M9 Linear Relations

Grade 9 Mathematics Unit 4 – Linear Relations
Section 4.1 – Writing Equations to Describe Patterns

A variable is typically a letter that is used to a represent an unknown value and acts as a
place holder.
There are two variables we will focus on in this unit, the independent and dependent
variables.
An independent variable is a variable

whose value is not affected by the other
variable. It is the value we “plug in” to an
equation. In a graph the independent
variable is always plotted on the
horizontal (↔), or 𝑥-axis.
A dependent variable is a variable

whose value is determined by the value
entered for the independent variable. In
a graph the dependent variable is always
plotted on the vertical (↕) or 𝑦-axis.
Example 1: Luke wants to earn money this winter shoveling driveways. He will charge
$9/h.
What two quantities are being compared in this problem?
1. 2.
Which quantity is the independent variable and which is the dependent variable? Explain.
Independent:
Dependent:
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An operation is a math process. The operations we typically use are +, −,× and ÷.
An expression is a mathematical statement that is made up of numbers and/or variables

connected by operations. It does NOT contain an equals sign. For example, 3𝑝 is an
expression, whereas 3𝑝 = 15 is an equation because it contains an equals sign.
In this unit, we will use various representations to describe relations. We will describe in
words and use expressions and equations to represent patterns from tables, graphs, charts,
pictures and problem situations.
When a relation is represented using a picture, we can use patterns to derive the
expression or equation as seen below.
Example 1: Observe the pattern below.
a. Complete the table to show the relationship between the number of squares and the
number of triangles.
Number of Number of Independent variable:

Squares (𝒔) triangles (𝒕)
1 4
3
Dependent variable:
4
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b. Describe the pattern in words by finishing the following sentence:
If I know the number of squares, I can find the number of triangles by…
c. Let 𝑠 represent the number of squares.

Write an expression that represents the pattern. (Remember, expressions DO NOT
have an equals sign)
d. Let 𝑠 represent the number of squares and t represent the number of triangles.
Write an equation relating 𝑠 and 𝑡 that represents the pattern.
(Remember, equations DO have an equal sign)
e. Determine the number of triangles that will be in the diagram with 23 squares.
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Observe the chart above. Notice that each side increases by a constant value.
Number of Number of
Squares (s) triangles (t)
1 4
+1 +2
2 6
+1 +2
3 8
+1 +2
4 10
+1 +2
5 12
As the independent value increases by 1, we can see that the dependent value increases by
2 each time. Repeated addition also means multiplication. Therefore, we can use this
information to help write the equation.
_________________________________________________________________
Example2: Observe the pattern below.
Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4
a. Complete the table to show the relationship between the figure number and the
number of circles.
Figure Number, f 1 2 3 4 5
Number of Dots, d
b. Write an equation to describe the relationship. _____________________________________________
c. How many dots are there in the 25th figure. Use the equation.
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Example 3: Observe the pattern below.
Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3
a. Complete the table to show the relationship between the number of shaded tiles and
the number of unshaded tiles.
Number of Black
1 2 3
Tiles, 𝒃
Number of White
Tiles, 𝒘
Independent variable: Dependent variable:
b. Describe the pattern in words by finishing the following sentence:
If I know the number of black squares, I can find the number of white squares
by…
c. Write an equation that represents the pattern.
d. Determine the number of white squares when there are 103 black squares.
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We can also write equations to represent situations.
Example 1: Teegan goes to a carnival. The cost per ride is $2.00 and the entrance fee is
$5.00.
a. Write an equation that relates the total cost, C dollars, to the number of rides, r.
b. Teegan goes on 8 rides. What is his total cost? Use the equation.
Example 2: A taxi cab company charges a flat fee of $4.50 plus $2.25 for each kilometer
travelled.
a. Write an equation to represent the total cost, C, in terms of the number of kilometers
travelled, k.
b. If Sheldon travelled 52 km, how much was the cab ride?
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Example 3: For each equation, find the value of C when 𝑘 = 3
a. 𝐶 = 6𝑘 b. 𝐶 = 2𝑘 + 1 c. 𝐶 = 4𝑘 − 5
Example 4: Use the pattern to complete the rest of the table. Write an equation for each
table.
a. b.
𝒙 𝒚 𝒕 𝒏
1 3 1 7
2 7 2 5
3 11 3 3
4 4
5 5
c. d.
𝒓 𝒒 𝒏 𝒑
1 5 1 12
2 7 2 9
3 9 3 6
4 4
5 5
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4.1 Extra Practice
1. Marcel takes a summer job at a book packaging plant. He gets paid $50 a day plus $2
for every box packed.
a. Write an equation that relates the number of boxes packed, b, to Marcel’s pay, P, for the
day.
b. Marcel packed 120 boxes in one day. How much did he get paid? Use the equation.
2. Anabelle is part of the yearbook committee. This year, the set-up cost to print
yearbooks is $400 plus $3 for each yearbook printed.
a. Write an equation to represent the total cost, C, in terms of the number of yearbooks
printed, n.
b. Anabelle takes 200 orders for yearbooks this year. What is the total cost to the
yearbook committee? Use the equation.
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4. A party planning company charges $50 for a magician and $1.50 for each child
attending.
a. Write an equation to represent the total cost, C, for a birthday party with n children
attending.
b. What is the cost of a party if there are 18 children attending?
5. Ms. O’Brien is ordering St. Paul’s t-shirts. There is a set up fee of $50 and each t-shirt
costs $8.
a. Write an equation to represent the total cost, C, for an order of x t-shirts.
b. If Ms. O’Brien orders 120 t-shirts, how much will it cost her?
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Section 4.2: Linear Relations

