape Artificial grass carpet and ceramic Grass carpet offers versatile and
tiles unique decorating for the outdoor
space. It is similar to regular
carpeting, but has the feel and
look of natural grass. The grass
carpet can imitate the natural
landscape around the space.

Mortiary Pebbles flooring and ceramic tiles The floor there is covered with
pebble flooring. Since the
mortiary is wet and slippery,
pebbles flooring is to prevent
the users from slipping and
falling down on the floor.
1.8.2 WALL

ZONING MATERIAL AND FINISHES FUNCTION

Enclosed 1.Wooden flush furniture The materials and finishes for

male pray 2.Concrete and skim coat finishes
area
the Masjid Bandar Universiti’s
wall are all standardise using
brick wall with cement plaster
finish and white paint.
With the addition of wooden
flush furniture create the multiple
function in the space.

Enclosed Concrete and skim coat finishes The brick wall is low
female maintenance and durable
pray area besides the cement plaster
finish gives off smooth finish
surface for better light reflection.
Apart from that, the white paint
makes the space appears bigger
and optimizes natural light in the
area as it boosts the amount of
light that enters the room thus
provides a reliable lighting in the
area.

Male and Concrete and pebbles coat finishes Pebble coat finishes is a
female decorative style of the ablution
ablution area creating a textured and
coloured finish that is attractive
and low maintenance.

Open Concrete and skim coat finishes

space
Landscape 1. Concrete and skim coat finishes With an amount of the opening
2. Opening surrounding the space can let
the natural lighting and natural
ventilation enter across the
courtyard.

Mortiary 1. Concrete and skim coat finishes The fixed lourves can control
2. Lourves window airflow and provided the natural
sunlight.
The lourves is placed near the
entrance of the mortiary and
expose to the outside so it can
regulate airflow of air penerate.
1.8.3 CEILING

ZONING MATERIAL AND FINISHES FUNCTION

Enclosed Plasterboard with plaster ceiling The ceiling at Masjid Bandar

male pray finishes. Universiti uses plasterboard with
area plaster ceiling finishes. In the
main area which the enclosed
prayer hall also has an expose
beam ceiling structure with high
ceiling that are used as an
additional design element to
highlight and emphasize the
prayer halls as the main focal
point of the building.

Enclosed Plasterboard with plaster ceiling It is a common material used for

female finishes. a ceiling. The plasterboard has
pray area low thermal conductivity
providing excellent temperature
control and is durable since it
has more tensile strength that
improves the stability and safety
of the building.

Male Plasterboard with plaster ceiling

ablution finishes.

Mortiary Plasterboard with plaster ceiling

finishes.
Open 1. Skylight roof Skylight, roof opening covered with
space 2. Plasterboard with plaster ceiling translucent or transparent glass or
finishes. plastic designed to admit daylight
A skylight can provide spaces with
plentiful natural light and they can
help to generate extra warmth.

Female Translucent roof Top structure is the roof, which is

ablution translucent, meaning it allows
natural sunlight to flow through.
This provides the excellent benefit
of the interior of the building being
illuminated naturally.
Landscape
1.8.3 SOURCE OF LIGHT

ZONING Source of light

Enclosed male pray area 1. Natural lighting

2. Spotlight

Enclosed female pray 1. Natural lighting

area 2. LED light
Female and male 1. Natural lighting
ablution 2. Flourenscent light

Open space 1. Natural light

2. LED light
Landscape 1. Natural light
2.0 LIGHTING MEASUREMENTS
2.2 Illumination Level By IES, MS 1512 and JKR

General Building IES standart MS 1525 Panduan Teknik

Area Illumination Level Recommendation JKR
2.3 Recommendations and Conclusions
3.0 ANALYSIS SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE

Data Preparation

Data was reviewed for response patterns, and cases that had the same response
option throughout the questionnaire were eliminated. This is done by determining the
standard deviation of each participant's response. One of the cases was taken out.
Missing values were also analyzed, with none of the variables having a missing rate
of less than 5%. (Hair et al, 2017)

3.1 Background of Respondents

A questionnaire was provided to the users of Masjid Bandar Universiti facilities
consisting of students, staff, locals and committee members. The users who use the
facility comprise all genders and ages. A total of 120 persons were given one set of
questionnaires that focus on the possible health risks posed by artificial lighting in
Masjid Bandar Universiti. The data details were on gender, student or staff or locals
or committee members, age and frequency of usage. 69 respondents out of 120
responded were male and 51 respondents were female. 30 respondents in the age
range of 30-40 while 17 respondents in the age range of 15-20. There are 16
respondents were mosque committee members.

Gender
Out of the total 120 respondents in this study, 69 (57.5%) were male and 51 (42.5%)
were female

Frequency Percent (%)

male 69 57.5
female 51 42.5
Total 120 100.0

3.1.1 Frequency distribution of respondent’s gender.

Age

Pie chart of distribution of respondent’s gender.

