Agriculture and Agricultural Technology

Men in plough agriculture societies specialized in agricultural activity outside the house, whilst women specialized in activities within
the home. As a result of this division of work, the norm that women's natural place is in the house was established. This belief
persists even when the economy shifts away from agriculture, impacting women's engagement in activities conducted outside the
house such as market employment, entrepreneurship, and politics.

Language

Using cross-country and individual-level data, they find that women speaking languages that more pervasively mark
gender distinctions are less likely to participate in economic and political activities and more likely to encounter barriers
in their access to land and credit.

Pre Industrial societal characteristics

Matrilineality- Women had more access to land and other assets in matrilineal cultures, either through direct inheritance and
ownership or through better access to the properties of the large matriclan. This reduces their reliance on their spouses and makes
them less vulnerable in the event of a husband's death. Women in matrilineal systems receive continuous kin support, either by
staying with or near their own family after marriage, or by maintaining ongoing relationships through matrilineal kinship. They are
also more likely to have more intrahousehold negotiating power than their husbands and more departure alternatives than
patrilineal women.
Matrilocality- The process is that when a woman marries, she ceases to be a part of her birth family and becomes a member of her
husband's family. Parents benefit more from investing in their son's health and education under this arrangement since he will stay a
member of their family, whereas a girl will physically and financially depart the household upon marriage.
The dowry versus the bride price- When a woman marries, she no longer belongs to her birth family and becomes
a member of her husband's family. Under this system, parents benefit more from investing in their son's health and education
because he would remain a member of their family, but a woman will physically and financially leave the household upon marriage

The Political and Economic Development of the Gender Construct in Industrial Societies

Sexual Revolution- a social movement that challenged traditional codes of behavior related to sexuality and
interpersonal relationships throughout the Western world from the 1960s to the 1980s. Sexual liberation included
increased acceptance of sex outside of traditional heterosexual, monogamous relationships (primarily marriage).
Contraception and the pill, public nudity, the normalization of premarital sex, homosexuality and alternative forms of
sexuality, and the legalization of abortion all followed.

Post- Industrial Societies

In almost all societies, women are responsible for the education of children up to their seventh year. Psychologists agree
that these are the years in which the child's world-vision is formed. Its arena may be the kitchen or the garden, the small
production unit which played a crucial role in agricultural societies and has also often been, though less visibly, the
salvation of the highly-industrialized societies of our time.