The graph we use to plot points is called the Cartesian Coordinate System. It consists of:
• 𝑥-axis, which goes horizontal (left/right)
• 𝑦-axis, which goes vertical (up/down)
• origin, the point where the 𝑥 and 𝑦 axes meet in the middle. The coordinates are
(0,0).
• 4 quadrants.
Every point on a coordinate grid has coordinates (𝑥, 𝑦). Points are also known as
ordered pairs. The first number represents number of spaces you move left or right.
The second number represents the number of spaces you move up or down.
Always start at (0,0) and follow the directions of the coordinates.
To plot the point (3,4):
The first number is the 𝑥 coordinate. We find this number on the 𝑥 axis (left to
right). In this case 𝑥 = 3.
The second number is the 𝑦 coordinate. We find this number on the 𝑦 axis (up or
down). In this case 𝑦 = 4.
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Example 1: Plot the following points on the coordinate grid below.

8– 8
1
2
3
4
5
6
7 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1– 8
2
3
4
5
6
7
8 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
A(−4, 6) B(3, 7) C(5, −4) D(0, 8)E(−2, −1) F(−5, 0)
y
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
– 8– 7– 6– 5– 4– 3– 2– 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
– 1 x
– 2
– 3
– 4
– 5
– 6
– 7
– 8
Remember these important things about graphing:
• The interval should be consistent on each axis. For example, the 𝑥-axis could
increase by 1 and the 𝑦-axis could increase by 10, but it must remain the same on a
given axis.
• Label each axis.
• Title the graph
• Independent variable goes on the 𝑥-axis, dependent variable goes on the 𝑦-axis.
When the relationship between the independent and dependent variables can be
represented in a straight line, we have a linear relation. Relations that are not linear are
called non-linear. In a linear relation, a constant change in one variable produces a
constant change in the other variable.
Example 1: Which graph(s) represents a linear relation?

Dependent
Dependent
Dependent
Independent Independent Independent
Example 2: Use the equation 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 3 to complete the corresponding table and graph.
Describe the relation.
𝑥 𝑦
-2
-1
0
1
2
Example 3: Simon purchases songs to download to his phone. Draw a graph to represent
the table. Is the relation linear, or nonlinear?
Number of Songs Cost ($), 𝑪