30 respondents were aged in the range of 30-40 and 30 respondents were aged in the
range 40+ while 17 were aged in the range of 15-20.

Frequency Percent (%)

15 - 20 17 14.2
21- 25 22 18.3
26 - 30 19 15.8
30 - 40 30 25.0
40 + 30 25.0
50 + 2 1.7
Total 120 100.0

3.1.2 Frequency distribution of respondent’s age.

Pie chart of distribution of respondent’s age.

The frequency of usage
52 respondents use the facility everyday, 51 respondents use it 2 – 5 times a week,
10 respondents use it once a week, and 7 respondents use it once a month

Frequency Percent (%)

Everyday 52 43.3
2 – 5 times a week 52 42.5
Once a week 10 8.3
Once a month 7 5.9
Total 120 100.0

3.1.3 Frequency distribution of usage.

Pie chart of distribution of usage.

The frequency of facilities function

84 respondents use the facility for pray while 1 respondent use it for listening to
religious sermon.

Frequency Percent (%)

Pray 84 70.0
Ceremony 5 4.2
Worship 26 21.7
Tour site 3 2.5
Religous sermon 1 0.8
All 1 0.8
Total 120 100.0

3.1.4 Frequency distribution of facilities function.

Pie chart of distribution of facilities function.

3.2 Masjid Bandar Universiti lighting information

Types of lighting provided in Masjid Bandar Universiti

The data shows that majority of the respondents which is 116 respondents agreed that
the mosque provide both types of lighting (natural and artificial), 3 respondents agreed
that the mosque provide just artificial lighting and 1 respondent responded for natural
lighting for the mosque.

Frequency Percent (%)

Natural 1 0.8
Artificial 3 2.5
Both 116 96.7
Total 120 100.0

3.2.1 Frequency distribution of types of lighting provided.

Pie chart of distribution of types of lighting provided.

The sufficient light fittings duration

Out of 120 respondents, everyone solidly agreed that the lighting is sufficient and well
distributed at the mosque.

Frequency Percent (%)

Sufficient and well distributed 120 100.0
Insufficient and poor 0 0.0
distributed
Total 120 100.0

3.2.2 Frequency distribution of the sufficient light fittings duration.

Pie chart of distribution of the sufficient light fittings duration.

Comfortable glare and glare problem duration

Out of 120 respondents, 99 respondents claiming that they didn’t have any problem
with glare and are comfortable with it while 21 respondents claimed that there are glare
problems.

Frequency Percent (%)

Comfortable glare 99 82.5
Glare problem 21 17.5
Total 120 100.0

3.2.3 Frequency distribution of comfortable glare and glare problem duration.

Pie chart of distribution of comfortable glare and glare problem

duration.

The lighting makes a harsh contrast between user activity.

The diagram below represent that the data of respondents that thought about the
lighting either it makes a harsh contrast between user activity or not. Based on the
chart, it shows that 97 respondents have agreed that the lighting didn’t make a harsh
contrast between their period in Masjid Bandar Universiti. However, 23 respondents
stated that the lighting makes a harsh contrast between their activities.

Frequency Percent (%)

No contrast 97 80.8
Harsh contrast 23 19.2
Total 120 100.0

3.2.4 Frequency distribution of the lighting makes a harsh contrast between user
activity.

Pie chart of distribution of the lighting makes a harsh contrast

between user activity.

The lighting provided is too bright

The evidence from the figure below shows that the majority (99) of the respondents
disagreed with the questions that asked if the lighting at the mosque is too bright. The
other 21 respondents that the lighting provided is too bright.

Frequency Percent (%)

Yes 21 17.5
No 99 82.5
Total 120 100.0

3.2.5 Frequency distribution of the lighting provided is too bright.

Pie chart of distribution of the lighting provided is too bright.

The lighting provided is too dim

The evidence from the figure below shows that everyone solidly disagreed with the
questions that asked if the lighting at the mosque is too dim.

Frequency Percent (%)

Yes 0 0.0
No 120 100.0
Total 120 100.0

3.2.6 Frequency distribution of the lighting provided is too dim.

Pie chart of distribution of the lighting provided is too dim.

Shadow cast across activity area

Based on the figure below, the majority (119) of the respondents stated that there is
no any shadow cast across when they are doing their activity. However, the minority
which is 1 respondent stated that there is shadow cast when he/she is doing their
activity.

Frequency Percent (%)

Yes 1 0.8
No 119 99.2
Total 120 100.0

3.2.7 Frequency distribution of the shadow cast across activity area.

Pie chart of distribution of the shadow cast across activity area.

The colour of the lighting is ideal

The diagram below represent that the data of the respondents that thought either the
colour of lighting is ideal or not. Based on the chart, it shows that the majority of the
respondents which is 97 people have agreed that the colour of the lighting is ideal
while the others (23 respondents) disagreed that the colour is not ideal and thought
there are any other lighting colour,’s that is more suitable.