Purchased, 𝒏
1 3.50
2 7.00
3 10.50
4 14.00
5
6
7
Does it make sense to join the points on the graph?
We can not purchase part of a DVD so it does not make sense to join the points on the
graph. The points on the graph are not joined or connected with a line since the values
between the plotted points are not possible. This data is discrete.
If we were able to purchase part of a song, then we could connect the points and the data
would be continuous. Joining the points indicates that all the values between the plotted
points are possible.
If an equation is given without the context of a situation, we assume it is continuous.
Example 4: Rebecca hikes up a hill at 2 km/h. Complete the table and graph the data
showing the distance she has hiked.
Number of Distance, 𝒅
km, 𝒌
1
2
3
4
5
6
Is this a linear or non-linear relation?
Should we connect the points? Why/why not?
Example 5: Observe the pattern below. Complete the table and draw a graph for the data.
Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3
Number of Number of
Squares (𝒏) Dashes (𝒅)
1 4
2
3
4
Is this a linear or non-linear relation?
Should we connect the points? Why/why not?
Example 6: Tell which graphs and tables represent linear relations. Explain.
a. 𝒙 𝒚 b. Time 𝐓𝐞𝐦𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞
0 4 9 11
1 9 10 15
2 14 11 18
3 19 12 17
c. d.
y
10
-4 -2 2 4 x
e. f.
m 3 4 5 6 7
n 2 6 18 54 162
4.2 Extra Practice
1. Complete the table of values then graph the relation.
𝑥 5−𝑥
-2
-1
0
1
2
2. Complete the table of values and then graph the relation.
𝑥 3𝑥 − 2
-2
-1
0
1
2
3. Complete the table of values and then graph the relation.
𝑥 2𝑥 − 5
-2
-1
0
1
2
4. Which graph(s) represents a linear relation?

y y y
30 60 5
25 50 4
20 D
40
3
15 30
2
10 B
20
5 1
10
1 2 3 4 5 x 1 2 3 4 5 x 1 2 3 x
5. Without graphing, determine which table of values are a linear relation.

a.
x -3 -2 -1 0
y 6 5 4 3
b.
x 0 2 4 6
y 1 4 7 10
c.
x 1 2 3 4
y 1 3 7 13
d.
x 1 2 4 5
y 2 3 4 5
e.
x 1 3 5 7
y 2 4 6 8
6. Complete the table of values for each linear relation, then graph it.
a. 𝑦 = 4𝑥 b. 𝑦 = −3𝑥 c. 𝑦 = 1−𝑥
𝒙 𝒚 𝒙 𝒚 𝒙 𝒚
-1 -1 0
0 0 1
1
2
Section 4.3 – Another Form of the Equation for a Linear Relation
Observe the following graphs and corresponding tables.
A B C
𝒙 𝒚 𝒙 𝒚 𝒙 𝒚
-2 0 3 -2 -2 -2
-1 2 3 -1 -1 -2
0 4 3 0 0 -2
1 6 3 1 1 -2
2 8 3 2 2 -2
What do you notice about each graph and table?
When the 𝑥 value is constant in the table (𝑥 = 𝑎), every point on the graph will have that 𝑥-
coordinate. This results in a vertical line, perpendicular to the 𝑥-axis at 𝑎 (intersects the 𝑥-
axis at 𝑎).
We write the equation 𝑥 = 𝑎.
When the 𝑦 value is constant in the table (𝑦 = 𝑐), every point on the graph will have that 𝑦-
coordinate. This results in a horizontal line, perpendicular to the 𝑦-axis at 𝑐 (intersects the
𝑦-axis at 𝑐).
We write the equation 𝑦 = 𝑐.
When a table forms an oblique (slanted) line, the equation will consist of both 𝑥 and 𝑦
variables. These lines are neither parallel or perpendicular to the 𝑥 or 𝑦 axis.
One form of the equation for an

oblique line is 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏.
Example 1:
a. For the equation, 𝑥 = −2, draw and describe the graph.
b. For the equation, 𝑦 = 1, draw and describe the graph.
Example 2: Write the equation for each graph below.
A B C D
Every line has a slope. Slope is a numerical value, usually written as a fraction, and is used
to describe the steepness of the line.
A horizontal line has ZERO slope, while a vertical line has an UNDEFINED slope.
Zero Slope Undefined Slope
Every oblique (slanted) line has a slope and will always contain two variables, 𝑥 and 𝑦.
The slope may be positive or negative. When a line has a positive slope, the line is going up
to the right. When a line has a negative slope, the line goes down to the right.
Positive Slope Negative Slope
3
The table below contains the ordered pairs for the line 𝑦 = − 2 𝑥 + 5, also graphed below.
Observe the table and graph. What connections can you make? Do you see any
connections to the equation?
𝒙 𝒚
-4 8
0 5
4 2
8 -1
12 -4
The constant change in the independent variable represents the horizontal change in the
graph. Similarly, the constant change in the dependent variable represents the vertical
change in the graph. These values can be used to define the slope of a line.
𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒
Slope = = the change in the 𝑦 direction
𝑟𝑢𝑛 the change in the 𝑥 direction
2 2
Example 1: A line has a slope of . The rise is 2 and the run is 5. Since is positive, the
5 5
slope is positive which means when graphed, the line goes up.
−1
Describe a line that has a slope of .
3
Example 2: Calculate the slope of each line.
a. b.
Lines can be written in the form 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏. This is called slope y-intercept form since the
slope and y-intercept are easily identifiable.
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏
Slope y-intercept (the point where the
line crosses the y-axis)
Example 3: What is the slope and y-intercept of each line?
Slope 𝑦-intercept
a. 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 7
1
b. 𝑦 =− 𝑥+3
2
2
c. 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 12
5
d. 𝑦 = 7𝑥 − 13
1
e. 𝑦 = −4𝑥 +
3
Example 4: What is the equation of each line, given the slope and 𝑦-intercept of each line?
Slope 𝒚-intercept Equation

3
a. − 5
4
b. −5 3
c. 0 -2
2
d. − 0
3
1
e. 8 −
3
Example 5: What is the slope, y-intercept and equation of each line graphed below?
a. b.
c. d.
Example 6: Which line is steeper? 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 5 or −3𝑥 + 8
Example 7: For each of the following equations, state the slope and the y-intercept.
a. 𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 2 b. 𝑦 = −2𝑥 + 1 c. 𝑦 = 3𝑥
Slope = _____ Slope = _____ Slope = _____
y-intercept = _____ y-intercept = _____ y-intercept = _____
1
d. 𝑦 = 𝑥 – 3 e. 𝑦 = 𝑥 –4 f. 𝑦 = 6 – 2𝑥
2
Sometimes, the equation may not be written in the form y = mx + b and may have to be
rearranged.
Example 8: Rearrange each equation so it is in slope-intercept form. Then state the slope
and y-intercept.
a. 𝑦 = −5 + 3𝑥 b. 2𝑦 − 3 = 2𝑥 c. 𝑦 – 5𝑥 = −6
d. 2𝑦 + 4 = 6𝑥 e. 𝑦 + 5𝑥 = 3 f. 𝑦 + 7𝑥 = −1
The equation of an oblique line is not always written in slope 𝑦-intercept form. Lines can
also be represented in other forms.
Example 7: Complete the table of values

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1 for the equation below and graph the table on the
1– 8
2
3
4
5
6
7
1– 8
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
grid provided.
a. 𝑥 + 𝑦 = −7 y
8
7
𝒙 𝒚 6
5
4
-2 3
2
-1 1
– 8– 7– 6– 5– 4– 3– 2– 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0 – 1 x
– 2
– 3
1 – 4
– 5
2 – 6
– 7
– 8
Description:
Slant:
8– 8
1
2
3
4
5
6
7 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1– 8
2
3
4
5
6
7
8 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
b. 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 6 y
8
7
𝒙 𝒚 6
5
4
-4 3
2
0 1
– 8– 7– 6– 5– 4– 3– 2– 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
4 – 1 x
– 2
– 3
– 4
– 5
– 6
– 7
– 8
Description:
Slant:
These equations were in a different form 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚 = 𝒄 . When we looked at the constant

change in the variables and graphed the lines, it was still a straight oblique line. The
equation still contained two variables.
4.3 Extra Practice
1. Without graphing, state whether the line is horizontal, vertical or oblique.
a. 0 = 4 − 𝑦 b. 𝑦 = 3𝑥 – 2 c. 𝑥 = −1
d. 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = −6 e. 𝑦 = −9 f. 𝑥 − 7 = 0
g. 𝑦 + 2 = 3𝑥 h. 𝑦 = 4𝑥 i. 𝑥 = 0
2. Match the equation to the correct graph.
(i) 𝑦 = 4 (ii) 𝑥 = 2 (iii) 𝑦 = 2 (iv) 𝑥 = −4 (v) 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 4 (vi) 𝑦 = 2𝑥

y y
y
6 6
6
4 4 4
2 2 2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2 -2
-4 -4 -4
-6 -6 -6
Equation ________ Equation ________ Equation ________

y y y
6 6 6
4 4 4
2 2 2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2 -2
-4 -4 -4
-6 -6 -6
Equation ________ Equation ________ Equation ________
3. Write an equation to describe each line.