Frequency Percent (%)

Yes 97 80.8
No 23 19.2
Total 120 100.0

3.2.8 Frequency distribution of the colour of the lighting is ideal.

Pie chart of distribution of the colour of the lighting is ideal.

The experience of blurry vision or a mild headache

The evidence from the figure below shows that the majority (113) of the respondents
have not experience neither blurry vision nor mild headache, while the 7 responded
that they were experience either blurry vision or a mild headache.

Frequency Percent (%)

Yes 7 5.8
No 113 94.2
Total 120 100.0

3.2.9 Frequency distribution of the experience of blurry vision or a mild headache.

Pie chart of distribution of the experience of blurry vision or a

mild headache.

Is the mosque is a place that you comfortable to worship

 Figure below represents that the data of the respondents feeling’s to worship, is it
comfortable or not. Based on the chart, it shows 109 respondents have agreed that
the mosque is comfortable to do activities while 11 respondents disagreed and felt
uncomfortable to do activities there.

Frequency Percent (%)

Agree 109 90.8
Neutral 0 0.0
Disagree 11 9.2
Total 120 100.0

3.2.10 Frequency distribution of the mosque is a place that you comfortable to worship.

Pie chart of distribution of the mosque is a place that you

comfortable to worship.

The facilities provided are under high security care

The evidence from the figure below shows the data of respondents that responded to
the facilities provided are under high security care or not. The most popular responses
was agree with 91 respondents, followed by neutral with 29 respondents and the least
one which is 0 respondent who chose disagree.

Frequency Percent (%)

Agree 91 75.8
Neutral 29 24.2
Disagree 0 0.0
Total 120 100.0

3.2.11 Frequency distribution of the facilities provided are under high security care.

Pie chart of distribution of the facilities provided are

under high security care.
The state of lights

The evidence from the figure below shows that 63 out of 120 respondents picked that
the state of light is bright, while the 57 responded that the state of light is neutral. There
is no respondent picked dim for the state of light that shows the state of the light there
is good.

Frequency Percent (%)

Bright 63 52.5
Neutral 57 47.5
Dim 0 0.0
Total 120 100.0

3.2.12 Frequency distribution of the state of lights.

Pie chart of distribution of the state of lights.

The condition of lights

Figure below represents that the data of the respondents responded to the condition
of lights. Based on the chart, it shows 106 respondents have agreed that the condition
of light is good to do activities while 14 respondents felt satisfied with the condition of
the light. However, there is no respondent that picked damaged for the condition of
lights that shows the maintenance of the mosque is good.

Frequency Percent (%)

Good 106 88.3
Satisfied 14 11.7
Damaged 0 0.0
Total 120 100.0

3.2.13 Frequency distribution of the condition of lights.

Pie chart of distribution of the condition of lights.

3.3 Possible area with a problem of lighting and suggestion on how to
improve

Possible area with a problem of lighting

Based on the data that has been obtained, there are minority respondents (3)
that thought the lighting at the parking is quite dim at night. Based on the
observation, the sources of lighting at the parking is from the solar light and
natural lighting.

Suggestion on how to improve

There are few suggestions that can be made :

• For the best user experience, Masjid Bandar Universiti's parking lot
illumination level should be increased.
• To ensure that the existing luminaire continues to function well, regular
maintenance is necessary.
• Maintaining and cleaning the lighting at Masjid Bandar Universiti on a
regular basis is necessary to provide the ideal amount of illumination.

3.4 Work procedures and precautions

Work procedures

1. Based on the floor plan, divide the area by zoning and choose a pin point.
2. Identify the lighting arrangement of the area based on the floor plan and
observation on site.
3. Make an observation of the sources of lighting at the area.
4. Distribute the questionnare to users and locals about the lighting of the area.
5. Measure and record the lighting data from a different distances (pin point)
from the lighting source using LM-8100.
6. Discuss and tabulate the data based on the result that has been obtained.

Precautions
4.0 CONCLUSION

This study concludes that Masjid Bandar Universiti fulfilled the lighting requirements
and perfectly safe to the user's health. On top of that, Masjid Bandar Universiti have
excellent lighting performance such as maximizing the usage of natural lighting by
having plenty of atrium and adequate amount of light installation. Based on the survey
questionnaire conducted, we found that most of the users are satisfied with the light
distribution inside the mosque and find it suitable and appropriate for the activities that
take place there as they find it comfortable to their liking. There are barely any of the
users who claimed that they were not satisfied with the lighting and facilities provided.
Therefore, Masjid Bandar Universiti management shall keep doing their great job
maintaining the facilities there to ensure the mosque optimum lighting performance.

4.1 RECOMMENDATION

There are a few suggestion that can be made to ensure the mosque keep its lighting
performance:
• Install dimmer switches which can help save on the electric bill and control the
lighting’s atmosphere in the area.
• Adding lens cover to the light fixture may help to control the output light thus
reducing extra glare evenly.
• Regular services are needed to ensure that the current luminaire continues to
function well.
REFERENCES

APPENDIX
Questionnaire