y y y
6 6 6
4 4 4
2 2 2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2 -2
-4 -4 -4
-6 -6 -6
______________ __________________ __________________
4. Does each equation describe a vertical, horizontal, or oblique line? Graph each
equation.
a. 𝑥 + 3 = −1 b. 1 + 𝑦 = 0 c. 𝑦 + 2𝑥 = 3
y y y
6 6 6
4 4 4
2 2 2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2 -2
-4 -4 -4
-6 -6 -6
5. State the slope and y-intercept for each equation.
a. 𝑦 = −𝑥 + 6 b. 𝑦 = 𝑥 – 4 c. 𝑦 = 6 – 4𝑥
6. Explain why each is the equation for the given graph.
a. 𝑦 +3 = 0
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
b. 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 4
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
7. Graph each of the following oblique lines.
a. 𝑦 = 2𝑥 – 1 b. 𝑦 = −𝑥 + 1 c. 𝑦 = −2𝑥 – 1
y y y
3 3 3
2 2 2
1 1 1
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3 x -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 x -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 x
-1 -1 -1
-2 -2 -2
-3 -3 -3
8– 8
1
2
3
4
5
6
7 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Grade 9 Mathematics 1– 8
2
3
4
5
6
7
8 1
2
3
4
5
6
7 Unit 4 – Linear Relations
8. Create a table of values and a graph for each of the following linear relations.
y
8
a. 𝑥 = −2 7
6
x y 5
4
3
2
1
– 8– 7– 6– 5– 4– 3– 2– 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
– 1 x
– 2
– 3
– 4
– 5
8– 8
1
2
3
4
5
6
7 1
2
3
4
5
6
7 – 6
1– 8
2
3
4
5
6
7
8 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
– 7
– 8
y
b. 4𝑥 + 𝑦 = 5 8
7
6
x y 5
4
3
2
1
– 8– 7– 6– 5– 4– 3– 2– 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
– 1 x
– 2
– 3
– 4
– 5
8– 8
1
2
3
4
5
6
7 1
2
3
4
5
6
7 – 6
1– 8
2
3
4
5
6
7
8 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
– 7
– 8
y
c. 𝑦 = 1 8
7
6
x y 5
4
3
2
1
– 8– 7– 6– 5– 4– 3– 2– 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
– 1 x
– 2
– 3
– 4
– 5
– 6
– 7
– 8
9. 𝒚 = 𝟑𝒙 – 𝟏
a. Find 𝑦, if 𝑥 = 4 b. Find 𝑦, if 𝑥 = −2
c. Find 𝑥, if 𝑦 = 11 d. Find 𝑥, if 𝑦 = 29
𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟒
a. Find 𝑦, if 𝑥 = −2 b. Find 𝑦, if 𝑥 = 5
c. Find 𝑥, if 𝑦 = −16 d. Find 𝑥, if 𝑦 = 10
𝒚 = 𝒙– 𝟏
a. Find 𝑦, if 𝑥 = −5 b. Find 𝑦, if 𝑥 = 7
c. Find 𝑥, if 𝑦 = −3 d. Find 𝑥, if 𝑦 = 31
Using a table for any linear relation, you should be able to find a missing variable when
given the second variable.
Example: For each table, find the missing value.
1. 2. 3.
x y x y x y
1 4 0 2 3 -9
2 2 8 -8
3 22 4 14 5
4 31 6 6
5 8 -5
Section 4.4 – Matching Equations and Graphs

One way of determining which equation matches which graph is to look at the slope of each
equation and the slope of each graph.
For example, consider the equations 𝑦 = 2𝑥 and 𝑦 = −2𝑥. One has a negative slope and
one has a positive slope. From this alone, we should be able to identify which of the below
graphed lines corresponds to each equation.
y
4
Graph A 3
2
1 Graph B
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 x
-1
-2
-3
-4
Sometimes the slope is of no use when matching equations and graphs since the slope of
both equations may be the same. In such cases, we can use the 𝑦-intercepts to help
determine which equation matches the graph.
Example 1: Which graph matches the equation 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 2?

y
4
3 A
2
1 B
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 x
-1
-2
-3
-4
The equation 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 2 has a y-intercept of 2.
Since graph A has a 𝑦-intercept of 2 and graph B has a 𝑦-intercept of -1 the equation
𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 1 matches Graph B.
Another way to determine which equation matches which graph is to create a table of
values for each equation and compare the ordered pairs in the table with the graphs.
𝒚 = 𝟑𝒙 𝒚 = −𝟐𝒙 y
4
𝒙 𝒚 𝒙 𝒚 Graph A 3
-1 -3 -1 2 2
1 Graph B
0 0 0 0
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 x
1 3 1 -2 -1
-2
-3
-4
To match graphs with their corresponding equations, selected ordered pairs from the
graph can be tested to see if they satisfy the given equation. At least two points should be
used to verify, as graphs can sometimes be incorrectly matched when just one point
satisfies the equation.
Example 2: Match each equation with its graph. Use the equation to determine the
coordinates of 3 points, then find which graph passes through those points.
8– 8
1
2
3
4
5
6
7 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1– 8
2
3
4
5
6
7
8 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
i) 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 4 ii) 𝑦 = −2𝑥 iii) 2𝑦 − 8 = 4𝑥
y
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
– 8– 7– 6– 5– 4– 3– 2– 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
– 1 x
– 2
– 3
– 4
– 5
– 6
– 7
– 8
8– 8
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1– 8
1
2
3
4
5
6
7 Grade 9 Mathematics Unit 4 – Linear Relations
y
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
– 8– 7– 6– 5– 4– 3– 2– 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
– 1 x
– 2
– 3
– 4
– 5
– 6
– 7
– 8
8– 8
1
2
3
4
5
6
7 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1– 8
2
3
4
5
6
7
8 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
y
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
– 8– 7– 6– 5– 4– 3– 2– 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
– 1 x
– 2
– 3
– 4
– 5
– 6
– 7
– 8
Example 3: Match each equation with a graph on this grid.
Equation #1: y = 2x – 1 Equation #2: y = –x + 4 Equation #3: y = 3x – 3
We can also determine if a point is a solution to an equation without graphing.
Each point has an 𝑥-value and a 𝑦-value. We can use the values for 𝑥 and 𝑦 to fill in our
equation to see if both sides of the equation are equal.
Example 4: Is the point (-4, 3) a solution to the equation 𝑦 = 2𝑥 – 1 ?
Example 5: Determine whether each point is a solution to the equation y = 3x – 2.
(a) (3, -2) (b) (1, 1) (c) (-2, -4)
Example 6: Determine whether each point is a solution to the equation y = -4x – 5 .
(a) (0, -5) (b) (1, -2) (c) (0, -6)
Example 7: A linear relation has an equation y = 2x + 2. Do the points (-2, -2), (-1, 0), and
(0, 2) fall on this line?
4.4 Extra Practice
1. Which equation describes the given graph? Justify your choice.

(i) y = x – 2 (ii) y = -2x + 3
y
4
3
2
1
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 x
-1
-2
-3
-4
2. Match the equation with the graph. Justify your choices.

(i) y = 3x (ii) y = -3x
y
4
Graph A 3 Graph B
2
1
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 x
-1
-2
-3
-4
3. Match each equation with a graph. Justify your choices.

(i) y = 1 – x (ii) y = x – 1
y
4
3
A 2
1 B
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 x
-1
-2
-3
-4
4. Which graph has the equation y = x – 3 ? Justify your choice.

y
4
A 3
2
1 B
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 x
-1
-2
-3
-4
5. Which graph has the equation y = -2x ? Justify your choice.

y
4
A 3
2
1
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 x
-1
-2
-3
B
-4
6. Which equation matches the given graph. Justify your choice.

(i) y = 3x + 3 (ii) y = 3x – 3
y
4
3
2
1
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 x
-1
-2
-3
-4
7. Which equation matches the given graph? Justify your choice.
(i) y = -2 (ii) y = x – 2 (iii) y = 2 – x

y
4
3
2
1
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 x
-1
-2
-3
-4
8. Match each equation with the appropriate graph.

(i) y = 2x + 1 (ii) y = -2x + 1 (iii) y = 2x – 1
(iv) y = -2x – 1 (v) y = 2x (vi) y = -2x
(vii) y = 2 (viii) y = 1 (ix) y = -1
y y y
4 4 4
3 3 3
2 2 2
1 1 1
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 x -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 x -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 x
-1 -1 -1
-2 -2 -2
-3 -3 -3
-4 -4 -4
Equation: ________ Equation: ________ Equation: ________

y y y
4 4 4
3 3 3
2 2 2
1 1 1
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 x -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 x -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 x
-1 -1 -1
-2 -2 -2
-3 -3 -3
-4 -4 -4

y y y
4 4 4
3 3 3
2 2 2
1 1 1
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 x -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 x -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 x
-1 -1 -1
-2 -2 -2
-3 -3 -3
-4 -4 -4
4.5 - Using Graphs to Estimate Values
The graph below shows profits over a period of time.
56
48 What is the profit for working 2.5 hours?
40
32
Profit (p)
24
16
8
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
# of hours (h)
This is called interpolation. Interpolation is the estimation of an unknown value between

two given points on a graph. Data is read from points within the graph. When graphs
display discrete data, interpolation is inappropriate because there are no data points
between the known data points.
What is the profit for working 6 hours?
This is called extrapolation. Extrapolation is the estimation of an unknown value which

goes beyond the data that is given. The graph must be extended to determine data values.
By extending the graph, we assume that the pattern will continue, however, this is not
always applicable in contextual situations.
A snail named ‘Rocket’ is in training for a race. The

graph shows Rocket’s speed.
How long will it take Rocket to travel 5mm?
If the race is a marathon, of 15mm, how long will it

take Rocket? What assumptions are you making?
4.5 Extra Practice
1. Use the graph to find the following values.
a. The cost of 15 L of fuel. __________
b. The quantity of fuel that can be purchased for $10. __________
c. Find the cost of 30 L of fuel. __________
Cost of Fuel
Cost ($)
30
20
10
10 20 30 Quantity(L)
2. Use this graph of a linear relation.

y
4
a. What is the value of x when y = 3? __________
b. What is the value of y when x = -1? __________

2
-2 2 4 6 x
-2
Unit 4 Review
1. This pattern continues.

(a) Draw the next 2 figures in the pattern.
Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5
(b) Complete the table of values.
Figure 1 2 3
Number, n
Number of 1 4 7
Squares, s
(c) Describe the pattern in the table.

The figure number increases by _____ each time.
The number of squares increases by _____ each time.
(d) Write an equation that relates the number of squares, s, to the figure number, n.
(e) What is the number of squares in figure 35? Use the equation.
2. Complete each table of values.
(a) y=x+1 (b) y = x – 1
x y x y
1 2
2 4
3 6
4 8
3. On his first birthday, Hayden was given $20 by his grandfather. Each year’s gift is $10
more than the year before. The data is given in the table below.
Birthday, n 1 2 3 4
Gift, g ($) 20 30 40 50
(a) Graph the data.
(b) Is the graph linear, Explain your thinking. How can we tell from the table of values?
(c) Is the graph continuous or discrete? Explain.
(d) Write an equation to show the relation between the birthday, n, and the gift, g.
4. Write an equation to describe each line.
(a) (b) (c)

y y y
4 4 4
3 3 3
2 2 2
1 1 1
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 x -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 x -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 x
-1 -1 -1
-2 -2 -2
-3 -3 -3
-4 -4 -4
Equation: Equation: Equation:
5. Does each equation represent a horizontal line, a vertical line, or an oblique line?
(a) x = -2 (b) y = 2x + 2 (c) y = 3
6. Draw a graph for each equation in 5.
(a) (b) (c)
y y y
4 4 4
3 3 3
2 2 2
1 1 1
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 x -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 x -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 x
-1 -1 -1
-2 -2 -2
-3 -3 -3
-4 -4 -4
7. The point (-2, 4) is a solution to which equation?
(a) y = 3x – 2 (b) y – 2x = 3 (c) y – 6 = x
8. Which equation describes the graph? Explain your choice.
y = 2x y = -2x
y
4
3
2
1
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 x
-1
-2
-3
-4
9. Which graph represents the equation x – y = 2 ? Explain your choice.

y
4
3
2
1
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 x
A -1
-2
B
-3
-4
10. This graph represents a linear relation.

y
4
3
2
1
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 x
-1
-2
-3
-4
(a) Estimate the value of y when (i) x = 0 (ii) x = 1
(b) Estimate the value of x when (i) y = 4 (ii) y = -2
11. This graph shows a linear relation for different drilling depths.
Drilling Depths
Depth(m)
2000
1500
1000
500
2 4 6 Time(days)
(a) Estimate the depth drilled in 1 day. __________
(b) Estimate the time taken to drill to a depth of 750 m. __________
(c) Estimate the depth that will be drilled in 3 days. __________
(d) Estimate the time it will take to drill 2000 m. __________
12. This graph shows Emma’s and Julianna’s journey from Saskatoon to Prince Albert.
Journey from Saskatoon to Prince Albert
Distance to Prince Albert (km)
150
125
100
75
50
25
25 50 75 100 125 150

Dis tance from Saskatoon (k m)
(a) When Emma and Julianna have travelled 100 km, about how far do they still have to
go? __________
(b) Can we extrapolate with this graph? Explain why or why not.

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Grade 9 Mathematics Unit 4 – Linear Relations

Section 4.1 – Writing Equations to Describe Patterns

An independent variable is a variable

A dependent variable is a variable

What two quantities are being compared in this problem?

An expression is a mathematical statement that is made up of numbers and/or variables

Example 1: Observe the pattern below.

Number of Number of Independent variable:

b. Describe the pattern in words by finishing the following sentence:

c. Let 𝑠 represent the number of squares.

Example2: Observe the pattern below.

Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4

b. Write an equation to describe the relationship. _____________________________________________

Example 3: Observe the pattern below.

Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3

Independent variable: Dependent variable:

b. Describe the pattern in words by finishing the following sentence:

c. Write an equation that represents the pattern.

We can also write equations to represent situations.

b. If Sheldon travelled 52 km, how much was the cab ride?

Example 3: For each equation, find the value of C when 𝑘 = 3

4.1 Extra Practice

b. What is the cost of a party if there are 18 children attending?

a. Write an equation to represent the total cost, C, for an order of x t-shirts.

Section 4.2: Linear Relations

• 𝑥-axis, which goes horizontal (left/right)

• 𝑦-axis, which goes vertical (up/down)

Always start at (0,0) and follow the directions of the coordinates.

To plot the point (3,4):

Example 1: Plot the following points on the coordinate grid below.

A(−4, 6) B(3, 7) C(5, −4) D(0, 8)E(−2, −1) F(−5, 0)

Remember these important things about graphing:

• Label each axis.

• Title the graph

Example 1: Which graph(s) represents a linear relation?

Number of Songs Cost ($), 𝑪

Does it make sense to join the points on the graph?

If an equation is given without the context of a situation, we assume it is continuous.

Is this a linear or non-linear relation?

Should we connect the points? Why/why not?

Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3

Is this a linear or non-linear relation?

Should we connect the points? Why/why not?

4.2 Extra Practice

1. Complete the table of values then graph the relation.

2. Complete the table of values and then graph the relation.

3. Complete the table of values and then graph the relation.

4. Which graph(s) represents a linear relation?

5. Without graphing, determine which table of values are a linear relation.

Section 4.3 – Another Form of the Equation for a Linear Relation

Observe the following graphs and corresponding tables.

What do you notice about each graph and table?

We write the equation 𝑥 = 𝑎.

We write the equation 𝑦 = 𝑐.

One form of the equation for an

a. For the equation, 𝑥 = −2, draw and describe the graph.

b. For the equation, 𝑦 = 1, draw and describe the graph.

Example 2: Write the equation for each graph below.

Slope = ___ Slope = _ Slope = ___

y-intercept = ___ y-intercept = _ y-intercept = ___

Slope = ___ Slope = _ Slope = ___

y-intercept = ___ y-intercept = _ y-intercept = ___

Slope = ___ Slope = _ Slope = ___

y-intercept = ___ y-intercept = _ y-intercept = ___

Slope = ___ Slope = _ Slope = ___

y-intercept = ___ y-intercept = _ y-intercept = ___

Equation Equation Equation

Equation Equation Equation

______

Slope = ___ Slope = _ Slope = ___

y-intercept = ___ y-intercept = _ y-intercept = ___

Equation: Equation: Equation:

Equation: Equation: Equation:

Equation: Equation: Equation: