~I ~A 1._.

\ t • \
1401AH -1981AC
... \ '~ \ ..... \!. \
1401AH ·1981AC
~_.>AYI ;~1 w~:i_,JI- ~.,.!- .;,.,:,~- ,..-~?'1 ~ ,tWI ~I ©

e 2012/ ~1433 "''\ri..,WI

r~11 c.Jt ~w1_, ~~-tl .,~..;o-i ,~~11o.;L4>.ll

IJ-!L> .>-= .....,._. o._;,Jl:i
<$~1~j.....,.,_. ,~_.,:;

~ ~)L..?JI :L........_j.l\ .u~ -§.:.WI l§~?JI ~·~ 4yJ ...,_,b;JI \~

:r2oos rL:. ;;~I~~
Chapra, M. Umer. Muslim Civilization: The Causes of Decline and the
Need for Reform. Leicestershire, UK: The Islamic Foundation, 2008.

c;~~IJ .>;~I -2 -r'~YI _,si.JI -1 ':'USJI e~J-'

,r"V.....u~I.,~LAii)'l-4 ~"V.....u~l ii}.•~l -3
~;~' ut.....l;.l.ll -5

978-1-56564-605-6 :(ISBN) do>J

''<":>L-)11 ~ 0w' ~ <Jo~ ~~ ~

d...l.4:. _,l ,4-.i.A ,:...,P.- .JI ,...,_,l:is:JI I~.)~~ C..ll..:.~ ~ "l.J
~L<i ·'>- ,6\_._,wl J-" Jo;L..,""" <b... I, ,i ~ '-'\.,
,i ~I ,1 ~I dlo 4- !.., .~~ ,i ""''~[
.~La\ .y.~~U~!U.J..l ·t4-~'l'I_,Lr._~~l

... ~):11~ ~WI ..~fall

The International Institute of Islamic Thought
P.O. Box: 669, Herndon, VA 20172 - USA
Tel: (1-703)4711133, Fax: (1-703)4713922
www.iiit.org I iiit@iiit.org

,;.;all ,.,W14-&)g:;.ll ~

w~ -u_,...>--:!-1
009611311183 :_,.,sti- 009611707361 :--""'
www.eiiit.org I info@eiiit.org
11 ......................................................................................... f..~

23 ······················································································· JJ4;:....1

27 .......................................................................................... L~

47 .......................... .blb..;~l_, ~I ,j .)_,.J..L,:. 0:1 "_,k; :J_,\11 ~I

67... ............................. 0.•1 ,II~ ,j ..;:......A\..... J-ly- :cj\!JI ~I

Sl... ......................... .J-_•1 ,1\ .blb..;l ~ ;;J_,_,_. J-ly- :~\!JI ~I

107 ·················································<.,?-'la::>~l .blb..;~l :d)l ~I

139 ................. ~ _,J _p:::ll_, p.WI_, ~I ,j .blb..;~l :u-'WI ~I

179 ............................................. <./"~~1 .blb..;~l :U".>LJI ~I

197 ................................ ~')\...,)II t:;.;i.::.ll 0-' .r.-:-JI ~ :Cj LJ I ~I

20 5 ................................... ..,.J I 0-' ;_, l.i::... ~I ,j ci 1..0>- )II :0-' \!J I ~I

213 ............................................... c_Ji.....,)ll c)l ~WI :C""l::.ll ~I

247 ..................................................................................... E"Iyo-ll

269 ..................................................................................... .....; L:S:.II

'-:'U:ll ~ .)~ ..? ..r" ~ <...!.>1-l>- 'yU ~ , fr" ._,..) t::}::JI
lo j l,:.o I , ~L; lA>- )J :i.;_r,J I ..:..>I _r.....l <,! l.::.J I ( ..:..> Lo y.}:.,...J I) cr 4LJ.... cr
;.AAJI ~ <.\;_,hll :i.;_r,ll ·~ ~ "'l .4].\1;..;1, Lo,,........ ,~1_.,..;1,
..!.>I..L>-\11 ~ ilr ..,:;! .J.'· ,II lti,;l ~J '.r.i>W~ cr"WI 1:::'..1.:.:. ;l
.; l5:; \1 I ~ Li; J ")\>. cr Lo.; ~I J ..:..> I)..;,.;.J IJ r-' \1 I •~ :.:.; _;.WI l.;,..W I
...:..>~1, ..:..>~ ~IJ .;.;L....r.JIJ ,.;.;1_ a>..:.JI,
.
'.;~1 cr 4J :i.;~ '! ~I ..:..>~~I 1_,.,:5 t::)::JI ....;,r;. L. jJ~J
..:..>I ) ..,.;,,.J IJ r-'\1 I !.? .?<;, L. J ,.;?.J ..L. cr ..!.> l..l>- \1 I ..J ._? ~ L. ~ ~I
, ~ i .T' U I ..1..4> l..:..J I ,,L.. ._,; ~ <5.. ..U I ..:...i) I ,}J >,......., cr
.. ..b.r."'J
..r' y..i IJ ~I J Jo I::J I .)l y.l;, l.i,.. J . JWl ,;...\; J..,..; ~ \..a,1 ~I!
.;-"I}>JI .I.;J ;;..LS:JI, ,~1 <.>_,.ill ..jl..:.:S'I ~ ,~1 ..;;...,...:; ~I
J ~ .)l t::.; l::J I ( ..:..> l,.-1.:;>) cr 4.,.i •_,...l I ~ ~ ...!..ltJ .;;,; IS' ; .. .:.;.; l::J I
cr ,..,...; WI cr _,J I .b p '! lt L,;\ :i.;_r,l I i L.1 ~ I.i,..J . t::.; l::J I ;,.;.....,l,;

t::.;l::ll i.?_,;.--UJ .j-a.i1 ~ .)! J;}JI ~J ,.r.i>WI cr.~ i>~l j.o:-1

..:.....!> _rU '4J..> ~ 2 0! ~I lor. '+-- j5J ,.b \1;..;'! 1, , ~I cr ..:..>'! t,..
.!.1 J4.l.l :i.;_r,l I
c')I.....!J ,...:... _,JI •\A:.... '! t::.;l::ll JoG .)! :i.;_r,ll I"'}JI 01_;]I y-J.;,

...,?} J~l _r.+!JI t.;r.JI ..:.r--'"'1 ..IJJ .Lo.;..IJ l: 4JUI <.J"'l...::.ll, ,45'_,1......

11
Jl 'JJ '.r.~ u--_.! ~ P" .;\ ~ .r"Wi Jl);:.;. 'J .:il.)ll .J[" :JI..i :.r--
<G! J. ,4J :c,._..\ ':! cjll i.r"WIJ i,r.WI 4;..j"J'I 0-' .!;..WI.;\~ ~WI
j>- \..) •~}" ~Ui il_,!\11 ..:..;IS cjll t>JL.JI .)! ol,.::;':ll ~ Y- l.::..;, ':}
(I)" ·t>JL..l\ ..!.lt .1?,- )\..~ 0-' ~

r-''JIJ ,:.A.•.~IJ '-:-'~1 )-"~j':! ~I J-lyJ~ _,.,s:.dl .J!

:.JT_;J I ~ .u...d I :,.;J , 4J> lb..; IJ
'U..·u ~~ i' . ' . :,\u 'y\·~ '·''I' ~-..r
·.:_,...J ~1 !.P ~ .!J;~J .!.I.:~ I_)!""~,- r·;
1'~(1 \'(' • ,'(k ~~, .;',?c 'o.
~~~ .:r.. .~ ~ ~ _)t)j ;1'
Lo

.[120',""1 ( Z&~.i~~
1, 4=-~_; -:&I->~~ 1,4:-; ~;~~~~ l.:.~~;r;~~~~~ ~;.'3~ ~~~~_;}
' ~;::..--,,.. _,. __ / "'-;-,?•>>"'. . . ........ --"" . . . "'""'"' "'"' ,.., ,...
.[36 j>.:JIJ { ~~\' ~·, 01( ....i,> ~_;];;\; J:"_,'J\ ~~~I Ro ,- ;;:_ J
. .
5~""'11 GL_;'t; _:$j ~
- j G._;;;;"11
.-- .,_;.h _,,;) ,:;.. ~
ci"' ~ ___. ~"' KL.1·<-
r-' ~,;~1 -.
v~ I ~·

( &,j-r: GJ ~;.:; ~ ~8; M)~ ~r; ,:/} ~ .s}. :;;:.;r n-:-.;"J OS~ ,. 0 ~
. [6'iL..;'iiJ

r-' '11 .t.;;:;) ~ <l.J;.....JI <;~WIJ <,_,.:....JI J-lyJI .Jl_;JI ..\5"\ ..uJ
..:..L,.L..,JI J ~ <,?lll ~)II ~1_,...]1 ~ .)! <,_,.:.)1 \s.~J ,4J>i.b..;IJ
0-' r.JI J>.! ~ ~ ':! lJJ~ ;\ _,...li.J j>-)J x....l LS ,;;_,.;L..::..JI ~).::.ll
.,_,PJ \II J _,.:.)1 JJ~ .__;~':}I \..~.:-- >~J ..,> ~\::JI ~ l1,\ J. '6Jl.::JI
._,..-li :U.,.,Iy J J!...:' ,~ rJI 0-' ~ J l~l)l '~Jl.::.ll ~L..)
-6).::.U .j\..)IJ .jK...ll Jl,-)1 J 4.::--l>!.J ,~)II ~I J!J ~
l..!;) \JJ~ ,.,.~)II ;;..")UJ .U ,~1 i'"'l>. ~Y. 11-% .r.JI .._.;;y r.r.J
GL)_;jj) :._)L..; .U_,.; J 'I'"'}JI .Jl.}JI J JJ..UII..i... ~J ·6Jl.::.ll J

(1) Qureshi, lshtiaq Hussain. "Historiography" Jn M. M. Sharif (ed.), A History of Muslim

Philosophy. Karachi: Royal Book Co., 1983, Volume 2, p. 1198.

12
>.!..>- LS .[25-~;wt] ( V!i\J.UiF;i;J.~Wi.J49i~ u]~.;·~;i\(J.;..~
'[14Ji.;Jil ( lk.:..~t::1~.!1j':6j) :.Jj .j :;,.,\11 l.._olJ_;.......
-c.r"r ...;~
.[135oUil (~~11;{. ~·'!i\ ~:; i;pi;_;( £tJi C,::\i;) :.G~ .Jj .j.J
~ ~ i..U ,l.,._AU l.,.)J ~ ;;JL.., J ..::.;\~ ;;,.,\ ...,_,')\....)'I ;;,., \11 0)
;;,.,~.;)' ,Jw ~.J 'if~I.J ~,_;]I ~~ ~ "c}.JI ~ ~ 0t
~ y l.,._r.,ll ~ ~ \(r-" ~ .J c_,,, I , U) [_JWI.J j>-IJ.l\ .j J..WI
~) ~)'\ <.>¥ I<._.1. 4:-.,l.J_;......, ;;,., \II ..::.....\.; l~)j .• ),.:5~\) L,;J.ll ~
;~\.J jyVI.J ,t._,;J.JI .j }">j~\.J iJ\..JI ~ 0_,...... ,4] ;_,...\ ~ ~\
.--:J.;:.-: ..J~ .~t.JI · ~~-::~1;_::·--J~\i~ ~---~7: p:--,:~j~~~ 'h o ·~1 ·
u:"J ~ ... j ' - ' ' ..,.,.-J ~:yo -- " f' ? <-<'
-J ~J .( ~~. · -
--~..c.;; (• 'ii:2)' :>i .<~·( .__;j( "~' ·.'i <~7->1·1;,1·;. 6ili
('i-'.f'- · v: !"'-- -" r ($-"J - ~"'"- r ~J --· w:: --
.\55 ~_,Jt] ( t£;.!, cJ, 6M

~ _r-:) '"'l.-.!)'1 .)J ~ ~~ r ,._,.')L...)'I •JL..a.>JI ..::.;\....... j) ~l

J.-1.5:; ~ :.r ~~.J e·-:- J\.J "'L;>U . ,__;)
jl:..; ~ ,~)'1 <.>-4ll

~ :.r <.>.r.!> r Lo.J <->.f-"-" r Lo.J ,~ :.r <.>>Lor Lo.J" c?.JJ

~ ~ .. r Lo 0-.:: ~

~_}.; l.,._r.,ll ..::..>~\ J>- ~ \..U \.!..>-\) ~~ Js' ;l._,>Jl; .(.$__,.:-\

[..J) -4'~.J l.,._r.,ll ;l._,>JI ~J\A.. .u ,.;._,;?. ~_}.; ~ '~ ;;.._,J~
,~WI~ .)J '--!"} ~\ ;;JL.., )i.J l.,.j)l ,..i.., y 0fo ...,.,')\....)'I ;J~\
U~.J ..::..>~ :_r..~) ,;s)l.!... ~ JJI.>. y l.,.j)\ o-4) L'-,1
-~~__,..., ..:.;\.;L<;.J
'
y I_;::...] I ~ ~ Wb J:...::i ...,_,')\....)'I ; J l..a>JU ~I ; _,;;J I ...::...; IS ..Ul
~ ..;:...;IS.J ,y\Ji.J JIA>j~\.J l.,.>WI ;_,;;JI.J JJ~.>."l\ jl._;:..~\ J-.:.W
\[..J) I ..!ill ...,., ~ J.l I <5'_.,..l ~ _r..::; ~ _,; .J ...,., ')\....)'I ; J L..a.>J I >_,._., j>- I.r
l::' ·-:- Jl ~ ~ i~ _r;.li.J J,lb..;~l <.>} ..;:..;IS ,.)jl_,:)l i..i.., J:>-1 ~
~__,kll .:; ~ r.- '--!"')\....)'I (:;Jl::ll ~ ..uJ ·'J~\ ._.ll ~, Y.J "--!"')\....)'I
.WI ,y- ')\..,;.; ,)~~\.J >~I (f.J ,~\.J ;_,;;JI y ·~~ ..::.;\_;!
r - y )\ Jl~- (:;Jl::l\ \..i.., "-: , ~ Lo .:_,5J ,~\.J i~ _r;.li.J 'J.r.JI.J
.<.:.. j\11 ~ .j 4-:>- ~\.J ,l.,._,..,.JI <>- .J) J>-i..U\ .jl..::.li.J ,..;..,~~\

13
, ~ .::., _r..; ~I cr i.J.;~ ~yo cj1:; ..;:...; l5' _;I .A;..; I JS J.._,; .•.:s:.:'JIIJ
·cr)1 u\;...b..:l ~.1.:-" ~~I , . •":'· ; ..;:..,;[5' ._;ll 'c,F J)l >~IJ .!.;~I
cr -i>~l- 4' jj J....;....; •I.,> '?JIJ d>J+-!1 cr ~ JS ..;:...;[5'
.r"~ J!...: J:.:All 1..\... cr ~ JSJ .~IJ .:,T_,.<JI cr <.?1 ~~~~ .;>l.a...ll
cP .!.IL:...> ..;:..,;[5' .~1 .::..>~ ~ ..::...i_,JI ~ c}J ,~_;1_....::..-.1
iiJ...UI
.:..>~WI e ~ ..;:...;l5' ._;ll 4JLS:...z1 us:J ,.;JL )IJ ~j)J ~).7.::...1
.ill -(:;)=.ll c} r':>L'?JI e::r-.J ;_r.....JI <..')WI ~ ,;..!.;~1 t_WJ\'IJ
.,.._J)l <.>.;JI ...\..!.;.. i>l<-! WI> ~ c,<"')L '?)I •I.,> '?)I '.~1_;....1 ..;:...;[5'
cr ~ .L:.;j .)! ,pj; .Jl5' '.JJ..l; 1..\...J ,~_,J~IJ ~>WIJ ,~~IJ
~ ~J ~I ~ ;,\.<-~ Cr.:' p...liJ ,~_;)1 o-4) .:.r.::_r.::..JI >1)~1
G; ? ~..)'>U ~\:.. 0.I; .) ! ...,.. ')L '?}I L,.W I j:.J I <..J.:>. ci ;_,A.) I .;> L._a..,
.::..> r. ._;ll ,..,_.')\...'?)I [JJl ..,_.l:.;...UI ~I ,..\... cr ._,.,1.4:JI ~ :c.,...;. WI
.:i...;l.o)l :i...;K.JI (.::..>\... Y....! i.:.....JI) ~ :· ·~
• J • • '=j" I·
'11"'-"-' v

c,<" ')L '?)I (:;).::l I c_J.; 0 J .r" L....l I .Jr.' ')L '?)I 0 J _,s:.<...l I U...J .ill
.J_,.<:L ClJ~ <.5~ .J.!J (l)•l,>!J ..!.;~ [JJ ~~ ..,_.':>L'?JI ;Jw..,.JIJ
.:r._,s:.<...ll r-"1 .:.r.:: (.r J .~ :i..pi.>J I 4;:...u 1.:.11 !*" W Jl J l,.... c} .UL..J I o-4]
Y.1 :..,_.':>L'?JI i.;l.a.>JI cr ~l.:JI 1..\... 1_,....,.;> .:r..UI .:r.~IJ .:r..)):-!1
-364) <,?>.;JWI ..w.... cr. ~I Y.1J '(i798-731 !... 182-113) -.....i....Y..
'(i1111-1055 ;_,505-451) JI_;JI ..4>-A ..1_.[;.. Y.1J '(i1058-974 ;_..450
.:,J..u,:. .:r.IJ 'Cr132S-1263 ;... ns-661) ,_,_; cr. ~~ ...l:J> cr. ..~..o.>-1J

(2) Mawdudi, Sayyid Abu! A' Ia. A Short History of the Revivalist Movement in Islam.
Lahore: Islamic Publications, 3'd Edition, 1976; Mawdudi, Sayyid Abul A 'Ia. Khilafat-
o-Mulukiyyat. Lahore: Islamic Publications, 1966.; Mawdudi, SayyidAbuiA'ia. The
Islamic Movement: Dynamics of Values, Power and Clwnge. (ed. and translated by
Khurrum Murad), Leicester, UK: The Islamic Foundation, 1984. Sec also: Nadvi, Abul
Hasan Ali. Tarikh Dawat-o-Azeemat. 6 Volumes, Lucknow, India: Majlis Tahqiqat-o-
Nashariyyat-e-Islam, 1969-1984.

14
-1703 /_,1176-1114) <-,?_,1-..UI .&1 JJ oWJ '(i1406-1332 /_,808-732)
.(i1897-1838 ;..,1315-1254) c~w',li cr....UI J~J 'Ci1762

L> ~ , ~).::.11 .;... li L;-JI .j .;... li ')\;.>.~I :_r r-" _:,.1 ~

..;i _? jJ ~ .r. ~I :_r
, ;;_,.. ')L... )'I i J L,a.,J I .b lb..;~ ~I J.-1 _,J I L> \.:.: • l..W I • ~ )-" c:r-; l.; LA;\ .:l!.:...

. ~I J .J;. ~I J •\.,>- )'I Jll >J .;... ~I_;:.....~ m..::....l I ~I_?; :f ')\..,.;.;
J. 'i')L...)'I _}) I.J;.i IS~~~ 0:.'1 ,1\ ~ L>1,j.>- L>fo ~
~ ,a,..., ',11 .;... l;_,J J ',It J :.,_j) I ._)>- .J;. ..1;:- :_r IJ JS1 L.S . = >l..:.: ~I _))
<;')\;.:. ',11 ._,..;I y.J I c:r-; L> j I_,::.1 I J W>) :f ~ l:J I .;... 1... _,.:.::.1 I ~ !*-'
.;... ~I _;....I .;... ;$J ..\! J .;;_,.. ')L... )'I <.h l,...jJ , '-,;:- _,J p;::ll J ;;.,_,WI J , :C,.. J) IJ

,;c., ',II ;;JL.,J ~l; o>~u ,.i..L,.P',It :.,_j)l ~ i>~) ._)>- il>-_r.JI •l.,>-)'1
>)_r-ll <·.··:.......;.; ..:.,j_,ll .j il,AJIJ ,J')\;.:.',1\ ·~J ~IJ ~pi j!.jNJ

\,\:.::....\ ,~\ ~ o>~) ~t :_r ,'-,;:- _,J p;::liJ :.,_,L.,a;.;~IJ :.,_,WI

,:.,_,L.,a;.;~l-~~ ~I iiJL..liJ JJ..JIJ ,;.,..\..,.,...JIJ i.SJ_,.!.ll ts>l,-o _})

i>~) V""'1J •l.,>-)'1 J-"~ ~ JJ-"',1\ o.i... ..;...IJJI._)>- ,~~IJ o..l>-}IJ

.< ;1-o>....ll ~Jl:JI .;...lil,.-11 .ly.- ,.i.;..;:; <.,?JJI ~I :f _);.:JI J ~ ,.~1
, _,.ill <; ')\;.:.',11 :i..o lA:.. ')\) J , ~ .J _,....,) J .t •~ _,J I .j ~ ~I i _,AlL>
;.,..L;-JI ;;,._; l:.:J I o_,All ~ J ')\;.:. :_r ~ I.i...J ....:...1J ~I J L,., jl J

o.i... J-" ll2.. L> ~ L>1 ~I :_r J .;;.,_~I J '-,;:- _,J p;::ll J ;;.,_, L.,a;.; ~ IJ
V""' ',11 .:_,5J , ~)I ...,...WI .....J::;.... .j ~I ..\! ;y \.,>-)'I .;... ~I_;:.....~ I
.45"_r....ll ~L.a.>-~ ..::...;\5 _?JJI ~~

~ _,l I U J> .j i.J;. ..~;:- L..:> l_r. W _r$' j!._j.J I # jJ .j;J..p ~ J..0J
~J l:J I ; _r.>J I :_r ._;::..1 ; ) ; :C,.. ')L...)'I i J L,a.,J IJ .,(' ')L... )' I ~J l.:.lJ U-" I) I
...._.l>- L> J.JJ.,:. cr.. I 1...J ~ cjll ~J l:J I j;,.W I .;... IJ>1 ~ J , ;;., ~ :i..o ")\)

.;...IJL.a.>JI >~ r+"l C;L.;Ji ~1 :_r i.b.IJ LlJ.JJ.,:. .:r.l ~ ~J

~I j.-I_,JI ~ >~ ~J .:C,..')L...)'I ;JL.a.>JI ..... ~J ,1...):,~\J :i..o~

15
u... l.a,l c;.,1 .,;1J. '~ ~J 4J.lb.;l_, Lor" J d )..,a,.JI _;_w;J
~_, v')\....,iJJ ~~ 4-P.-1_, ~~.;.,~I~~~~ c;_,...:JI
~ ~..):J I ..:..> J.,h...J I ~ 0 _,..lli:. .:,r.l i \.; ..l.i J . •,.r._,k; J ~l,>-[ J....-
~1 J i_,AJI_, ......4.....,all .1L.<; ~ L.a.,i J_,L> l.S -~ "-!J_;J ...,...;[;
J_yk]l_, ,WI_, .:i\_,.<)1 J <·. ;,-,11 ;L.a)l_, ,ts,~l_, ~I •_,..;> J c.?AJI
.<.,?"')\....,)'I (:>_):J I _:.. ~ ~ c;,.b; ..::...; IS ~I
V ')\....,)'I t:;)::.l I cr i la::.....J I '-:,.- 1..... \'I i _r.J I ~ J l,j1 ~~ ..W
...,..)_, ,~ .;...L;_,\ J C; .. •l ,11 ..i.i;\ '-?..UI J-" i')\....,)'1 0~ JL; L..~
~J 'iltJ/'J J""L...\'1 _;..l....a..JI ~l:.JI ~I Jl~ i')\....,)'1 J1 ;1 \~I
...!;~1_, •l,>- )'I ~ c,P.-i cr 4,..,WI ~I
· L:. .. IJ UWI ~ ~ ._;)I 4..0, _ykll ·
.1.:.\S ~-'-? _,>:.;]1 ~
~-· J .... cr- . - · · 1\ I..L.
I)J l> ..W .<.,?"')\....,)'I t:;_; l:.J ~ ~I ~}J I • L...W IJ .:r.' _r.:-..l I cr
i')\....,)'1 ~ ,_,.,:.\ _,\ ~ 'v. •l ,11 ~ 0l:., p.lll .1.;;]1 .._,~ ~
t;)-' C.r' '-:,l) I ..,...WI <.>IS J •l,>- )'I _;..l.,a.o 0 l l;iS v.:J..- ~ ,...._,; J
- _,.\'1 <::'1_, J- ~ '-:--"; ..l.i_, ..cl; i')\....,)'1 cr '11.,.'4 '} .JIS v. •l ,II
..,.., ')\....,)'I i ) ..,a.,.J I IJ _;:,...., _, , ..,.., ')\....,)'I i J l..,a.,.J I ..:..> y cr 0 ~)'I ..t;.. c) 1
._,1.>- t"'"" _r.J _;_,k:.ll_, il,>J~ ~WI_, c::....,.J ~~J '-r"WI .!.Jij C.r' ~L
.~1
' J '.:f-.r"L...JI
4:;:..\5 v. , I , II .W,JI C.r' .!.>..:; ..:...l.:_,.i ~_;l.WI ,..L.,

.;..,.i>..;l ..l.i _, , ~_;Z r-5 WI • L>..; l ~ J ..,.., ')\....,)'I i _,_..]I cr "-!_,A! I ..:..>~_,...]I
..:..>~,\'I J l..!;~ ~ ~ ')\...., )' I i J L,.;..,.J I_, t;).::.U :c:b WI ~_; lW I ,..L.,
~ <.,?"~)'1_, '-?_,>:.;]1 J>\'1 J ..:..>>1..... ~I \.:-'lo_;)'l ~l:...,.." J ..:..>~~I
..}
.. "-:? _,..;, y _, 4,.J... ~ l> :c...:; ."-!J 1..... WI ~ :.r ~ LS,
.. WI .;., l..t;..\
, ..,.., ')\...., )' I i _; l..,a.,.J I 4...,.,.1 r+<J c/" _,..;> y _, J> L..,.. ~ Jl,J U"" I) I ..;..J) I
.)1...L:.:.....; ~ ~ il,.<)l_, 'i_,ll <.,?"')\....,)'1 t:··~JI ~I ~_,11_,

16
J WL.all ~~I~ c)! iJ~)'I J~J .ir"'L.....llt,..')l...)'l i_,.,.....,.ll e:'IJ

j,..... ..._; L:.S:::...I J , ~I J pi i _)a; .,.. ')\....,)'I t""' _,J I c)! )2:JJ cj.jJ I r-1 WI
)a,..; c,?jj I ..1.1UI '-:"' l1>J I 0-' ~ _:,J ~ '-:"' jJ IJ i ')\....,)'I ~ 0 J L.:.ll J ) _,.J I
I..L. J ~) J .~~I J e_,...a.l ~ 4ili::..J I .;... I, _,.,;.)1 J ..:..> L:_)2:J I ~ l r ~
(Marshall .J~~.Y' J~)-• Jl!..i .:r c.r..~ Jwl c)!~~,:,\ ~..L.,a.ll
C'l,(John Vol!) J_,> ,:,~ J C4 \(John Esposito)~ .r.---;! 0~J C3l,Hodgson)

, _,..all ~ ._;t ~w'l.; -c.r.._;>-1 ~ 0-' C\(Hans Kung)

6
e§ __,...;L.. J

;jJ~J ~_;:.. I..L. l_r.~ .r- ._,.,l::S" "-'~ c,?JJI ~I I..L.J -~ J>l ~
cr <,J l>' 4::- J~ t,.. ')\....,)'I )2:J I ~ J ._;Pr J ')\>. cr i.J.o ~ ~I) tk, ~
.~1 )L.a.,liJ ·~~lS~I J..L.,a.liJ ,<._,...WI <;L,.o )1

(3) Hodgson, Marshall G. S. The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World
Civilization. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1974.

(4) Esposito, John L. (ed.). The Oxford History of Islam, Oxford: Oxford University
Press, 2001; Also, Esposito, John L., and John, D. Vall. Makers of Contemporary
Islam, 2nd Ed, New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.

(5) Voll, John D. Islam: Continuity and Change in tl1e Modern World, 2nJ Ed, Syracuse:
Syracuse University Press, 1994.

(6) Kung, Hans. Islam: Past. Present and Future. Oxford: One World, 2007.
I..>Jf."J i..>.c.J 41_,.;.-J <,.o")l.~l i)..A>JI ,_y:;.; "-'l,-olcc> J"~l ~_,5 _,..;!..> JJL>- .J.i.J
~'i$JI c.; _,...:.II >'-,,...JI <,)_,klr.~l ._,L..o"->1 ..... ")\..,~\~I 'C;L.; <:... F .).o
r"\...,JI C.; _,...JIJ ,;ci.WI C.;_,..; >~ ~IJ ,w.JI C.;_,..; >l;..Jt.> l:_,, '-'....o-" i")l.(\1
..::.>1)-:-=JI_J ~).:.l\ ...;_,\)-=-:.11 ~ w~ .~J J~ 0i ~":~~ ~_J .(~J.>J\ ~La)
,;;_,. JIJ 'J _;11 i")\..,~1 c;.,Li.i.>.;J iiJ.UI _,l.o i~l <,>..,Ji;JI J~l ~ J ,;,LA..]\
:f cr,:.; :C,..\....'>1 .;IJ J;;..J :C,..\....'>1 .;\.;_,s:. J! ;l;..L.;:.,.\ J5" <)j j\
0
~ r-'1> .r=- .l>-y.
'-:'l:S" ~J 'Ji ,l_.t..; i>.b..o <,>..,); ~ ~ J; ,Jiy--~1 -:r: J~ \;;1_,.:.. crJ J...>i
:)"I . b~ c,.;_,..; J1, I..lA J ·u-.li.o
- Kung, Hans. Islam: Past, Present and Future_ p. 20.

17
~ L,a::; )II ~ )I J , ~ L.a::i )II 01 ~ J '-:l)lly, ~ _r>- ..::,; w L.. ~
:r- J~ L. ~- ..;_.y;:; •t;ul:ll l...i....)j J 3 ~.;l:ll J .:;'j ~ ·'-?"').....,')I
iu.; ~" ,JJ\11 cr::l)I ( ":\::5) ~ e;:ll.: -~~L.,a.:;'j\ ..!..»L.:.....II J ~y
~ 3 ..UI ~ ..!.LWI c)G:- ~ Jt;J 'il985 i~ _r.; <.,?..Ui- ,"J~~ <.,?.lZ

Jy- c.lll.; U.;~ ~ ·'-?"'')......')\ j;_,...;:JI cr-"1 -il990 i~ J ;.;_,..,_rJI

-=-~ _,........ll ~ cJ> r ..;! ...:...,..~>- <.?~L.,a.:;l J JL.:-- J ~)I .;JL JL..
<.,?.lZ i l1:..l y )I )>'J I .;.,\.G.;;..., I J ;?. w L. 3 , ~)I i'"'_r;:l ~I
) _,.;;::.... 'j I ~) <.,?Y..J .d' l;J L. [.. U>; .:_,1 ~ .J ~ ...,~ '-I' ..r. ..W .<.,?Y..J .d'
~ wWI W;..;\11 ~ J_,.i;:; ~1 ..;! J. ,~ ~ .._,..) ,(.;Ji..uJ\ 3
J.::.:.k; ~ .;JL .:_,l:.: ;~\ :r .;Jl>- J .JIS .p 01 3 ~ -~Y.)\ cJJWI
~ ~ 'j i l1:..11 I.J.., . i.S y>-1 J _,..,1 <? J ~ '<.,?Y..J .d' <.,?.lZ i U;;
~ J ~ <.,?~L.,a.:;\ iU;; J 'j) o.;W ~1 .jY.. .:_,1 ~ 'jJ it:; C.~
,....:.. ..r. '-?"'}.....,')\ <.?~L,a.::;'j\ rl1:..11 cr"J~ 0'1 .w~ lh .:_,1 3 ~3 .~ y'J.....,!
~t........1)~ U:...::....ll ''..rPL.....ll ~~L.,a.:;'j\ W;..;\11 JL.:-- J ~1 ~ .:_,13
cr::l)l ":\::5' J ofo3 ~1\h ~.*-" cJ>r .J.>3 .ol>)i.;Jp3 .,SI_r.;'j\ 3
I.J.., ~J .i I 99 2 i ~ _r.; <.,? ..U I "<.,? ~ L.,a.:; 'j I <.,? J.,..;:J I3 i ')....., ') I" \f l:J I
J y- ;..; ..U I w ~ ..:- L:.; \.:., , u ;,_;- ,3 J.- \...:, ~ c)! .x.:...J I , crLJ I '"":"' l:SJ I
·'-?"')......')\ ~L.,a.::;'j\3 ol! )I .;JJ~J .,SI_r.;'jiJ ~L.......1 )\
~ ;J.... ..:-I:, J L. , -.; ).i..J I ......,I.;..U I , .J.., J ')\.,:. :r d..r. L..:. J 3 L;; J.> 3
~ _r.S'_;.ll J 3 l>- 3 ...!"""" L.....l I '-?"' ')....., ') I J l,-)1 J '-?"' ').....,! <.,? ~ L.,a.:; I i lJ2;
~ y'J....., ')I ~.;l.WI J.::.:.k; c?.-i :r :U...L..:. <~1_;:..-.1 .;.,\.G.;;...,\ c)! ~WI
0\ ~ 'j ·~~\ ~JLWI ,.J.., .:_,1 l..r.L..:. .JS\3 .y'J....., ')I 0\J..l)l ~L.,a.:;\
Jll)>J ._j\..!..»1 J ~..r" y.- ..:-\~ ~ r-1 L. ; y.- _rll ~l:::JI c)! <.,?~ y
"-?"')......')\ r-lWI 01-'-4 J ~\ ~~L,a.::;'j\- ~~'j\ e;:'I..Ji 3 ..:-L....L,.Ji
-~~L,a.::;'j\ ~L,IiJ ~L....r.J 4..\:; ~ ·~~k ~1 0_;Z 01 ~ c.s=JI
i.~ .)IS 1:,1 'j) <.lSi .jy,_ 01 ~ 'j '-?"').....,')I <.,?~L,a.::;'j\ 3 JWI r_~l>
.~L,a.::;'j\ ~ ·~~') e;:'l;.T.J J.-L..:. c.')\....! :r

18
~\ ..;;_,~ :.j # I 0-' l.)\::JI ;;J;.. _,..JI .)1 ,~L; l.io .:,\ JJ..,;J
.1! J .~ L,a:;; '1 IJ ~I •\.:; i~ 1.<> )' ~),; C; L..; cr ~I J , if l...::::- '1 I

"<.,(' ')\...., 1.J )2:... 0-' ~ L,a:;; '1 I ~ ~" : ~ l!J I ~)I ""l::5' .j y,S'_rl I t:" y
,..;;_,'}~\ ,J..o, ._j~ '1 i2000 il<> _,::, <.,?lll

~) ~ w...::...l I i..u.....l I ..;;_, ~ <.5 J...,a::] I .)1'-:-' l::5J I l.io ..) cs"""' ..IAl
" "
C;~ ~ ~~ _r:? J.>. .)1 ~\ ..l!J ·6u\::JIJ ~\J ~L.a:>'ll 0::-!
~J \,;. \.:;,.;,., ) y., <.5 ..U I <.>~ L,a:;; '1 I -.fl...::::- '1 I ~ ~ JL.::...l I .J J.\.1.>. 0-! I
~~\ .IJJ ~ ~LS'J .·~\ ~~ 0-' k_k>-·11 ~~,~WI~
~ ~_,]. ..._;_;pI .)1o1.<> ~ L. r <.,..')\.....)'I t.P L,.J IJ r-"l I .)1..!:.::....; ~ ~
ifl...::::- '11 ~I ..;;_,~ J ,;;JJ..U\ ))> :c?'L,..JI ~L.a:>'ll YL..
..;;_,[,..!.:;~)

JJ..UI ~ ~..t.:.::ll .)1 ~WI la,i ~I <..;.;WI ,J... .j ·~J\::JI

.j (O)_;JIJ •u..UIJ il:>JIJ JWIJ .:r-..UI ;;,L.,;..) ;;.,.,r.JI ..~....<>LW <.,?jS'_,..JI
J.- I_,.JI ~ la,i j f.> ~ ;;,; _,A...a.. .jJ ..u..iJ I ..;;_, ~ _r='- l: J.- t..::.ll
,"~)\ ~I"J ,;;J\..LJIJ ,.JL.;)'i J,..,..J ,;;,_,.,.JI l,L..a> l...,...'lJ •<.>_,>-\11
..jll ~\ <./' d\.; .j.p.JIJ p i .;...l:::::-IJ ,~WJ\ WK.J ,~b...JIJ
,:;.... i.,..J IJ t_l...::::- '1 I ~ J ~J \;:]I ..;;_, '1 ~ .)1 ~ L,a:;; '1 I l: I..r. ~ 4.,> ~I
:<.,..')\.....)'\ i).,a,.J\" "J... o.::..\J~ .j ;;,_,s:;.ll ..,._l,..JI ,J..o, ~l:; ;;,)J J....;J
"·c')\..,.. )'I .)1 ~WIJ .blb-.;'11 '-:-'~\

"C')\..,)'I .)1~WI J .b lb.;'} I '-:-' ~~ :<.,..')\....,)'I i J L,a.,.J I" '-:-' l::5' i,.;_
....;J j.JI Jwi J~ .j ~J ...;.1; ~J ..;;_,L.,..~ '11 •~..u..::.. ..... ,)~
~ ~J ,0 _,1 ,11 .blb-.;1 '-:-'~\ ~ jS'y>,. '-:-'l::s:JI IJ... .jJ .~U\
:J..~ ~\_,::.... '1 ~J .r"~ ~~J ,.J_,.,..LJI 4; r; ..jll :<:J,\)1 ._., j\11
..;;_,L..... j.JIJ ~1)\IIJ JLS:.;\11 )J~i ~~ ..W .• ~1 •~L<-G c')l,;>'J
:<:.olS' '-~-:\_,::.... '11 ,J... .~~ il..:,.l eJ>.r ¥l...::::- '11 ..;;_,LS'_,.,.JIJ
;;JJ..U\J
~ _,.1 y.,~)'l ..;_,I..>-_,.,.h]IJ ,;;,.J_,....,.:JIJ ,..,.. J)\J ,.,.")\>.\11 i')L... )'I ;;,)J .j
cr ..,._y:.W I <;:-_.:;\ _,::.... '1 I •\.:; vi J.>.J .J~ J .<.,..')\....,)'I ._.,~ ~ L,..J IJ

19
,~_r.:-,JIJ ,~)p i J ,<..:--l:-JIJ ,~) Y.:"" _,.JIJ ,~~W'll j..I_,.JI ~
.:C,..')L.)'I <JJ..J.l\J '-?'')L.)'I ~I,\:.: ;~Is.)'

yu 0~ 4' _,s .) ~ ,.....,,)..J.JI •--4-l t.>?l 4 ...... !lt:.A

,J..,. .j '-'.l ;.J I JSY..J .;c,.J WI 4> _,.;-J I J l,..- .j :C,.. ')\..)'I ; J w,.J ~ ~
,<;jl_,:.. ;u.t..; ·-~-;1_;.....1 c_,.b;"' "·::-L;.b.:ll ~~..;'11 ~~ elkl' ~ "-:')..J.J'
y..\.>.. .jll :c,lSJI ~J\1.. 0) .WWI ~~I c..Jl.o )'I ..::..~I_;.. '1 L;JI.>.
~ W .... - - 4'\ I..S .:C,..')L.)'I 4...)\J <_;-;)::ll C..J)\ C: ~ 4))
..::.>~ J}>JI ~~1 _}) :C,..I)I ,4.....,-WI ~~1.: iJ\::.,...JI ,~_All .))
JJ\.>. cr ~J""' y:- a<; ~ 0\ 0J~ ,<..:--l:-JIJ ¥~ 'liJ ~~W'll
~ j.o~l ~ \J..>_~ ~:, ~
- - \..lZ :ill; \..\SUI Jl..r,::-lliJ .jl...WI c_:, _,...:JI
._A) I~ .....;L,a;)'IJ <ll..l...ll ~_?.r' \JJ> .J..:......;J ,~~WIJ ~~\ ~i...;':/1
;.r.!~ c..Yl.o!'J ~\_;..I~':/ JJ':/1 ~)1 ..b_r.ll ,\.;j)l u·PJ ~
~ , 0-;:::A ')L.) , L.a;:; IJ ~ ~j J t"""" J .j If. t..; _r-Y ~ ..li J .J l='1 ~
..!.>-\)\ 0_;)1 .j :C,..')L.)'I 4...':/1 ~ 0).'-?'')L.)'I c_:,_,...:JI J1.j wjl:.:
·c_:, _,...:JI I..L. • _,...;, .j & ' .t:.: i~\s.l _}) :C,..I)I , ~I.: .b.,;.r.! .:r._r..liJ
J..--.ll 0J~ cr ~J)L; >'-.. ":""-_;\_;..... '11 o--4-J 0L,lJ 0\..w w J..--.liJ ~j)IJ
- -
. ..:..)~ ......,)) l....,y,l5" ~ ~JJ 0)~ :r J..--.liJ ,w.,.. Jk;

.0L.;)'\ Jy- )~) :c,;J~.>.\ ~~J~ _}) J.:.:;....; 4'4 \f.L.; ~)La.. jl.:...;
t..\ ,~_All .))~ ~jj\ ~ ':/1 ~WI w _All ~ ,L; )\J <li...WI 0)
~I..;':/1 ,J..,. J" ~ 4' I> ~~ \.. J ;;_,; L...\s. c_:, L..; _)) J.:.:;....; .jl I ..::.. ~I_;..... '11
,:cp.. cr ....,... J)\J ~~\ ~~....; ':/1 .:r.:: 1\::JI j.o~l _})lf.t..; y..\.>..J .~_,.,.JI
~_All ~)_,...]\ .r.!_,k; ~J '0.r'-\ :t.p.. cr ~ )_,;.>:::)IJ ~~WI ~L.;'IIJ
...,. 0_,s;; ,J~\s. ~~L.a;:;l -<../~\ ~~ ~1} .L.,J)' c)J':/1 lS__,.-JI ;_,A.JI
.b...:~~ '1 ,~WI cl\::J ~J ~)_,;.>:::JIJ ~~WI~)_,...]\ ~J ~I
~ <J,L..J\J t,;l.O..:JIJ <T _;)I _;jl50J ~_...,.JI t,....\ ~ \f.L.; JS1 ..liJ . 4'"\:,

20
 ~- l ·~ ...:> ':] ~ 'J \20 .7' :J· ~. ...., _:j l ; ;:; ~ .7' ;;;:;
_tJ ;_; :Jo ~ ::')~} ~0 :~ J ·-') ") ~. 01 ~0 ~ j ~0 ~ j
1 7\
0°i
J ~ ~ ...:> y 'J ~ 0 __; 01 ~ ~ 0 :j .,..., -"" ; 0 ...:> :,., 3°
~ ")o 1' .""l0 -'l .7'
'iJ 0~ •J
• • J '\
;~ l --\ .;.:;;> ~· ~ "J 0.
~ 0° ~
~
J :J
'l ] - l
0
~ 0 i'_ \1, .7' "L :- o) ~ 4 '1j 'l., 7;J - 'lo . o. _j
~ 7"<1. • ~
1-
~~ -iA· -'"'). ~_•J ~ ~ J l ; ;:; I
_'j: -:J l ""Jo •- jo 7'· =
•-{ "l
]
- 1 I -
~-! o:!l t l
0~ 'l., 0~0 ...:> ~- j" ~
~ ""Cl 0
-"l _:]' ?'
\ .. ., ··J oJo ~ _j q_o
....
"-- .o, 00 ° _o·..., • "1,' ...!\
"')
_j
~'lo 1-
"' ~ ~ jo 00\ :: :: 7'· 0~ 0~0 ~0 ~ j
- • 0 -
• .., ·0. 0 . "' - -'
-;-;} • '"') - • ,..}'
0-'-
• - • ' •-.1
A l· -""
J ~ ~-0 'i"!., J'i ~• _:: oo-'lo
"1
_j
D =t;
l)
.
0 ';j :Jo l . 0 ::'!'71 7'}0 -'10 0p~ oJo
...:> - ]- 7')
- .J
~ - o) ~ 0. "'0 :."l. o3o
0
.""Jo u - ~-

1
o.J •J -
~ -
:l
~ ~ b
• 'J .:~ "' =1_jo
-~ oil "" 0 ·~
7' = "4
1 -
N
-~ -~ 33 ~ b .r ~ ·"Z 0 :~ ~ ~
0
1 o \n • --i,
j_:j
- ~ - --.,
.j J ::;.0] ._::l·
J. •J A :).
0
~ ~ ~ oil ·flo -"' u
1
- o--1 J .. •
0 ~ ~ J.. ~ -~ -
0 •
ou . ., --"
.
\
•"J

7' -
-I o;J
4 J
oo
- } · ] 'l")
" "'
.J
~
0
4• :7\
oo oJ o_
J '\
7' ....,
1;- • --;; '
:."l "J
o::
~ -~ ~
'D
;
"] J ~- "\ .; ;:; . . .""Jo -
J son
_:__~ ~ 1"' .""Jo ~
' ) ...._ F .
j l .\
• • "') • ' 10 • \\ __. • •
;;;:;.
01 - .
4• ;jo
-
0
~
;">, oJ Jo
·~; ~ g
~ .7' ~·
..~ 3. :' .""Jo -;- -~ 1 :3° ')o ~ ~ j"
-~
' f..J "') - • • • - -
o 0
oo 3
I · ") :--. :}.. •
0
•
0
o;Jo
=j 7'_
3
7'
l
,._ ""Jo J-·
~o •
1 j ·J·-o
0

~
~o -:-Jo ~
·'l
';j
.....
_j
. :=>
'J i ...:> "') '0 J J~ Sj "'J•- ::3
•
o ""Jo ~ )· I }
' •

•
·1") "'0
,.J
o
-i
00
'"L
 J~l

' --~-:-~,..~-:."'-: ...... ~,..,.,,J.~.,.--

.[148 ;_;.Jil ( .;.>j;.JI ~\o t,J/ _,.-~~

~~ .flP i..l,.<.o <,._)) .r.".f ~ J>l> 1")1....,)11 01 ~ ~1 1:,!"

."~1 J ~ ~ ,~ .J_r-L..JI ___....)-' ,.4 <,_AJL> ".:.-<.WI
(I)[CJ_,....::->y> J!..;).•l

r-1WI .J1_d- ,<,__All ~J ..;1..,1" v.'l ,II.JT;-<l14-o..~A; .)1 <,_j)l .J)

0-' ;;J..., lp ~ _r .ill \<,_j )I o.L. t_' ~ '1 i J.r" A if")\...., )II

.<,_j)l ,J.., ~ :/" ..:;..w1 ,4-":UI i.>.,_...WI .J-'_;]1 _r.>- .blb.;'ll

..!..lJ:, :/" ~~)I I -.:..l-' L>- ..W .j.:..<J I I.L. '-:' L.,..-1 :/" ..:...,..) I if~ I.L.-'
0-' ol.,ri'll ~ ~" :~l::S' 0-' V"'>Ui..J ..:.Jl:JI :~1 J j~k
,, L,ri '1 ~ .k.;.fl ~ 0-' •Y, l....> ~I .:r-.L. .J1 l..o..J ."if")\....,) J _,12:...
~ ~ _r-ll .J1 0-' ~ )~ 'CJ::;>\.,ri'll ,l:;;l ~_;.....I .A! .JL;_p.., .A! 41>
~.ill ,liJ ·Cr.... I·"' II-' ;;_..l,-]1-' t.~ '11 .~ l.,_,.. '1-' '.:r-J"'-T .:r-P
)~'11 '-:'L-1 :<..!jl;... ~ (The Islamic Foundation) ;;_,..")I...., )II ......._ j-JI
.1 _;]I 0-' e·) i )I> o L,::; I if_;:.-.; , j.i::.-- wl j-o J :\)~I 0-' .>.,_~
'-F y .J1 - l..:.,1- 4...!j w I ,J.., .JG 0-' .J _p..,..J '.hi; , L,ri '11 • ~ 0-' ~ .!.,_

( 1) Hodgson, The Venture of Islam, Volume 3, p. 441.

23
~y J ~ •-.,J.kl I ..!.llll ~~I ,..::.....,; J..i J . .)-s- ..,r- ~! ~ l;.r.!
..,.-l::> j.-aJ .)! oW~~ •..s?i ~~ ~ ..:...A...oiJ '<f-,;_,5'.WI ~I
._,., L,...-\' <..:.; \:... J \,;1 .r-- I..\... _r.;, 0\ J-TJ .rj':>\J I C~~I 0 ~ ~ _,_:, fl
.j .:Ji__,.<]I ': L<- ~ .j ;~ L..lJ :.:.., j ')\]I .;:., l> ~~I J , .:,.. , I , II ,;!..!.>-'I
.':_,..:.,ll ....,._.) r~~I ~

Murad) 0W r >ly J •(Robert Whaples) ~IJ.;:., .r.J) e:J~ 0\.:::.o~ ~\

~,;~ J ,~_,.JI <.j'L..J ,~J...p .&I i~ ..4>...oJ ,t.;,;)l ,_,.JJ •(Hofmann
;;._:.; .::,\.1.,..')\., IJ..t.:iJ •':\.:...: <.1 _,1>.....U .)J\11 i>_,....JI IJi) <f-lll ,..t..>-\
.,f4:J I Cl::J I 0 }> d ..i.J .4-:;_r.-i .jI .;:., ~I .j ;..u L<l I ~ 4'\ :_r.;;
;, _,....JI cP 21'1 r+" d yj- ,~1 Jl.a.JI 0'
..l>i 0' l.o \,~ ~
...,., l::SJ I I..\... ,_) .lb-\ ._s\ cr J J j-o-1 I l;\ ._; }> d..i.J J : ~4:-J I
- - -
~I .1) i,;J__....aj~? 'lJ .,fl) if' ._,.,L:S:JIIh .j i>,;i)l .1}~1 0!
.l..:L.. ~ ~ ~ ':\ Ji ,0';11 .,; ~\ .jll
d _,;-)1 J ")\>. 4'\) .jI J I,;J'11 J ~I ~ 0' ir.s- .;:., J.,;;:..,.l ..ul

~ .jll 'l:.I_,.JI WlJ ..} ~ ~ ...,y::JI :.)s- ,;J....; d yj- .~WI

.;:.,J.,;;:..,.I .;11 JI,;_J'IIJ ~~ ,..\... JS .?~ S! .~ .::,~1 .;11 Jw'll
1..L. 0i yj- -cl::.. ,., L.... , c:-1 _,.JJ e. ) 0 .)1cb..: 01 .,;L:. 0' 0l5 4:-o
.;:.,J.,;;:..,.I J..i J ..._.;];..JI 1..\... ..} ~ Lo ~ 0' Jl.r--\11 0' J~ ~ '1
<f-1 ":.:.....~A.." 0'J ,0Tjill ..(.,.,\ J....>...o ~ )J ~ ..._,;_,., y. ~; 0' l.a,i
'ii9so r~ i,;pl ~~ ~ ;J i 1967 i~ i,;pl Jl;;;jJ) 0 3 J.1,:.

0' .!.lJ ~ yj- J ....WI J ~..WI .;:., ~ J L.o\ .4:,::..;:- J i ...G.;;...,\ ~ c/\ t:
c/\ yj- .~ ~ ..::.....,; ..ill , ..,., l::SJ I I..\... ..} .;:.,,.JJ .j I ~rJI .;:., \.,:, \11
.~ ~J ..} ..,......., i ,;p..U I ,_;;..: '1 ;~I .;:., \.1.,.. ')WI 0' .;:.,J.,;;:..,.I
cr- ~ l.,a;..! .;:., [; ~ c/>) j_J i p ~ j.J I A '-"::-klll -¥ _,s::.;,i 0i , JiJ

24
__,>:.!J ~ cr. .1.o .jl L.S ...;:...; _,I I <.r' _r.S:l I ~ ).J L. y. J , .,_. ')\...':·1 I 0 I..LI.,J I
•.r-:J J ,.,_.JL)'I .......,_;...!J rWI _r...WI •(Manazir Ahsan) ~~ _);W
\..... ;s1 J ..,;.::...1 L,?lll ''-:-'~1 IJ... r L.;[ ~ ~ t_? W \i~l :.:s:.L....JI
..;.r.l!...l I~ Cf...l.o J..--1 I IJ... j ~! 0\,9 .ill .(..)?i ..:o lk ~) • I_r.- c! p y.
-.?.?~ 01j_,..., •J.,-ll '-?~ ~~ 0i ~Ji ,I.J"'-T ~J .1__,.>-iJ ·L?.r.?:x; ~
._r._rdl J~ J i~l.....o '-'"' ...:....li L. ~ (Susanne Thackray)

r-'1 Ji :i;l) .,_.')\..[ '- ,;.:. ~ Jll. ~ 0\.:.1 ~ 0l:::... p l.!,.>

~l!ll ~ ~ L,?MI r-o_,A.:.II .)l ~ .)/~1 0\,9 ,<.._;IJ Ji wl>- •.rl
,;.1_,;.11 J .:l~J)'I ~ ~ IJ... 0\ eJ .(-,?~J\:..-]1) L,?JY..,_,JI I'"'_,A.:.II .)!
..:..lt Ji ~~ ..!.LJ:, ~.r.J '-'"'j <.;_,.,... ~ ts)-'ll ·~u rj'l ..;\ '1!
.i@; .r.JI ~ ~Li_,ll ~J~ (J'j Ji wl:.JI i.r\11

.. L:JI __,.>- '0" J) ~ cr.~\ L. 0\,9 ,~U\ <)~I.::S" J Jl:.JI y. L.SJ

b~ 4::-i.YJ ·~1_,.::...]1 ~-~J ~~L..l r.? ~ 4-t ·~ '1 r.?
__,>:.!J ~ Cf...l.o .jl L.S .'-:-'~I IJ... j ~! <.r' ~ '':.)I <)IJ J _;....... <.r'
<,).;_}:.-]1 Jwi J '<'li 4~L.J .s~ J_,...,J ~J '~J ..w....J
-'-;-'~1 ~~~! J t...L...li cjll

J>!428 .)J\11 0~4 10

r2oo7 J~\ 27

25
.Ji ~ '~ '>·u l:; 4.1> r-! _,...; bJ I ..:;...; _,J I J <.,<" ')L )I I r-1 WI r-!

~ '::! "-'\' ,~1 <GIJ) :y t" )~J ,r-!WI .JK.. ~ & ..;K..., >I..UU

.r-l_Wl J k:- )I I <.,<"_,.<)I ~LJJ ;J :t...J I "-:,l IrJ I i _,.<)I :y %8 J Iy- <.5 y-
'4}s- ~, L..ci I ,.::-'::!'>'.:::>-I J ;J lh,J IJ _;..iJ IJ ;;;,.\1 I :y .j l..; <.,<" ')L )I I r-1 W l!
~l:....all .JI..ll)l ~ ~t; ,;,..l:JI .JI..ll)l ~ ~ ~~ ~ l!r .jJ
~>L..ci'll ~>L,...ll .!l]; J l..; ,~_,.<; il:,>JI ~>l,.o ~ J -- _')I
J...,o\..i..o ~ J1k:. :.r ,_,:;> J .~_,s:...,Jij ~ _,J ~lj ~IJ ~L,-Jij
..::.>~~~ _;:JyJ ,~~~ o_,.<)l :.r ~.>.,> 111 \w~ iJ~ ~ "-'\' ,~rJI

.>333 J y) c,S..l;jWI :.:ocl:5' t. ]~...\i J' J ,..WI ...,-:5 J .L,AWJ ~ <.;.;!;.. '""yc .llJ (I)
I .>478 J y) <i'_,JIJ 'li I 012 I .>403) _j~l,JIJ 'li 975 I_.. 365 J y) .,.\..:JIJ •(i945 I
.>631) c,S_c,...JIJ 'li 1209! .>60o) c,Sjl)l cr..tll f.JJ •(i975! .>505 J y) _)I}JIJ 'li I 085
•lrl3271 .. n8 Jy!;;,...;; cr.'J •lrl2621 .. 66o Jy! r">lJ' .w- cr. cr..u' rJ •lrl234:
'~.];,;' ·'>w ;~..... ~..... ;,.;.;~;.. Jo t')\1,')(.! .(rl388: ..79o Jy) ~L.:J'J
- Masud, M. Islamic Legal Philosophy: A Study of Abu Tshaq al-Shatibi's Life and
Thought. Islamabad: Islamic Research Institute, 1977.

''-"~ Y' ..,l:0J <,..JWI ).UI __,;~)' -~L.:JI rl..YI ~ .c..oLWI :;,_,1;; ..4.>-i ·,;_,....,), -
.55-25.7' 'i 1992 .2.1.
- Nyazee, Imran, Ahsan Khan. The Distinguished Jurist's Primer. Reading, UK: Gamet,
1994, p. 189-268.

27
._,...)1 c!~ \....- ;~\IIJ ,~,L,a;:;'il- ~~':11 ;;Ji..WI ~J ,~\
oJ¥ ;I.;L._.,J ,t;;~\ lblb..;i ~ \;.;}j -'='"jl..,! ~ .) >.r-'.. .)\
·iU;':iiJ t_l_,.all ~ .J..i_,::: ,;JrJIJ j>-.J..il J iiJL....II i..w ._,..L>- )'L
, ; ) Ip y::i:- j.l;; .JlS:.J I .y ;d ;,...:J ~ L... \11 ...:, ~WI 0\ ~ (.r.:> JJ
, y. J 0! .ol! )I .y ;;Jb- J ~ l,WI ._.h..)IJ ~rJI ..;.,La.,kJI 0\ ~ i;.;}j
l..~.>-IJ ~J '<./'~'>II j>ISC:JIJ ;~\II d....>J ~;;.,.. y.Ji ...,.;~.)!pi
)~'>II i~J if~ '>II '-:"I)....;.'>IIJ U:....liJ :C..,r.Jl.......,)l '-:"L...\Ii.y
~ t_W>J\11 ,J.,. J~l ~_,A.)I ~l:....a.JI .JI.J.i.,.ll ~ JJG.;J .~L,...JI
._;l I J1 , ~I , ) _,..] ~ ;,:_;J I ..!lt t..,.... ':1 , ;_,.. jL., )'I .)I ill I ._? ;).:..J I
" " "
.L-..;1 - I wl . W I~ •:
- . - r" " ~ .J" r..r-
c:.l..,..) ._;l I Jo IyJ L Jl.::: L,..~,.-\ , ~ \11 .y j,~ C~ _,. \11 1..\...J
~ v-" lo., ~ .JIS 0\ ~ ~I .y -s _,::.-..]I I..\... .)l '='" jL., )'I r-l WI
_r>-1 4 \<1_;...... Jlj-Jii..\... ,y ~~;>U J.J.,; ._;ll,~~ _;,;; .iJ.:.~ GJ) X.. I
JJ\11 0Jy4)1 J JL,;,.;Ji ~I .b\11 .y u.'l ,II d ._;ll JolyJI 0~
~~UI 0 _,1 ,II~ J <,f.~! JJ.I.:. i_,A; ijl..,)'l .JIS J'>J ·ijl..,)'l .y
~ y::i:- 0'.11 ijl..,)'l ~~ rl' 'ijl..,)'l 1:\;:; ~WI ~I ,..\.....:...;IS 1:,!,;
..;...;_,.11 J ..;\ J- ~~W) ~ .y J-_,1 ,II~ J
J..:>.....ll .y
._? IJ,L; ~ r-l 'c,,-.PWI J I'~-;,~; J wL....II ._? .,; IJ,L; .JIS ~..UI
J ~ ~ly. ._;ll ~~ ..!..>..~.>-\11 ..;.,~J.>.::.\J ~l;Ji '-;~'>II .y ~
._)...; , 0 _,1 ,II t_W>J\ ~;;-.,...,...... r ijl..,)'l Jv_ r-!I:,!J ~~..WI <:..j\11
:ob y Jl_;..... j_,..,; '0--, I , II .!.lb..; I '-:"1.,..-\ J\ -.,...,...... .I;,~ ~ ~ i }JI c3; .y
..li.l . ~ <:,; t; v-" _n:j I .y ~J 'if jL., )'I r-l WI L ':>l.o )' ..W. ~ ~ ..U I L..
...:,,\ ._;ll ~ JWIJ <,J.>-I.J..il JolyJI ~ ._? 12l,w...JI .y ,~ JS\

:_,];;1 ·r->r.'-J ~~) ~J •ci> + ·'!JA""" c.r (2)

- Hitti, Philip. History of the Arabs. London: Macmillan, 1958.

28
,J..., ~ ~J ·? .jl!ll .Jjill ~ ~ ':lJ '..J--•1 ,II .blb.;l Jl
4.;W J...Li I • _,..:.; ~ i ')l., )'I J '-:,o l:.; ...Li I .JI..iliJ , J ':A>-'J I J ')G...;':14 J> IyJ I
- Arsalan, Amir Shakib. Our Decline and its Causes. M. A. Shakoor (tr.), Lahore: S. M.
Ashraf. 1962.
- lssawi. Charles. The Economic History of the Middle East. 1800-1914. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 1966
- lssawi, Charles. ''The Decline of Middle Eastern Trade, 1100-1850." In D. S. Richards
(cd.), Islam and the Trade of Asia. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1970.
- Lambton, Ann K. S. "Persia: The Breakdown of Society." In P. M. Holt, Ann Lambton and
Bernard Lewis (eds.), The Cambridge History ofT slam. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press. 1970. Volume 1, p. 430-67.
-Saunders, John J. (ed.). The Muslim World on the Eve of Europe's Expansion. Englewood
Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1966.
- Inalcik, Halil. "The Heyday and Decline of the Ottoman Empire." In P. M. Holt, Ann
Lambton and Bernard Lewis (eds.), The Cambridge History of Islam. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press. 1970, Volume 1, p. 324-31.
- Inalcik, Halil and Dovald Quataert (eds.). An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman
Empire, 1300-1914. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1994.
- Musallam, B. E. "Birth Control and Middle Eastern History: Evidence and Hypotheses." In
Abraham L. Udovitch, The Islamic Middle East 700-1900: Studies in Economic and Social
History. Princeton, NJ: The Darwin Press, 1981, p. 419-470.

rt977 ,._;J_,...:.~1 ;~> ,,..c,- v')\...i/1 ,.-4~' ;}a;ll J!)>.~ ~.?j 'rt..l -
r>b....ll <...\>; :_,1; \,<'')\...i/1 r!WI J ~IJ ....-w1 ~I~ . ..,...,-.J J_#j ,;c,.:.JI -
·il989/.>l409 ,<,:e.UI ~Jy.JIJ ""_,...:.11
·il993 "....i).•...ll ~'uP~)\ 'C:'-'\:ll ~ .Jij)\ ~ ~\....; 'cf\.r'LJ\ -
- Kuran, Timur. "Islam and Underdevelopment: An Old Puzzle Revisited.'' Journal of
Institutional and Theoretical Economics, March, 1997.
- Kuran, Timur. ··Why the Middle East is Economically Underdeveloped: Historical
Mechanisms of Institutional Stagnation." The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 18: 3,
summer, 2004, p. 71-90.

·il99l \,<'')\...i/1 ~~WI ~I :l,:,e-) ' r l J.Wi<..) ..c,....>JI-¥ ,~L..,L Y.j -

,<..~\ c_)L.,l t}? J -,..lWI ..u.,Ji :rl ~l..c,-}IJ i>l;iJI <..) ..c,_.....JI -¥ ,~I...,L Y.j -
·r2oos ,~, ;~. :J..!.-•
- Lewis, Bernard. "Ottoman Observers of Ottoman Decline." Islamic Studies, 1, 1962, p. 71-87 .

._,.,l,.-1 ~ \.:., ,L.;c .c.,.. '-?.JL- J c_,; _,b. ;r.-> '~ ,r-1... '...,_,..:.? '~..; ~ ~ ,\) J"<Y J J l:,
Jl..!.ll J, lk..;~ I

29
,..:_,L,.L.<;)II_, ~I..UI u!J_,.:JI_, ,~1_,
. <.S~I ..bi..:.:JI J.Y"s;J \~1_,
.
~I~L,a;.;l ~~ cjll '-:"'_,_rJI_, ,~1_,::...]1 ~ JWI ..::..G..~ )II cr ~
~ .J-'\11 il..u...;l_, •JWI 0ji_,:JI il..u...;l .J-' ..:_,':,It,.. ..::..~ _,1_, .!.~;..;.....;,\_,
J _rJI_, ~IJ)I J.Y"s;J ,_,...:.JI_, JL..!::.... )II .._,Pi.A;.;I_, ,..:_,Kl:.....JI_, o\,>JI
J!." ,~1 ..:..)_,5:]1_, ,~_,....;;_,~I 0~L.....ll_, ~WI 01..ili _,\ ,;J~I_,
.._,Pi.A;.;I_, 0K....ll J4- ;n ~..WI .._,PIA;.; I~~ <.5~1 t.... ,..::_,~~1_, 0_ylkll
. ~ l,a;.;';il cj ......;,._;, .J-' ..!.l):, ~I L. J , ...JkJ I

0~ 0~ ~_,::...]1 .)-' :,) \J-1_,...)1 o-4) ...,WI )\11 J~) ~ ';1_,

~ ';1_, ,.,_~ ~_, Joi_,..JI ,J.,. <...:.>t:... Jw_, :,r &" ~lk:....~
t...Jt;T ~ .1..-.i_;··: ~1 i_,A: J. ,~ :uw •.~1_;:..1 ..:.,l..b.:;....~
~ r-u .~1 <.S..l.JI ~ ~ r-1 0) ,j>\11 ~ c..k_,kll <.S..l.JI cj ~I
~ l:J I 4, ~)II .)-' ~ L. .:.! !.;., 0LS' J.." ~ ..!.l):, J"' .)-' 0 _,...L.J I ~
,J.,. ~ 0~ ~ \11 .J-' H.- ~1_, cjll ~ ).>JI_, ~I..UI ..::..~..b..:;]J
'<,.J _,1; <..i...J.; cj ~ J '~lJ _,.]I .J-' ~I_;:.. 4Ll..... ~ y, , L._., Jo I_,...] I
\, ~~ · 1.- ' --........ . ..::...ilk;\ .l:.q I .• It&- 01 u_s .I: )I
<..5'"" • '-r' <..T"" <.)""::' J . . '-r' ~ ~ • J I~ '

...blb.;)ll ;Jt,.. .J_, <,?.lJI ~I$ ...\...a.:; 0\ 0p J4';il cr......;.; _,:JI ~I

iJ.,. ......;.; _,.] ~ LJ I 0 J _,4] I y-:>- ..::J ~ ...\i o.A; ~ l~ ~ 0\ ._,J .!J....;, ';I \....
..~>I J .b:. J! J ~ ; .r' LJ; ~ r-l 0-., I , II ..b lb.; I 0l> .i.lJ . ..b lb.; ';II
<J"'L...\11 ~I 0_,5:]_, ...b ~I_, ~_,.....,..I .J-' ..:_,)It,.. ;~ -=...;..t;.. ..ili -~
~ ·~J ..::..~bjl_, ,..::_,~1 •IJ}I ~~ ~I;:JI ..::..~ 0l> ,~t; j1
J J \11 .._.i..,a:.ll J r l:"" l:J I 0 _,4] I cj .u.;_; _;,\ ~ j .;..L. J 0\ ~ j , ..b lb.; ';II
.j,!_...:.,J I 0 _,4] I .J-'
cj J')lk )II :c,JT 01 _,J ...;1 0~ ~~ '-!' j )I LIJ..UI ,J.,. .1-' <,.WI 0)

0~ ';I 01 ~I .J-' ...;l> •4-W ~ r-l ..blb.;':>\J ~}::ll ;c,.t....JI

30
1400 J I}> , _,h. i ..1Z ~ t_lk::...., I ~ '-r' W ..!.>.A>- ..li .!. lb.;~ I
\o~ WI ,J.., (/" <./'')\....)'I r-l WI ~ 0~ ?:! _r, 01 J l>.....l I '-:"' ~ '-r' .J , ;;.;.....
r-".:,JL ,~WI ~ ~ ~I ~ .Y' J.-JI I-4J '-'""I....'~ I _r.S';:JI 0\> dJJ
<.S} (:?"" o~ ,~ r-ll;l> ,~w~ ~ 3 U.~.;~ .1.,;.r.. ~~ 01 '-r'
J>~l ~L<::.II _r.&- rl'L...; ~ 01 '-'-.?.J ,y~) ~ '-'-.? ~.J ,pi
01J..l,ll J# e:<.r:J 4JW '-~_;1_;:....1 c.lfll 0\5:..)'~ 0~ .:_,.).; ,~1 ..r.&-
. I~-
.11 · w')\....~1
u:-- ...; - "
.J._,.a... .,1 L. ~ ,~ _) 4..-\.:.JI Joi_,...JI ~ :~.,1
WI; 0T;<)1 '-r' ~ ;:JI '-'""L..::ll

>.J"-P cr 4.l;j-JI <......WI j.oi,_JI ~ cr C->..,JI _})I..L. t:.....;~

"-":" p ~W; ~ 4JWI ,J.., J ~I; ,.u, _,L ;I .;..I., ·:-:--JI '-r' ~
e·:-:--JI >.J"-P J.o~ ('"""I 01 ~ 0T;<JI.._JU .'"'1¥ ~WI; 0T;<)I _}!
J
~.q <l>l Gl) :_)L...; .J} J 01;<)I I..L. ~ y,.; . .........;; 01....;)'1 r .J. _,L ;I
·'"i's~_;;;it;;.JI.j ;CJi_;J;) :_)L...; .J}; (1\ll -")tl ( rt.J~~~J;.t~~
~ '\'"""~ 0~ cr.JJI ~~ ('""" _r,ll 0\ ~ I..L.; .[41 iJ)Il ( ~Oic>}J
0"1J ) , 0T;<)I ~ W'J , .,J1'"',.rJ I .U,..) I W..,i J: dill J }a::JI J..,aj I_r-:l

'-r' ~ ,~ ~ ~_,L; ('+".* 0\> ,IJJ \[39~tl( ~C-iL:,?>:il~

(Toynbee) ~y -"""'.J .~IJ..\JJ ~')\;.:.!; ('""">~.J ~I;> J:,.W J')\.,:.
(4)n :.1.,"
. JW l
'1J 1~·"I .;_.,.J""'• .;_., 1J Ic.,a.>..J
· 'I" :
J .J";.• ~ 1 ·'I"> •'~
'i!"'
(';II (/"

l,.;,\ _,J;;\ (3)

.[3J:JL0.;'1 l (
1
5_,)p· "!~_; rt.~~~ G(~; ~~t ~~ ~i 0lk ~_; ) :Jl,u J _,i

(4) Toynbee, Arnold J. A Study of History, abridgement by D. C. Somervell, London:

Oxford University Press, 1957, Volume 24, p. 120.

31
)WI J! ~lo..; ~ 'r4~ -,?lll )WI ..:JJ; ~~ ,~1,\ c) ~J
J. '~ r-¥L,.;J\ ~ '1 '~J c) \.. J5' J~ ~)b. \~I
~ ,J.oly.ll (/ ,~ ;~ ('""")b. .)\ .r.? ·~ ;;,...;; >j..l.> ..........?
..~.>\ 0~ ~ 0-'J 'i*"~_;J ~ ~ !'""",-*-' .._,; ~w '-?.UI .s..W~ ~~
~ J..W~ ._., jy ~l.)t..; 0~ 0\ y> ~IJ.:......il ~ ;,:,....L..\11 .J.J_,.!JI
,_?_,..JI J\ ,_,....JI J\ ,~1 J\ ,.J}JI :y )a:.JI ...;~ 'e·~JI >1)\ ~
·CJ;..UI J\ ,;J_;JI J\

-'::'~1 ~I;_);.; JJ> ""'!; L:....J ,~~ .l..,;,r .l._,.!JI lh ~J

..J~)'IJ ;JI..WI ~ ..:..L...:.j-JIJ <.,;~I o)a:.JI c.;l5' q; ,...;L...,_y.J
>1)\11 ~ ~ ,~1 iu.;J >L.a::>'ll c)J '(::'"'!--•11 ..:..La,J. ~
~4'11 J>K:ll ~ J.:~ , 151 4:>WI .r.:'-J 4:>WI ~~l,::>-1 ;;_,\.; 0-'
t_l~l c) ~I ,.,L, L...) j ..;JI >),.JI J-4' r-11;~ .~IJ.:......il ~IJ
,4:~1J 4:~1J ;;,>")~.>.\11 ...,..;ly.JI ~ ..::...oJ.>..::....IJ '.X~IJ ":-'..r-JIJ
;;_,\.; ~ JL.!:....'ll ~~ 0-' ~I_,>.M o>~J ,~t.,:.zJ ~r" ;~L; j;.;NJ
,<.,:WIJ ,4:,L.a::>'11J ,~4 '11 ~L...... y. _x).;J ,;,:,....\....\11 ..:..~l,::>- '11
'-?~ I.L.J ·<J"'l:JI ,~_; J o>~J ~I 0-' J.;_;.JI ~...;J--' J.l~ ,;,:,...t,....JIJ
0~ 0\ ~ d.ll \~I 0-' J.;_;.JI J! >.J4>..J ,JL.AJIJ >~I J....J.l ~IJ>
..J.lk.,..;'Jij ~I J.ol_y ~ c) LL..\ ~~ ;JI..WI

~c)~~ _All JJ> ~ >..L!. J.> i')\....)'1.._,; .sj -,?.lli..:...;_,JI c)J

~ j\; ,;JI..WI ) y; r-11;~ 16
l,;JI..WI ~ W~ \.~.jt; -LSi .;~ ,~

,~1 <,~)IJ ,~IJ ,~IJ ,..,L;JIJ '':-"WI .l.iAJI :<,>WI .;:,L,-1,:>- ~I ~ (5)
,;L,>JI J'\J •i,rJIJ ,J.WI i,>WI y,&. .;:.,l.,-1,:>- ~I ~J .._;.,..U <:..'1'1 J,-liJ •Ji::liJ
•4,r.JI J> J_,...:..IJ , r 4 ~I ic,......;~IJ ;_,...\11J •:C,..4 ~I iiJL.JIJ ,....;rJIJ ,<,SJ..JIJ
.~_,LJI-"'L... '7'~ J'J ,c,L;~I i.J; J'J •JJ:ll J'J

a;~; ~ ";i~ ~Gli F,;\:J. G(,Ji_; ~~~ U)I; ; c;;.i\ 8:.~ CL) ~) .)W Jli (6)
.. "»k
--'"-:i.:;c:~-:r""'"-'""-''-'""-'-::"""~---- ~.-- __ ....
.. """.11'
=: Jli J ms:.~:.k>..!IJ ( _j,t-c.~j4u\ 0t~~·~..v·~u-o...u\H.J~L..:Jl~J~+!-V"~~~.;J.J

32
"-'! :,! \~~ ..!.l;;..i.; cjll i _,....JI _,k>-\ _,ti rill! \..\ 1
')~ !Jt;_.. 0~ 0\
<.,, L.a::i"l'l - ~ L..;:;.. "l'l :<::..J I ·
- - . .. cr- ~ , c~·L;')l\. :r· . WI <-1. \::.L
•. \r-'•\.; ..r•Y-•
.J:,>> ~ 4; ~I ~ ;..u,._., ~ JJl>. (f' ;_,.... L,..JI_,

"l' ..li ~I o..L. 0lJ 'rill\ >y.- .J t: ~\ ~ 0\ \... ~ t_\.k::....l 0!.J

J.JjU 'iW>"l'l_, t_l~l_, .h;...Ji ob.): :,! \.bhll ..s..WI ~ :C.\J;:.....o 0~
.....; lh...ll .<...; l>- J .b \.b.; ')II c) J _,...'~!I

>y.-.J.J ,4)...- ~I ~~')!\ ~I ~ >y.-.J :.Ji..WI ~.J

·r.r---P (.y" ...r )-!. 4; 0 _,..A_, ~~ 4; ~ !]_,.LU ~~; _,r ..::;L....., _,..,
,d.;\... \11_, ,J.J...o.li_, ,._; _r.JI_, ,~\.J ,;t,>J\ ;_,......li :~\ o..L. (.y" .J

,~b.....JI i~l.....o _, ,,~\ J...>JI_, ,~\ J ~ )1_, ,....;l_a.;)'l_, ,;;__.\j;.., "l'l_,

Jol..all ,\..i )I .}fi J"l:JI ..s..l.l ..::;\..i..a.ll ,J.., >y.- .J 0! .~I)J c.r>Yl>- )'I_,
J>ISC:ll j~ .;.U~_, ,;_,....L,..JI_, ~>l.a::i"l'l _ ~~')II ..::;\...l_rJ"l'l_, , _,;.J~
'J# ~.hi~_,\))..:;. 01 ~ '-?\ ~\.k::...,~ 0~ J_, (S)~~"l'l

Js- •)"I ~I je-1 :_,.. <..j'J ~_,s:l <..~ ~ ;.)_,k e>'>l ~~ "-'lA..,dl o.i.. C?""" (8)
:J l:..ll J.,:..-
- Myrdal. Gunnar. Asian Drama. New York: The Twentieth Century Fund, 1968,
Volume I, p. 57~69.

33
 ( 9l~ ~ i f 4'JI j>K:liJ ~...L::.. o>l}\ J">\>-\ ..::..;LS' 1;1

........ y J..i..;;; ..W , ~, l.,a;j 'J I :t,...:::J ~ c)")\>.'J I J }d I ~ r-5 1;!J

'JL..:::... 'JIJ ..::.>l..f"-J....ll i>4jJ ,~ ~) ys:::ll i~I..OJIJ ;;_;~I Jl.b;
~ .l.l,>-! c)! "JJ""': , :t,...:::J I i I..W I <,? >J;. ....J r J .:t,...:::J I ~ t5~ J
c) (,L )Y.. ....Jr 1..\...J · r l ol..iJJ '..li...WI .:r.'\; c)! <,f'l)l ~I
·J}d~ )_,..;,)II c)) <,?>Y.. ~ <..r'J ,JL....OJIJ >~I J..-.51 c)! :c,...;I..UI

~~I J ~~I J :C,. ")\>.'J I :t,...:::J ~ ~ _,..J I Jo IyJ I ('""'\ .~>-\ j:...:;
0!..; ~;c) ..;!..;-~~)II ,~ ~jj ,JI..Q.l,)\J ~I ~;:J~ >I)'>U
,;.r'\'1 cl.!..; l;)j .i.r''>U <.>~1 ~\'1 ~ -<.>..r>-\'1 ~)I 04,\'1
.l..i _,]I c) .r'''JI & JJ .._,....IS:::;'J\ ~ J c) ....J} _,]I ~I <..r' l7"" ..W
:C,.">\>-\'1 ..:;.,\...i..,a.J~ -JJ \'I ('\.WI c)- ..::.>4-o'JIJ ·~ 'JI ~ r-51;1 ,~L.:l.J.;......_,
-<}I!JI il.WI c)- ;.r'\'1 c) ~Y- r-51;!J ,JI..Q.l,\'1 c) 4---/ ~ <jll
'J ~ J)\J (J)I..i .LJ>L,::...ll ('If> 'JIJ i f rJIJ Uh.JIJ ...,...,.Ji <..r' J":'
4'L..I;:J~ •Li)l 4i ~ J. '~ ~ 1,$ ;,.! rl_r>-1 ~ ~
,;.;4-IJ Jw!J ..f"-'JI ~ ~I ~; <..r' ~""': w.~>-\ JJL>- I;!J .'..l>l::..JI

~ r-501 <,?jjl '(!~IJ.}pi <..r' J":' , J":' J c)[ ~; <,?>J;. 0\ ~I cr'

1..\...J , '-? .r''J I J ')\;..;'J IJ J ':>\kJ I c) l ....J lk..J I <..,;[>. c) '-?, J;. .A! ..; )j , .S) ..G

~! .~1 OJ.r" j ' !OJ 9 ~L,;'dl :l.a,l _);;I •114_}.)1] {SJO::(:iil:.i) <il ~T_;JI .15'_;, (9)
_);;I .;;,...::.u c5~ ;:,....i I> ~'>I .J...; .,s.i.JI '-/L.;,- ')II JL..,..\)1 jjN >1)~1 (cSy<;) :C.li:.,.l
J~ I j,..., J>-
- Dasgupta, Partha, and Ismail Serageldin. Social Capital: AM11ltifacetcd Perspective.
Washington, D.C.: The World Bank, 2000.
- Zaheer, A., B. Me Evily and V Perrone. "Docs Trust Matter: Exploring the Effects of
Inter-organizational and Impersonal Trust on Performance." Organization Science,
199~. p. 141-159.
- Bowles. Samuel, and Herbert Gin tis. "Social Capital and Community Governance."
The Economic Journal, I\'ovcmber, 2002, F419-F436.

34
 .-.s_s:.JI)
. ._.....<;ll)
.. c.}':>\.>-
.. \II JW,\11 J.# J.. I:;L.b i;i .;..,.!.>..; 'J)~
~I c)! (.;_,\;!J J§~) JW.\11 (.~ ,~\ :C,y:.ll :f ~J
r!···-:-, :.:.;.T-' ~ ~~ !*"""Y. 0~J ,:.:,)k..JI vi}~..ll I~
-.:..>\,)SJ <.Y' )..l.o ~ y:- J i JJ.ri' c.?~ L...o 'i l.o \II c)! ~) _,;S:;.ll .:;...~.<-\J J
:C,..\.:..o -.:..>~).\.AS":/\ ;J:;L,\1~ i~)j.o) ,l:.....,._ ~~oft-:--' v\.....1.;:-)
<.Y' 1.5:::.; I c) ) ~ ~ '-? ~ Y.. ._. _,....! , • ~._,.!.\11 , iA Jl.,.=; r-1 ) L..._,; J ..;.., ~ \1 ~ i L,.O.lJ
r-1 J , ~ Lll J 4-\11 cr -.5 _,::..-.. ._.; ~~ <. d ..<l I J 4-\11 ..:....; lS" q.; .~I
0~ ~I 01,> 'J_,k;JI Wb 4-)~J ~.T-' i...~.<-\J 4>~..:....;..; J:;
~I ~I ~ C.r' 0~) cr"l.:..o ')\.; .'-;J4JI ~ ..,..-1~ .........;; ~ ~ .A!
·J_,k;JI c)) ;;_,~ j...ll ......._WI J-ly.ll ('""\ 0::: 0") _,;S:;JI iili\J ~IJ

.:r.J 'cu l:.....l ~ i L,AJ IJ ~I J _.5:.J I '-;_r- ~ y:- J ~~ 0 l5:...: :C,...... \II C.r'
~..u?\] ~j')\]1 t_l>..(;:/\J iJ~l,...JI [JJ <.Y'l:..ll ) l y J .L_,.;.\1\ ,.i., 0J~

.,pll v~ :.r i..l>-1"' ..:..;lS" J.AJ .~) ~"' ~ .u .T-' ~"'..\;.- ~ YJ

.. :.r
-s\ J~\11 0.,s:.; ..w (lO\u.~ ..:..;lS" c?l
.. J~\11 :.r ;;.,r-JI .r..r ~
<.Y'l:JI ~ 01 ~ ·J_,k;JI ~_,1 J W~ ,;;_,pi\;;_,~ ..:.;lSi .1_,.... 'V
crJ .;;_,; ':>\.>- \11 ~I ~ J.b- IJ jJ L-:-:;_ :! 0\ .ik;__,.; , '-;r. J.-J IJ ~I '-;r.
4'\1 \0\.S:o~l J.AJ WJ,.>JIJ -.:..>~1~\J v~\.-:-...ll ~ ~~ 0l5:...: :c,......\11
~)_,....11 Jy..; 4'1 c} ,~;pi c)!J :.r\1~ )~\ ii..t_.;i c)) c?~:Y:!
.l....,_r.JI J....<>IA.o ~.b.,>.; 4'\,> ~ (..r'J ,<.o\11 ·~ ~~ :f ~~

~) _,;S:;.ll ~ _..,....JI .:;...~.<- lJ J-lS" .r...# J j.o ~ 0\ ~ ~ cr l.o

:! .A! ...;\_d. .-.s_.,:-\ _y5l.o\ J :U..,.,Wi -.:..>IJ_,k;JI cr ;~\A:.. '11 ~ c} ,~
~~~~ii:J~~~~~x_.c~.UN-s~l.:::jYI~1J;.]i:::,_;.;L;z,~l .~ .)lNJi.i (!OJ
JC't.jr_; ~_;..;.~ ~~~:; ~~ \t:J\: ~1;: r?:; ·.; <~,_t:l\ ~ J.;; ~~.; ~:•· ;;~_:; ~J;..:;J\
.i -----.~t:-'1\ ...... ;~.,:~/\~_../_,.J--}1 - -11 --~(l'i""'£~1 / ... "/<"-' '~""' · •· 1---""' St:- ""p.:t; .. -:v- ~1~
'!1, ~~ ~ ~_, ,.........,. j <:>.,u
_)_T' 'Y'-:--'~ bJ~J OJ_;YJ ..ft 1,_,......~~:;!-!It~ ....:;...,~:~ ~ 1

.[157:....jlf'\tl]

35
 '
.lj[ \:::"L:JL ~ '1 3 ,jyi:JI ;~ l;~ illS' 1:,1 ..!..ll.i., rL_,;;)I 0-' ~
~ il'l iol_;)'l &....: '1 3 '_;~ '11 3 l:_;l.!.....ll ~ '1 3 ,.1_;"11 ._j')\::>1
~~ il§-.;3 ,~~ -"'"IJ.O o~IJ 4-;L.i ~ J;). cr ~ .11..0; 0-'
~ J~l il§.; il1 3 ·lS?i ..::.>I_;L.a.>3 ..:;.,L;L.<; 0-' i~l )~~'11 J_,ll

'-:--"l:.::J L..y.;~ ~ o_;..WI 3 ,_;~ c>1 0-' ~ _,J ~1 3 i~l <.; __,.....JI
~I ~ .w d..U -~ LJ..JI ul>. _,...kll 0-' o..l>-1 3 4-JI..J...>\3 4J3 _);
uI<" I,
1..5'""
:t...a.,._;'· r-
~1-II...J1i.JL; · -II
. ~ v:- <../. I
y J
.1.111 ~
r- ILl" :)\;l.i '-'r::''
·,I ,II
>-'-.o.J

ilJ> ~ 1121
"4-; c;>-1 ~ L,~J ~ 0-'.rJI.UW, ~I" il'l (II)"~
wi..UI i_,i)l '-:""'L::S"I 0-' ~I~ '1 ..IS ' r l '-:""'L::S"I 0-' ......;; yo.ll IJ...
.4:,)! C.~ .jll
,..:;.,~1 0-' ~ c>..U ..::.>L.;.J1 3 ~ _?j; ~ !.lt.:... il~ '1 ..IS
} t" j).Y' :r _,1;.:]1 ._j~ ,~1 ~ ~ il3 >J Jw ~ J,1; ~ ill
:~1 IJ... .) l_r..$" ill~~ 0')\..~ ~ -~J)

r l_rl ')\] r-", I~ IJ , <:,;~I ~ _);.; J ~ 4.. ':>\...: J:,..-J I 1.1"' l:J I 0 l..;! -
<:,;~I i _,1;.:]1 J ~I ..:..; lS' I:,! --,.J.i-\11 ~- ..:..,~ IJ...J , ~ _,1 4-;

,<5").,. :U,.. J r-LJI c.,J1 J :U,.. )IJ ,~15:.. c?\ 0' .i.,;. .)< r-LJL; ~ ,c.,._. J ~ C.,.J.>. (11)
:_};.;I "L<>JI u..:.5" J
.j}>..JI , _,s;
,}; C.,>l>~l ;r ~I w ..,-L.J)'I j.,}'J .u;JI ..A.!$ ..l..>..o .:_r. ~l....-! '.j }>..JI -
.1665 ~ J C.,.J.>. ,44<.1"" '2C '""1351 d ..b \t-_,..JI 01_r11 •I,>-!)> :"-> J-"' ,._,..l:JI W\

c_J)I 1::: ~ .;'\j "'~ ,.!\E 1::: Q:J ~ C.,.J.>. Y'J ,.._,.t.. J.IJ c?.i...rJI oi;J (12)
•l.....> <,r,Jl !l_r.:...)l .!!.WI ~! ..J.>.\ ~ I.:,S:... ..:.....,J w:-.JI ~~ ~ Y'J .:>.,.,~)'1
:_);.;1 ,..,; .CJ~ c5JJI ~K..JI cr _);.;.!1 ...;-'""""' ,;_,-""'"' IJ~:) ~I ~J
_,51..: .l..>..o .~..>-i :~ '\?.i.._rll &--"~I 1:::~1.~1 ~ J. .l..>..o 'l?.i.._rll -
.2687 ~) C.,.J.>. ,51<.1"" ,sc <(."-' .>) ,( ..b .>J<.,t-_,..ll 0l.rJI•l,>-U• :"-';-""' '"JJ"'TJ
.~1 )_) :.;.Jy_r.: •.)~1 ..y. ~l_v ~ :~-~c.~~,:_;...... ....~.:( ...~ J. ~ •,.;·u_;A.ll -
.4169 ~) C.,.J.>. d395cl"" '2c <(."-> .>)<( ..b.>)

36
~ ~JJ J>-b )I>- >~1 c) ~\.....; .!.lE 01 ,;1 ;~1 JJ..,a.,o '-r'
_d- (J'.J .;,;\ill <.__I"'' I~ ~I~ ..:.l],; 0l5" 0l.J ~I o-4J\.A,1
j:.o.: 0L;)II ~ '-"' ~ ill2; '-?i.J -.;,§ ;_)2; '-?\ ~ 0\ ~~
.~1 .'!yll I.L.

,~1 ~ ,~ L..;.J, ,~1 ,.L. J::.:b c) :c.§>JI .'!y; Jw J.J, -

'-7"'\.b.JI cr. r !JJ,\ --".J -~ il.rJ'!I '-"' ..::.;')\.;)11 ..L>-i ~ '! ~

0'1" .i.il__;]~ U L... _;sl 0lkLJL: U <ill 01" :JL; ,;1 ;I.L. ;;_. §>JI J.J>

.)1 if' ;;J.JJJL> ;~ J.-JI ~ V"l:JI ~ .r.. '!) ,~1 ~ L..;1 0T__;JL>
-~:~~11
.J...WI 0W ) c-·- r.• ~
• '-' ..;·.;_;"WI
. .J' ) '-.j')\:>.\11
• <.J• ).J-"""'
• .IJ r..r--
1.-<

.)1 :C. j~l J'I~I.J ~L..\11 ~I~ f :C. §>JI ~ 0)j ,..:.l],; ~ i.J~ .J
..,l1 J~ L. .,rJ::.....; 1.L..J ,<.)w ;sl ~ ~~~.J .b\1 U""u1 4J1 c~
~~-?I,~ --".J .";~)1 W'y.ll" .Ji "~)I ~I"_, it;'!l ,J.,
WIJ ~ r-1 '11 ~ 4J=..; r-l' ¥ J .ill "'-::>" _;:.-...; ~ '-r' V :Jli ,;1 ;..:.l],;
_(14)"~1

~I" L.\ .:C.I..l.:......ll ~I~~ Cr'...:... .J.:'! .T'i "~)I ~I" j

J-lyll j5J ~I ;\1~ -,.....-4 0i ~ ,:i.)...\1~ ~ '! .)1 "..l....ol..ill

.~1 ~)c)..,....~) '<.S.f"-\11

0}.o>_r.li.J .L>_r.JI ~ l.. 1,;1 >1>.)!. "~)I ~I" >y.-.J Jl.:>-1 01

"""" 1.L. 0i ~) -~ 0jl_,;.li.J ~ '"li )I , y.-) ~ ,~L. \11 ...,.......w1
-·,~- ~l.:>-1 ;sl .;)j ,~1 ~I J1 c) 0\,>-\11 ~ c) l:5:.... 0~

•(·-" .>) •(.k .>) ,<,.WI ~I)> '-"J.ne "I~ i:'-'~ ..js- .:r, ..~..>-\ •c,?>l"'-',)1 ..,..,WI (13)
.107'-'"' ,4C

_r.S .:r,l )> '"-'J.ne ,L;J\ .,..,, ~ :._;,.;,.; •.;;L;.,ll ~ .~l....j .:r, .l...>.A •c,?;\;.JI (14)
.6731 r') .!.;-'>- ,2614 ..,., •6c 'i 1987 ,..,14o7 d ..k ,;..,L.,J,J

37
~ :J,L.. ~ <.,?).;.,J ,~1 ~ 0W _r. ..._,; J-1~, ~ J1 J
_}I_,; 0! .i _r- :U ~ J ~ c.J i...;,j r \.1.; >y:-J t: ,U:::-" _,».l I .:.JJ _;......]I
(,JW pi yo:,~ o>)y rl..l>.::....l cr ~~ ~ 01 ..;G 0-' ..!.1.1; JS'
0-' :C.~ :C.j")\]1 >)_,...II -o.;J~-.;_,k.:JI _}y.J .j.ol:JI .;_,k.:.ll j;:--1 0-'
iJ l.....O J , r l1:J IJ 0 y Li.ll J:,k;J , ~ )>J I ).la.>\11 ..l..d> , j\) I (./" t.L.;JJ I j;:--1
4.....:.::)1
" 0L.....a.l :C. .)"")\]1 :t,,L.,.ri)ll
" ) ~1...;:,...
" . '11 LL.
" \11 Ul
" . .r.:'. J')
" ,;JIJ..JI

.:C.IJ.:.....JI
~

.klb.i~IJ ~ ~_,; ~_,...:.] ~Lo..ll :~\;

\~1; .r,JI ~ 01~ J.lb..;l ) L. ~ ~ 01 _;,..... k. ~

)YJ '~ ~ t: 4k.;l.r.JI Joly.ll cr ,.;.,J 0~ -t"JJ~- ~\!
.:ci.JJI "":" J ~ ~ ;,;:.1 I ~ 0-') I 0-' :U,.~ ; _;.; r, W,.., ~ J
>1..~>-) ~ i!l.J .L.iJ i.;_,)..WI Joly.ll c)! <..>.;>-''11 j.oly.ll cr >..~>- :UL,.;) ~J

~I ~ y-A; 01 ~ ~~ -i.;J~Io- c? J ~\' ,;J..L.; Wli

JIA::.;I ~J ,~1 J.l1; ._ill j.oly.ll 0l,: 0K..; ~\11 0-'J .J.Lb..;l J1
' "
~ ~ ~ J ..,-.;L.:....ll 0-' ~J '<.5? \II j.oly.ll c)! ..!.1.1; )1
.klb..;)ll ~ <.,?..UI ·~I L. '<.5.;>-1 <.p.. 0-'J -~J> 0-' ~ ..::-L,... J
~I .klb..;)ll J! <..>> )< ~ '<.5? \11 Joly.ll J! )\II l.i> JIA::.;I ~J
"

01 ~__,k.J I 0-' (:} _r.o r

"

L. l.i> ~ .;_,k.:.l I 0-' l,J 1..- (s .J'-' e 01 _;,..... ~

~ &;__,..jl ~ J l;..~>-\.....::.. .jll if' ..!.1.1; ~ .jll ~__,k.JIJ ,...t.....;;

.4lb..;IJ if~L.)'I e·~,ll ~

(Gibbon) 0.r.}-J Crl406 /_it, 808) 0-'.JJ.> .:r.IS _;s .w.. 01 l...:J
,(Schweitzer) .;j}Y:, J ,(Spengler) ;.:.,..:.J \.>..;WI J Crl 794 /_it, 1208)

..rL.yJ (North) ~JYJ ,(Toynbee) 0YJ ,(Sorokin) :.r-5JJYJ

38
1_,.;.!1.; ,q..WI ;;.;_.,j~l J r+-' __.,;-\ >J.>-J ' 15
\Kennedy) ~~J ,(Thomas)
..::....; IS 1:>l 'lj \s, ;.._, iJ fo._ '1 ~.I::- r._:, _,...; .1.:.: iJ )j '41 jW J ..:-I J l.a>J I >_,._...
,y -~- ~IJ ,y \.. J_,A)I J_,.<....jl _y}- ,YJ .~; _y}- :WWI ~L..:JI
~~ '~J .~ J_.b d);~~:~ l).S:.\ c_)a; ~L..:JI ,l,

~ J \::>..; c:, _,...;

l:"" _,...l I ~ l,.-J IJ ~, l.o.:i'1 I - ¥4 '1 I jP l p iJJJ.l,.:. e,r. I ~ _,...; iJ j
.1>-\, '1 , J l::l I J-.'-1 I J j ~ k .:.:..; l;,. r ~ .iJ I r J "._,..LW I" '"\::S' J
UIJ iJ\.}]I •rP J l.i;i l;.t;, JJ\ _)I Jol_,.ll ,y ~I :i.,.JWI il\.,->J~
,y ~_rJI ""')l.)'l r J I ~ _;111 ~.ill JoWl la,\ ~ J. ,~
116
)lh'l J.lb.;l _;11\.s.iJI JoWIJ ,~rJI ~~I ~I.) ~ly...ll .;41~
- -
~.ill ,..:;.,1~ ~I~:, iJJJ.l,.:. e,r.l 6'-Jt; ,y JJ~I ~I<../" ,,._,..LWI" i.lj

p;i (15)
- Spengler, Oswald. Decline of the West. New York: Alfred A. Knopf 1947.

- Schweitzer, Alfred. The Philosophy of Civilization. New York: Macmillan, 1949.

- Sorokin, Pitirim. Social Philosophies of an Age of Crisis. Boston: Beacon, 1951.
- Toynbce, Arnold J. A Study of History, abridgement by D. C. Somervcll, London:
Oxford University Press, 1957.

- North, Douglass C. and Robert Paul Thomas. The Rise of the Western World: A
New Economic History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973.
- Kennedy, Paul. The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and
Military Conflict from 1500-2000. New York: Random House, 1987.

:C,~)'I J! "<,.l.Wi" ;_.,- J.;:....:; .llJ ;;.,.,.JI <.;JlL "<,.!.WI" :y :J''JI "-'L..J, ;~-"'" Y- (16)

ilso 4:-o J/!1 ~\ .:.- _r,J .Franz Rosenthal JL:;jJJ j\} ..).J :y .:.-\.U.,... i;')G J
·rl967 rlso <,;l!ll <..,kl\J rl9ss
- lbn Khaldun. The Muqaddimah: an Introduction to History. Translated from Arabic by
Franz Rosenthal, London: Routledge and Keg an Paul, 1st ed., 195g, 2nd ed., 1967.
:p;i .il950 ilso "<,.l.Wi" :r '-"\}:;., lssawi Charles ~.r-o" )JL.;:; ~ W'
- Issawi, Charles. An Arab Philosophy of History: Selections from the Prolegomena
of Ibn Khaldun of Tunis (1332-1406). London: John Murray, 1950.

39
..:..1~1 ,J.,. ,:y .r.>-\11 ~I ~..J 11
'>."_r.JI -,..l::S"" -; j~k 4-::Jl J~
"'-..I_, o*
_)[ .;:.,,\_, ,.;L, j
o_,1;; ~
J
c5ll I , ( 0 3 J.l.>- .:_r.~ ~_,.,.::]I) <,;Ill I .;;.r-" ~I
o..t:L.. ..::..;[)~I ;;,...t.,....JI_, '-;o\...a::i:/1-~~ :II-.J3 _>.1J
.t..) L:.U ..:..i...J..j ) _,k;
tf)::.ll .::-~ c? ~ IJ..._, ,t_i;:>:II i1 ':f' ~WI 0[ J>..! j,; J.il
~ -<..~ ~- ~ ..::..;[)~I '~Jl::JI -:...l..\>-)\.1 .i.,S"lll .::-l_,.,.....i;JI _,1
0 3 ..LL> .:_r.l :)1 ~ ')(;
118
>.('"""\11 ol,.> J LA.~_, .::-Loj\11 oy:J J-9 ~WI J.#
..,r.;..Y ..!..ll..\5'3 ,(Sorokin) ~JJr ·~ Lo ~ l.o~ ~WI~~ .J..i
<:..) J ~ 0l5' 0 'l"tfJL::ll .::-~ J ~ l.o ~~ ,:y" ,(Toynbee)
:U~I ..::..;l5' ·c,<"')L)II ~I -,..L,.,\ c,?lll ~I y .;.,l.:.; ~~ ~
,.;;,:J_, ,:y 0~1 tL:) ;;.;~ Jly- J-9 '(il258/....,656) J ~I.J..i ;;,...WI
.J_,;.....JI J.; c? -4, ~ l.o 3 ':I' !.,_,.;.;- l.A,JL,,_, ~ _,>-3 ol~ ..,.._L ~
;..,690-488) ~I _,.,_,_rJI ..!..ll; J l..; 'lS?\11 ..:...)_,.s:JI ,:y >~ 0l5'_,
0_yLk.ll_, 'crt3ss-1258/... 758-656J ;;,Jy.....JI .::-L>-4:11_, 'crt29t-to9s
).w'JI,:y ._...JWI ~Wil.a.l ~l.J..i (_r..<. c::i)10~1 .::-~) -740)
!...922-784) v-SrJI..!.l)L.....l10l5' .ili ,..!..lJ; c? o_,~_, .~)1 :C,..')L)'I

.:_r...l...LJ ,~ J1 J .:;L,.> a 0_,..LL> .:_r.l ~~ .:_r.lll 'cr tst7-1382

..J.Lb.;:/1 t.!--' 01 ~~ .:r 0l5' .::-L..L,... 0~_, ,~w ~

-<..~ ~- 0 _,1 ,II c!'-' ~~ ,~1 ..:..IJ_,k:JI ,J.,. ~ ~-'
J!.o- ci L.u ..::..; l5' .w .0 _,..u.,:. c_r.l o_,.....\ c:!' _,
..!..U; :r ..i.:..; L~ \......;. _, r-'_,
c? ....;3 _);.11 4'K.\J ''· • .• Jl Jly-\11 JJ-".x; 0-' - .:_r.?\11 0-., I , II

.,_,..!I r4l cj ,_,;.JIJ l y i JIJ<>J ,_,.JI "'l:S" :_,.> <...I.WI cj J§.WI j.olSJI r-->'1 (17)
."yS'jiJ\kWI ~J; ;r r-"r"I.o Cr'J '~'.JIJ ~IJ

(18) Sorokin, Pitirim. Social Philosophies of an Age of Crisis. Boston: Beacon, 1951, p. 4.

(19) Ibid .• p. 5.

40
"~I &1 i>~l" OJJ~ (J' vi_,.:.-..~~ ~y .)) t.,.;~l (J' 'MI
..,732) i~ J ~y J ClJ..lli:- .:,.:1 JJJ .W ,I..K.J .(The Reconquista)
~ ~_;;;;.;.... ~ ..L. ...;.r..\ ~ ..:...;l5" ~ ,,_~ __ '·l J u--:!J (il332/

.._.\ i\.,>- ~ Ciylkll ~ ,:U..Ir!l :_r J Jljo ~ .Jl5" l..~J -~.r.-"

c.ri' rJ .W dJJ (20)"::--' JJ... J ..:r.-:_rWI ...;.r'\ .Li..l..<>\J ~Jl.i\ (J' cr-~..WIJ •'-)J
_ -r, . .!""""'
~lE ..;. L...,. ( _,..,.. '-' · c.;'IIo
. _,.. u, "I JW) '-' :. II .Jl5" .W .i..l.>D
- ;l.;L.... II
c.;'·

~ ..:r.-: JJ.x; ..:...;l5" ~I '":"'J.rJI •l.r. ..,...-L:-JI .J\..,WI (J' '.JL> J ~y

~ .J J..lli:- .:,.: I .!.iJ; y ~ i:J I .;., ~I_)....;~ I ..:.> r. iJ , W'W I ..:.> ~ ')l.J I
'(Jipll) .JL..t ,(J-S"Ir ........,~) V""t; .:u; J ~ ,?'1 .JK. (J' J~A;:;~I
.(Jipll) 0"Y. Ji '-;~) ,(t_,.;~!) __,.J.x;~l

~ ~ ~ ~ .Ji '":"' _;.:.......]1 (J' .) ~ ._; J )ill ,l,. J:.o J

(21).1,lb._;~l :\5 L.. c-_ I '.JW W-...;1 - I . ;;_, <"":II w~ ~I ,l.,l.
?J ~ -·- .r y ..rv")- -~
..,p .;.,IJJ..i 1; ~~~ w~ ~ ,\...L..; .:JJ~ Clj..lli:- .:r.l .Jl5"
,< 2'>'-,lt::..l
.\1::...~ ~) i ~ .Ji JJ .J ~ .Ji Jv..: ~ .blb..;~l JL.. ~ ~ .Ji
~ ;;_,..")L..,)II ;Jw.,.JI Jl.,.,jl .)) .;.,,\~I j.oi_,.,JI ~~J 't:;}::ll (J' r.:-JI

.4J.lb..;l (J' .!.IJ~ 'jU l..J '..,.:rll <,?JJ.,ll ~I --4-- J ........ l_,;....ll 4>~1~
.WI LS \...~...; ._;'ll.. ~~ ~Wt; ,~WI ....,..:.; ~I .J~ <.S..r.. .Jl5"

rl (J'J ,~WI~ J~ (J' ~~ _;.,::li.J;! ~~ ~ (2J>.w~

.W...
- .J
l::JI -.:-1..~>-~1 I- :
<..!""""'-
1,.
c.s- ~ ....._.;;
r""-- .)\ .._....,.., ~
. .- . l::JI
~J r. lc .)\j
0

-.:•.ut; ~ :~ -.li _,..;J ~/ ci> ;J ~J.ll.> ,A '"-'<r:JI ·j'»" )1 ~ •0J.ll.> _yl (20)
.37.r '(1951/.•1370 ,,_,..WI ,~1

(21) Taibi, M. "Ibn Khaldun.'' The Enc.yclopedia of IsL1m, Lciden: Brill, 1986, Volume 3, p. 808.

(22) Toynbee, Arnold J. A Study of History. London: Oxford University Press, 2nd ed. 1935,
Vol. 3. p. 321-322.

•2.k ,;;_,~1 ;i.J.II :'-'Jr.. •s.>;y..ll ,;..u;' :~ ,l...cWI ·j'»" )1 ~ •0J.ll.> _yl (23)
.I7.r ·rl996/.. J416

41
 . .
4l_,...:.; ~ ~ ,;;1-;..,JI _,.,.1)2.11 ~ i~ ~~ (/ W._y .Jl5' ..lA.I
..!..>..~>..: jj l..; ~ .Ji ......._.Y. iJ§.;. ~ .j L.;)l I t::}:J I .j L..J ~ .i
'-:' L,.• J

(24)~1.)

;;_,) :/ ~ iJ JJ..i.,:. cr. I .J lS" , ? 'J iJ Ko <..r' J LA::.; ';I I ~ J ~

t...~ :C., _,A) I ,J.., ~ J j j J , ~ o t::):J I r :w...:...l I oJ LS:;\ :/ ~
cr.' :c.J.; .j '(i1478-1374/ A780-776) d_,:.... e) o..lo .ll,JI <..r' Jv.:;
_r.; \ iJ KJ I I..\.., ..J" .JI.~ ~ i y,:l I J .?'< t... .j :U jW :c.J.; ..,/'J '4-L
',_r, y .) l ._JA::; I ~ ._r.J I '-:' o cr , I?,i ~J 4....ll...U .)J \1 I ;~_,.....J I
J~L.a..J\ ~ .)! tr-' )\ ._P.-i ( f (rl382-J378/ A784 -780) ofl\ ~
ii; .j ,;_,.,.Li.JI .)[ l~i ~)J .~\ J..>JI \..\.., JW)' ..::.,~\ .j
~ d 1.:.... .) l ..:.J..., J .Jj -.::..; lS" c;J I .::........... ,, r.- Ij!,.. l,.,..; ..JlS i 13 82
.l.~; 74 :r r1406/ ... 808 ci ..;l,;J ~ 4--l' .,L,>. ~ ._.....:...\
,J..,J ,iJJJ..I.,:. cr-1 (_~_,..:, ii..G..::.....I ~ ..::.,L,.;i?";;i <..r' ~~ ;Jt;! ~
:..,/' ..::..>W.i?";;i

c•~...; ;1_,::; t...~ l...,.Jj ~~_,..:,.r-l' r~ ~ '~'"'.Jj c•_,..:, .;i- i

.,r.? [_:,,...:J I iJ lS" 1:, l ..6..<.; ~ J...... iJ §.;, ,)\ d.~ cr c;P I? ';I I I..\.., ~ l-4" '-:' )\
.,.~)II ..::.,~\ ~
;;;
J.bJ .)[ ._..1)1
. l.:,;...\A .) L:.;~L. ~ J~l>
. ~

U....U .,...WI J.,.W I '~I _,J I .j 'i ~ L..;! (_:,,...:J I I..\.., 0 I ,r.? .4J. _,.;....,J
,;w-1,.. :UJ~ Ji :U~ ..b_,.L.J ~J"-'P ,\JJ ~ c;JI ts~L,..JI ,U::...,";; J_,1.-.JIJ
41.,;_...J I :ili.....\1 I : / ~ G:- )I I <..r' ~ ~ L..iS0 I ._,; l..; <.2} ~ C") iJ I~ )

:i..;) )2;1J .39-16-r'J, 13-9-r' •JeUI C:.,.Jl (24)

- Mahdi, Muhsin. Ibn Khaldun's Philo.'wphy of History. Chicago: University of
Chicago Press, 1964, p. 31.

:i..;,iJ Jl:ll ~~ )2;1 c\,.,_:]1 1-41 ~ ;s1 <.:.iL:.... ~ t~:N c2s)

- Chapra, M. Umer. The Future of Economics: An Islamic Perspective. Leicester,
UK: The Islamic Foundation, 2000, p. 145-172.

42
~ J '0J) ~ \..\. . )~\J
c..r" ~I '-!'')\.....';}\ rlWI c..r"-* ~
.d ..\;>- . ) 1I_;..;:...: ~ rl) ';;s~I 4>-)) d ~ )..0 il..w .J, lb.;\
..lA,;

~ .\.w:-IJ -jll ..:-l,_.!.>.::lJ ~\:.]\ J.; ~ 'j I ~ J,!; _d- l..a,_ \ ~ ,~

~ 0 ~ ~ i,.:. ~ 'j J , <,..')\...)'I ~ _,5J I i _);.;.]I ._,.. l.\ ~ i yi;. ~ ~ _,...; 0)
l..a,_\ ~ ~ ,.J,lb..;IJ l.. &' c..r"-* y ;JJ_;-..)IJ lJ iJ_,5..WI J-ly.ll
c..r" ~I ~ J-ly.ll ..~>-\ 0\ ~ ,-4;)1..0\ ~I ii..G..:...I c;,_,b y-
~ ·~J -c.>_,>-"11 J-ly.ll ~ .)1 J.C.; \..\... ;\ 01 ~J ,.1lb..;'JI )\
GK. 4' ~ '.j ~ )1) J '->- yi> .r . :C..l..W I" 0_,5:; 01 (.;-' ~ ..w '..!.l];
J,;.....;

:.:,.._..\ ~ ,J..:.; J -~ ) y -jll ..:-L.... _;.JIJ ~ J _r.,ll c_'"Jw> )' ~jS'..r"

il.>.::.........ll if~ 'JI J_,k;:JI J <.,?>l.a;j'JI ,\j)IJ if~ 'JI :rWIJ J.l..ll

<kLJI...,.;~ (.;-' Jt.....i.JI ~J ¥')\:,:."JI ~I"" i _;:; <.,?.lll JJJ.l\J 't'·<'-..JI

~~ ~ _r>-T C~ _,...; ~ J _;..JI ~I :r .l.f:.. .r. '-::LJI ,..(, J ~L,-JI
.<,..')\...)'\ c_J)\ t' ~I i~'JI

~ ...;\ J 0 JJ.L,:. ..:,:1 C~ rJ i I..G..:... I ~ 0 ~ c..r" I? I j:...:.; ..li J - '":"'

c..r"i?'Jil..\... 0~ -41r."'J W'l>JI ..:-'J')UI ,~ ~ ...;~ t_l)..;'JI
~ :c...lWl 0) .J.1>. ..:,:1 ..., L:S" .1 )) F 1 .....;-411 ~ ~:.; 1;1.kA> , r--="""""

~ .!)..;.; ~ ..rf'>i 1•f.?_; J-:. rl -~ ~ 1; L.fo l..t..... ~ r

J ')\:,:. (.;-' <,..')\...)'I i ) ...a.,.J I • ~ ~ , f.?_; 015 ~ , ~ W'\.,.. <l ')\... <.,?\

<l ')\... ...:..; 15 0) \p ~ J-:_ rl J , ~ t.,., \ -jl I .1lb..;'J I ~ J Lo ~

41 _,;;.. <JL...i vl>-i..l.ll ~ ..,..._;1.?-" J ~...-,w ·lr.- ~ ..li ~ ....,.~.,..
,.hi..; W'l>Ji ..:-'J'.>UI ..;..11; I~) ...;\ :r J.W~ __,. ::.:. 015 ~ ....:.. ~ '>i ..1""1
<,..')l.)'l iJl.a.>JI J ~ )1 .J 0~ ~:, 0~ 'lSf'-"JI _,).; o..~>-1)1
L LJ ~:, _,...; ~ J o~I .:;\ _,k; (.;-' o> \A:.. '>i I l..i.;:- ..L,A...)I (.;-' d..U .l.f:...r.
-~

43
.)1LSfi cr. I [_:, _,...; i I..G...::... I ~ ..:.J ~ c.r" I~ I .:l L:... _, - c_
..\J 0 _,...Ll.,:.

i ~I" 01 c>} '.JP ~~ ~_);; -_,..t,; L. ~- i.J.>.:;....; c;JI ":C. ..!..WI"

Y' L.S '~ ~ (26\}.>1 L. l;l J')G..;')\] c_"J..&. ~ Y- 'i ...;1_, "0-';. '-"" /'
._;..; ~ 0 IS 0 _,..u.,;. cr. I 0 _,5 <? t_L.k;'i I IJ.., \..:.:, ..\!_, .'-?r-,J I ~I c) J WI
~ ,J_,,;_, cJ\; wWI u'iY\...JI .J1.r.f- .4J..r."J wWI u'iY\...JI >.J"-"
~ , 4!:_..WI 4:... j \'I c) ..:_,~ l..; ~ IJ.., _, ..:l '>4J I 0-' ; .; l,a.,J I ; LA; l ~
l_r.:S" c>;1 0 l.Q,.J:; 'i ..\J ; .L..i.SJ \; 0 ~ 'i .:_,.; ..t...li (.r? _!>.> _,1 4.. _!>.> 01 ~
'_,bJ I c) l ..ll) I .!.IJ; ~ c.r" r;. ..\J ..::..> L.fo-J I ,J.., j:.- ~ L.; 0 ),> 'L. ..ll)
~ -i.;_r'J~- ~ 'i wWI u'iY\...JI ~ 0_,..ll>- _:r.I..W., <.,?..UI ~li

wW I ..::..> 'i Y\...J I .; 4-:' ..\J .l.. L...:, I t!' .r <../' L:... d.; l,a.,J I_, , d.; l,a.,J I
(
271
(Spengler) ~-' (Danilevski) ~b c>..r.. L.S l..1J f'>j" 'i_,

,J.i.b.;'il_, ) ..,,j')\] o..L>-1_, ;_;.; 0-' _;51,_,._,~~~ d.;l,a.,JI 1..1

.)L. ~
C 0b· ~1..0;;.. c.r.<
· <:" . r. I Y I ":C...!..WI" ~
. •
0 -' ..ll>- u: · <: r. I C..,..J-'
· I c.r.<

js::J ~ 'i "l J ~ ~ 0 _,;L.; ~ y. ')\.; ...,.- Jl. )'I ~I .!.lb.; I :c,.L....-
0-' op c)..::..>.r>>jl ..\! 0~ 01 .W u/> _n:jl c) j.-1 !.,?\ 0_,> J..\; 01 i.)l,a;..
_:r.l [_; _,...; .!.;_, ~ c;JI ~..UI 4.,; _,s:!l ~}i:JI ~ l.a,\ Y' I.L. _, .ul_r.OJI
.& I J L...; )' 0\S W l:5:.._. .!.lb.;'i I :c,.L....- )...... ~ ~ r-1 _,J.; .0 _,..u.,;.
r-,J I C.')\.., l J ')\>. 0-' ~~ C.')\.., l I)-'\.,.. I'+'. ' ~ .~ 0-' J.- )J
iL.; I;[~ .;~'il .JL. ~ 01 ~ I.L._, .~ )y c;JI uL.....r.Ji_,
'0 _,..u.,;. _:r.l [_; _,...; .;:.....G.:.... I ..(; :.:..:s i.lG .~L..., y-' r+-"1 c.')\.., k '-"' l:.J I
.l.,..Wi cr ,~ ~ ._;1 c;JI .)l5:NI 0~\; .b:. y 'i 01 ~')\]I .r.f- 0-' ...;),>
~ 0\' « 1.;'J'I o-4J ;.;Jy4> ~ _, .(r" _,...)I I.L. c) I_,;$' u;..U I , u;.r'- \II

.269/J .268'-"' ,_;;L. C"C r ,<....WI -~J.LI.,;. Jl (26)

(27) Spengler, Oswald. Decline of the West. New York: Alfred A. Knopf~ 1947.; and Sorokin,
Social Philosophies of an Age of Crisis, p. 164.

44
..:.U~ .L. ·~~ ..:..> 1_,.,.;u ~..\;>- ' 0 _,..ll>- .:_r.l ~ l::S" .L. ..:..> r
..w ;.::....u.. .1! <:.....
I..L. ~ ..:..> ':>\o...UU •I ?-1 0t5:....: ;;_,.....~I ~ d.iJ .i \.,J I ..,.; Iy. ~ J -.::..>)I
..:.ll~ J lo.; ,~WI .b.;\ J ~.b- _)I i~l eL; }J ~~I C"\:.~_,...:jl
~ I..L. _, •.:.r.f"- ':11 .w.JI )l.ao ~ i>l...i:.... '11 J')l.>. ~ ,t,_. ':>\...)'I 01J.l.,ll
.j.,.WI ~ ~ ~L,_ 0\ .d..;

45
 (1i.J:,~·~n, ~A ijlf JJ ~J.l.l> ~~a:~
"

A :_;5.;. r-l 0J.r .d ..1.>- c) l j.-lSJ I 0J..u,:. .:r.I c;_,..:J :r:-r , .)'..
~I 5[ :dWI ~\" :~_,.l..JI ..~.>-\ _}[ ..;.....~ cjll '-;~1 ~I J -i\,;

~J I'I;~J 'f"i ~ .....;_ra::JIJ ,...::..l1o .& il,,JIJ '""'rJ~ ~[ ;~ ~ ~

;Jw~ ~l Jt::-)J i 1 ~ ~J ;Jt::-J~ ~J..:.U....U r- ~J \~~ ~l i 1; ""'ru
01_r...ll J..WIJ ;J..W~ ~[ i)......U J.:,:-- ~J \i)....J~ ~l JWI _}[ J.:,:-- ~J
(3}"~1
. .Y'J
\...:;
•
.J 1.- ,..:_,•11 ~......WI . ._., -· .11
~J . .r . - ~ . .r--""'

··,L_a:;'-;1 ~ ~" (<,;_,JI J! r'" _,::..)1) ""\;.\" J' J..-Ulll.i.. .j _r.5JI ~~ (I)
-The Future of Economics: An Islamic Perspective.

& ,~ c2i ..; !l _,.LJI .!>ol_j Ji ~l..-- r-JIJ d.J.A:....II J! \;; _,... A ;;.,..v:.ll ~ (2)
. i ';L ':J I l> A _;]I ..'.lL "_..:.;, "'J I l::""i
:_r.l JJ.i<J .262 ~I .j Jfo ~b ~I ,43J" ,__;,!.- c::-~~ ,:t..c4JI .C!J.U>- :_r.l (3)
;)lS"J .)1.\,;y l>i.LJ _;11 ,4Q3J" (:i.....WI) ~I o-4-J _,-A; y <;\:S .)j .:;1; ;)Jb
=<e\:S .j c?>_,.......ll 4JA;J il-* J. il-* J! ~>ljj :_r.> je-J
~ :_r..UI -F'"' ~ =~ 'r~l .J>L....J .,.....u1 U.l" .J->- ~~ -"i 'c?>_,.......ll -
,'-'.,WI,~ .JJ.U>- :_r.l...jf>->.J .253J" de' 'iln8 ,<,_,..,.,JI ~I :~Jr.< ,.c,.>JI

01~_,. i>li! -;J _,h.-)~ .r.<- J' ~ .t1l:...l1i" :~_,. J_;.........;; ..::.i_,ll.j &
_,1;;1 " . .)I.Ly '-'""'J-"') _,h.-)~ 0p j ' J <lll J' 0y.: cs>L,..il ,.i_. ~ y_;
.44J" ,__;,!.- C:. _,. ,:t....WI .C!J.U>- :_r.l -

47
 '
,:.u.D.,.:. cr. I J L.; L.S '.J§:.'; c;J I '~I o-4-J ~ </' 4;:.o .r. :<.o.lW I .J!
.)! I.J,j~\ ..:;~)J ,~ ~ .k.,;) <:,.....L,.... ~ d.l5' .jW" :u--
14l". 4-i). ~ ~ i )b .j ...:.l.,a;l_, 'i.J, JJ..l..<>

.,Y ~~I~ .jJ ,.y <.i_,....JI (!) >..l.N .j C:,_,...:JI I..L. i} ~

~>W~I - ¥~~I d_,.,.~.JI ~ ~ -u'J <.;_,.....51 (!) ,..v.::., '

IU[
( 4.o ~I) <:,.....L,.-JI <1.LJ I _,\ ..:.lW I :u.L d]:, .j l..; , 4-JI <:,.....L,.-JI J
.:,_,:;..._, ;_,_;JI_, ,(.J) .rl:.ll_, '(}.) ...,.__r.JI _,\ !l_,.LJI ~1_,;_, d..\.i::....JI '(cJ
):i i..t.>l_, JS ,~ly:..o ~)b-...,>. '(t) J..WI_, ,(u) ~1_, ,(..:...) >)_,...ll
(5) 4-! ;\::;J 'l.S y>'11 .j

.JL (::'Cr ,<.J..WI.;.,JJ.i.,;. J.l (4)

.,t;l '"JJ.i.,;_ J.l c;r-:J <y~ f5l ;)_,., J.- ~JU 1sl
- Chapra, The Future of Economics, p. 145-172.
-Spengler, Joseph. "Economic Thought in Islam: Ibn Khaldun." Comparative
Studies in Society and History. April, 1964, p. 268-306.; Boulakia, Jean David C.
"Ibn Khaldun: A Fourteenth Century Economist." Journal of Political Economy,
September/October, 1971, p. 11 05-1118; and Mirakhor, Abbas. "The Muslim
Scholars and the History of Economics: A Need for Consideration." The American
Journal of Islamic Social Sciences, December, 1987, p. 245-276.

48
~}> i p J ')\.,:. j-L::.o J.v LO.; r,- .;..,~ i )IJ.l I , ..L. ~ 01 ~
c,?)IJ.ll ~I Jl>->l ~ ..ill ,;;.;... 120 Jly-- J1 ,Jl,;:-1 ~':>'C Jl .>.::..;
-\i 01
u1.1 _,.,... ._j,S
- ~·- ..;. ~L,- lhJ .c)""-'
IC'<' I 1-·1\
u-::-- ..;• ;;jWJI
- ·
:./' ~
,;;_,;1_;.r;J.JIJ ·~>L..ci'11J ,~~ '11J ,~L..., rJIJ ,;;_,;')\.,:. ~IJ •:C,..t.,....ll

~~ cJl c?>F .:r-) 1 .:ro ~J.> o..l..o r.- ~ ~ e J.vl..i;.; •_>,)::JIJ

.L.. i)•.a.:>J J1 L.. ;JJJ.) .b ~IJ >~I J1 ,.blb.;'JIJ

.:ro L.. .:,~ ,.L_:-;.~1 i.,?Jw .b ~ ~ y. '1 ,1-45 J;:- ~~ J;}> ~ J

6
( ) J ':>\11 '-:JlS ~ ..::..>I _,;..:.J I J.>. t; .~ \_; ~ 01 ,;r<> A ..:;\ _,;..:.J I .:r' J.>. IJ
'-:JT ~ ......o; .~'1~ j.vi..i;.; 1..5?~1 ~~ ..:;~u..; ..:.;IS 1;1
.:r' e::-.a: ~ ,j-L::.o J.v LO.; r,- J ":>\>..; '1 I o l!S' >I>J .....; _,.....; ,J ')\1 ')I
i.S.r'- ~I ..:;~lk.<ll ..:.;IS 1;1 L..1 .J _,l·-•·l\J :..WI ~~I -..:...i )I e- ~I
..::..> ~ lk.<l I c) l L.. t..u..; J J ":>\>..;'1 I P:.,. '1 ..li ..\l..w..; '......o; •~'1 ~ J.v i..i;.; '1
t: J ":>\>..; '1 I J .1>.'1 I t_lk.<l I [.')\..p l ~I .:r' e::-.a: 01 L.. )j , 1..5 _.,:.~I
.~ Lk,1 i)..,a,JI .blb.;l 0~ ..li J1 ,..:...;)I

(.:,) .:,W'?JI ;J> :~JI

. .
J1 ..:.>IJL.a>JI , .r--" 0~ 1'J\0L;'JI .Y' 0J..Ll.> .:r.l ~ ;5r 01
J.>- ~ '1 'JJ~ I..L.J ·('+"Y. J\ (.)"'l;JI eli J J.>- ~J \,~1 ~ 4.J. yL.-
:c,; ')\.,:.~I J- I_,...lJ ~I _r...l I JJJ.l I J.>- la,\ J; ,~ ~, L..ci'1 I ul_,;..:.J I
~ ~ r,- ,;;_,;1_;.r;J.liJ ~~ '11J :C,..t.,....JIJ ~IJ ~L.... rJIJ

Jl ",py" J\ "c('l>'' ~ ,.~,.J ";,;:;.-" w C!J..U.,:. er;l y J" Jl::,..G.:.-.JI c,WSJI (6)
~- .:.>\11 ;....~1 (trigger mechanism) "J")U,)fl .i.:-H" C).;S- ~~\ _;i ~ .Lo ~~
:j.il ,..;\; ~~ y ~ :i.,j,l.,.;)'l ....UL -<..i.<o
.43U"' •J<\....,. C:C .r' ,:t..C:W\ .JJ..U.,:. er;l -

(7) Ibn Khaldun. The Muqaddimah: an Introduction to History. Translate from Arabic by Franz
Rosenthal, London: Routledge and Kcgan Paul, 1st ed., 1958, 2nd ed., 1967, p. 19.

49
,.jL,;~I ~~ ~ ~l.:Ji I.Lt 0[ . 1 ' 1 ~JL:.JJ (jA '-4,_,1 iya J[ ~ l$)b
~-1 ~L::Gl) :J>"3 ,<:,>-b'il J L,L;,.;3 l c;JI ~T_,AJI ..;.;4';11 t: ~
"~·'!/:rs.~IJ;.Ji<j~Wii_;.;i. >..,;l_, •[ll.~<o)ll (r,_);\t:~J;-1~~::
.)\,..\...!.:; -<.>_,,;.\11 ..:;.,L,_';il :y ..~;J....JI ...,.._;~ ._.l!- .Jl:::';il .)l:;L, .[41 iJ)Il ( ~Q(

J..-)1 ~ ·~ ~11..4J 3 .~__..L._, ~,~ J ~~ r-,JI .JJ, c?

L,;..U I ,J., .) l - .4>.,., J ~J <.5"-"' J ~"""I A ..!.L); J ~- .WI ~ cr-ll I
1 ) ~_,L J ) y c;J I ..;,., L..... ;..J IJ r-,J I [_")\..,., 'j
9

.
(t) J..WJ., (..::.>) ~I .;J, :~li

~)I J..i....JI 3 ~I ~ .l\x...> •J)>..:JI ~r ~ r-,!1 .)IS 1;1

~ ~ y, ~ 1:,! ..,;'<j V L..l j.- l&. ~I 0! ..t,.,.-]1 '..LL J ~~ _;5\1 I
1
10
)1*"-" y, L. ~~ i~ ci1..04 13 A J ~)j vUI ol>.; J '-"" _,.J...
JWI U"'l.JJ JL.....JI 3 ~ _,..)1 3 .L...WI '-:-'l1A::.....I ~ ,~1 '-:-'~ ~
(II)_,....,::.. _,.,;- ' (~I J ¥y 4.\Z .!J I.\;>-! ..;,., l).1.::..) <S_,;.-1 ..;,., ~ :r
.)! 0lk....ll <..51>- J ,pY...J ~ lrl ~I '...IJ.::..,I ~ ..lJ l..a;ll..\... 3
I12).1lk,..;'i I

.262_,.,) ,43_,., ,._;;L- c:-.r ,<.,.u.JI ·"JJ.i.,.:. .:r.l (8)

.}.- ,j;;l) W;;;..,., .;:.,~) .) ~.,._.:JI ~ j..- )I 0' <LL j..-) <ill .:,\ .Jl_;JI .) .c,. (9)

J •C7 :~)11-( ;Lb..j}$J);~d W~:~5.;_~1:~J.~J-gjitKZt~lj~~ :~ JWI J.:-:-

..:1::::::~ ·~ >:--J.-:."'1 ----~~ -':-:""::{,t~1\'>.-::·"'l..- ...;·i(J.>•1 i·-1-'""·qi~~---~--..-~-::-;..-·k
~~..;.rr-H-J<l.l.l ~..,..~._,..,..wa.. ~CJ..;JI !}~--...;.... :~y_;p <.t=<..l~....I..A.IJ ,ff

~ )L:.~ t:J.:::.j.J.:';J_J} J •C36 :J,._JIJ ( ~~~Gf $b_;.k;t; ~j\i\ ~ ~~i((Jtl\

i/.1;~
._..... ~ :;.1..:c·
11;c;s
. . ~·,,._"!-'"- ----t
J ,., :.r~-'.J :.·;v~
,.~.vl ,!>"'......:.'-' ·'":I.' ''- ~~~~~
- ~r-<JA~J - ~~ :-:; ..,...~~
·' '' :"·'
~l.!.;J ~)_r-:..-.1 :.~ y rYL..)'I J_,A: I~J .t7R :)'.?J ( G).K'ii4G~_j2fl~~$1 Y
0' )1 1::: oy:.:;) ci,a; J..:i r! c?.iJI .JJAJL <,JL......ll ~lr-JI ~ r-"11 <..k;i.)

337-336_,., ,._;;UI ~yJI (11)

.333_,., ,J;UI ~ yJI (12)

50
 13
1 }<-,?>L.a;;;'ll _r:jl , r.' .)! ~ 'j 0)..J..l>. .,:r.l ~ ~ ...} ~I 0!
<.Sf-''!I ..:.>i;;..:...JI J~ ' 4,; <.5}!. ._;]1 <ioL:JI <,_r:.JI
JS' ~I J.-!.' ~
. . .
,L;)I .)! <.,?>)!. \.,._, ,J}ll Jy.::...ll <.,?}!. 'JJ..U I..L.J (..::..> '('.;.., '0 ,_; 'U
J. '~ ;JL.pjl •lA, ~ 'jJ 'V"l:ll ~I ;,L....JI J\ ~I
<,Sy<ll J')\>. 0" ~ 01 ~ 'j ;;_,,L,a;;;'jl ~I 0! .La;\ Lo.) ... >jl ~
c_\.;:;..; 4i! ':C,..J) I <.5 _,.ol IJ <, >L,a;;; 'j I _;-}- <.5 _,.ol I :/' J __;......: , l..o...l>- J <, >L,a;;; 'j I
0~ '('""..UI l..i...)?.. r-1 I;!J ..ji.J-_r-!.>J "-?"l,..J ~~IJ .j')\>.\ ('"""> __,l!
..... l..t:...... 0~ 'j .Jj ~~ , ; y 0!J '~ 'j .Jj ;;_,,L,a;;;'jl ~I

J!.o ,J..WI J~ '1 0J..J..l>. .,:r.IJ .J..WI 0J> 0" 0:...... _;-}- ~IJ
~...} J.J..J.l ~_,..;;, ;{'11 ~~ J. ,~1 <.,?>L.a;;;'ll ~~ ,~1
.b:-\ r ,. It:. II '·:..r.->"• 'j ) " :.J -""
i.J1 r- • .;.D; ~Y-
· .:c..;L.;'jl
. , ;WI. --...;1
. ~
J. 'J~I r L..5 ~ 'lJ c/' _,.JI _;-}- 0" &L. ~ 0" ..:..Ll..ll J\ JWI
~ ..,Ju. Jt .w ci ~ Jt .1>-l ..!.L\.. .b:-1 0" JS'J ..:.D; 0" r1 ~~
4h- ~ Jly\11 ·~ .....J.l; .w c:r~ r-1\i.. ~ uP;)\ ,J>- ...;,;,.
V"l:JI J_,A>J 0_,.,.;WIJ ,WJ; 4J 0~1J ,WJ;, ~ 0J..w.....l1J ,.wJ;
Jw\11 ~ 01__,...JI >Li! ...} ~~J uVfi.JI ..w.\ 0"/ 14
,1 l"i...u;

.(15)" cr-
•
~
• ~~)I
. . .
.r->'--')

~ ,;).....JJ ~ \11 0" i _r.? ~ J> _).>- J..WI 0\ 0J..J..l>. .,:r.l <.S.r..J
061
" .01__,...JI '-:'I~ 0; y ~I 0\ .j" :......,.; JoiS •fi-1 ~l_y c!> J ..;\
..).>-/ .ol;>JJ\ <.,?..U\ .;LJI ~I .j ~I e J..WI JJ~ ~ I..L.J

.323-321_,., ,-Y.UI (5' _,..Ji (13)

.263_,., ,-Y.UI (5'fll (14)

.264_,., ,-Y.UI (5' _,..]I (15)

.265-262_,., ,-Y.UI (5' _,..]1 (16)

51
1~).> ''-:""l......:Sl'l .j ~I :/' ~l¥}I cJ>~I 0 fo. ~J .1~ 'l'l JJJ
~I :y >pi JIS 'cr~l '-:""ly,i ~ .j ~l¥ i.2 .1~ 'l'l JIS
!*' L.i- J ' ..! K:,. 'l'l I'· " .!J
IS"' ~..! J U" l:Ji ;(JW
- <./. ~
I
.r•i .J iJ., J (!7)" . ..!.LJJs'
J! J lk..J I ;;...;~ .j <.,? >j; L.... \..::.; L<..a.l I 0-' ..!.l]:, y:;i:- J , ~I J>J C;!..! L.:.....l L

...1 lb.; IJ ~ -~.J I -::..;:..i;

._;]1 "~I" ~~J ·~ J! <.>>); j.oL!JI ~I I~ J...WI 0[

-..!.LL..::ll" i " l..>JI
-
-·II" l " l..::>-'l'l . • -'1" II ~. .r-
J if . ..! .r--- J if . 0-' Ic....= cs'.
ul..I;:J'l'4 .t;)I JW ff i f 4'l'l j>ts::::ll jfi. J...Wt> ." i f 4'l'l
~l..; iJ.,J .~1 ,t;..! ~ 0-'J ,~1 ..!l..!; ~I .;s..!L.:...JIJ ,:i.bl,.:..JI

~I ~ ~~ J....; 'l' 4J> 0-'J ,JJkliJ '.hl,.:..JI '£.li >~! ~

J...WI ii..VUI 0[ 1"J,i....a;jl <,?"J ~_rll ~I J:-l 0-' .J::-' j')\]1 ,~IJ
i..,.;t; )Y. '>'J 'r+-'L,a; ~J ~J 'U"l:JI .:.r:.; ..b...Ji ..\)y J! ~
. ·· IW . l._a.i I. ,~ I. -11
.L!.;'l'
• ('+-"
k-
r-r.:-
J <./ - (f. . u---- r+:"-' • ·1,
<./. l:.L
-·
;;...;~ J '<f> y..J ,~ '... j')\]1 <.>..,.>- "JI i~l ..:.;L<..a.JI .jJ C;!..!L.:.....ll
...1lb.;IJ ~I -::..;:..i; c)! ,Jlk..JI

<.5..U ~l; eJ>Y' 0\11 ~~~I .j '£.li ~ <,?..UI r--WI ..!J..UI 0)

c:r.l i.JJ...:...I .!J J ." ~.;JI" ) "'-;..L}.i.::JI ~I" 0-' \.?,J 1' 9J,L..,a_;;'l'l .L..k
-·.J" i)l..;:.j)l <./._d.~.>
-· 11-..JI
cs'.
L!., ..\JI ·-IL"J........,a.,Ji":c..\5'0 ..ll.>
- ' ..! - <.? ~ . -· J
i 1".4......L.."JI ~l..::>-'l'l WI" l"
20
~ · Jl ff · - - . -· J if . l..::>-'l'l JL....i)l" i ..! L..,
• •

.262..r ,J;UI t'" _,....)I ( 17)

.48-46..r tJ;Ul t'" _,....)1 (IS)

( 19) Arrow, Kenneth J. "Social Responsibility and Economic Efficiency." Public Policy,
Volume 21, 1973, p. 303-17; Et7ioni, 1988; Fukuyama, Francis. Trust, Social Virtues
and the Creation of Prosperity. New York: Free Press, 1995, and Hollingsworth, J.
Rogers, and Robert Boyer. Contemporary Capitalism: The Embcddedness of Institutions.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.

(20) See Dasgupta, and Serageldin. Social Capital: A Multifaceted Perspective.

52
'!-' ,~ •if' ~ ;;J'J.ill "JL.....l)l" W5 il~l ~ ly.i>_?l .W.JI
0-'.lli:- .:r.l il~l 0)' d.i.J (
211
>1))\J ,pWI JL.....1)1 cP ,..SJ\;:..1 ~
I~-~ '-" • WI" 1":\......a.J\" '-...J.50
. .L
) .• L. <.S'"'"'
lr
u-- . -"' " <./" ~\}\
I.J.,
. (.)" ) ..
~

((_) :i.. ~IJ (i) .;..\........._;...!I .;J> : l!JU

J "..:..>L....y" ~ .)1 ,!J_,.LJI ~I}~ >..r..J J..WI ~-'

y,o;l......ll ~ .~..UI <,;,sJI ulyk:JI J ".;_,.;¥1 ~" -' ciL.... _r.ll >l.ci'll
,J...,-' t22)~ ~ y.:, ~L.I_rl~ 0}.,:..J ,4)! \,l:.;:....l U""l:JI cYL..i:::. .)1
J!.--"::..J , <,; y5J I ~ _);.; _)! .>.:.:...:;-' ..::..>~I ~ J ;,..r..Y' ~I_,;.] I
L. p)" -; c.,?1 \<...:._,.:jl J \,<'')I...! ~ J ~1_,;.)1 o-4J Jj\11 U""L.\11
.:r.lc.S..r.. LS l''l"_.....,l?-' JJ\>.-' ~-' 'r1 :.r <.:l::S' J ~-' f' .&1 Jjl
0 _A ~)II ('""' .J.J....a..> 0! " .~L,a...ll ;~ly-' __,>j~
1241
<./' L...;!" 0-'.lli:-
~1 ~ ~-' ,Jl!:;..\}1-' <./"pi ('""'>l..u..:...-1 j:.j>U ~ ~L.; ;~
1... \...., 125 1\l.,.:,.., 1. ~--
!] I \i .
.r--' 0"
..GJI lr
<.S'"'"' <..)"'""'. • ~ \::
;
.r.:-<: ~.~
_ .I
'-? r :q
'U""l:JI ~ ;;J,L,:.JI 4A:ll-' :_rWI jfi.J ,J..WI ~-' '.JWJI <./"~'!I

.~1 jfi L. -"'-'

iA....:. ;,__ k ~~ 1:,1 '1! 0G '-?:, .;.J..l.; i _,z 0l <...:.rJI ~ '!-'

:J\.:..Ji j,.- ~_);;I (21)

- Arrow, Kenneth J. "Observations on Social Capital." In Partha Dasgupta and Ismail

Scragcldin (cds.), Social Capital: A Multifaceted Perspective. Washington, D.C.:
The World Bank. 2000. p. 3-5.

- Bowles and Gintis, "Social Capital and Community Governance." .

. 147-146-r ,_;;L... t:c J' ,4o..I.WI .0J..I.l>- cr.l (22)

.279-r ,_;;U\ t:c _,...11 (23)

.134-r ,_;;UI t:c_,...ll (24)

.141-140-r ,_;;UI t:c _,...11 (25)

53
L...~ ~ 'j LtSJ ,.!)yLll J¥1j ~ !.?# L..;) ~_r.JL; (26)._;....; 0j)
)ly..ll .r} y J')\>. C.r' L...J.,..i:.; ~ ;;J J,;..-..)1 ~ J..,.... l,-JI :i.h.UL; ; ~

:Jl.i .>);C._,.;, y, dl.> ~~<ill ~J ":-'lk>JI e,r. ~ r, ..iAJ

127
)t,>IJ)IJ
:i.h.UI ;;,;~ 01 0J..l.b. e,r.l .01y<JL tJ- Lo... ,;si 0lk.LJL tJ- .&1 0!"
1281
i.S.r.,J "

'JJ a:; 'j <JI_,...,JI <JJ) ;;JJ..UL;'' 1291

o)W~ ~I;;,;~ J!." iJl,a,.JL J..,....L,-ll
0\ ~ C._,.;, y, 0J..l.b. e,r.l JS}!.J 1301 " .~1..:. ctWIJ :UJ..UI 0J) 01_,...,JIJ
•u4,.W4 l.!.b4 \y>'Li 0l5' 1.>! ctWI 0~" 1311 " .__;.;)I .)! J.SJ.;;JI ~ ) y.:"
;,;.. IJ.>'iJ ,JJJIJ JyJI ~ ,~_,;,; ..1;..!-.UJ U"'l:JI u!Jy ~ W,;,.,
~JJ ... 1*'')\>.\J !""')~ ..:.,..\....JJ ,~ I~ ,~..GJIJ ~IJ ":-'.l5J~
(32)" . ..0 ~ 1~1

,W...U ~')\>.- .;\ 'i[ ,~1 .j :UJ..UI JP ~ )~ ClJ..l.b. e,r.l 0\tY

~ C.r'x ~ .:UJ.ill <.,?)l~'jl ,;J..UI ..\;,}!. 'j -.:r-?'11 ~~I .:,_,I ,II
il.f">'IJ :i....ol>JI :C,S:.W4 Jlr'il 0) ."~)1 ~I"-; 0'11 ._;~ C:=""'\
0l5'J , :C,.0 Y\.... )II rJL..::l I C.r' •?. r :;_;; ')\>. \11 ~I ) J ..l> ~ ~) _,..;l I ~_,.,.J I
~ ..:.,Ll::S' .j ),; W' ,;;JJ..UI 4 J ·ifY\....)11 ~I .j iiJ..UI ~ LuL.
~ iJ~- c.s" '0J..l.b. e,r.l r+.' ~ ,(,_;.;~~I .:,_,1 ,II ,L...WI
:Uij!J ,),.W~ ,L; }IJ ,J..WI 0W -il1:JIJ 0 _,;WI ~ wl>...JIJ t.L;..UI

.47..r'J ,43.r ,_;;UI C:"' rJI (26)

.121-120.r ,_;;UI c:-rJI (27)

'(·'-" .>) ,(J, .>) ,;c,..lJI ~I)> '-"J~.,- <>1.1.0; t<;~ .J; J. .J...>.\ 'c?'l.kJI ~I (28)
.107.r ,4C
.349.rJ d43.r ,_;;L- C:"' J' ,:i,J.4li ,jJJl,;. .:,el (29)

349.r ,_;;LJI C:"'rJI (30)

176..1"" ,_;;LJI c:-rJI (31)

.189J""J d76.r '~o.,UI C:"' rJI (32)

54
~ 'l.S y:-1 ;)~~J 133
)!]}-JI J.<>l_,.ol J\:::.o ';II_, ,.;.;~\.,:>-';I\ ')' J ,r-!IJa...JI
,~ _,_r.JI ~w1 .b1 ~- '-"'l:J\ J.<>l..; c;JI .~'JI ~ .J1 ;J_,..UI ~
-~ ~ ..w rill!_, vlj_,~l if' ~J
1 34 )'-?~L..a;:;';l\ .bi...!.:Ji c) ;~L,..o ;J_,..UI .b ~ .J1.J_,..U.,:. c:r.l ~';I_,
= .r."!. L..) r+'""l)_, r+"} '.}' JJ\>. cr '-"'l:JI c,?;Y. J ..!.l.J~ 4-o\.,A.i
cr ;J_,..UI v\.ll~ ~ l.a:1 J. ,~ (. .l""i.>JI t_lk.<ll W-1~ .J':/1
_ q ;j } ..U \J _,..,..,- <..)""::'1 ;j } .ill .) } ..u.,:. d.
;;_,__,......, . I J _,..,..,- .)\..i
• \..iS::.. } (35J._j\ ~~~
. .r-'

o>l,..- ~ J...u ;J_,..U J. ,'-::]_,.....!.)1 ;J_,.ill ';I_, (Laissez Faire) ~,L.a;:;')l\

,~')!\ .J[ i 36 )_AJI o\..iJJ :<.,;L.;iJi ~\ (2'.rJ ;b1 .J_,s:; .J1 ~} ;;_,._,_,.:Ji
'C:""I_,..JI J>-1 .j J_,.i, .":C..l.i.•.JI"' .j c_,SL..'JI Cr" ,~ .j ;JJ.J.il '--"ltJ 0J.Jb:. ,:r.l _pc (33)
.~1~1 Cr" •<J! <ill !*Is) ,:r.lll .~~J <,L..,.J CJ<" t.t;.l.il" r-5"WI ~ 0) ,JWI j,...- ~
~J ..;~J .f"-1 ~ JS .W 01J.WI '-:"'\.(:;) Cr" f'+"""J '-">l)lj.OI_,.;JI _,J>} ~J
)J; L.. JS ~ .JI_,...:)'I ~J .~l.,a.. ~'-"I~ _;1 ~J ..:;,L;).JI :.r-101....;
_;.JI c':J j,K.!IJ 01jJ':IIJ ;_,;l.i..JI >)_,..JI -!lE .j L..... ,;J,L:.jl ~~WJ ~ .j
J>-1 Jli ..l4i ... _;.J I Cr" c1" U I 4-o.G-.:.....; """I a....ll i., l..>J a....JI ~ rl..:> ~I ~J
:_,];,;1 "·c!"UI '-:"' }i '-:"'\....;:5"1 Cr" J+...-1 ~ly Cr" Jw,JI;;.,. j>- j 0) .~1 .L..WI
.2161)"" '"-'L- C::'" .7' ,<...J.i..JI .0J.Jb:. ,:r.l -

.257 V"" '"-'L- E'" .7' ,<...J.i..JI .•:u.Jb:. ,:r.l (34)

.259-257 V"" '"-'UI C::'" _,...11 (35)

~ · 'JS ..r-· (: : "-·I( <........kll

- .. ;J.LJI _,.. J J ':11: rUt Z"' LUI ;J.Ui -J /U
·, .Jb:. ..r.
• •
· I r-"
• (36)
:C.J>. Cr" , ) JS :_;:...:, ,_?I ,<J.i,JI :C,...L,-JI ;J.Ui y _JUI J ,..;1 fr' J _Jill\ ~ )' <,J:; Cr"
..," <:JUIJ ~~~I ts>WI ~ .)! i,_l::....l '-';~1 ~J <,_,;.J.II ~llll ~I,.;..
.jJ ij..UI ,.i.. .j o\;)1 ~ Cr" >} JS :_;:...:,"""I "'-.i~l··) ";_,;,..UI :C,...L,-JI" ;J.LJI
:_,];,;1 <...,_,.!.11 r-)l.:l til. ;.f""'JI
o-4-J "'.!>- ..:;,~ ri.G.::...Ic>) I;LJ .266-2651)"" '"-'L- C::'" J" ,<...J.i..JI .•:lJ.Jb:. ,:r.l -
•(Laissez faire) ;_,Ljl <,;L..WI ;JJ..UI ~ 01 ~ ,..:;,L.. _,.s::,.ll Cr" Z')\;.)1 J~'ll
<lp J_,..- J,. A;; ~ t_YU>Yll ."'-.i~l" Jt <,..Jl-)'1 ,t;)l ;JpJ ,;;_,;WJI ,t;)l ;Jp
:_,];,;I ,<,..Jl-)'I ,t;)I
- Chapra, M. Umer. The Islamic Welfare State and its Role in the Economy.
Leicester, UK: The Islamic Foundation, 1979.
- Chapra, M. Umer. Islam and the Economic Chaiienge. Leicester, UK: The Islamic
Foundation, 1992. (chapters 1,3 and 5).

55
J.i _, ,~1 _;..!.'1 I ~I.G ..::..,..:; ~
•
c_,., I , 1I '-:"' u•t
c:N I ~ <.5 )-I J.i !'"""' l::J I J 1
' '

~L.a.. :C...G.J i~ :C,. ')\....,) 01~ J 0::::-- l,.J IJ ,::/J' I~ I ~ .cl.;.;;.,., I

c;JI :C,. ')\....,)II 014\1 ~ U"' _;,) ~ '>I) ..::.>'[; r-1 <:?I_;...:, '>II 01 .r.):- .4..,o WI
_(37)~~1 ..:;.,~~',!\ J')G:. (Y 4:,> ~}

(..!..>) i;_;JI .JJ~ :~I.J

JJ..U JL,._OJ\ ,b\11_, •;c,....:;:ll_, JJ..JI 0L...al :C.j')\]1 >)_,...ll }Y. JWI
1'"li y..:jl ;,\j _,1 hi\ .).- ~ '>I JWI_, ·U"'l:JI ~ ol.i )\_, :C. _,s::,.JI
~ J i4"l,~,L,.,.::;'>II '.k.:..;\11 .}<- ~ J.; (39)~1_, '-:-".ill ~L:.., .r:-J _,i
,..l..:;,U c;JI 143 )d_,;)ll_, 142 );;J_,..UI L..}_,:; c;JI ..:;.,~\_, jlyJI_, 141 \j_,....JI
C >".~\JJ.r'>J ~WI..:;.,~[;...).- i~lj" 0_p:, _,1 ..::.>i?..WI._..l.. L..JJ~
44

ui?..WI i>l;j J~ ~__....11 j>-..tlli ;j>-..UI >l>jl .kl!-:.JI >l>jl ~

46 45
c )JWI_, ;c,....:.::Ji >~>jl J ~ 'JJ~ -,?.ill c l_.,::.,\_,,\'l J JW::..... '>II i>~j_,

1:,1 Jl_,.. \11 ~i ~\_," :.U ~ JW::..... '>II JJ> .).- ~I J 0_,..ll>. cr. I >lj J.i _,
~_,..a,.- ,l.b..!.J ¥)\C.')...., J ,::.. ;iS\:,)J ,~)I JI.}-JI J ' ..::.>21
..::.> _r>->1_, '

(37) Dcsfosscs, Helen, and Jacques Levesque (eds.). Socialism in the Third World. New
York: Praeger, 1975.

.339-.r' ,J<L- CC.r' ,<...li..JI .0 3 .J.l>. J.l (38)

.339.r ,J<UI CC _,..II (39)

.339-.r'J ,334-.r' ,J<UI CC _,..II (40)

373.r ,J<UI CC _,..II (41)

280.r ,J<UI CC _,..II (42)

.334-.r'J d33.r ,J<UI CC _,..II (43)

.333.r ,J<UI CC _,..II (44)

.334.r ,J<UI CC].JI (45)

.334.r ,J<UI CC _,..II (46)

56
'-:"'1.1 _, ,.,':1 _,JI 4, ~ )J .;wt 4; -::..J_. _, ".::.Sj_, c...; ,~ ~;\It :...S_,
\~l.._., J r-" JY'\' ~" ..!Jj:, 0~ ( 417 '
" .:c....i:...JI_,
'
_:;,.11 ~ ~I_,
'
0l.o )I 4,
J i~I J-I_,.JI ~_, (481 ". [<.l _,..Ut] ..!.iJ ~I ~) ..!.\J; ..:...W 1:,1 ..!t~
•
...,......
•
~
' ""::J
., <'"l . '-'
• ,,...,_ 'I ., 'I
~ J ''::'"'"'
't
(;r' J
(49J '\ ~It
.'-:-' .;-+'-' '-'
. "'-.
l ~ '-""
. \A>.;\
(Sl)iL>..JJ
" :C. )·JUt '-0'?
. ' ·\It c.r.r-J " ) ) t.,...;.\1\
:i\ -It oWl . I· '
~.r"'
.c,
0 a a>-·1\ >bj\ W5 :,! \0 a a>.·li_, J..-.ll ~ .}.>- ~~ ;_,_;JI J...::,.;J

<0G:-l>- ~ JA:-.o _r.? ~I :.r J;..\_,ll 0i 4_,....:.; ..U" .JWI _,.,.:, >bjl
~ .jt d.::--Wt_, ...!.IJ; .J.>- ~~r J ~ 0_,;_,l,w, ~r_, ,....;t.._., J
(i.U\)1) ....:. ~ ... ~L....oi r-"'~ (;r' ;s''lt OJJ.rb L r+' ~1.1 0_,~
..; _,._ I~· u J L_a.., \1 I J-i (;r' r-"_r.? -,) l Cb.; l.o _, ".u\ y _, ....:. _;]I ~ ':ll>- J
<li:,JI Jty-i ~>_, .. ~\ :.r .1;.,.. ..!.IJ..L ~ 0~ \~-' '-.0\_y~ r+'
<,;'Jt i>~l_, ,~':>\.o..)l_, c_,5"L....JI J c:;;\:Jt (;r' :<0b:-l>-_, ....:._;]I ,)! ~1_,
.. ....:._r]t_, ~l.:...a.ll JL..>jl ,)),_p'j;. t..L._, .. JI_,.Jt_, i.!hl\ ;~.>-.;t_, ,0_yWI_,
~~ 0r L..;_, (''l " . ...,;. _;.. _, ~~ J>-> ~-' t~L:...aJt_, Jw'It Jt_,....,i ~
(.;-? '1! .!.>~ ':1 J..J I ~ 0 ~ (53 I. G~ ~ i \..l>-.::.... I (/ 0.,..;> .r.. ':1
V'l:JI ,J...; ,rJdl <:......,.. Jl_,....,i, yo:-_, ~ t..L. _, \54 )0::...., ~LWI 0~

.281cl" •J<UI t"" _,...11 (47)

.28lcl" •J<UI t"" _,...II (48)

.256-255cl" •J<UI t"" _,...11 (49)

.261 cJ" •J<UI t"" _,...II (50)

.323-32lcl" •J<UI t"" _,...11 (51)

.334cl" •J<UI t"" _,...II (52)

373cl" •J<UI t"" _,...11 (53)

353cl" •cY.Ui t"" _,...11 (54)

57
 '
<..~I ~J ,~p<JI J.ll_,...ll ~l;~jl J JWIJ J>-.UI t.i..i;) ~
56
1 )"-;~L,a::;)II._,..._;JI ~l;~jl c)! 1py_I.L.J \~I oiJJ ~ ..<.;_;.o.ll JL.i;! cr
;T.'-" ..!.ll.lS'J ,.JK.JI ~~
J \:-)· i~t,~jl ~ L> JJ..\; cjll ,;_,...:.::JI ~t;~ji.J
~~ ;~t;j ~ Cr'J rs')i.S.f"-1 jS'L.1 :.r .L...WIJ ;~1 ..d-J ;~I JL.....ll
..<.;~ .JK..ll ~~ J ~l;~j)il I.L. .~1 ..!.ll..U '-?~IJ c.?.r:JI JL...-1)I
jfi.J ,J.)"'-.UI l!.r..J ,"tll:..,all" jfi_ L. Y"J ,-.;.,L...WIJ c:LJI ~~I

l;_,...:.::JI t!:~ )~1J ~I

158
c)!).........\11 J.,..:; '..r"\11 JJ1 J -' 59
J .!.;..iu
<f ~ _,.JI ~ J ~.r.. ._,.J.kll J11;! ...;1 _.d- 'Ct::;)ii.J '-,...:.::JI ~~.;~ jl t: .1_H-)1
JL......1 t.IA;) c)! '-?~Y.. 1..... \~1 -.;.,)'[;.. J-*' c)! '-?~Y.. I.L. .J)j ,...;1)~·
cr (!"~ t.i..i;J )II c)! vl;JJ.r<JI JL......1 J.,..:;J .vl....WIJ c:LJI
,-.;.,L,Jl.SJI
~)J ,~)1 ,j1WI JL......1 cr tr't "-;_rWI ,j1WI J JL...... \11 ~ )J
'JL......\11 t.i..i;) ;~t;j c)!'-?~;; ,.L.J '01.r<JI ~~>_; ~J ,;J..WI..L,ll ~
~J '~J~LMJ .JK..ll J>..G ~c)! '-?~Y..J '-"'I:..U J.li..L..:. ~ I.L.J
-'
60
l;)..,a,.JIJ JL>~j)il ~J '-,...:.::JI

• ~ )"'·)I <..?·II ,:c...,

ULS" ~~~ J.ll .r
•.•_r"'-' -II ...,...'\b-.;1 <..>''II '-? ~·Y.. J .»·.UI ...,..."\b..;I.JI'
L.S , d p<J I cr ..<.;_;.o.ll J ..<.;_;.o.ll ~} c)! 4.1 J.U I ,_},...:j , 4.1 J.U I J 1..0;! ;_,k;.:J
J.--.ll c)! c!I.UI )~J .JWIJ ; _,All J~L..a.,. ;c;LS" ~ 41 _;...II ; _,k,.JI JJL>.;
\i~)_,JI ...,.slp<JI r .JJ} y,. 0-:!..UI 'J~IJ ~ .;i_;.o.ll i.S.U t;,L ~IJ

.336-333-r' •J<UI C:. _,..)1 (55)

.353-r' •J<UI C:. _,..!1 (56)

.335-r' •J<UI C:. _,..!I (57)

.373-371-r'J d33u"' ,J<UI t:-~..JI (58)

.373-r'J d37-336.r> •J<UI C:. _,..!1 (59)

.337-336-r' J d 57 .r' •J<UI C:. _,..!I (60)

58
~ '1 L> JJ~J ·~~~ J.lly.ll ~ ~ ,J _,>-J.ll ~ Lo~ UJ
<.S} t_J L::; J d.-5J I , b j>..J .c,...:::J I ~ "l.i) IJ .c,...:::J I ~ J I..<; )II .;J JJ.l I
61
( lwWI .;JJUI ;.,_4' .)l <.S>yJ J')\>.;'11

~ •WJ ;;.;~ ~ ~ 0J..u.,;. cr.l ~ :r ..r;N 0\ l;,) 1;1

:0~ J_,AJI

(c J t..:- "0 •c}l ....; ~c

? 4-:SJ ,0J ..u.,;. cr. I c;_,. .; (;.,.~l ;;,.c.,, :..r.;; '1 .;J, L....J 1 ,..L.
J')\.,:. Cr' •(interdisciplinary) o~I t;} bly:.. J >..U.::.. ~U, Y' J ,~U,
J4J>l ~ ,.;J,L....JI o.l..> J .0L..,.J~ ~l; .;JI ~)I ..::..>1~1 ~ ..\,:.1
0J..Ll.> cr.l ulol.::..>l ..!.>1 0'-l \~G ~ 4'1 ~ ..,_..l,-]1 <hUI J\ (c.J
•41_,.LJ ul)..,a;.JI J\ JJJJI J\ wWI ..::.;'JJUI J~ ~ r ~)I
.;-11 ..,_..l,-]1 <hLll ;_;; ~ 01~ ~ J1 <..st,.. .;J~ ' } 01 <.S.r.. ~
~ ...Jlh...ll . ..,...l,-]1 <hLll
<..;\.,.:. ..) ·~ ~) ·~ )1 ~ <.S)w
.
<hLJI ..;..;l5' \;),.i .:i..;_r..JI ~ ..r;P ...;lo....b ~ r:.r:··: <,SlJI ,~1 ol.ij
J 4'\.i .~~ .;J.u r '1) ,;.WJ~.: ~ '1 ) i..l..-l.i ..,...l,-]1
~ i~ J 4J '-.>WI >)_,..J10),> ,Ill ~I Cr' t}Y. 4-iJl1J -?>y
..U~J .i)lp .c,...:::JI J.+.c:l ~.u; ~ .;JI ..::.;Lo..GJI ~ JJ ,Jw
~ j")\]1 , )_,..JI 0),> ,.c,...:::JI } _r; ~ I;!J .,L; )IJ .c,...:::JI ~ ;l;l....JI c3' . . ; _,..
Lo..U .,...WIJ !'""*'~ .;JI u4..G.::ll ~ly Cr' :C. ~IJ ~I ~
.J.;; J ;.,_,L,a;;;'JI - ¥~ '11 ~u...1 ~ J
J')U.)II :yT .JJ> :\.....t>
l.>JL. ~ :eLL! ~ J_,l.....JIJ .u...JI ~ ;;j')WI 01 Cr' ~ )1 ~
,~ .;JI ;.,__rJI ..:;~I J '.k:lr-JIJ ;.,_;IJJI ~I 0\.i ,;JJ~~

59
~I J I.L. ~J) .LA>_;L.. ~ ~l.i ()~ 0"1 j,...; 0J..IJ.,;. .:r.l ~
~

<I;. . II vl~l cr <,?I ;t>.:;l ~ .(.blA.:.JIJ I*"" 'Jil JJ\>. cr kl i _,.;ril

11 .. .. -

I.L.J .~ <S..f"-"JI ..::..>1~1 j1.; <.,r.:> J ,~1.; ~y.:;.. ,~1 l...,..., 'JIJ

.b lk..; I J ')lb! ')T 4'1:, c/' 0 ~ 'JI ..1J , L. ~ .b lk..; I J ')\!,! <JT 01 0
4 0J..IJ.,;. .:r.l 0l5" .,;JI ,;;,_.')L..,)II vJ.,·""'".JI ~ d ••.~l ~
J I) L. - bJ I • _,..J- .,;J I , ~ L,.-.1 I .U...U I J j:..::i J ')\!,)II <JT . ;:.. ; l5" , 4-;
c)[ <.J\'1 ,.J.., ..:;_,,1 ..\JJ <"')I.J.., l:... y. ._.::>- ;;,_.')L..,)II 01-ll,ll ~ J i,y. y

~IJ JJ..JI ~ ~1 cr LA> )ly i~ J ,;:..WI ,_;~rJI il..lh.:...l i•L.!

.iWI ol>)IJ

0~ ~ ~ J !*" JJ..l: i~ Jol_,..ll ~ 01 t:J

,...J,lk,..;IJ l..
cr ~1 <S.r'-1 ..::..>~ J J')lb)ll <JT 0~ ..w \l.....l>- I_;J, J')lb)ll <J\'
J.:.:-. ~ ,0 ~ ..\J .0 JJ.i.,;. .:r.l C.:,__,...; J <.5 _,.,:. 'J I vi~ I
J ')\;....;I , J L:..J I

LA>.?J.; r-1 ..:.U ..u ,0) ..iJ.,;. .:r.l cr j J ~ ~ ~ r-1 t.. r) ,•.r''l'l
?.1 _; _# 0 \'I .JJ ( U"" l:J I) ( 0) cr 1~ 'JI U"" L.1 •?.- d y.S- ...t.)>.; J
..<;JLA::.. ..::..>~ _;..\.; ": i)l::.. ..:;_,L.,·-:--..11 ~ 01 cr ~ )~ '-1-}JI r.!WI J
~L:..JI ~;:JI ii..L.;I c)! <.,?,)!. ..\J ...;~ ,.......;,; y 0J, J')k.;'Jil I.L. _,.,.:..I 1:,~

J 4,ul)l _r...> 0_A .:r...iJI ,_,.:.,JI ~ y J _;i...b.;l c)! ~ C,r'J ,JW.'>U

<.,?,L.a::!'Jil .;_,..;:;~·~)II ~I ..:.l); ~ ,0:,1 'J..\..::; ..W .i_;l..2>- :<,1

U......O ~1 J ')\!,)II <JT 0 ~ ..\J J , <.5

. _,s:.....,J IJ c?"
. _,J p::.ll J ~I
. J

..:..>L.... _;.. J r-} U""L.l ~ i _,;, t)>l>- <,?,WI iu;; cr ~L:JI ,L,a::;)ll
~ ~1 ..:..~ ..\JJ .l.,L. ~_,._ll ,1.,..;)11 J ..:..J>. L.S ,4;~ y.S-
JLo.....l_; c)! Jp}I i~ J ,4.,-diJ ~I J!lr!IJ JJ..JI )ly i~
,~1 , §_;J 4;_,.:.,)1 ,_;~.rli JW y.S- .1,1 c)! <.,?,)!. ..\J <.,?..iJI 'e;uL!....ll

.6-3 J~l .j <.S.T-- W" (62)

60
\,.?. <.,!"')\....•.'~\ ~WI ~ .)1 :C,..l:JI JJJ.ll 0-" .~.;.WI J JWI y L.S
.4:-- ~Ll
:i;>l...ci')/1 ..;.,1~1 J..........;; ~ \.b:. ~-"' ~ Clj..J.1>. J-10}! .I~J
i>.J...::.o ;;_,.. \:.o> '-:J l..i. ._)s. ~I ...; l J. ,.1 \.b..; '";1\ J ~I ~ l.>..t>- J
~')\>. \11J :C,..~ '";II j.ol_,...lJ ~I _;:...II oJWI .Jl ....;,? e=J ,;;_;r-o-ll (;!)
d .•.~ I ~ ._.ll <.5> y ,~1~ .r-;J.liJ :C,>.-ul:JIJ :C,...L,-JIJ :i;>L..ci')/IJ
tr-l ._.b..: 01 ill\ ~ :c,..:.; '-:-'":-' ~ .Jl 41 ~ \..o I.L. J .4]. _;L J
,lJ)I ...,.....:JI ~ ._? ~J ,;;_.I..~;:..... ~I ~ \..o J •<.S.r'"l 01J.I.: 0-"
)J>l i:~:J..G e>L,.JL: J,:.\, l.~.; ~~ >i...cil e>l .b.JI ~ 0-"J · F I
.<,;IJ.l\ ~I r. J>L,::...]i ~LA; i f ~ ,~_;;-vi~\ ,J., ~
.:_r..; \i G" ~ ._,;{; y.. ~ J ')\1, )I I :c,J~ 0J ..J.1>. J.l i ~ 0}! , .;JJ; l:: J
'-'""'\..., yJ (North) ~ JY .l,5b ~ ...;\ ~ i ~I \.L. ClJ>
63
( \Thomas)
J~ ..:..;IS .J.A.I .i_r.S ~ J ci_;.J\ ~WI Jl.>>jl ~ :C,S:WI J~ ._)s.
~ ~')\.....,)11 ~WI J ~ '";IJ ,..;_,I.,·~JI ~ J i>y.y :C,S:WI
4JK:.l J ~\ ..::.>~\ ~ e>ll..i) ~ •4# <.,!'')L..)II cT' _rll
r-""- ~ \..o .J jJ 4J __,....) •<.S _,>-\11 ..;:_, L... rJ I j!.o , :C,S:W I J ~ .J \1 \;,.J.o.:.J I
.;JJ; >y<;. ~J ~~_;.JI v\.,·~JI..) . L.>l,.O::; ._.ll ,<J;l •<.S>l <.S.JJI
. W .\..> i_;·;
..::.> L... j.J I j.-;:- L.... ':C,... L,-ll :C,...l>..J I .) l ..::.> ,i .) I :c,l.l ~J.ll J l *" .)
.4:--\......L>- \,.?, :C,S:WI J~ p .)1
:c,J\5" ~ .)I <./' :c,J.I ~J.l\ i f ~ l:J I :C,... L,-JI :C,...l>..J I 0}! .I.JJ
~JY ~J .~1 .)l <.S>l Lo J-"J ,J..WIJ :C,S:WI J~ vP_;J J')\b!
~~ v~>L..ciiJ 'J~'";Ii 0~ e>'";l_;, ~ ,Lo ..t>- ._.l!.;JJ; e>ISJ-4 '-'"'Lo yJ
~~J (economies of scale) (Lo w...J L""IJ ._;u.; ..)s- Ct:;;'";ll v!J}J)

(63) See: North, Douglass C. and Robert Paul Thomas. The Rise of the Western World: A
New Economic History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973.

61
J..:-Ji ~I..G...::...~J )~ _,..Ji J. \_,..jl ~L...1 c./'~ IJWI ..r1J ~I)J
164

..W .l,.. cr)J ~ ~~ Y' ~I J_,.;.,.. cJ>) 0L ;..b~l ~ ,.;1;

,;cJ,I - J.ll
- ~
'1 .)"""'
.I.' . ·- . I
'-""-""' r I .·<"1 ~I
'r""' - -
. ;II . &..!I - - ..;:....... ""'
r::- ..; . "Y'> .r"'
.~) ..\.i ~I J_,.;.,.. 0~ 'l 0\ ~I cr 01.5:l
~ .JJ.J~ ~ 0\ ,~1 ~ j\5J I ~,L..a;:;'JI lb. 0 J..li..> cr. I ._,s::;.r.. r.l
L>.f"- \11 J-1_,...)1 ul; _J>I;:!~ •J;:- '11 ~ (static)J ~I J.}-,.;:l~ .)J\11
..:.>~I ~ J J-1_,...)1 o..L. J ~~ ..:.>1~1 ..::...::; \.., ~..UI ..:..i}I J
~.JJ.J ;~ 0~ ..\.i ..:.>1~1 ,J., 0\ C:: •J-L:.o t.YL<; J')(.,:. 0-' ·~_All
._:.,I; -::.Jij L. ~,l....ri'JI d~l J u. )\ 0~ ,..!.lJ; t: J .;._;;.r ~ 0 ~ 0\

.L..k ~ 0\ ~I cr...;\ cr r-i' )1 ~ ,1..\J .4-L-~ ~ 'lJ ,~\

'J.}-,.;:)1 ;;J.*-"J J.:+-::!1 J.,...- ~ ~J L::.. ..:.>I~ I 0 § _j> I_,::> I , l....ri'll

o~I()) ;,u:.. ul,.l:.,_J.ll ii..G.::....~.........;; ..:..i }I ..f' il,..<JI cr ~~ ~ 'l ...;~

~l,.o ..f' ;~L. cr o)y L. ~ ,.JJ..li.>. cr.l ..,..G.::...,I ~..UI tyll cr
Jk,- )II .1;'11 ~ ~ ~L; .)1 ,~,L..a;:;'JIJ ~4 '11 ..:.>L..l,.-JI
~ ~ .J~ L... I..L.J .~1 ,t;.J L>.Y---' ~.JJ ,L., ,L..a;;;'j j;:- \11 J__,b
JL l.S ,.;\I\~ (Neoclassical Economics) ~~I ~~I ,L..a;:;'JI
~ '1 \..,~ (..:.>L..L,... ~..l>.O) ;;,....L,... ..:.>~J ·~! ~ U,S" :lh._, ~.JY
~~I ~j\SJI ,L..a;:;'JI ~ .h; ...;~ d..U "~ubl....ri'll ~ ~. __,..jl
0\ t....,. t 65 )"~1 • · · 0\ 1 .·G . 1 1--1 WjL., ~ ;t,\"
• <
(.;--' '+' ..r ui.....L...
. .
J.,..l>.O
)~ .r.-
~y ~ •Y:.:, ~ ~~ ~;_,...; e::P J 0J..li..> cr. I
01S ..lA> ,.J, _,;,.... J L.
, P'J ~J ~j)l ~" ~ ~ 01S ...;! Jt.; ~ '--7'1.7-" ~ (Toynbee)
.tQ...l; e::PJJ t_•.\:.;1" .j ,.)J..li..> cr.l 0l' ,"~~~ ;_,..oll
•J-L.:..II 6-).:.U o.:....\A.o

~~ J ~ ~~ ~..!::1 ~ y 0-' ~ ~~ ~ -~ 0), 0-' '-?"- bl::.U

(64) North and Thomas. The Ri.<ic of the \Vestern World, p. 5

(65) North and Thomas. The Rise of the Western World, p. 359.

62
 (66) " • ',... • ' •
. uc:>v>J U'-'J

J L>, 1:r .~; '1 ..;I ..::..> .b:- J J..i .j ~ 0 J JJ.,:. .:r.l C.;~ ..:...o ..G.::.... I .,;I tY
.)) -·-:·A:S::.ll ll... ;c...LO.. J ~~ L..5- , y.;. I.L.J ,~ ..:..>~u:ll ~
~~J .;_,~.,-~Ju .;:,.r:JI o\,>JI01.r:- ~ J ..::..>1~1 :r ,~ ..:..,J...L>
.;:,_J~ vi_,;.;.})~ .::......,; ~ J..i ..::..>1>\...a;:;'liJ ~I

~~ ~ ~ 01 :r ..L '1 •0~~ ~I JJ> J>.l ~ ..;I ~ J -I

..:..l]; J L..; -~ ..;:_,\;_)5::.. :r ~ ~ ..;! .ls::..L..::.. :y,s ~ '1 ..;\
\~\.,."JIJ r ~IJ ,,_,..UI :r ri_,JIJ ,..,.._,L,.JI ~IJ .w..JIJ .LJIJ JG:-)I
0JJJ.,:. .:r.l J>.l ..l.ij ·~ ~lj \;:,_,L..a;:;'llj ..,~ '11 ..:..>~~lj

.415 u-J .)JJ ·0~1 J ~

,..blb..;'li.: d.~; J..i ;:,._?yJI :C,.')I....,)il JLW~I ..:..>1>\...a;:;l 01 e - '":'

~I 4--J.r 01 ..5".rJi (.r'J •4-::-->l:... C: :i.;J\.io ;:,__,.; J_.;; r-1 ..;..;IS 4'~
i-4J <:,JJ~I '":'~~~..!.>I >y.;.J .<:,..i.>JI ~j~l J y> L..5 ~ ~ r-1
;~I ,l.,.J .~)~1 ;~WIJ :i..i_,....JIJ ~I J ;~\ .}) ,~\
~ ~.b:- ..::..>I • , -~ J I ,l.,. ..:..]J G.. ) ~ , )\...3 .j :Y,)> l::;J J _;.::....; ....; _,....,
.;c.,_;")\]1 ..,...,L,.Jij ;:,_,~...a;:;'] I_..,~ '11 ..::..>l--~)11

u..;,:. J..i ~)~I ;~WIJ <.,;L.;)II :i..i _,....JI J ~I t:' pi 0) - C.

~ JJ.I; il;.AJJ J" J? J ,.LJI 4; i _,A; .jll :r l.;.:!S
<,;..;; J)l :i..il..!JI ·~~I
r-11;~ .;:,_,L..a;:;'ll - ..,~ 'liJ ;:,_~IJ ~I ~~ ~ J i.b:-

0+"'""""' 01 L..5 ,..bl,>-)1~ 0~ <fl'~ 'JJ..U\1~ i\.,."JI :r ~ ~

~~ ,Jw ~ J" JJJ; i\.,."ll ~ &"I 1;1 ..;\ .r.:" .~;I:: ....; _,. . , ~~
I.L.J ·-r"WI J ~ J L..5 ~W>I '-:::?. il..;:.,.'ll ~ Jh:.; J..i
0) ~ .t_I.}JI I.L. •JJ t,.;t;.;l ~ .jll ~~I ~I.J::l~ ~ '11;..- r_)o:

(66) Toynbcc, A Study of History. Volume 3, p. 321-322.

63
js:J i j ')\J I cr ~ ..U \,;:-- _,.1 p::.l I_, i _,w I J J .(,; ~I <,) _,J.J I if L..J I
• L.,a; _, , ~ ~ ;si <3f'-" ._,.!.<. I~ 01 ~I J .!.> L; )'I_, .;_,$'jJ I cr
~ u.., _, \r,.; WI J \.,...t:.. 0l5' L... ;si '-""" jJ I 1-4-J ..::...; _,.1 I cr ~_;...]I
4.. _,s:,.JI _, ..::-~1 _, r;':i I >~ } Wa:::; r-1 I.. ~ .;l.::, ..U ;si >)y
L..,..... ':1 '!*' .;J~ il,ill ,__;[;}II_, il5')I .;l..!:...l ~ L.S .)•....:..JI I..L. J
.• l_,.oAJI _)[ -.:-1.;4-JI_, <>.r.JI jA; j;:-1 cr

L..,5" i _,.,.<::.j I ~J..>...i I ~ l.i _,.1 I • L..W I <.,?.; ~ 01 cr <.!"" l:.. ':/ ~1 - ,
'-.p,-ly c'.r-'1 ,II d ~ .;;.,rJI cr ·~ _,. ._, ,<\.i...iJI _x_,k; ~
cr j J ,~~ ~1 ..U 0l5' <\.i...ill 01 t' _, '[_~ ;(;I..L>- p'':/1 ..:-~.b.::ll
.11.6.; ';/ :J.,_,.hl I i _,::.J I ~ 'I,~ ;si 0 'JI ~ \ ..;\ ';/ [ , 0 _, ..tb:- cr. I
>~I ;;JL>- cr <\.i...ill JL.:.:;I ~ ~jj .~\11 J':>I.::>';/L 0y:.WI.J_,I ,I\
.i~l 0JJ.i.JI J ": il.i <,?lll ,.;1; <,?.r.-JI JJJ.l~ i _,A) 4-::1- r ~I

..:-I.. _,s:,.JI JJ> ~1 .tii •<.,?.?'__,.jl ~I_, r.l::JI 0_,, cr c,?- --"'
J..WI ~ J <::Jw ;si ~ wL..JI 4:-- ~ ~\_, ,~ _,si 0'11
..,....;.WI..} Loj">' 0l5' L... ~1_, ~>L..ci">'l. ¥4">'1 ~L..;',Ii <_:.JI_,
.~L..::.JI .,....;.WI ..::-~ ~ \d ~ ~I_, J..WI Lilk; e-Y-'
jfi ;;,.;_,...,.J1 .j_,.i.JI_, ;_,:-\11 ..:-L....y_, 4-JI ..:-LWI_, JL.i.JI >.r:-J 0l5'
.,..... ) I _r). _, .,..... ) I ~I _,.i.J I '-"""} ._,.!.<. ~ L.. 1.... , if 4 ">'I cr Wd I
J 4 IJ_,, ~~ <.5>\.; ,..:-j\,.,kll J ._jL,a;)'l_, J..l...<>ll jj&' I..L. _, ..:]}-lJ
·~ ;~ l..i....,o ;si ~~ ..U JY' \11 ,J., JS' 0\ l.oJ ·iWI ol.i)I_, J..WI 0W
..;~ 'V"'l:JI "-,?_r- ,~, jl_, ~~I '.5'..rJI >~>jl_, ,0K.JI >I~ J ..:-b~)l

..:-L.... y _, V"' )..WI_, .L..WI_, r \11 J<)> cr •t_i_,.i.JI •Jo _}) ~L>- ~
.4.. _,s:,.JI_, JWI ~I

JWI ">' C:, r:JI J ~ >L...ci':/1 ~ .))y-JS ~WI 0~ ,l.r-"'-1_,

<,?ill I i LJ;,;J I_, J _,...J I j:.- , .,; 1.; ~ ~ J l>>) ~ ._j _,..... I..L. _, "..L>-_,

64
'-:,)Wll ~ ~ j:S';:JI iJ~ ~ '<.T'l>JIJ iWI ~lkAJIJ •JWIJ
.)[ ~~ >y. J ~ l.i,. JS <>)_r-ll ii..G.:..I cj .I_,..JI ~ Jl,a.;)IIJ
..._,; } y c;J I ..:; L.....,;...J.l ~1 J. ,..,_.,...; ~ '1 ,}:II C')~..,..)II

65
..::..W cjl I j-o IyJ I ~ ..b..::l _?.JJ I .__.;;\ j.,.W I J.:J.:l ..:..i) I 0 L>- .Ul
~ J,...,.... ~I \..u \..~ ·c,f.rll ~_,..1}1 ~I ~ -i JJ\11 ;_flS"
'-!.>l..cil - ~~I ~ _j ~ ~I l.l..> 0\S" i')l,.'jl .)1 iy..UI
'
lA.,b '; \,>J ~ ~ ; ) ...;.,.. )-", j ~ J J\1 'J I ~ ~ 'j :c,l J,J ;_,....l,.-- J
.j ~~I I-4J ;_,....t...."~l ~l,a>JI ..::..;lS"J '(Toynbee) ~f :.A.....W
<.l>-l..i.JI __,.b J 'JIJ '-F'\..i.JI t_WIJ >)_,...ll ;J~J 'V"J~I '-:"' .rJIJ ..::o~ jWI
_j iiJL...II i~ 0-' :C,:.JL._,., ..:;_,'j~ 0fi'; l.l..> JS 0\S"J ,~.WI piJ
r::::r JP -...~ ~i ~ _,; ,<.>:; 'j_, ,\~ ~ ~~ 0\S" .iJJliJ j.>-..UI
,;.,.p '-!.IJ> ~I l.l..> <.5J.l ~ r-l..!.lh ~ iJ~J ·'-;-'-:._;.ll ~I _j
;~J_,blr.'JI _j ~I ·~_,!'JI .;I~ 4; ~ 0\S" L.... 4;>\.. ..::ol_,...., Ji
..~.o'll ~_,1 '-:"'Jrl ~i .1! 01~1 :'.!y> 01 (:'J .~_r.,)IJ :c,;t...u
0),0 ,I.JJ ;~~ .J ~>l.a::>IJ ~,lSI ·~;i 0)lj; 'j ljlS" ~),! ,;..... .wl
l.l..> ~ _,; -i ~ ~J~ .)1 <.>>i ~.JJI ·._rll \.. :y. c.~ ~.JJI Jl_;-.ll
J. ,~ o_,.,....ll oJ)> ~ ~ r-l ..;\ ~J, .)1 ~ 3 ..1}1 ~I
~,;_,..;;J ~ c;JI ..::o~l.; ~); ~~ l.a,i ~~i
,(Hitti) ~ J ,(Toynbee) ~f ~ ~ '"L..WI 0-' >~ J,~ .Ul

67
i'A...)'I .:/~ ,( \Lewis) '--'""'}J ,(Baeck) 4~J ,(Hodgson) C!~>J-"J
1

, .,. 'A...)' 1..:A....~ I ~ J ,. _;.,A>.; 1J ')1.1[ <.,lT'" ..;__,Y. ~ ~1\ JJ> <.5 ,\ ..~>
.il,>JI -=-'1[;:.... ~ J t::r i...LO:; .JI.r-G ~ -=-4..<>.:; j4-l cr ~J
:;,:..J)l <SP J)>.JI )1...!.:;'11" ~~ ,~_,; Jt.; L..S ,..:.,..G-- W 'i'A... )II '1}J
t.lk;....,l ~ ( 21 "0J) :C:..... J~ ,dL._;J i")l.)'l 4.,; ~ cj-ll ;;;..KJI

~~II.L. J t,?_;_,:ll ~I~~~ i'A...)'I

J) ~ ,[,~[ ~ yJ J_,.b.:JI J.l_y 4.>l5" ~ y i")l.)'l ..W Lo 0!

uPJi> •I_;J ;;;..KJI :t,...L.\11i~l ~ t,?..UI ,~ il..::,. '11 cr _;..I>~~
o>ij\ ~J ,~,LoJ l;_;~\ ...,......:J~ c/ ~I JJL>- ~ ..1 _,A.. J\Lo ~
.,; _)Z:..; -~ )y ..:.Jl5" cj-ll uL......rJI 4.>l5" ~~J ,...._,.~s. l_,;l5" Lo... J..a>1l_r:
JS" ~ J ,..,~ J ,_;....... ~lbk il,>JI J! ~ _);.; u'r._S. '-:_;_;)I ~WI
>1_/'11

~\I.L.J ,o..l5" C!__,sJI J.i>-J +

t,?..UI .& ~ ~Y. 0-'...J\.....::..
~ f" If )2:.!1 ......;~ ,d..UI ii?-IJ iiJL.JIJ :C.I__,$0~ 1_;_,....;, ~ ~

:)';I (1)
- Toynbce, Arnold J. A Study of History, abridgement by D. C. Somervell, London:
Oxford University Press, 1957.
- Hitti, Philip. History of the Arabs. London: Macmillan, 1958.
-Hodgson, Marshall G. S. The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a
World Civilization. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1974.
- Baeck, Louis. The Mediterranean Tradition in Economic Thought. London:
Routledge, 1994.
- Lewis, Bernard. The Middle East: 2000 Years of History from the Rise of
Christianity to the Present Day. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1995.

:)';I (2)
- Toynbec, A Study of History, abridgement by D. C. Somervell, Volume 2, p. 30.
0-' r.;S •pl c.;;>4JI.J_,.JIJ <,.JL.o ;_; ('-c' _,.JI) ~ c.;;jjl r i~)'l"" 0t Baeck ct,L .lSj,
.J_;ll.j 0~1 '-c"_;.)I J* c?- _,.>-WII".!All _,....,JICJ"' Jl.i:;;':/1-U...r .jJ .!.....y...JI _..,.JI
:)>;I ".~};J.!..... y...JI .r-JI :urz ~..; lj.)L CJ, '-',iJ ..., ) ._; i~ )II .JIS •-:r-_,.;...ll
- Baeck, Louis. The Mediterranean Tradition in Economic Thought, p. 95.

68
.\kj ~ wiJ ~ J>-'11 JWIIh ~ J .~1.5:.. J1 ~ J) J1 ~ J1
ij\,..)'1 6--"1 ..\AJ (3)0.'" ;,· 'J ~ 'sh ;,. ljl5 ~..UI ~JI..J ;;,,y ,;Sir
~ l1 4.! _,....J I J>- ._...;...o\ J d} 'J I 0 Y, J -=., K\::.....J I J i \.,>J I J>- ;;,.....~>
4
1 )-jT_;JI c,?" )I JJ1 J u>.;J <}I ~1 J>- .lji.:JI ~ ~~J .;L::.- ~~
c?.-Jl h>-1J ,"<lJI :;,-o ;;,;\..1" i,.~ 0L il_r-~1 :;,-o ~.; ;;,;!.5:.. oi_...JI ~ ..I>J
<Ill -4-"; .:r'rO.b:-1 ~~ .L.:.JI J .&1 I_,A;L;" :~ .&1 JJ-".J Jli ..J io¥ ~
J~)1 ~,) ,16)".J~ )1 Jll.i.Z .L.:.JI L..;f' ,1''" ..&1 ~ ~ J} ~I)
01..~..> I..JI .b-l J\...i.b)\.1 .<.,..WI '-::;_;JIJ :<,~)I ~J I')~L.... ~ .)J
:1;1.; j-.-> J>- i.;>li ~I J~i 0 _,s::; 01 01.....,0 ~ ,"'-:,_,.:JJ ~)I
0L ~ J)IJ :i;>WI i\.,>JI ._,...;ly:- ~ ~jlj ~ J1 ..I>J .Jw ~ .;_,h::JI
J>-1 ;;J.? ._...;...o1 ..ili d..U .<.,? _r,J I , L;) IJ .j L....;)' I .;}clJ .<.,..LJ 1.;y1 L....>~
J1 :l;>jWI ..1)\..0::JI J ~~ ;;,;.;L;i.. y.-l.:liJ J _,.JIJ ulrJI J>- 0 Y,1J
c:;!1 e} ,,& • ~ )~ ;;J.,;.ill •~)I J.J.,:..-IJ ...i.:J i.JS\...... ..;..;l5 <}I ~I

·'"·'·"'"'J (;;_,;:,:;.(}.tv) :_,Jw Jt; (3)

.!5-l,j.j'J { F-:lc:,::C,~i,;ti{D'fi\~s;Ji\Z:;.?''ii~;;i:;i) _,Jw -11 Jt; (4)

:_,k;l ,~ <) ~ J,i ;r <ill ~ ~ .r.C,. ;r <; >~.f.:.::....':JI ("' (5)

•\.,>-lJI> '""'J.r-< •<)UI ~ >ly ~ :~ ,~ ~ ·cl,..>JI ~ ~ ''-??1 -
.121s ~) ~.b- ,ss6c!"' ,2c •1.""' .>J •1.1. .>J ,,.,_,..~~ "-'l.rJI

:_,k;l "..1:.-.o.} .c...-\J ..._.c,. j c?.i. .rJIJ.,;;.... .j >jb y\ olj.J (6)

• t •! ~ ~
,~1 ~ ~.ul <F-' ~ :~ •>;I> ,<I ;,r- ...:,....:':11 ~ 0\...,L •.j~l -
.236 ~) ~.b- d 11c!"' d c •(·""' .>) •( ..!. .>) ,~1 )> :c;., J.r-0
.113 ~.) ~.b- .~ s9c!"' .~c ,Jo~.... c::c/' ,~1 et.:JI '".i. )I -
'0JJ"1J .l.JJc}:JI ~ ,~ ,_p. ~ .c...-1 rLo::JI ..~:....o ._p. ~.c...-\ •c)L,..:.ll -
.26195 ~.) ~.b- ,264c!"' ,43c ·r1999 ... 142o ,2 . .~. ,;;JL..)1 <.....-;.o '""'J.r-<
't _,:,;::., ~~~ !,:~ -1;\;.-;- ;t:.;ti i;j J p::J ~ 'i i}.;1; ~~~ ~u; ) _,Jw <ill Jt; (7)
-r-:::;:: . . t!.:_1,i-"--~
~_,.
-1"{ . . . . -: :" -'-!~(""'.~~- ... ~..... i~ 'f-'" "·~-- ~-:~ . . ~ ;;~,_,~ :-.f--.""i --.s\ 'f"-'-!?::"1 . .
~_r-.->-..1~ ~~.jU,_<-;,t.J~"'!Y".J~ 'J~/ ...... ~l:!u .J~,:,.A~-.

.[19:~Uil ( ~~M:&\

69
~.r.,J I H J '.;I:, cr.JJ I L•d ; i ~ c;:::..; .;J I ' Lo _)""'.t :C.\'1 H ,__,.<)I
..&1 .LJ.;.. ~_,5:.1 ~ ~ •lj! i_,>-1 Lool)l ~-'-'-! .;JI ••4
•"C,r.:AJ~I ~ .....a...JI y .}_;ll C:!_,.:.:.U er-Kll J.,...ll" ill ~J
J!...:' ij_}~l ()\...,)'I .;.,L..,...L. <.S-l>-! ill' 1 'l.~ (Cahen) <f>IS Jl> LS
.~\'1 .La;!~ i')l...)'l ~ r-!l..l_o,J '0''!k ;,,IIJ .L..i.....,;,.ll 4.,.; c!.r.
ilW ~ -:l]; J..! "-'! J. •J_,..JI "-:JTJ ...._..l>JI ~I .W! ~ Ji ,.4_;\'1J
~ -JW.\'JJ .WI -:l]:, .j ~-~I ,IJJJ c/'l.;:;:-':JI ilL.....aliJ J..u..JI
"'.7"-! •ljl.;L.I_rl':J ~IJ o_,.<)l r, c,?..UI •.jL......rJIJ .j"J>.\'1 c_J\...o)'l
.J_,..JI ~ '-:'I..UI ~ ~ ...,; JJ~ c5..UI ...:;..;_,.11 ~ •'-:'L.;)'I ~
I~ il~ ljb- r-"~ ~J1J ,~JJ V"'l:JI .~J ~ js. ~L. l..l_o, Js
-'-'-!1 c)! ~ ..\! i ')l.., )'I ill' ,I..U !.;I; ~ ~IS J-,_ r-!l..l_o, ill _;-);- .o.....,)W
~ J. .~ rl1:JIJ il_,;WI _;l.;.;:;l ~ ':J 4.lw :c.~ rl>t; ,-:lJ; '-""
o) jSJ ~_r-J I ~ ..W .c,?> L.,a;:; ':J I -if l.;:;:-':J I <.5 ~I c!JJ J ..uJ I \...;,J
19
l.,uo.; il>iJ Joi~':JIJ ~IJ oL...i.ll t:"J •.j"J>.\'1 -...lk; >J-l>- ~
~ >J-"-!.J .~IJ _r.0)1 ~ iiJWI i..l! ~ il_,;WI ...,; J.,h: \;lL..a>
I."- ·IJ :W'}.>.
~ <..,? "
\'1 i •IJ
.)_r'
IJ
<S'o <.)"'
L...l u'""""':
)('.. <./•L,a;i)l J <..,?' WI
"
....
"
u.; cL>.;
.
I_,;ISJ ,;.1..6JL il~ 1_,;15 ~J '-:--"L:... I~ cr...UI •':J)i! .!1-t, ~I
.uJ .oL...i.ll ~ ~J ,~t..o;J yl ·~ il~J \.;;"J>-1 .).•.'" , \...a,1
:C.~I ~ y" ill c..J! ¥1 ~..1.>- 4.li.i. .j ~ (Besley) ~ ~

(8) Cahen, Claude. ''Economy, Society, Institutions." In P. M. Holt, Ann Lamb ton and
Bernard Lewis (cds.), The Cambridge History of Islam. Cambridge: The Cambridge
University Press. 1970, Volume 2, p. 542 .

.j _;,J I j! ~ lkJ 13 ;..t,:..-!1 ;;, _,s:,J I i~ _,.iU _r. .. ,;" ">\..-)' I ...; _,.!I " j i __,...,_,J '); _r. c5 .r. (9)
:_,1.;1 .. '-e_rJL ..,.._....; L. _)] 0_,s:., L. '7' )1 Y' JJ.JI J1
- Lewis, Bernard. The 2007 Irving Krista! Lecture by Bernard Lewis. Posted on the
internet 20 March 2007. http://www.aei.org/articlc/society-and-culture/the-2007-
irving-kristol-lecture-by-bernard-lewisi

70
..:;., L. j-..ll 0)> l ~ &' Cr' L." ..;\J "L, ~ ~Y' _,.;;, .:r...lll ~ .J...:J.:i
L. J :C. WI '-:--"WI J ~p y. .:r...lll ty J'>~ ~IS 1:,1 JW ~ :C. WI
,• -II
~ ............. ~
I.-II·.,
f.J~ ~L......,......o..F
, 11 ....:.; I_ a-aa " 11
· · I''-: Yl..'y ~
• <J..A..:..;---
•• 1-11 i .. 1101" 4.Jy--;_
o~.
· .I• ..

~ li....o ~IS (Schatzmiller) _}.,.. J~ ~)' ,l.lJ 111

)~.!.>- (North).;., .;y ~
J_j 1'')1....,/'J o}lp ..;..;IS cWI Cr' ~J.JJ\ ~ -;JI J-I_,.,JI ~ ~l" :Jli
(12)"J.)> Cr' j: ..!.l];

.;..L....}JIJ _r.:ll j.;_,.,..; :~ J 1

1.5_,l)J ~y-JI .;l!.;.;'!l" J~ Cr'- ~L. y J _r.)l J_,..; ~J\ ...L<l
~ )>- .r"~ - 1 ')\...,!'J ~y-JI e-.rJI ·l.r.- ~ J..?.lll ";;.;...,LS:JI ..,..J)l
~IJy; o.!>- y ~':/1 ~~ ~J} Jl}> Jl.i::; ..;..;IS -;JI J~Li :~~~
/o~ /J o,;:...... J ;;,__,;J ,~1 :C:.....,.. :C.~ :C.Lij Cr' J_. I.L.J ,o )"'- ':11
~~ ~§.;.;.,. lyiS ~':1 ,~_,Jo ~~.;.,. u-'l:JI ~IS ..r'':il JJ\ J ."WL,..
.u-'l:JI Cr' :;;..;] '! ~I ;_... \ ,a.,J J.--'J d.~Wk;J 4JIJ.J>i J ~
,..:;_,Kl:....JIJ o\,>JI ~ Cr'':/IJ 'I'U;;JIJ ~yWI .;l!.;.;l ~ ..~¥\... L. \.L.J

ol.>.;:..\ ~ -uWI CJY-J d~~ J.--' -;JI- ~I :c:.....,.. Jlr'':II)

·l.r.- ~UI J ~ I.L. J-.,. ~J ..k.....J':il JrJl'....;...L<ll;;,_.;~l ..::-Li_,kll
'-:-' J..rJIJ ,._,.,rJI >JL J ~ Cr' j L i..U\... ..;..;IS -;JI '..,¥JI ..::-~1~1

Cr' w ..r' ~I .r" ~ _yJ> _;.,_ Iy IS .:r...ll I , ~ .r.J IJ L.r.::' \... LJ I ~ o..r'.W I

..; _,1:J I ~ ..;:...; IS -;J I '-:-' J ..rJI ,.L. J._,..; J=:-i

(10) Besley, Timothy. "Political Selection.'' Journal of Economic Perspectives, 19: 3.

Summer, 2005, p. 43 and 58.

(11) North and Thomas, The Rise of the Western World, p. 2-3; and North, Douglass C.
Institutions, Institutional Change, and Economic Performance. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1990, p. 3-10.

(12) Schatzmillcr. Maya. Labour in the Medieval Islamic World. Leidcn: Brill, 1994, p. 405.

71
"'-..IJ ;sj-!.-o ~ J'"' '-,?'~)'I ~I ..::...,.,; ..;..;l5' ~I <A1:..J I ~~J
JWI <.YJJ_;J ~ :<:...\IIJ i _,..)1 ;s.rJIJ i l l I ..::..bl.,a;.;l 4.,.; ~ ,Jlk.:JI
_;}>; ~! -.,.JI..,..a.ll 4 ;, ;~ • Jl ..::... ')I .v..JI -.,.J~ ~! d..L. <.5~\ ..\! J ..AJIJ
.~1 Jy-..U .:.,G c?~ t.L.;;) ~l <.5~\J ,;_;~IJ......; .rJIJ ~1_;)1 Jl1 J.-L.;
i~)'I.Jl5' ~I...Jl..a;)'l ~_;~ ..:.li~ ~ r-l.JLJ ,_;_,J.:JI :.r ~I ~IA::...IJ
r-5'ljJ ,~~1 J-liJ <.;L. 'JIJ J..t...>ll )!_,.- J..WI ~L:.::;I jy. ..\JJ .4-.,)[ y .r..
~) _,:S:;JI J ~I J'lr )ly <.5~\ L.S ,~) _,:S::ll iilliJ Jly'II <.YJJJ
.c? _,s:;.ll J ~) _,:5:;J I _; _,k:J I cr )\....;,.; ,_All ..::... I_; 4-< ~ ~!
,~1 i_,AJ b....:JI I..L. 0~ J_,All ~ ,.:_,J.lli:- cr.l 4,_);.; 0-' (.;JU.;IJ
4--> }J ,;IJL...J~ ~I .vL.... }'J ....._,; J':>\> 0-' i ~)'I .C..~>-\ c?..UI
~.:,_;,WI ~J J..WI )J ..\! ,..,;L....}'J ..,_..L.:-JI ill..JI J,; :.r JL...All
<.5..U (JHS::JI l:.rWI) '';(,,.,...a.JI" ~Y.. r-li..L.J .&.JI ..::...~_,:;...... ~
<} ..,_.~)'I i_;W>JI _;l... ~jl <} 4J::> f_;J~ ~~ <.5~\ J. '~ ~I
t.1...;.J'J I .:.,1 ~ ')I U,,. J .c?~ L.,a;.; ')I I -.,.J ~I ..:.ll ~ <} ~ ,i l,>J I -,...;I y. ~
i..IZ <} ~ ~I '-::;~)'1 <.S_,All 01 JM.I~ ~ dJ ,;JSL.. ..:..;l5' ;c,J~I
.4...LJI.,
•.
'li •\:; i.J"I
'-".r' r. _) .J'· ..;..;l5' 1.·1
'1!-',
~ i 'li · ..:,.;[5' '-,?' ~')II
- . .r' <.r
·~'-~II
' c-·-
.
~)IJ ifl;)l .:r:J~I .) ojlr-1 ~ 1:?.111 i..lO::ll :l:,;l!

JJ\11 J_a· ,II i~'JI..!.l.t <} ~)IJ ':J~I ..::..~1 <} ~l_;)l..;..;l5'
~)I &.JI ;_,; )J ~I_;}J ~_rll _,..:JI ~ J\ ..\JJ ,..:_,[;..~I e y (.Y'

I..L. < ')~_,.<; <.S.r'-\11 ..::..1-,-~JI ~<}.;.....~.>..;illS' L. .Y'J 'JP )1_,.-

1

&.JI <} ~~ i~ ;u,..r <} f_;y.a::.. i.ll5' ~1_;)1 d c?..UI )WI _;J..UI
..... ~I 4..i.,.WI JL; ,J~I J,-- ~ .• L..WI :.r ~~ ..:.ll~ u; L.S '-,?'~)'I

_,...:.11 0l5' ,<,_,; ~ 'i.<lJ)l c:..;lS' _)I l,_;.; 0l.!.l,)l e::- -J" :.J _)) .)J.!ll -±JI JL:) J.i.J (13)
Jl_,k._;l.i; c:P.Y' 0l5' <,...:.::!1.; «Ul.;J' 01 :.r-> -i" :.c1J ,"<..,_,..- ;.;;-" r.!..i:.; .,,La::;'Ji
,JI!...Jl j,.- J.- ~; ..l.;y .. 1_,....)1 J.- ,;_,...,L...JIJ 4.,J.i.JI '.h'!I 0\' •er.:-JI c:-1.:..

72
..?.;"11 01? 4J_,t; ,,,_,....,...., i.;yi 4:,! 0!" :(r841 i-">227 cjy) I' a·.,li
~ )J r-'4)1 ~-' ,JI_,.."11 ~-' •c..r>JI _,5;;. 4:,1s-_, r-lWI 4; ~~I
(14)"-~L....ll ~..J ~I fo..J <.;L......."11

•0)1_, ci'IJ)I ~Lk.all J o~ o\.,>JI ~ •r'.>\.....)'1 JL.:.::;I e

l:""1_, J\.k.; ; _,_, ·rll2;JI_, 0_,;L<J1 ~~_,.; .L....;~ .l.r.- ~ (.r.:!.} ~1_,
~l..a>! _,1 •J<__,k.JI J J'l~l 4J..? ~~I .jw:ll :_r 4!l>... 0_,, J_,....ll
\*"...IZ j;:-1 :_r r+""'"" _, J L. JS" J ~ ~I c!, I.1> _, .~j I.?. I ~I _r<.l
.,>+.. ·~· r...IZ_,
.W>JI_, ;@; .r.JI ~I •r'.>\.....)'1 -.,l! y.l;. c,?lll J..WI ~ \~'\;
~ ~(;,.. p J ~1))1 ..? }11 .!.l?. <.,;L.;! ;si ~_,Ll ~}li 0_,...1...!.1)1
~ _r.,l I 4..... ) .....J r l:; ~ ~ .!.lJ;_, , ..:_,.,>- ')\..i.) I_, ~ "1 I 4; ~.,...pi c,? J,;.i
~ ~j_,::) ~)__;.._, 4,1.,....pi :_r ._,..PIJ"11 ..$ oJ>l.a..o J ~L...UI_,
~I ._,..PIJ"11 r::- _,i ,:;).~t1J)'I ~ -.:;...;lS" ( 15
l \'""', _,:.;:-_, ~~I ~ _,......
~I ~JJrJI y}- d>J"JI ~ '-?~ -.:;...;lS"_, ,i:. : ~ /-i 4; 0y~
r-l
~ K... :_r ..? J "J I • I__,..; J>- 0-., I , II c__,.........J I :_r ~ r-l J. ,'-:-'~.,...pi 4J ~

- _;.,....; ~\,>-~I ~ j r 0.fZ <,..l:,..lll ~IJ)I -;..;\5 ,;..l>.::..JI c:.V~ )IJ 0~\}IJ ~JJ) j
)"I ."~IJ ~\ ~
- World Bank. World Development Report, 1982, p. iii and 39.

,._,~1 (14)
;cJ.,...ijl ;..J>Ji .;..;l5 .47'-"' ,4C:" ,_;.,L- t:cr ,_,..._r.JI (J>l...J -,.....lll U.J" c_S>_,........ll -
;b. .J" c;>- )w,; •J \,-JI 0i o! .J _,k:JI 4< , _,.#.)I "()\ J..._." ../' ~I 4-o.l>.:;...\ .)1
.~IJ)I .)) ~ L..;J (J\5 ..;i ._r y -.:..;)I ~; j ~\ J_,h;

(15) See: Hodgson, The Venture of Islam, Volume 1, p. 242; and Haque, Ziaul. Landlord
and Peasant in Early Islam. Islamabad: Islamic Research Institute, 1977. See also
Cahen, Claude. "Kharaj in the Central and Western Islamic Lands." The Encyclopedia
of Islam, Leiden: Brill, 1990, Volume 4, p. 1031; and Lambton, Ann K. S. "Kharaj in
Persia." The Encyclopedia of Islam, Leiden: Brill, 1990, Volume 4, p. 1045.

73
\,t,..J I~ i.li .y .:,-_.1 .11 ~ r-5 A._,;L.;)'I :C...WI ,l,. { 161 ~\'1
4;_,L,a.::;'JI ;~1_, o)>)'l :i;.)r:--1 ,_).P J;\b.JI ,_).P -=-~!... J. ,~LW!

...JIJ.o>l ~ :_r ~ ,r-)L;''JI V:: J.WI vjy- LS ,:i.>- ~I ~I_;'II .j

¥1_;)1 ._)>}11 ,_).P ·~ll.J.,.o ~ i.i[ { 4; <.,Pl.:,. ~I ii_,L....ll
171
i')L.)'I

..Jk; i.ilS ·~ )y...)l_, ~_,..UI V:: ~l:.JI ...._.lA.. 0 i.ilS;;.;..~I ~l_;''l'l

.j
ol.> _, , "C _;.JI" ./J; ""'_rP ~ ,_).P ~ _,..U I ~ I_,..>..~; i.il ~) rJ I .y
cl?.. I:. : ~ J~ i ')\....>'I c) .J ./ _;:; ..:...; l5" ""'y-AJI _,r <...=-JI
~I_;'II ~6- ,j <; ~_,........ i.ilS L. -""'-' 'CL::;)'I J~l.y ~L 10_, 5 c.r.:
(IRJ:i;_r--JI

, 1-~11 l.::;'JI · o · <........; I. ,h,~ l,..,L; w._. · c;, .I;:_, ~11 i.i1 L..,
~ C • <Y J::'W"_ · u-: · · '-""': r ·-; ·-'
~l>.....ll 4-:,> i.l~ ~I -.:-1_,.:-JI .j t/;....!1 ,_).P ~ ~ J.s r-5 ~)'
tJ)I !\')~..._, ...J~I_, ,.;.,1.;~1 ~ ,~1 ..:-)_,5JI c_W) ,jJ .<~~ •,

:);;1 (16)
24if ,,.[352 ,2J, ,<,.OLJI <..J,..JI :i_,>WI 'CifJI "7'1::5' ·"-:',.;..., -..i.-Y- .xi 'r""l.r.) ~I -
.4,1, l. J
.:c,;LJI ;;_.,k.JI i_,>WI ,_,st..:~ .~...>-i :~ •c'fJI "7'1::5' ·r,j.:,; ~ •..,; ,<JI -
.42-41'-"" ,.. 1384 ,2J,,
- Haque, Landlord and Peasant in Early Islam, p. 171.
- Cahen, ''Economy, Society, Institutions.'', p. 571 .

. l58J 157J ,52 i f •.j;l- C;'C .r •cffJI "7'1::5' ...,; ,<JI ( 17)

<:,!SJI ~ :i_,>WI ,...,-Ifill j,l>- .t...... :~ ,JI_,..'I!I "7'1::5' r"WI ¥.xi 'r')L. ~I ( 18)
:l.,;,i J;;I.I1sj n4 .tio u~_;AJI '-""~> ~ );;1.66-59'-"" •r196s .;.,,..:;'11
.4-J., t.J 24'-"" •..;,L.. C;'C .r 'CI.fJI "7'1::5' ·r""'A ~I -
.42-41 i f •.>;l- C;'C.r 'CI>JI "7'1::5' ...,;,<JI -
- Hitti, History of the Arabs, p. 349 and p. 384-386.
- Cahen, "Kharaj in the Central and Western Islamic Lands.'', p. I 031.
- Larnbton,AnnK. S. "Kharaj in Persia.", p. 1038.
-Haque, Landlord and Peas<Jnt in Early Islam, p. 171.

74
~\:::..1 'C..,.;JI :r 0~ 0r)y..ll .JIS ,4<,\..i; ~ 'i ~ .;;l>l :r
,.L., .;; ~I , ..:.J.J; r_}>- ;.J ':N- .J (19) .:r..D I) I .\..o.l>J I L ) ......J ~I r) \...;:)
·~~~I .;;')J..v t_i..i;) C:r' ~)L,.i 'C:r')l C:r' ~}> ;_,;;; LJL.....ll
4;...0} .jl ~~~I" 01J ,l.k.l....JI _}l(i 1194-1055 ;_.,590-447) W:-')I...JI

..!..lt C:r' ..__.;,.:.\ ..:..; IS ~~ ~I" C:r' \s ) . .,a:..l I 0 ~I r_}>- .;_,;~I ; ) >iJI
l")+i;:..JI ~y,ll JWI ill2:JI 4-,0 ~ .JIS .jl
20
(

~ ..lll_,..ll ~ r-li:>[ ~ ~ .Ji ~ ~rill ;;J,J;..il ;;_,...;.li.J

~ j\... iJI ~rJ I ..;.....;:. } ..W dJJ \~~I -.....Js:...u ;_,.:. L. _,;:. ) ; _,.:. l,..o
~ 4::-k .W \;...; 3 , <.5) .. 0t ;;J.J ..J I r_}>- ~ ")\;>.\ \..1 _;::)1
.. I .;; I_.:.; 3 , 3 ..l-i I ._;...;
i~ ..:.;IS c..,.;JI .Illy 0[ 1 ~l::;[ ~
21
...,........:JI ol> J _;;._;...;:] ) . / J \11

~~ '11 3 .,_,WI .,_.,1....."~1 ~I ·~ ..!.J.J; J L..; 'iWI Ji...i..;)'l J")\;>. :r

'<.5,;>\11 WWI .;;'l')I...J13 ~~I.J j-.:;y\11 ~JL; l:J i.>.A;.J .~t.,.....J
Jlk:.ll ........,1 3 ~J ~Jl:... <...IJ[ :,r ._.,1 3 '-\!..[ Jl}~l ~~I _)[ '1 y 3

<... j J\J I <;~I •l_rd.J '<.5,.;:.J <.,f"" W I.J J y,W I.J .;; I_,.;J I.J 41:-> J ~~ r_}>-
.Jl,;--\11 ~ J ~ ..:.;IS .jl ,~_,kll ;;,.;pll .WI .;;l_.:j ..:..;IS3 122
l.4J
3 1 '-:""'~1 J_,> ;~ .;;l>\........o _)[ J4JI J •J>l..,a.. C:r' .WI J.":' ,~1 J
0.,1 ;u1 Jol..- c:. /' ·c.fJI ..,.,\.:.1' .~lA -:r.l (19)
- Aghnides, Nicholas P. Mohammedan Theories of Finance with an Introduction to
Mohammedan Law and a Bibliography. New York: Columbia University, 1916, p. 389.

(20) Bosworth, C. E. "aljuqids." In The Encyclopedia of I slam. Lei den: Brill, 1995, Volume
8, p. 959.

J J,S'L:Ji l.i..> ~ (21)

,,4.i.OJI JLS .;:..L\.:.1' J ..;,ll.\S'J .Jol..- C:. /' •c.fJI "7'\.:.S' .....i....Y- _:r.l -
- Shihabi, Mustafa al-, eta!. "Filaha." The Encyclopedia of Islam. Leiden: BrilL
1965, Volume 2, p. 901.

(22) Shihabi, Mustafa al-, et al. "Filaha.·· The Encyclopedia of Islam. Leiden: Brill, 1965,
Volume 2, p. 901.

75
......;J\ U'-~J;;:, 0\ Crl442 ;_,s4s .j.Yl c?.J:u.i..ll ,.;) .uJ ( 23 l<~_,..._ll.j
.;~IJ ,J..LJI <;L,...aJ j;,:JI -s,IJ ,_)
- l;,. y. 0~ lylS J-~
24
( >•
-
~ w o)...,JI ~~ :r ..ui_,.,JI ii..G.;:..IJ J,WI ...,.._;l_r<>)l ,__;)>} 0!
0J.J::""-\IlJ .~L..UIJ ~r.:JI il»JI ~ .:,_,1 ,II .r)_;..ll ~
j;_y...::l ..UI_,.,J10_,..,~ ly~ r-lJ ~!; tJl..o.;J ~1.: ~1__,..; 0yP_;, lylS

~ Cr.>" 'Yuill ~; ..::...;lS ~l:JI tJL,...ll 0~ ,..;,U; ~ iJ"'N-J .~1 olJ .J

..;.U; 0lSJ '~ l>...J I :r ,__;)>)'~I ~ l;:;! 4-_,; Jz ~I -=...I_,:-:.J I .j ,__;)>I p ')II
~ .u.J __.,_r u, .r."J !,-"'""' "'-""'_r<>ll rl1.:.11 J1 (25)~ .bJ_,.;, J'J ~
~ :r ('-"4~.; ~lo.>- 0}JL>.,. u-)oUI 0lS l...\:Y dJ.')II :c,;Lo.:...JI i_r.<.ll.j
.;b.;_)_,J J.;L. ~ '-?.lll -,...,.JI y ll.. j.JJ ('">.r-llh.JIJ u\.L.. )'I c_lyl
, 4J....b ')I 0_,..;, _ro::.; (f. jJ I .\ _;..;! I '-"'" l:.J I 0\ :r ,i 154 I i ~ u-::::J .; J\11 i l»J I
J....il~ 0~ J..i ,Jl.JI '-?.J.J-::" 0K...JIJ ,~1.;\11 .:lYloJ ~I •i.r\11
(">.')l_r Jl!..l :r ~I :r ~..!; .:ll;\11 ~ J.l;.j ~I
~I ..,._1.;)1 i.;pl ~ ('-"\ ..::...;lS 4> _,.b.] I :c,;L;)'I 4..-L:--JI ,j_, j.J

(23) Hodgson, The Venture of Islam, Volume 1, p. 301.

(25) See Watson, Andrew M. Agricultural Innovation in tl1e Early Islamic World: The
Diffusion of Crops and Farming Techniques: 700-1100. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1983; and Cahen, "Kharaj in the Central and Western Islamic Lands.",
p. 1031.

(26) See: Inalcik, Halil and Dovald Quataert (cds.). An Economic and Social History of
the Ottoman Empire, 1300-1914, p. 16-17.

(27) Cited by Lewis from Luthens ''Admonition to prayer against the Turks". See:
- Lewis, Bernard. The Middle East: 2000 Years of History [rom the Rise of
Christianity to the Present Day. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1995.

76
:_ro ~ 3 ~~\ ~, :<....l,-]1 ,J.,. 128)cf'')L.)il r-!WI .j ~..1.>­
i~..i.;:- ul,.:A; JL>-o! ~ J,j) _;i.)w ;si r ~ ~\),\) ~) i\..G.;:...\
.)l •WI i I..G.::.. I _,;_,k; ~3 , i~ .J.<. i~..i.;:- J.:-..:' l>... 4.&- IJj ..:;....j3 , 4.&- \J) I .j
.}I .\J.;Ji e:\;:;1 .j ..:;.,1>4)1 ..;..;IS J.ll" :(Watson) 0 y-11 3 Jt; .;c,J~ ~ J>
~\ o..WI t,?~ J..; r-1 '--";)\ 0\ ~JJ.l ,;_d ¥\J)\ iJ_;)I :f" ~
C. J.J
\..1.>-\ ) \J.,. 0Y'!. 129 )". • ~- \i
..r-~
0\..(..J\ ~~
. if.(, .kA.; ~
• • )\ 0\..(..J\ :.r
•

~I .7"-" .j i> t...J.l j )>J I ) ~';I I" :f" ;;J J y.......l I 4--) I Jo I_,.,J I !'""\ :_ro
30
.< l" el::ll 0 _,.<]I .5> U""oUI 0 _,.<]I :_ro '-?~\
.
~~I J\..o.oj~l :Wli

c.S,\3 •<.Sf'- \11 ~1 3 oL.,a::;';l\ ..:;.,~lk; ;(.;IS.))~)\ Jl...>oj';l\ ~I

~~ Jh- J.ll :;;,__,.;.,.Ji u~U\ 3 ...; y.ll J_,k;J 0..l..:.ll _de .Y .))
:P r-1 4 I, L..:\ -.!.I.LL ..!.;:-)\) '4.&- u I .)l 4.&- u I :..r' ~ cf' ')\....)I I
c.S ..~.>-) ~ :_ro) I ~ y'- '1 r_lki :_ro J l...>o j ';I I J ~..<:;;I 0) 0 l J" . J,> :_ro ;(.; J _,.....
;;,_,L.,a::;';li - ¥~';I\ ..::.>'-:,oi.:;J.l\ 3 i J ? l ;;,_J 3 J.Ji ~ 4--)1 •l,JI J:S'
;;,._r- ..::.>~ .} I , ;;_,.__.I) I ;;s_r.!....J I j _,..J I ,J.,. ..:;.,o\ 3 . 03 J.b:. cr. ';I ~ l,.J I3
i)~.::li e _; .)! 'C:'JL.:....ll '-:"'l>...,..\ 3 ;;JL...J\ 3 JWI U""\JJ e~l ;;s_r-
~3 ;;,_J_,b\r. )II J>-b ;;,_J~\ ..:;.,\>')WI .J.<-1} .1... J) ~3 -~ )>J\3 ;:,1>-IJ.l\
~ .j ~\ .)! J-a::l ;;,_J~I <1..!.;\11 ..::.........;\ J.J 3 (l2Jc,?."JWI r-!WI

:_..k;l ,~\))\ •J.fll .}>- t.,U,:N (28)

- Cahen, "Economy, Society, Institutions.", p. 512; and Watson, Agricultural
Innovation in the Early Islamic World.

(29) Watson. Agricultural innovation in tl1e Early Islamic World, p. 45.

(30) Cahen, ''Economy, Society, Institutions.'', p. 512.

(31) Schatzmiller, Labour in the Medieval Islamic World, p. 399-400.

(32) Cahen, ''Economy, Society, Institutions.", p. 516.

77
o.;..WI ri..G..::....I r-' ...,__,kll o4.J .(r809-786 ;_.,193-170) ~)I CJJ.;L...
J WI J o).~.::l I jSr J I_,.,J I (7"'\J 'J!..':.i I ..l>J I __.) [ .; _,k:J.J o_r.:5J I :i.;.. l501
.~WI
.
1:?~1 i..ll::l1 :~1.;

o_r>> __,. ~.r'z.>- ;;_;w" , y.- J c.S~IJ ._;,_)I .;L...>j'JII Xr ..ill

- -
, y.- J ...,._.;~ o~L..ll _)!__,; c.S>i L.S ( l";;... p
33
__.ll .L...WIJ '-:-'j\klj '-:,)WI J

__.)l <:::" L::.ll cr ~ ', l,J I <.,? _,.s:..;J I .kl!.:J.J ~ )1__,;J ';__,...WI ..:.. ~I
4,('')1....,)11 ~WI~ ,"~m1 ~ cj ._r)l ..:.!J:, cj J.,!.- ..1 J-.;" ~ c!'J
,-*..J c.S.; L.a.; J ~ .y) ..:.. L... L,;'JII J u;>L,...l I ;;_; l5" .y .L...W I ._.a.
04
;~_,.s:..;JI J!L..ll ~ Jy-- JJ..l: _,.JI ~I.A.:JI C!l5"J }(~l,.,J 0.: •d.;jJ
w~ ~fo ~" ~w1 ~ -"J .J-L.;, <.?fo r..J.Z J_,...,.. -Jl c.S,t t....
<.?.u1 'crso9-786 ;_.,193-170J ~)I Clj.;L... ~ ci t...;.. ..,J (JS)" ~ \11
t;...J~ 1:,5r ~ <....u... 4'§ .r ,1~ ~ L.~ ,.J) t!J Jl.r-- _,...;c... I
oJ.:-.1;:- o.; l.a>- .._,; ~ , r ')\...., ?iJ ~:, _,...:.1 I ~I I..i..> 0l5"" .r-LJI J oJ _;.\J
..:...;}a; ..\J J <' 6l" .J.,)I.A.:JIJ Jl_r \11 ._r J.:.WI J'Yu .y ..:..~ ,~\J J..;.i- J
illa:J ;__,..L.... \11 4.,:.,)1 ..:.. )JJ ,~IJ ~..l>JIJ o.?JI ,J., cj .<.,.;T_,.<JI ..:..U.;..UI

(33) Lewis, Bernard. "Abbasids .., In The Encyclopedia of Islam. Lei den: Brill, 1960, Volume
l,p.IS-26.

(34) Saunders, John J. (ed.). The Muslim World on the Eve of Europe's Expansion, p. 24;
See also Gibb, H. A. R. Studies on the Civilization of Islam. London: Routledge and
Kegan Paul, 1962, p. 20; Lewis, The Middle East: 2000 Years of History ... , p. 72 .
.Jh ,ytliJ ~l;_,ll :_yo _r.s:JI _,...;.,-l.s_,>-"11 Jl,.oo\;1 C: l:"W10l (Kennedy) cf..l:S y>;J
:_);;I .0l1.LJI <...~.>--.:...;(~I)' ytll
- Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers, p.ll.

(35) Hitti, History of' the Arabs, p. 306.

(36) Lewis, "Abbasids.", p. 20.

78
._)>- ;J ~ J ._,...;..1 I (:!:r' ~ .,\........ .rJ IJ ;;_,; y WI ,;).~ l,>'J I ._;l .jL,a.;
._,.J.J IJ pl.J IJ •.::..>L,..; \;)I .)1 ;;,; )>- J i.?. ..;:., w \....... ~I ..w '.!.l);
jSJ" ~~ r..f'')L..,;JI r-1WI ~ l.. l..i...>J ,~\J '7',\j\J i~l ~J .~IJ
.J!.rl!.ll 0_;)1'; a"'o .r \[,_;.; .JJ) <...:) JlybcJ..>L,o..ll ,J.., J o)~\
, jSJ" cr r../'')1....., ;JI r-1WI E"lj .:.,\ ..w ~ J (l
7
)?- .jl!.ll 0 _;]I , ; a .. ,

.j>\11 .).>- 0-i.r"'T j-}) oJ..> .:.,l!.Ji .;.,I; .;:.,wL...ll ..;:.,~I ,JJ '11

l,?J..WI e·~JI ~ W i')L..,;JI w)J .)Lilli "~I"J i4J;Ji 'J)

'i632 i-'>11 i~:@; -r.JI il.iJ ~ ·~l.r J._.:; W ~ ..;\ )J ,.1..\~1-,f..rJI
J._.:; c} .~ .!.l); ~ r-1 r J .i661 i-'>41 i~ i~l)l ;;JJ\>JI '-;lg.; J1
;J__,.s:::..JI.;:.,~\.J...,J •:C,...l,...JIJ '-;y\11 ~J\>J~ ;.;..U.;Ji ..w >~l.r
~~-~IJ .)a..-)ll:,..-1 .r- iljJI Jl>->!J (i\291-1095) e, ... ).aJI
J i')L..,;Jl: (George Sarton) .Jy)... [.J~ ,L,.;\ ..W IK..J C"li')L..,;JI J
. ,I , I\;\..,.. I'· . ...Ui L . .uJ" :Jli . " UJ · l; 1J \..:..4,)1" .._,l;S
'-'· . ...,-- cr. .r::- ~ i .7"'"' I::'J <J' u . 0

'0.' I '1i J!.' 0.:.:-l: ,~ ~ -\:Z ..,........:. .:r" l,., J '~ 4J J.:.-.! r-1 ~ J> .)!
0-i.UI ti'i~\ ..w ~.h ~L..::.I ._.,....,.;)!~I .JIS ..!U .Jp .r iJ..,J
.< 39 l"\.J'"l.iJ~
. \'+''L...,I·o .)IS 0-i
· .Ui J~Y
· ·. I 'IS

(37) Sarton, George. Introduction to the History of Science. Washington, DC: Carnegie
Institute_ 1927. Particularly volume 1 and book 1 of volume 2.

(39) Sarton, Introduction to the History of Science, Volume 1, p. 503.

co ~i (i.llUI ~ ..}.>- """'_;; >.1.!., 'J if1) <,-_,.JI i}.pJI" c,i (Sorokin) ;.r.SJJY ~.)!.
i)..a.JI :_r ~ _,:5i ·~..!.P ..:.JI!JI j .,.ill Jl :_ri!JI C!.,.;JI :_r illl> ~ _,J 0J ~ l,.. JJ
:_,];;I . "j J .,.iJ I o.i.o J ')\>. <,-_,.J I
- Sorokin, Social Philosophies of an Age of Crisis, p. 238.

79
 ~lll\ ~\

C~ .:,\ ..L ')\; ';,.')\....)'I ; J w.,..l I •~ Jlb\ '-? .JJ I Jft r ')\....)'I 0l5 1:, l
·c_3 ":1i .;ll; 0 .:,\~;,.')I.... )II -:_,1.,-~JI.l.lb.;i <.;i...t:...,...,.... cr Jij-ll
.W)' ,;5J;. f..ro .A::- y. 'i ,-:_,\., -~ Ji •-4\ r ')\....)'I t... )J ifi W )J )2:JL,>
LS ,.L..LJI :r ,~ J,~ ..w .~ L.J ~lb.;\~ r')\....>'1 ~ plll
~ .:,l5 y; 'v.• 1 .11 J.lb.;l...,...,.... Jft ~ r-l r')\....>'1 .:,\ ,t..;T ,).,
r l,.<J I c) l '-'"" l:J I J.,.o.;. l.. Jft 3 , ~ .M\ ..i:... ~ I~ Jj 0 yJ.....J I 0 l5:J pll I
.~lb.;IJ ~L!..J IJ..i...,a..o 0l5 ·~ ~J cr ~I Cr' <..~ ~ ";
~~~j'~lc\~.;6\~_t: t'"\_;(G;.. ~.iJ ~)It'~) :...:;1; .:,T_,.all •.J.5); L. il.oJ
c}J r::--1 ..w J. ,.:,'11 .5> r')l..;>\l 1J... -=....J.>..:. r-l"' [17 -'-)IJ ( J(!;":q;~y;.;;
0 yJ.....JI Jlj W .> )u A <>Jl,;--1 >~ u>l>j\ 3 .:,.,_,.all y:>- -Jl ;, _,...II
lJ.,;.7' J l;; ')\>.\ W5:_. ...,; >_,.a] I .).,s:.;. ~ <.;j J - ;,. ')\....)'I <.;j) I .)J , ~ I· ;

u~l,::>-1 ~J J..WI ,_,...., ~ \<-;_,.<)1 ;c,;L;)'I ;y:.":JI ~1 3 .;; .J;.r'-\1~

~"' r"11., ..,;''II~ 4-:,> JL.i.1":11 A,<.;_,; ;_,....,":11 Jl; t..., \~I
r~'lil ,_,....,., d.,.UI r-t..... rl..wl., ;_,:J1., <....:...r.JI ~"' ,~~).,
<.;J)I" .:,1 (Hodgson).:,~, Jft ~ ..W ·r ,IJ)I Cr.-'\:; ~3 'if~'il
~ JIJ 'i >~IJ JL.\11 •-.4> \(J_r...ll cr ~I~ r-lJ ,Wl! JIJ l..

81
JJ_;ll :y ~ )~ ...;1 r i')i......;>\J ~ L....J Ol" ...:...,..WI r-lWI .j ;L,>J~
.k \.1.,...; '11 J ..,_.,')\....,)II 01 ill\ J ")~..,..;I J , ~ L,-J I ..::; ~I __,h...; '11 J t,:.;)ll J .,y..u I

1..1.>-.Y' <./')L..)II ~WI Jl_;; l..J ''-'"l:JI ~ Jl_;; l.. i')L..)II 0)' ,,pl.ri'll
{ 21 " JW
J t IJ r '. ..s-
I, :C..., I.,.. '->., l:; o..i.>- . 1<"
· - _J J • ·" J l::..ti,~..o
cr-...;. -

\'..:,r_,l .H ...blb.;l '":-:-' y. i~)ll JA :\1,1

~~ j:r -" 0\S 0u r')\....,)11 0L d....w1 ~ J,~ ,d); e
1i -· ')\...., '11 - IWI 0l> ,
~
· .:] I .
r--
<>...:;;
· - i Y-7
~
J .r.:"' <./ • r · '-?"'·WI '-?'.
; _r. ..\;:- .,, L.a.;; I ..._; l..ul :;.. ..GJ ~" ..::...; IS .;J I .,. ')\....,)I I ..::; L...rJ I

rL.1 ~'r'' ""':-) t.?.lll, _,.-w1 ~ t.. ~t; 4J 0\S d);~) ~J ," .l:.!l~
.r.:" ¥1 ~..1.>- UJ> .j crl> (Noland) .G'ly 0\.r.:" ( 31 ".,>l.ri'll ~I
.1J-" ,.,,L.a.;;'JI ..:;L..~I .j)J.:.::....; t.?.lll J.:,.WI ~ ~ ll.." 0\ .}) ;J~
r-~..lul r:JI ~ '1 i')L..)II" 0\J ."...:..,...; ).> ~ ~ J1 ).w''ll ~ ~
.<41"J..l:-:. l.. ~ ,~1 Y' ? I 0) J. ·ir jA Y' l...,-.> ~I

0v,s- r;; .,.')\....,! ..:;L..._;.. ..:..~ ~ 01 t:.: )~ d); t"J

:<-/"J •r=J.l .,,~.,..., ~l (Kuran)

.:.r.'ll ..:...,Jy iU;.; J~ ~ ~ t.?.lll ,, ; ,,.,l\ c,t')L..)il ..:..J)II ilk; -1

..,.')\....,)11 ..:;~I .j o..i.>- J ~~

~yWI J\.,_y...JI ~IJ o>JJ.>.....ll '-JJ;.-...11 i*" >~J i~-..,.,

·i ')\....,)II .j

(1) Hodgson, The Venture of Tslam, Volume 1, p. 77.

(2) Ibid., Volume 2, p. 3.

(3) Kuran, "Why the Middle East is Economically Underdeveloped .. ", p. 71-72.

(4) Noland, Marcus. ''Religion, Culture, and Economic Performance." Unpublished paper
(mnoland@iie.com), p. 26-27.

82
c.r-::--'\:;J JWI _,..,iJ r-51; 0J~ '11.,.. ..li j)j\11 .:r.r\11 0~ 01J§ r :r_
.;:Jl:Ji..._.,_r.ll0i r:r..J .~1 C:Y--" c.P.-i cr 0L,...Li wJ'SJ ,..;:;15_r.ll
6
( ) cr)' e ~ _,11 :i.J.::.;... ~~ C:JL!... -i ~ J ~ ~)_,.. ..:.J~i ..li
"•JA1" i~ ~)":" J i~ :l:;u
J ~ ._,; ~ y. '1 .......i...a;.. ..:... A i 1.1; ._}.>- ~ i ')\....,)II 0i ._,; .;.~..;. '1 L....
r-1 (Kuran) 01J§ 0\ y:? ,J')\1)11 ._}.>- [o..l>- J __,s:,JI ..:r.'-11 ~Jy] ;J_,¥]
·'-;-'}JI _) ; ~I C:JL.:....l\ •_,..:.; _) !'"" L ..li ;J_,s:.,ll ilk.; 0~ •• ~~\ ~
._}.>- .ljl::J I f? .) J\1 I ~ J..U l: c,1- I.W)II i iJ2:J I .._::., l;:-l,:>-1 i.;.;..:; ;J _,s:.,l I ..;:..; 15
0iJ •r.-WI J\ F l ~ .:r.J.;..WI .~\11 ~ ¥LW)fl ~ i..Js.
~ ~ ~

..;:; \.. ..GJ I cr l.> y:? J <,_?:.-.J I .._::., L...GJ I !'"' .lZ <f '1 J _;........ cF- 1-l>-IJ L,a>.....:.
t_~_r;l" cr ~I.W)fl ~L,...'JI Jw ..::..;15 ¥LW)II 0\ y:? l')c,~-LW)fl ~
~".>\.ill ~ y. ~ r-1 .!11; •Ir.- cr J , ".k _;...J I '-?~L.a.;:; '11 _,....;;.!1 J? J ~)II
·
~-
I.W'-11 ~L..'J
- ..W" iJ.,.
J ." t', - ;;JW
- J .kt.:.;J J.,..., 1.-11
·-u------c? ~L.a.;:;\ 'b"
e
~}JI ~JJy\ _) t_LW)II ilk.; .J~ r" ..ill ,UJJ (SJ·• ·c,I-IJ)I ~L..a.;:;'-11 ;J..li
,.._::.,~) ..li -0'11 ;_;J.J"-' cl" l.S- '-::]L......i)l p r-1 \..~" i\500 i~ J~
1 l".~l _) 0_r<jl ui.a.;J (_r.}} E..~.o ·~ Jl; \.. ¥U1 ;J_,:J1..;:..;15J
9

.wWI.r'JI .:...J\.. \.. .I.:.!.::.....L: ,;J_,s:.,JI rib; t_LW)il ilk.; c?');; ~~ ..liJ
(5) Kuran, "Why the Middle East is Economically Underdeveloped .. ", p. 71-72.

(6) Ibid., p. 71-72.

(7) Rhcinstein, Max, and Mary Glendon. ''Inheritance and Succession." The New
Encyclopedia Britannica, 15th ed., 1994, p. 638-47, p. 641.

(S) Brenner, Robert. "Feudalism." The New Pal grave Dictionary of Economics, London:
Macmillan, 1987, Volume 2, p. 309-16, p. 309 and 311.

(9) North and Thomas, The Rise of the Western World, p. 102.

83
i.;_,:ll .lil J l:_m1 J .;~1 L0. ,~1 :;.,s:,-.7''11 i.;_;ll 0! ~ ~J"l JJ
I l:JI · 'I ~lj ~ 0\ ..Lou ,A.....;
110
).:;,
.Y i ..Lou'-.;·
. . .r.-Y. <.f." r . - r :q
..;:.,l.i~ J_,....;" ~ •o.;\~ ~J.;) J :C,>l.a::i':ll ~I J':Ak;l ~l..ul
c- I ..~>-.)!. ,[£- ':1 Ill
I~~ 111
l" .:WL
-
.....l ) w::.L.
.
..;:.,li~ <J"',_
1i ~lk.i':ll
•
4..5J....il
-

<.Sf:" cjll '-:"'L.. \11 0[ J. .~L:.....dl ;J_;JI '-:"'!.,...\ Cr.! iJ" i.;~l _?::.,_ ~~
,.y,l~..i.ll ..;:.,\..~I ...,..;~ iJ" ~I .j_,.hJI ~} ~ ~ .J.,S'l::JI
.tSi -"J l"l.\..:-':-)_,:.s::::JIJ ~IJ ~I .;~1 ~ o}J ~lJI ~IJ
~ ..U_,;} y:-:5]1 t.;.rJI r Y"J •(Arnold Toynbce) ~y ..U_;} lp
~ y J ..;:.,~\.... cjll ..;:.,~1;:.>- ':II JJ> ~~ •(Arnold J. Toynbee) ~y
.,rl.;)l c_lkAll ~ (l3JJA:]IJ ~UIJ ~1.;)1 J ;J_f)J ;c., j:>\JI \..:-':-) _,:S:::JI
~ W" •o_d t)..i-' .j o~I (JI_;...ll .J.,>- y ~ ~.;l>..,JI ..;.,I_,...JI ~\....
JJ .~1.;\11 J.:.# iu;; J')\;;. iJ" LG j>\11 ~1)\11 ~~..r""" iJ"
~L:.....dl c_lk.i
c_lk.i J J .o_d ~ l.,a.. • \...':.;! J'l I J _,:.!I J :\;.; l>..J I <J'J IJ J }J I '-:"' ':1 J> jf..
c}J J_,...JI .j 0G 1:, l....._; il830 J :C,--4,--WI ~I .0'-" Jb- •JAJI
.) L.S:ll
. . IL.......,\)1 u--'
'-""" I ' -II ....,G...,..l
. . ;...w..WI
..r - . ;c;;JJI
. ~ ..\! J " ( 14); .) WI
.

ill;; ~J •\..:-':-)_,:S:::JI ._,..;~c)! •oJ_;JI o.io -.::...;[5" ..uJ (151"~ u\J)

(10) Rheinstcin and Glendon. "Inheritance and Succession.", p. 642.

(II) Brenner, "Feudalism.", p. 133; Dobb, M. Studies in the Developn1ent of Capitalism.

London: Routledge and Keg an PauL 1946.; and Hilton, R. H. The Decline of Serfdom.
london: Macmillan, 1969.

(12) See North, Institutions, Institutional Change, and Economic Performance, p.

130-40, and Checkland, S. G. "Industrial Revolution." The New Palgravc Dictionary
of Economics. London: Macmillan, 1987, Volume 2, p. 811-15.

( 13) Toynbce, Arnold. 1ndustrial Revolution. Boston: Beacon Press, 1961. (First published
as Lectures on the industrial Revolution in England, !884).

(14) Ibid., p. 58-66.

(15) Ibid., p. 65.

84
i l,.AJ ~ L>- ..!.ll..L ..:.> ..1,~)J or.0J I J ~\1 I ~ \; '-r' ~ c;J I </' ,oJ ~I
...:.>IS.r=JI

~JJJ\ ~ J iJP J.-Al~ lS>\ .A! OJ~\ ilk.; .)\ W _,;jl .:J)J ~
~~ cr.-t '-r'.:... :i; 'j .)IS..,;~ '-""'l_,;j'jl tJ-; L. ~y. 'j ..,;~ ,l5:,_,..,\J
OJ~\ ilt.; t?> Y.. .)\ .))> 1.,..-T ..;_,..:. )~J .)~lJI ~ ~ ..ili ,.)\~\
I))> J.-...il ~ .,:.,,\ J-1 I 'Jo I_,.J I ~ ~ ..ili . ~_,....:.:)I ~..r.:--" J JJ> t?t
¥ 4 ' j l o\JL..JIJ .,...IJ)I c.~)/IJ ,"~)\ ~~" ,~ J L......L>-
~ r )1 .,...UI c.~?'J .)IS Joi_,.JI ,J.., ~ Cr'J 1 );_,;\A:JI ~\J
16

<:,;~lJI o.r\11 ojy.S L. .k...p ~ ~ ..ili ;,..L,a]\ 1..\.o. J oJ~\ ilk.;

'i 1985 ~~ J ~J 0
'l(01.l!) _ji 2.5 ..)! ~IJ)l WL.ali '-""' J \11 '-r'
'-r' .h.<; %4 .)ISJ ,.:J~lJI J (.:JI.l!) _ji 1.2 ~ Jy..ll .k... _r..jl ~I .)IS
I.;., l_ji 7.4 1) .;., I).:S:." 3 ~ 4->- Lo ..\;} '-""') ~ Jo..>U U Ijo-l I ~
~~ .)1~1 oh J .,...\J)\ [.~)11" .)1 (Sachs) ~\... lSJ.. 1")(01..1!

Jll! ~I 0\ :_;-: c}J (19)" .G:..i..>JI t:;}:JI J lS..r'-1 .;.,l>-~1 l?t '-r'
..J..;:..U
J
L. ~ y · <lW .r.?..
· :i..;~U\
... ~IJ )1 if"'
1.~ .I! oJ·l>...Ji ~J
·I \11 · : -11
'-!'.r-
4k.L.., o..~.<>l! _,....w J ~J_; ~I_,;\;..:.> ;1 ~1 .rJ- ,;JJJ.JI .;.,L;~ ~
J:.i I~ .) IS t? ..u I uIjo-l I J ~I ~ l;.w c...,a.; J 'c.d l.ki )I I , I.,.-\1 I
i-"' .;.,'j\;.J r.0JI ~\ J Jlk:.JI LIJ ;t ..!.ll..U .)\SJ ...:.>L>-~)/1

(16) See Chapra, Islam and the Economic Challenge, p. 173-181.

(17) Jansen, Marius B. "Japan, History of." The Nev.· Encyclopedia Britannica, 15th ed.,
1973-74, Volume 10, p. 88.

(18) Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Research Economics. "Japanese Agricultural

Policies." Policy Monograph, No: 3, Canberra, Australia, 1988.

(19) Sachs, Jeffrey D. ''Trade and Exchange Rate Policies in Growth Oriented Adjustment."
Tn Vittorio Corbo, Morris Goldstein and Mohsin Khan (eds.), Growth-Griented
Adjustment Programmes. Proceedings of a SympJsium Held in Washington, DC, February
25-27, 1986. lMF/IBRD, Washington D.C., 19R7. p. 301.

85
~I Jl;.;W.;/l: 'Cr." )j.J\ Jt;.,.., j>-> t.L<; ).i .;J.J:J\J J>-..UI c) ;\ 3 WI
t.\..;;) ~ ..t!J .~ly:...u i>~j (.;-" + ,~1
J.,.JL: ;;J.:..;:..JI t,.il4:ll
,i:. : ~ <.S;:.-o c) i..llwl Jl.....\3 ~~ .~! ~ Jt>-;·:.rl J....._.
<)L.:.;\3 <.,?..u; e y c)! ~l>- L..;J, "_rWIJ ~)l;c,...:.:JI J_,......,.. 0-" J.-. 3
c) ~J ~ ~ ; 3_;JI f.5) ;) 1...;3 120).J t._ro ~ c,?." Jl>- '-""lfliJ
4::- 3
;J~I '-:-'~ill,! \t'>L.')I r-lWI c) .,,l.,.ci~l-~4~1 4li..WI ~
.;c,...:.:J\3 J..WI ~~)I .J il.,S:.,. 0\ ~

"
o>J..I.:>..JI ~J..;-JIJ .jw..all .J~I :l!.ll!

~ 3 j---o 1:> (;; y l.i ~ l,S iJ \ o.l,Si; c) J.> ~ iJ l5 iJ IJ§ 0\ ..\5)-.J I 0-"
JJ~ 0\ ~~ ,._;lk:.JI Ll3 Jl.!:....~l ~~ 0-" ,-.;.., ..~;~ .ts_...:JI 0-" ;, 3 ..b...o
iJ l53 . c,f' ')L. ')I ...wJ ;_;;I _rl I "..L,l..i.::) I -:-l:.J l.:...J I c) ;, y. y 0-.:-" ~I .:r...L.
~I -:-\SJ.:..... 3 "JWI ~" .Y' .S_,.:JJ <).fWI iJL,SJI _)[ •../" '-:-')1
(22) , . I . 'I" (("•. . ; ·ts· . 'I" ' q ..
. "-:JI..,a.o..l er-e/ >y.yu •>J~ "-:>'J_;......., i~
(21) ••
.I...A.OyJ
II

.ili ,~..b.JI 4:..o j\11 c) ;~I <5_...:.]1 ~ ~.J"-o"' <.,?1 .)3, ;,;,_,. y ~J
jy.-.; ......iJ)i.ll ,J.., J!.- c.)J" .i>J..I>....ll ~3_;.-..ll jly.J :\..WI ~I _y..ll

:_};;I ~lcll (20)

- Chapra, Islam and the Economic Challenge, p. 173-81.

(21) AI Khafif, 1962, p. 22-7; Udovitch, Abraham L. Partnership and Profit in Medieval
Islam. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1970, p. 99; and Abdullah, Ali Ahmad,
Al-Shakhsiyyah aJ-J'tibariyyah fi al-Fiqh al-Tslami (Legal Peronality in Islamic
Jurisprudence). Khartoum, Sudan: Al-Dar al-Sudaniyyah li al-Kutub, (n.d). p. 235-
239.

(22) Chapra, M. Umer. Towards a Just Monetary System. Leicester, UK: The Islamic
Foundation, 1985, p. 255-256; Cizakca, Murat. The Comparative Evolution of Business
Partnerships. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1996, p. 14.; and Usmani, Muhammad Taqi. An
Introduction to Islamic Finance. Karachi: Idaratul Ma 'arif, 1998, p. 221-228.
,\~ ~ ~J WI..!. ~lS .i.:Jl.A..JI ~_;A; J O~J~I ~J)--JI .JI (Cizakca) lSI~ .S.r..
.~i ~I,... <) ~ y c_u..UI ;J .!+-< ~ <JJ..UI ;}_,..:.11 <) i.J._;..:.. i.rcL; ,:,\ ~

86
,j ;,_,J.>... ;c_,J_,_,_. __, '.;J~I ;_ a>. •, ._,WI -::.,L..., _;..jl_, -::,IS'_r.lJ 0 ~ 0\
(23)" ..~.>-I_, :oT

:oiyOJI ,j I.;§.L :c,...:.:u ij'l •..,? JS ()~ ~y ..,.....1}1 .rf if'

:oi
r \.. JS :o\ .}.>- !....k\~ '-I'~ )II Wll ts>l,.o ('""\ ..~.>-\ ._rU.. ~l \UI_,
4!> ,\.i:- ; I_1.> i,..1.r"' ._., _.,.....l I • L,..; \11 0\ l..:J 'c_Lo r ~ i .;><-" .rf
J.ooAl 1..; ..!..LJ:, oJ.>- ..l.i J , ~I j;y.::l ._., j ~I -::..> L.... _;..J I .;;_,k:.i o_r? <:,; K.l
-::.,l....JI:Jl" :Jl.i ~ ~ 01.;_,5' ..!..U.J.: ._;_?I lS ,:c,.~)ll -::.,~1 ,_j
~')\!.)I 0 J yO] I r, -::.,.; _,.l.; '.;.l,lA:J I :C,. ~)II ; .; l.a>..lJ ;_;.,..-..]1 '.;, l,a;:;'j I
.w.)'11 ~ e c;;1_,::.; 1..L. __, ,~I.,.Jj I' ..b ~~ ,..L. ..::..;.!.>- ..l.i_, 1'41 " .;c,J\.:JI
~ <.,?\ ~ y.. >l5:; '}__, ,'.;_r.JI -::.,~1 ,_j -::.,L..., _;..jl .;;_,.l.; ,_j ~I
,_j iJ.>-1_, ;;_._;,~I ,_j ~I ~ ._., j~l -::.,L..., _;..JI ~ .._,;-::..> J#
._.ll ~WI;\..:.; i~ ~ .}.>- l..ol_r>-1 c_)o; I..L._, .~1 if' .)_,\II <.l,.. r-!1

.:C,.~)II -::.,~1 ,j ~\.... ..:;,.;__, ,j -::.,IS'_r.ll ~

-::.....) :C,.~)II ~l..::JI :oi .).>- J.j\.:JI ~ c.r"l_r>-'lii..L. (f '-:~?IJJ

JW r' .).>- c.r" _}; r-l cjl I '-:,,I~ '1 I -::., \.. _,5:>.] I J. ..!..ll~ :f ;J J j.--oJ I ...j"
(North) o.;y J,~ .ul .:C,.~)II ~l..::JI ,j ~ ..lS'_;..jl 4$WI .j_,A>-
i.>.>.:...:; -::..> ~} _fS:, i IJ.>..::.... I .)l <.,?> y" <; _......a...l I .rf 4$W I J _,A> 0 4
;~ 0~ -::..>IS'_r.lt.; ,j;:-\11 :U,_,.b ul_,;WI ~ '}__, J:li ~[; JL.....i.;
';,; _,......;.. 4$W I J _,A> ...::..; IS' _,.lt.; \e" ~)II r-l WI ,_j o.!.>- \.. I..L.J , i 25
l" [)....;

0\S' ,_r... d)l 0 yO] I ~ :r\.:.11 0 yO] I .l:... oj\.:: !'"' <.,?.lll ,~1 ~ CJ).i
.o_y:S Jwi -::..>L....J.o-: ;~1 -::.,\S'_r.ll Jl~l.)l ~l>- ~Y..J '~

.~ <,;b_,....JI )..UI :r _,1_;jl \1:>\...~l.wll.j l.,_,~~l ~I ·Js- J..>.i ,.;,I .u (23)

(24) Kuran, "Why the Middle East is Economically Underdeveloped ... ", p. 72.

(25) North, Institutions, Institutional Change. and Economic Performance, p. 65.

87
.;r 0\5' -,?Jll- ,J:_,...::JJ ;~I_;:..] I ~WI 0~ ~1;:;'~'1.)! y-~ L.. ~Y. '1
...::.; \5' <.jl I , o_,s:l I ~_rJ I '-""""" \.; .)! ..:;.,,\ ..li :_;5:; r.l -LA~Y. ,:,\ ll.o. J5 ,:,1..!.
cr.._r...ll ,:,_,All~ .-,.-'>\.....)'1 ..WI J LL..i o>y. y ,L;;T L;~\ W' ,LA,)A
J t,;L: ~I d~ L..~
Jwi ..:;.,L..._;.. .)! ~WI.,:.,\.:.; 'if'>\..... )II r.lWI
~ ..i>.;l -,?Jll -,?.J~I ~I~))! J .,_,....., •4-Ull ~ r.l.J ,;,d

_,s:l I t 4- )'I ll.o. ~ .J W i '>\.....)'I ......;] I>.;, ~L.. '-?\ ~ .J } .J .; _,s:J I ..:;., l5'_rJ I
<,/' ~ 4'1; .,..'>\.....)'I..:;.,L...j.o.li<Ji" t...,..,. (La!) J'l .b.'l..li.J .4J,.; J
~ L..~ <.jl I ,~ _,::] I.J --.<:1.];} I a:;..,. "-l.J..U I <:,5'1_,:.! I J. ,~I ..::..i ~~ <.jl I
~ ir,; ..:;.,~\ ,l,J J~ '-:'~ .;r .,.'>\....)'I •l.r:-\11 J LA}-• ~
(26)" ~ ,)l>.

J.bW~ ~ ;_,s:JI ..:;.,l5'_rll ...:.;l5' ,._.J... }I .Jp-JI 1~! cj.J

J ..:....!>- L.. ~ ll.o..J , <2 '>:\;,r.>JI ..:;.,~I.J ~l;SJI.J ..:;.,L\..i.:.JI.J 41 ;- , II
~ r.l._.h.-.}1 .Jp-JI I~[ J ;_,s:JI ..:;.,l5'_rll ,l, 0\ .r.)> 'i'>\.....)'1
~~ ,:,\ ~ '1! ,,:,'JI o>y..rJI ;_,s:JI ..:;.,l5'_rll >y.} ~UI ..:;.,i,;LS:)I
.;r ~_,1 op ~ ,<">_r..- t'Ui 0_,A]I :\;~ J ..:....!>- L.. .J"'.J ,l;ls' ..._,\>.
i.;,.. ~I} .L. A "'~' ,..!.LJ; (::".J ,; ,)~I iu.; .............,.J tlW)'I iua.; ,l.;;.,:.l
0_,A]I J 'l[i~l &.....li.J o~l ..:;.,4'l,JI J ~ r.lo>.J..\>..,.]1 ~.J;-..51

.(29) '
~ ew'-'1
(26) Lal, Deepak. Unintended Consequences: The Impact of Factor Endowments, Culture,
and Politics on Long-Run Economic Performance. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press,
1998, p. 66.

(27) Hessen, Robert. "Corporation." The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. London:
Macmillan, 1987, Volume 1, p. 675-77, p. 675.

(28) Ibid., p. 678.

(29) Oesterle, Dale Arthur. "Limited Liability." The New Palgrave Dictionary of Money and
Finance. London: Macmillan, 1994, Volume 2, p. 590-91.

88
,:r cJ./~1 >~I .j ~..~>- .)1 ..,...WIJ ~\J)\ oJ.fl\ ~ r-1
~~ .)\5' ,J.olyJI .:r >J.9 ~ ~l:...,.. c)! J~ .:.:t .:r iJ\....)'1
OJY

~) ..!.l]:, ( f ~ l:Ji ;;;..~I y:)- ~\ J ~ \..,_.,L,-ll ~ _rll i \.J..,;\

'J,L,a; Jt ,4,],~ y:)- ~~~ ~l>- ~ -j;J ~J) .\..0>-j c)s- U"l:J\
C:!J l:... c)s- Jk..J I ,:r .) 'S , ..!.iJ:, c)s- ;J ':}19 J .; ~ ..::.> 'S_rJ I ..::...1l2.i
"~.;~:, t.. cJs- 4.1GJI •.1> :P r-1 )J ,41 .!.lli .j l!.::; .:.:t ·~' Jw\11
~ J ')\>. ,:r ,i ~I ..::.> 'S_rJ I (.l"':""' \:; c) l <.? >)::-- i J p:J I i \k; '-:-' ~ C! l50
..,51 Jwi C:!Jt.:... cr.~ ~ r+-"i JD cJs- ,~L.....\J ~ cJs- U"l:JI
.'l,>..lJ ~ Li J
'
..Jli.,~l :~\)
.
j,J iJ\....;>IJ dJ\11 >~I .j ..,...J\....)'1 r-lWI .j ,"......<.;)\" L......y ._:.,~
..::.>~I ,r..,k::J .J l:. ._:.,\:, ..::.> L...>L...... ..:....J.J J ''-:-' _;J I .j J;_,l. ,:r~ ~ ~
ul...GJI ,:r ..,.__,J ~ ~ ......<.;_,)\ )J ..ill,..;\:, .J\J§ j[ W"J ,;_,..J\....)'1
~WI •\:.:J ,..,.._w\ ui_,::>....JIJ ,<>.....a]\J ,~\ ,- ·- ;,; < 30 )~l..::::- 'll
J~\J ':.r..)L..llj ~lj '-:-'')\kl.J ~L......J 'i~\11 Jj>j '~~J
c)) r ......<.;}I .J\5' Lo~ ..!.l]; ..!..>..~>- J.JJ (Jl).jL.:.....JIJ uli}JIJ J~~\J
,.J':}I9l..i.l\ J\~)1\J ~I ......<.; y \..~ ...;\ y:)- (3l)~I.:..J\ JI~)'IJ ~I

(30) Kuran, "Why the Middle East is Economically Underdeveloped ... ", p. 75.

(31) See for example Makdisi, G. The Rise of Colleges: Institutions of Learning in Islam
and the West. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1981, p. 35-74; Hodgson, The
Venture of Islam, Volume 2, p. 124; Kahf, Manzer. Shari'ah and Historical Aspects of
Zakah and Awqaf. Background paper prepared for the Islamic Research and Training
Institute/ Islamic Development Bank, Jeddah, 2004.; and Ahmed, Habib. Role of Zakah
and Awqaf in Poverty Alleviation. Jeddah: Islamic Research and Training Institute/
Islamic Development Bank, Occasional Paper No. 8, 2004.

(32) lnalcik, Halil. "The Rise of the Ottoman Empire." In P.M. Holt, Ann Lambton and
Bernard Lewis (eds.), The Cambridge History of Islam. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press. 1970, Volume 1, p. 307.

89
;.L..)J ,~L:..JI ~L,..a.il ri~IJ ,~ \11 .!.l _,s:....JI 01..J.A.; J ,,LAJI ._.) 1 t.,.a.;!J
L.S ~)I~ ...Jt.;J\11 ~~ 133
l40J,L,a...J -..A.;_,ll ..:;_,LSJ:..,.. ri..G.::....I
.01J§ Jt..;\

l
L..I ..LJ <.jll :Z,.... "· II ._.) [ \, l:.::.-1 ..\l L, 01S <.,? jJ I , U I <.S ..!.4 _r...\Z ~
c) •:u~ ~ ~ rr Crl842 ;...,Jzss cj.Yl .:r.~~ .:r-1
JJ\11 u..a:.ll
~ ~ L,..aJ :r
J ~ c) 0 _r.i;- .r. Iy IS .:r.jj I ._.) 1 - _r... (:"" l::J I 0 _;.!I ,y
cr J,L,.. ~ J')l.>. ,y ;,~ ~I l..l.. ~ 0\ t'_r..JI r:r 01S ,....,;;_,.u
0~ r5l>....l1 JL>-1 r..w r.r- .:r.~~ .:r,l ~ ..J.Aj .~:, t:J .~
0) W uUI ,y i d ~J, ~ 1~\.JJ ;WUJI0'J -..A.;_,lll..l.. >y.-J
04
r-5"l>...JI -=...;IS 1:,~ )'"L..ci-l I)JL>.J 'i! --A.;)I ..:;_,LSJ:..,.. ..l>\, y.-Y. I~
r-1 J '<:,; •_p l..a,\ •l,...>J )\J 01S 1:,1 --A.;) I ..::..> lSJ:..... 4.1 l>. J ~ Jv..} ,i..L.. [.;
,,J,L..a..JIJ ,u1 ~ •J'N-J .<,;yt.; ~ ._.J[.y.JJ <:,;K.[.!.lL:..o ~

.--A.;)I rl1:.l ~')\)1 ~I :U~1 c) l d IJJ> <.,?>Y.. c,P__,..all rl1:.ll 01S ..J.A.;

r~)'l ~ r _,.LJI •W1 ~I r:r ...;~ ,;_,.,.ul J>I_,.,JI ,..l,. ._.) 1 .)Z:J~J
-~ 0\ 'i ,u1 ~:, J:.. ~ JJ~ w~> r~>'l 01S ..J.Aj ,..;..,» t.. 0~
~I ,yJ .r ~)'I r-)!.,.; J-:,.,1; cr 0 'i J _;.-..)I Lo.... • WUl IJ 4... _,s:,..l I 01
~ '</~)'I r-!WI c) ~ j ..::..>>l.,..:...,l .JJ ....,;;)I .........._ _;.. 0\ J __,..; 0\
('""JJI ..,_.;~ .)1 ,...,WI ..::..>IJ>l;..JI >~J ,~1 J_,.h- .,...~ Jl_r'il

;_,. -..A.;_,ll ,Y'i- 0\ ~;.JI 0-"J (Js);;_._,s:,..ll ..,_.;~ ,y Jl_r,)'IJ ~IJ

,~IJ ¥~ 'il :C,..l....'JI ~I .r..# c).........;; r--WI JJJJI ,_p ):5 <..>?l
. ._,...;WI c)~ 01S W.:.. ,...,WI <;_r.:>JI J~'JI J')l.>. ,y

(33) Ahmed, Role of Zakah and Avqaf in Poverty Alleviation, p. 42-44.

'4<:. 'i 1966/.>1386 ·..,WI .,.,ul ~ :i .,..wl •;b....ll >; 4,-ll> .~i J...><.O 'J-""'-" J.l (34)
(C"_.,.J I 1-4J ,.. L:; I -..i.>d ; .i.:.o -::..iJ .!AI) .4 22u-"

(35) Ahmed, Role of Zakah and Avqaf in Poverty Alleviation, p. 42-44.

90
~\ pi .)1 ._,,\ c.,?lll y i')\....,)'1 J-; r-l ,~4:-)\ ;\• a~J\ -)J
\...; ,~L,-JI ~b....ll il..w\1 Y.-JI J'J'll J. ,:C,..')L..)'I .;.,\.,·'!"JI E"\}J
0 _,~ p::11 ..:.,.•.,ll) ~ ~ )\ r..u1 JJ.;) ,~1 J~ .:.1~1 ..!.ll~ J
cr >~ ~!.>.;~ ~I .;., jy. ..1! '-:"'jJI J '-J.I~..UI .;.,\..._,.s:,..ll> \~IJ
,..\... 0 1v·.wt ~\) ~\ r>) ~\ J~ "'-\....,.. ..!.ll~ J!...; '--'"'"\..J.::J\
;;_,.. _r.l I ,r.? .;., \... _,.s:,.J l> \;~I .;., l5"_r.l I .)1 "':-WI .;.,.1;:- J\ ~I if' ~I
'--"' _,.;] .b....all .)1 -:i.o~ ~- ~ \I ~\ ~b....] ~ \I ~\
\I).~\ if'~\ 0~ ~ (fJ ,~\~L.a..:<.,.;..,:.)~\ J~
r:: JA::; ..t>-\ >~
'~ ..::..; l5" [..,_,I ..L:..... \I Il .;., \... _,.s:,..l I ..:..lt j.:o" 0~ 0 IJ §
,\-¥ ...,.,;t •? ~ 0L,>-'It ~ J) -y'lt .Js--r>- e\::Jt 0yAJt .,_w
(l'l" <.....')\.....\II ;.,._, • q . ·1 ,I
~ .,. ~.r-' Lr! r

~ .)-. J , II .1 I.J:..,..; I ~ r .j'j.;;.."JI J ~\II J." :L.\>.

~ JjL::ll ~ '.J.'\ ,1\ .J:,lk...;i ~ Y' i')L..)'I J-; r-l 1~1
1~1 ..b\k...;\11 ..!.ll~ y JJ_;....JI Y' J~ 'II J')l.,..;\11 .i.. ~ 0l5" I~)
l;.; }' , ;;_,..~\I IJ "'-, L..a:;; 'll 0 J..U.,.:. 0: I .;., l,-l:.,. ..U ~I )1 )'I I.;.. ..G.::.. I
.... v..•l ,II J~'ll J')l.,..;\11 0'l: ~ (f \... ...;\ e-' ·~~ <,~)'\ ~
~J 'crWIJ "'-_,.,JIJ J~\11 .)s- ;J..WI ~.,Z J l;..,L...\ \JJ> ._,,r
• y..ll r ":i.o..l.WI" 0}' 'r-+'\...1 :ill WI .;.,l,..\>.::ll ~ly .)s- 0-:J,t.; ,r.?
.~ v-) J ~ _,1.... ,........;; r ,0\5" J~'11 J')l.,..;\11 01 .)1 ~
J~'l\ ~\ :}j ~ ~ .)1 .;.,I.;)J J§~ ( f c)""L:J\ [.~
.,_,L..a:;;',li - ;;_,..~ \1\J <.,; jW\J :C,...l,-JI .;.,L....,rJIJ ,~WI ~IJ
_r-_,1.; J :i.o \::J I ~) .•:... J , U..lSJ I "'-.r-,l I ~\.; Ko 1 _r-_,1.;J J ..WI 0t-aJ
JoWl 0l5" \...;J ~I 4.:,JI ..:..lt j!.J ~JJ.::ll .\...i:;:. \II 01 . ,~-, ·'!"'
1
(36) Kuran, "Why the Middle East is Economically Lnderdevcloped .. ", p. 83.

91
4::;_r.>- .JI..W_. ,~')L )'I '-:"' p cjJ\>.\11J.lJ..,..;'Ji .)! lS'\l?..UI ~)I
~" l?'I.L.:... '11 ~I J1 J . . ;\ .)! .)_...1.1>- .:r.l J~\ J..i_. .4:--w.;_.
J._>jl_. '-:-:.:,L{'jJ J')(>. cr ~~ ~l...> C!)Jk.;J '~J ~\.>. '-'""l:JI
>_,..i.ll ~J ..:.>LS'J..WI 4:,> ~ ,~ ;_r.,..... :t..i....o 1..\... ~J ,c_I..GJI_.
• (3 7) II O...L..... \J

.J)j ,J')(>.\11 J ~ __,;'[; ;..uUI ~I ..:;.,'}l>J C!l5' l?..Ui..:..i)l c)J

:;,....L.\11 '-""'l.a>JI cr rr
,~1 J.l>JI ~ ..;1:, i')L)'I ~t:;
J..>\_.
'
J ~I J.l>JI '-'""}' .J_..._b· : '} .~\ll! .ol~ cr t_;\-i')L)'I r-)L...::l
(.)"")..WI C!) ~ ,~')L)'I r-)L...::ll .)! C!J.fo;J 0-.:::"'\iylS' ~\1 ,~W.\
.__.._,
. . . ~ "(..)"" J I..Wi" J ~WI ...,.:>"
· J ,~.L. · · '} ~..WI
('"""+' • 4-;l...WI
•
.)) J..WI cr ~y..ll Y' ...)) ~l>JI _y.r; L.. C!) ·i')L;>IJ ,_.J.>....JI 451J>)
·'-:-"'WI ~I ...,...;[::-
• •
~.bU......\' I ..::...aJ.j,J ~I <../' :t:,..~l ~_r.ll i~ :i;.l..l; ...:...ilS j..> :L.,L.,
cjJ\>.\11 J')l..;'JI C!l5' 1:,)_. ~ <?I ...)) l&.> l?..UI 'i')L)'I C!l5' 1:,)
"[.J )I " ..W '-:--:-' W , 0-. J , I I .1lb,..;'j J ')\1) '-:,]15" ~ r-3 Lr-'' I , II
'-:"'\;:5" )1) ~ Jlj-JI 1..\... ,y- <:,.;L.:JI '-;[::-)'I .lb) ~I cr ~~')L)'I

J. l..,J, (::ul:.ll '-;I::S" ..,...) J--4-il 01 t...;_. .l--45' ~

,.)_...1.1>- .:r.l C.:,_,...:J
,j,A:-JI J ;c,..:.::JI ~~ cr ;;,....l:... <.~1_,::....1 c.I.J!'i _r.JI ~ .La::...\ Y'
jJJ' ..:;.,,\ ._;11 '-?"')L )'I (:;Jl:JI cr ~l_r.ll .:.ll:; Jr.! J,.WI cr C!~ J _......;

..1\b;'JI J L,;J

~ .b.;.; ~ J.,.l>.;:ll C! )j , )_?::!!_. ~ lA::J I J .11) )'I ~ J

~ L...J IJ C! J::-" L,.J IJ C!Y-J"' \11 ~ ._;]I ~_?..,.J I ~ ')L )'I C! I-Ll) I
L,_....T_. l.;:A;})J t.,;L,...) :J.- c>? \11 JbWI ~ ~ ....; _,..,_. ,.J_,.,;L...:..JI_.

(37) M: PP. 88-2; R: I. p. 383.

92
,j_, ,).>- ..5> J.:k;.; .l.i J,l>.::ll 0\3 , ..!.ll:> t: J .t.,....T J _,.; J -4-ll J ~)I
.~ ..::,;\ .l.i ~1; ~I ui)::=:JI 0'1 . _}'~ ~ .Jp c:;J>WI

01 "~J ;J.j 'j:;~l .Y-, I , II .Lo..WI :,r ~J.$. J ,.JJJ.b:. cr. I <.S..r..
i~ J <;JL... :i.,l,?. i~l)l <.;")WI ~I l,.,~ ....;_.,..;1 c.('jL.,)fl t;)::ll

.;JJJJI ,_,..,,..).:;J i679 ;_., 60 i~ J ~_;; ~'1 <.i">WI ,;...uyJ 'i661 ;_.,41
,~L,..JI ~ _,.;~1 JJ.J., t_Jj J).::ll l.i.o m'(i 750-663 ;_.. 132-41) <;y '11
J J ,;;_,;KJI L...b....l.l r '1 .)1 ,<.ill...JI ;;.kLJI ..:,I; ~IJ)I ~I JJJJ

J1 '<.5Jr=JIJ <.i')\>J.] (moral imperative) :C,.')l,:.'11 iJJ.r<Jl C:'\j J_;>- .!.l];

,II fj\,.,.,)11 ~~ <,?.i.JI Jt!....ll c,?'L,..JI il1:JI

39
J4::''JII.i.o i ).,1j::ll .)! C:,_,l
cr.J I '-:" L,....,.,1 <.5 JJ l..,...., '1 'c.(' jL., )I I ~I J •l.,::.. '11 :,r r.sJ I ilJ
-.# J>-~ <;JlA...l r'-11,;:...1 WJ" .il,>JI ~ ,).>- 0)1_;; 'llyiS ..:r...i.JII""}01
.JISt.. :JL>J <;JL... ~ ,..:.!WI 4;,1 ~ i')\...]1 :JW cr'L>J ~1 J. .M...,..

~~W> 0'1~ 4],_<:;1 :JW \r.,:..o.rJI r-'14 :..:..J.j) JL>.......I ~14 ~

; ' 'I
..;. I.....,..... " lJ '"""" u IJ)"' ' "
..:,...,..~.>- J.Jj
(40)" I·" I I
..., ~J ~ ~J
I •" I
<.,/.'1 ~ ""4lJ
'I I 'I J

(38) Osman, Fathi. "The Contract for the Appointment of the Head of an Islamic State." In
Mumtaz Ahmad (ed.), State Politics and Islam. Washington: American Trust Publications,
1986, p. 51-85, p. 52-55.

:J cSJy!.il :,r- JlWI );;I (39)

C!JrJIJ J~J~I i)jJ :~_,sJI ,~1 ~,__,..JI .:;_,.)l-:JI C!JrJIJ J~J~I i)jJ -
.285-279-.r' ,26r:' '\1983 'JI}I J.r-- .._,> .11,... 43 .J~I.._,> J.:W. ,2.1. ,:;_,.)l-:JI
l.a;l );;1
'../J>r.ll ~I¥ .w.-1 :~ 'CJi)ill ~~:J t"WI .~ .&1 ~ y1 \;J,)ill -
.38-34-.r' d6r:'J .252-249-.r' ,4r:' 'i1957 '..,:_,...ll "7'\::5JI )> :.:-J.r-<
.50-48-.r' ,2r:' ""1347 ,<.,~ly_JI <...,1...11 :i_,>Lill ,J)ill i~\.~ y1 '..r'L.,..,jl -
m ;,.__,!.... ..}.~ (674/55 ..)f) ,;,:.,JL _:,;_,..!.:..ll ~I;,.~ j) if :..r'~J ..,:1 _:,; ""'-- (40)
"-'~J .!..-" <.,y~l ;J')Ll) JJ~I r5'WI 't!r.- ~ ~ ,<-.i; .r->-~1 ctb ~ CJl
~ ;},.JI,/'J •..T-"rJI _,..1 ../ ~-'< "..;l,Wilf.,\41>- i)l..JI" :.J-"" ~!....\,>- .c;J .~k,JI

93
iJJ> l..d...,.:.[ ~ .;\ _r.? (c."; I_,.,J I) • 'Yw__;S J J , ;s:_. J J , (o:,.,J I w J) ~..WI
.)IS 4,3 1.,._., cr. -4j; 0\ cf')L. ')I t:'..Jl:JI ~ ..W ..!.l]; ~J .<...,.. _; 3\ ~
...,..I _,sJ I .:i...;\ '-'"" l:J I ('-+"'_;5-.;. ~ l.b-lJ

"')l;J I ~ ~ _;l-:- '-?""I.,.. C.'Y.....o l •_,.:.:J ~ ~ r-3 .:JI..i;T..::...; ) I JJ3

._s_;l.a! ~y-WI ~I '-:"'b.....o\ 0-' J....:) J..L3 'i')L. ')I~ .)IS cjll ._s_;_r:J1 3
~l:JI 0 3 _,.oll JJ\>. 1:~_;..1.> "-::--l,..JI ¥ y ...:,')'JI -=..A.LJ,\ ..liJ -~ r->>J-P-"

~I ...,.;1-'; ~ J ~ )l4J01S cjll '~..JJJ.ll ~I 0-' :;.&. _;.. i)b

cr ~ ,\.h.'J >~I J..L i..l>- ~ .y '11_;..... c_)., 1..\...3 ·...f':>\...')1
0-' >..l>- '-:"' __..,\ ..liJ .~1 0-' Jl!...ll <-f')L. ')I ~I :C.l!l.J ¥ ~')\]1
'-:"'lj....o'JI .!.>J.b- 0-' ...J_,.;...ll ~.)IS l.lJ, 0~ ('"+!i.J .y ._:r._?:...WIM...WI
.~WI t"")I iiJ> .)[ ._s,\ L. .JftJ ,1411~yi)IJ
:_..!:.;I ·J-.1.! I) I , W>..l) ,J_,..J......l I 4-o.G.::...I .;J I
~ .;JI u l J ...;\ (869 /255 J y) .b-l,JI ~ .205 ·u" d [. •J-~1 , _J'JI -:r-1 -
:~..1;;1 -~ >I.CC:....IJ .s~...S &._. -.)! :U~I co~ L.s"L.. ...._.;; "J\.....
-10'-"' '2(l'::" 'il964 ,;_,..liJI,.JJJt_, i'lLJI.u :~ •J:L...)I.-""" J- J.r" ,_b.. WI -
.11
-Lewis, The Middle East: 2000 Years of History ... , p. 141.

:'-'l::S" J ls"_,L ~ L.J IJ cf-Y''J I , LiWI '-2'_,.,._,.ll (JrJ I ~ .l.i J

jG,.,~ J-iG <}J 241'-"' d(l'::" ,._;;L... (:'C .r •.r".r.JI ,J>i.....J .,_.,..UI [.J/' .,p_,.,._,.ll -
. cf-Y'\j I .]. _,.<-

Jl.cc:....'}l J .JISJ ....J.,;. .r->"J ;;_s"_,.!.)l...;.c.-L... 4 j.>l,JI r-!lkll ,Jlk.UI ~J'J'' :JI~:.JI J-"' (41)
:_}1.;1 "... l_r> )11 ~lb ~ L.S .J ~lk.JI ~ JJ ,,;5; ~ J
Jl..b; '1 0 ~
'il947 ,~1 ~I ~J ~ :;_,..liJI 'J-.UI iP •l:>! ..c.l- y.1 •JI~:.JI -
~ ,:,\ ~_,:..]1 :..r ,:,\J "'~ ;_,; ~ .Jlk.UI .JIS Wl1 ...;\ '-21 .140'-"' .2ll'::"
~c ~<.WI ~I j~ ,..,....:JI ;t;\..... -'<}J ~_,.ill ....J.,;. _}! ;;_,.1)1 >_,..,.ll
:_..1:.;1 .J>~ ],i- J :,Ut,. j_,s:.,_ ,:,\~I :_.r ,JIS) .?' .JlkLJJ
- Ahmad, Mumtaz (ed.). State Politics and Islam. Washington: American Trust
Publications, 1986.
- Osman, ''The Contract for the Appointment of the Head of an Islamic State.", p. 72~ 74.

94
 :W.I
• ~ • .UIJ :U')\.;.]1 : l....\.....
•

JK.;\ cr ~<./'-:C.~~ .J_,....L..ll .L...WI ~ LS- ;.;~1

<: ~I
.) y-;.J . . (:U J ..UI u-::')
I ; 0-'
u. ' ) :i..W>JI
• .....,L>.;;;I
. 4-::>• ·II
~ .J':<' <.,?' c 1i
;c. ~
~ ~IJ ,J,WI i\.k:JI :C.Li) J ~)I ~JJ.-.' ~J ,.._.\..\ '.IJJ.-.'
..::oi))J <....;.r-JI r-)L.:; J!J ;;JJ..UI ClJy o)>) JJ\>. cr crl:..ll ol.iJ ~

:.r ._,...6)1 ~WI 0\ '.1) '~Jl..:.::... '.II ~I~ <.SJrJI 0\ ~ J ·<.SJrJI

.)_,.,.?." J cr ..u'1 ~ W.:...... 4 4' J~ ""r" L....JIJ <J::;J.).A:JI • l...WI
( ~,:,_;j.~J1;) :.)L.:; JLiJ •115901_..-dl ( ;:.':11-,i~;~Gj) :.)L.:; .ill JLi
~ :,) \4.;\..\ :C.WI :i.:.,_;>.ll >)y .M;;J
142
'.:C._)... 4-'l)} 0~J 138 .SJ~Il
e:l\...4. :c...G.J ~J Jw ~ y~.,;;)J ;u,~ ~..,k ui..bWI ~
~ 01 ~J •<....:.r-JI >J.l>- ~~I '-<.r- >y:-J cr ..u_'./J .~1
)'-<JL.::.. J~ ,0 _,1 ,II ..r.f' ~ ~ ,~l.rJI ~
143
<.SJrJI 4 0)
~~ ol.i) ~ ~~ (f o>)y) ._;\.kL i~ ~101 (f ~~ <./'

·r19ss ,J~-""' ), :Jw ,~_, r~-:;~1 <.} c.S;_,..:.II F -;'w' .).,>- o....... ,__,..)~.; _,J (42)
-- ~ .- """"
~ioJ,11J:J"?c:.;.;,;f,;'il.j;;.;~Li..J) :;_,'}.) ,_,...;,; j ~ J.,-- J_,;, .30-19..,.,_, 2o..,.,
c:l1 ..;! ~I il,>- j ;J_,.UI (J" ~~J !'""\ c:lkll I~" •1159ol"~ Jil { z,£;_:ii~
i;_,..dl !J_,_?-* .~L._,JI_, :;_,,_,;]1 il,>JI ~ <:.._,._, 4'':/l..- J5" j <_,.ol..:;JI <.oi.._,JI
I~ •-4-'-':- (J" '-?\)I ~ ;, _,t..._, C'"l_rll_, "_rlJL>.w Ji.,... ':/_, ,J\.. jJ""' j.(l W~l
,<))I~ JS"_,;_, ,L_;uJ rf'-' cS;y '-?\-' ~!. 0"< ':1 '-?.ill e:-)::ll_, :c,l-JIJ jl:JI .Jl.
_,J;.;I" ~r-JI ~<ill 0)
:;_,'}.) ,_,...;,; J-' .497..,., .te:- ·r1986 -~~ _,~,''""'",)_,ill J)\]; <.} .J.,-- .~ -
_}. ''-;-'"J ;JJ.UI JJ_;.O ~ J.lw ':1 :;_,'!1 ,.i_, 0t J_,;, [38 s~_,.:.l'J { ;::;;:s.d-~_;1;)
:_,J;.;I .~IJ ;_,.)~1 0_,_;.0 ~
:_,J;.;IJ .66-3165-r' ,5C:' ,._;;L.., C'".J"' •0i_,ill j)\]; <.) .J.,-- '~ -
- Ahmad, State Politics and Islam, p. 1-22.
- Osman, "The Contract fOr the Appointment of the I lead of an Islamic State.", p. 51-84.

(43) See: Mawdudi, Khilafat-o-Mulukiyyat, p. R3-l02 and p. 157-75.; Lewis, The Middle
East: 2000 Years of History ... , p. 72-73.

95
Iy 'IS W\1 r+.-"" l:... r.SJJ"""' I_ . • ~1 J
'II ~ '-'..WI
- 1: '· ,;;__..,v-u
U""""") •II t.w..
............:JI
.. <A:, .) ~
- -

~I Jl,:>- '1 ~ L?..UI •l.r.-)'I iLoll,.. Y:,... ":-'l)l ~r.JI ..::..Sj ..\JJ
&'IJ y. Lo .J[ .4JJ)> ~ ..!m JJZ cjll </' ;;..',rL; 'i.SJ_,...:JI ~J
~_,1 cr :U~I Jy .JI '.:r.JJ''ll ""'J'II .W>JI ":-'l>.::;l cr C__...;)I J5'
.jJ .;;,..j\.,.,)'1 d_ ;,-;,11 e f:jr' ~ cr"Jl...::; i_,AJI ii..G-..:....1 Jl .<;IJ)I
..::,..'}L,..;I Jll...J ~Y.J .JK.[ C:J \~..l>JI <:...j'JI .j <,~..u..:;Ji ..::..>~1
":-' l>.::; '1 U,.... J j-;»1 .) !' ,~ ')lj I • b.;\ .j ..::..> ~ l>.::; '11 .1 fl'! .) K. !J ,~r
'L?_r-JI t_lp'll ~_,1 cr ..::,..~l>.::;'ll _y. 'i.SJ_,...:JI ~ .~\J ~I
JJ~ ~ ~ ,..:;...l;l>.::;'ll rl);,; ~ vL>~)'I ~ .l.r.-! ,JJpJ> e
...::,..~l>.::;'}l .j ~L..i.IIJ <.k.UIJ ; J.rJI

(.r..> .j ...;l_r.?. ,j~ ~1...:.::.. ~ :U~IJ ~I~..UI ~ Lo l..i....J

.) lS_;:..:... .) l.r I ...,._...:J I i Lol '~ wI •'lj.A <::J J _;...... J .Gb w ...........:J I J l,:>-1 .) I

Jb .j <,r-JI ~ 1_,...,] .,;~I,;J 4.....4; ...,._...:JI .J!' ,:c,J.I~..UIJ :U~I ~

;;..;:1..J I ..::..> L....rJ IJ ;c,_; ')\>.'II ~r.<J IJ J l.u.'J ~ ~ ..\J L.; .) y).. r-+' ,:U ~I
,?~ ·i j\.,., )'~
'-"";:!.. l_,;ts Wl1 ~ ,.....;1_,.,..;'1~ ~ ~ 'lJ ,~r.Jt;
.JP.., '1 .Ji 4J J..Li..J j.,.:. 4J ~" L.... r :U~I .)\ (Vaglieri) r.S~Li
,<44)"
<..!' j\.,., '11
, r- IWI CJ I,:. (,}'::""
I'· I' .I
L? ~

;c,_;')\>.1 ~ ~ ~ Y. '1 ...;\ I.;_,.;, pi I~[ ~ (Vaglieri) L?~l! .JP.., ..\J

..::..>•~ Lo .J[ .<.,;l..WIcr t" )i; i~ _,.._,., ~ ih .)\ _r.? ,~I~..UI ~
._,;')\>.'II ~r.<J I j5J ,.;,_,:s:J I ..::..> ~ cr J _,.,.:]1 y. ":-' jJ I .j <:,; L..W I ""
.:_,;1 _,A] IJ _,;L.....U I .j _r.:o? .J;.. . ) [ ~ lh J . ..:..,; ) I J I_,1 o_,...:....... ...::....\);

(44) Vaglieri, Laura. "The Patriarchal and Umayyad Caliphates.'' In P. M. Holt, Ann Lambton
and Bernard Lewis (eds.), The Cambridge History of [slam. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press. 1970, Volume l,p. 57.

96
~I '-:"t.,.-..~1 .b-l yo U.."J ;~I~J.ll .Jiilll ~ c>y'-~1 ..:.A...... _;...)IJ
.;.;~I J crl:JI oli.;J J..WI ~j>U '-r" ,;c.~_v ~ ,~I~J.ll .;...:S....
..,!....WI )1) ~ ~ c>ill .;..W~ ~}JI

,;c. _,.s:,...ll ..).>- 40>1.;) c.?~ (' J\.... )II J ~ , y:- J ('..W )2:J~
~I~ J.) I _:r.: y:::5 ....; ')I.:;>. I -":- y. '! .; ),i , ~I ~J.) I
..).>- ..,. ')\.;>. ~ I , _r.A.i IJ
.. ) - .. ~ ..
J')\.;>.'11 f\.l;;JI ~~~J.ll ~ .JI ~_fo ~I '-r" .;1 t:J .:U')WIJ
.Jl .;G '-r" .J),i ,....;1_.,.,..;1 ~~ j..a.;-- l;),i .iolv ..:..,~ '1 1..\.... .J),i ,L. ~

;~ ..:..,~ '1 l.. Y'J ,~1 ~ J y:::N J_,..-. crL-1 ~ A

J _,;WI ~rJI 0/ ·'-r")I '-r" ;J.,:yl. ; ;:.' J')l.;>. ~.;.x; ..:..,~ u4 ,\ _2J
~.;~ ~I oLJIJ .~IJ Jl>....JIJ .11_,l.IIJ .;_,...>.)1 '-:" Y,J .;Wll
'!\.:.. .J~ .!.! ..;JJ; JS ,~I~J.ll .;.;~I ~ J ~ Jy:...ll y:i-
~ 'JWI '-r" o..u- .)! i>-<.J.x; ~, y,_ 1..\.... .Jl l..:J .~1 J ~I ..).>-
~ c>>WI oli )IJ J')l.;>.~I ..) l,L ) y,_ .!.! .;),i ,; r' ~I J')\,..;1 ..;JJ; ..)
~ ~ ~ M

l.;ol,a;.;l .;.;~I .5).; ;,t.,.... )_,....:..I ..).>- J')I.];J~ ~J ,.;.;I.,·~,JI

< f (..)'"'"'-::
Y 1•..
<./"')I.;>. \II 0 Y 'WI .J''
!"'
d.il '~
I , • . II <: • L.-
<./. ~.r--J I .c,
.. y~J
:J ~ ~ .Ji_;.11 ~ l.. 1..\....J ..:... .;_,..::)1 ~ '1 J ,.JLS:, JS J ;)J....a.il
u·'1 ... "'.c."
· 'I ~, ~ lJ [115 il.;~l] (
· ..•v-.- .., 'l«'···'·
· .~Jk ·-- ~
)'~.. ·~ ~~ >•v·<••-._
..::....:;_, y
I:,) ~ )2:J I .._; r"'-: 'J ')\.;>.\11 .J y WJ 45'4::' I •ly. ._,.,LJ I )\II ~
~.WI J W~l •-/' J ~I_,JI '-r" ~ d.il ...,~ J\ <...L. ..;:...;l5'
.:U ')WI J ~I~ J.) I _:r.: ....; ')I.:;>. I , y:- J :y-

('Li\J ,.;.;L..l,.-JI '-r" ~l.;:.o ~_,...,... l:"'Y. ~~~;.;..~:; ~ ._r.JI ili ..W
.Jl5'J '451 ". '-!' J\....'11
' i \.l;;JI ..u-1 _,.•• L....),I 1-\ '-"'
u- . " • '-· 11
~ ;J.,Li
. .;.;L.....•y
..;:...; l5' ~I <k.U I JSl,..o ~ ;;J lj) r. ,:U ':>\.%lJ J yl.l '-:.; 1_,....:..-.1 ~ '[; ..........,Y.
(45) Watt, W Montgomery. ''Muhammad" In P. M. Holt, Ann Lambton and Bernard Lewis
(eds.), The Cambridge History of Islam. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1970, Volume L p. 55.

97
~~'j\J ~l.::ll c:-....).. j.S'L,..t c/"J ,~1 J ci)l dl~ J ;..uL..

~ .w ·r-"'...L...> '":-'r-JI ~ ..::...U;J ,;#1 ~ ~)J , 0 _,1 ,II~

4o-)1 ,..\... ~ i..>..li.JI .,_.U 0LS"J ,:c.., _)]1 .U ~1 'i629 ;..,g ;;s:.. J
*"' ~ 0LS" .:,''1 \dl~ J...i, r-l .:,1 .r.f- ,(;;s:.. .)lAS"~ '-:_,h]l t~ll
0LS" .:,1 e ,4 ~ ~ ,d)~ 0-' ~J.:J J ~ .r.. J..: r-5 ~ ·'" il:All
J5L,_.. ~ ...\i ~ ~..)~ 0L ,~~G-.\11 ~ dl~ ~ J..u w- 'l!J".!.
_,5J ...\i ~ -r.JI 0§.: 01l.a,1 ~I 0-'J 146 )~1 J ~..li.JI ".hLII
,,_s __,;.- '-1 ..~;. 0-' ~ 4' l J. ,r:>b ~ L.. _,...c; ~ '1 ".hLII JS'l,..t 0L
~..).J\11 ;_;;,)..11 01 cRY- 01 ~1) ..li.) .4'1; 41.; >jl..U J1 .!Sy 01 JJL>.:;J
~ I ·'l,...,.;l
- r.Y ~ ' <-1. <\>~
. _,...,. t'l.:;l
. <-!" ".hLII I<"W, !,.• W.A.]I
<..r - ~ <-1. l:;')l.,:.i
-
\4.ll.....ill 4;l>)1 ~1_,.; .L..JlJ ,~~l...a.::i'll-¥4'11 ~w) ~J '-'""l:JI

0-' 0~ \} ~ ,~ c;JI '<.5_;>- \11 ~ ;..JIJ ~ jWIJ ;;_,;')~.>. \11

.4:---).o..o Ji i.J..,.WI.r.f-J ~I ".hLII ~ J~l

· • J1 ~
LA·?..1""-' - .r"'':>UI ..W.
- y • :h.L:

/.A>l32-41) ~y\11 4.JJJ.ll ~\:; ..Lo.,.i \..:-..~>- J..i ;\!$ ._,.,:JI wy \.. 0[
rJL..:ll ..W r-!J '..>.nhJI c)[ ~~I <kL JS'l,_.. ..;.,~~ (i750-661
r-ll,JJ :C,...l,-JI uL..;..JI J ~ W" ~ 4.JJJ.ll i)~~ ~I :C.,..jl...,)'l

JG:-.) r+-' i Y..,....J -~ ".F-< 'JJ '-?1-4< "J~ '! w1 -?.c.; .J_A-" ~ .,rJI J~ (46)
.!.L,..JI , ~ iY"" .j 0 LJ I :,; '-';b. y) ' j L..; j .J 4 .j :r.bl,.:J I -,- _,1; ~_,1;
;;.;)I>JI" ~ ~ _r"l ~.c. .J.e- y.J .(13 -,-UI •i).o)'l -.,'1.:5'" ,52 :1476 ..:;.,~1 d
.(0L... :,;IJ.).,., .,<\ J.:......J cfol.o rJIJ o...,.1) '-.!.l);"""' .!.i.L r" <.:- .Jy)\; -,21 .j cfo.c.;
de' ,..:;.,.> ,~ o...,.1 _c,.,JI .4 :i.r"li.ll ,~1 c-":JI :,;..ell J)l,. •J'.r.-JI -
-i Jo .r.-11 ili; ~ ~.c. ,,Y-.r" .,.r Y l ~J ?I ~.c. L.a, 1 .1e-"" 13 '-'"'
•.)..; .,<1 J.:.....o •cfol.o rJI ,"o...,.1 J.:.....o • .)) i,~.::;..,l 12 ·'-'"' d .tL,...JI, .,;.-dl t'WI"
0

.(01.,>- :,;1 ~J

98
·c~ '-?\ ~ r-1-l..;;T 0_,..:.\ LS.r JJ.J ..:;.,IJJ •~ ...:.J..!.;>. ...li.J ·if')\.....)11
0lk.L.U , J> I ..::.....).J , ~~ ~ <.hL c)) .....;--4-1. '~~I I..\... 0 LS"" ..ili
0-'\!JI ~~ ·crno ;..,101 J.i) j;._;...ll ..w- .:r. r J)t,.. ...\!) ( '>".-GI.ri.J
4

•¥ _,.!J\11 ,..\... .W) •"'.r\11 W'WI 4l')UI Jr _f~l .\AWl ~

~ 'd l.a.o.JI '-:"' [;...,.\ J.::; _; l ~ l_._,.......... cP ...\! .J "\.......... J & r-1 .o:l
,;,:,~ ~ d..\... 0\.S".J .WI ......<...a;.J ~ Jly ~ ;~ ~ ;_;.;

.;,.....t.,..JI J5l,~l c_~l c)! I_,.... .:r-JJI ~I ,.,,\i 0-' ~I "-:JWI ..r:-4"
·dl.a.o.JI '-:"'[;...,.\ ~.J ~ ~_).; "'.~L.a::i~I.J
..!.IJ::. ~~ .r ...\!) •er-r \1~ lylki 01 ~ r 1so ;..,132 J 0 _,....L,.JI .~

r-1 ~~ .rJ- .4l.J..UI ~ J .Jx.r\11 41--~1 .;11 ts.JL..ll c~l0.J..W..r. ~~

~ C~ )' ~ I*'_}! \.. ..1;:-Y- :_;5..; r-1 .J ..!.LJ_; J...i ~ ~ ~ 'r-'~Y. I~
0-' .JLS" ,..,........t:... c;L.... _;.) c1 _;,lJ Jlkk 0 _;;.,_ 01 ~ J"J.>. \II rl.rJ~L;
.J\5" }.J ,~1 r\..1 ~)_;....... 1_;,\.S" _,J r-'~-" .L; _,J~ l.r A 01 ~~

~IJ_,ll ~WI 0-' r\k; jJ; ~ .~1 ~ ~I 0-' r+'""lj).J ~

t:.,..;, 0 ~ i l5:,.J I :_;5..; r-1 .J , jl,.:.. ~I I~ e.:.:. ~I :_;5..; r-1 , ~I _p.
0l ·~~ ,~1 ~.J .<G ~ <,?JJI ~I r ~\..I;:J~ I~ r-101
_....,._) ~ .J....>,; ..:....;\5" ..::.>IJ.fll ,..\... JJ 'J~

-786 ;..,193-170) .!.._:..!.)I Cl.J)-" <.;").>. J ~ .J1 0 _,....L,.JI ~ ...\! .J

<k.Wl :>_),~I .J '.Alk.. ;;_., J l.....: ? "~ l!;f' c; ~ j I J-.=- :, ) ~ (i 809
~ _p. '-:"'..r- ..;.JJ.;>..J ,~ _r..,li.J ~L.. Ui 0-' ~')\.., \ )_j- _p. ~I
'~J_,l.lr.)'l ,~.,..;\ ~ J ..::.>IJ}.J •0.rWI.J .:.r.:.o\11 ~~~ 0-' ~ 0-'
.rJ- ..:....;\5" _)I 4J _r...JJ .1) ~ v.i>} 0 .rWI J.Jt;.. ~ :.:..~ ..:;.,~I~I.J
~~ \..~ )...\N~I ~bjl ...\i.J ..,..')\..,)'I ~~I i~IJ)..l..b ..::.>•~ .J ,4] y.A.o
~')UI.J (il055-945 ;..,447-334) 0::*-_,.JI ~'-:yell .J_,....l,.JI ,Li..L>JI

(47) Lewis. The Middle East: 2000 Years of History .. , p. 144.

99
u'-1')\...., <.i ~L/':1 w- 'r-t:..u ~ ~ .xjjl Crl194-1055 ;..,590-447)
-;J I :C,..... l,.-) I ;u.u I ~ , ~ l,>J I LS .J.l ..;:..; IS -;J I .!., I_,.a) I , '-'>- '1 ...SL>-

~~J ,~1 rr 'U""'L...JI y ~I) c)! 4} .xx.::....... 4-.,l! iJy-: I_,;IS

·c'>LP'>'~ r 1 rJ'i~
~jr:=:11 J')\.::;.-1_, Cr1355-1258 ;... 758-656) Jy..o.JI J')\.::,.-1 JJ
6)::ll '~ \... ~~ iJIS Cr1405-1336 ;..,807-737) (.:l:Jjr:" c)! :c._;)
~jr:=:JI_, J_,M.]I ;;,j_,l.lr.l iw;l ~_, .\_;\...,_, 'J~I ,_;si_, '-/'')\....,)'1
c)! Ji-::'1 3 ,l..,~? 'if')\....,)'1 ~WI~~ ,~1 -;JI J_,.J.JI y ,~ cJ!
._;y ..:..;IS _;:ll- ;;sr.JI J_,_ll ~ly. 0),> I~J .wl>- ..::.,'i')L., o~ LS.l;.l
- - -
~ ~_, .L;.IS ~ ~ iJl '~.A>- c)! ..:;;..ill -~1 ..::..;.r._, d... jw

~ ~l...!..JI-¥ <) '-/'')\....,)'1 ~WI y ~ U""'~ 'i •?, ~_,:; ~ ,_r- ;;_,;~
·r1534 ;..,940 <) :r...;-;3 ,l..l.<u r1517 ;_..923 <) ~j)-"J ~ ~')\::,..1

,~ rK-- 0\> ,J~ )'I_, rlr-- '11 :r ,~ :~ ~ <.?_,.~.:.: w 1_,]2;_,

iJ.r.-'l,>JI_, '(i750-661 ;..,132-41) iJy_y~l ~ '1 3 ,;..$WI u'i;A....ll y
1_,~ _, cr 1924-1299 ;..,1342-698) 0_,.,;w....J1_, 'cr 1258-750 ;..,656-132)

._,..,.~ ~ I.:U. wl.r.J- .oW>~~~~ wl '-...al.,:. ~ l;.t,.. .l;-<WI y .._;\

<>-'I , II .WWI ~ J')\;...l] ~)I , 7.>\.,.-~I LS.A>-! <./' _, ,~.rZY\!1 .._,Y.
iJlkLJI L::....IS ~~ ,~ :--?J ;;,~_, ·<.f'')\....,)'1 6jl:JI JI_,J. i~l_,
, J":'-A , ~I .C,..l:J I y , .<..J I_, (..)j _,.!J I t;:_... _;.. ~ ..jj J , ~ L.:. clW I_,
~>y ~J ,;~1)1 ;(>J\:>JI .L:;l <) ~ L::;IS ~ J..;jl<.. ~_,>..-IJ _rJ.:i <>........;
·i~l >I..L..::,...I t::f <) l+-o W p iJIS <.,?jjl jJ.J.ll

JS J ,W:::;... ..:;;L;_,l J 1_,~_, .xjjl "~~~ i~l ~ .\:.!::.....~

'-'fiJI u4o-JI ~ .1,11)3 L>- J ,;,LOJ~ 1_,..::..;3 ~_,z ...SWI .;:..'i')L.ll
~ ~ ~J ,~ k,J... I_,:;IS i~l .r ~I 4.,.,)WI 5)> ,;(>J\;.J~

100
.JI)..!>.:.O ~I '-:.r-.J .JyWI i\..1 ii.JL...ll d~.J ·i~;/1 r-)L..;
.A
-~_r..ll Cjr' j~l J ..!..l]_; J5.J '~J.x;

J .J _,.·:-; ly _,5:; r-l ._,..L:JI '-r' .Lis'}IL>

,.J _,.o.l.;..JI .JIS.J ,;;_._,;)I _jl_,...ll
.J~ \.. \__,?" ,_u_,u '-:.~ ww t.,?1 ~J..<; .J_,.._h- , }I.J ly~ r-l c.r....UI
J .J.Yf'..r.. \.. i\S:.,JJ ~}.J ~j ~,~WI~ .J_k..J .Jlk.U~
,;;.;')\>JI _}>- ..r.JrP '-:'.J? .J ,.bJI.,)I J ..:..>l_,..,ly.. ..:.,J..,...; ..:...;IS.J .~\........
4'l>\.b ~.J ,;;..,"11 >)y ~..:.;IS cjll '-:.~1 ..::_,~")..<;}11 (f Sl,:,;
>1)1 .:r.: ~- :U...UI JlA:;I J-, r-l) ·il:JI .1,\k...;}il -.)[ u>1.J '~~~
I))> t.,?> Y.. .JIS ~I .J1 .J.l.:;..J «I....\] I ~ (J' ~ -i.A:>-1_,]1 0.r""'I

'-r' ~j Wb ,IS:; :\;IJ_,JI '-:'.J? ..:...;IS.J .J2.li.J -,..i\.,.::]1 ..!..l)_; J \........b-

l..,.... }I.J ''J~I.J c_l;:;;/1 J G,... i_r.l\; )Y.. .JIS L... ':.r"ll il..lo.OI ..:_,}lb.
;_,.., ,c:;,U\ ~WI il);.;JI -.)[..::.....!~ .J1 ~ cjll ,01r2l1 ~, ~:.-, .JIS ~
1..\.".J .:c,JWI ti'~ J>- _}>- ti'~L...l ,..~_;~1 il);.;JI iK.. -.)lc.S.f"-1
J>:.!.l~ i~ ;/I i)..P. .J[" :Jl> ~ ~ (Hodgson) .J~> y h \..
48
c l" ·if~ ;/I c.r....UI (f Cj_rall ~I (f .J ~ \.. ~1 .._,; ..::..>~ .J t.,?..UI

~I if .JIS c.SJrJI.J ;(;')\>JI )__,.~1 .J1 ~ .J1 \.:...>>~I ._,...)

I.L. .Jj .u~I.J u~l_rall _}>- ~ .J1.J «~ ~ j>JI 0_,5:; .J1
;(;l..;>;/L ,:;,....\,.JI :U...UI :;,..b... .J1 _r.<- ,..!..l]_; ~ .J1 .J .JIS \..)_,..;...}II
lS >__;,..... .J IS \;-::::'_,5:>j I ~_,....]I .J ..,_. _,5:>j I ..::..> \..... \,.J I J..<; . ) ~I '-:.r- _) l
- -
.J_,;WI • .:·.J J.WI ~ ~ .J14'G :.r .JIS ;;_.,~ !:UW ;;_.,~ -.))
(49)iWI J_.J.::ll ~ j;:-1 '-r' , )_,..lJ JLMJI ii..G..::.... }ii.J 'il);.;JI.J

(48) Hodgson, Tl1e Venture of Islam, Volume 1, p. 71.

~J ,Ji-lly )WI JY '-?'Y ,;;JW ;;J 3 , .)1 C\:,.; <,..::)1" :Jl J 3.tll ..:L)i J5\ .liJ (49)
.}JJ .c:.J..:.; .U ;;J 3 .Ui 4'J) ~\ <,..::)1 J\ .A>r-Ji Cr' .<,>).li 3 :c_.,W\ Jl.¥'il <1..:.;\ ~J
~WL..,JI <.. fo-11 Ji i)__,sc)Ji.r' t:>).:l1 _#1 .lil .. W.,i c:.J..:.; .u ;u3 .u1 :r J _;......, <,..::11

101
~ '-:"' jJ I ...) .c). I_,A...:..i.l I u L. __,s:,.J I ~ '-,; l..W I ~ t") I ~
;;_,...,l>.....ll u>bjl W5 .:,";/ ..!.l.l:O \iWI ,t.; )1 3 ~I J.::A>.,i 3 J..WI ~L:.!
~I~ t)IY. 40L.I_rl~ ;;_,...,L:-JI <k.UI .t.;_, JL..;:,..I >l>jl ,~1 ~_r- _,
01 l.S ,~1 '-""·;,'·II ~ u~ o_r..JI 4...!.Sl:...JI 0! .~ .lj)
..:..1_,; J,! 4b-J :UW ub:-~ >~I c)! ...,..l;-JI <k.UI ~X ;;_,...,l>.....ll
.01_,":11

01_, ,.LA.Sl_, .t.; _r. \..JS:,..; _,; 01 WI> ~ .c).I_,A...:..i.ll 01 0 '11.L.

.c).I_,A...:..i.ll c:...>-l:i1 ..W ,;;JW 4.. ~ ..r}y 0_,._6- ; '1 ~ y.:.ll y:i:- iK..ll
r.l
-:.1 ~ ...) , WI • G.;1 ...) cr...L. W13 • L..i.5\ll y:i:- i K..l I ~ ,..u- '-:"' 1.;..;:; I
~ r-" )~ ._,..')L )'I 6JI::.II r, c:r...L.L.ill y:i:- .L..i.5\11 iK..ll ~ >..IJ> ~3
0l5' J. ,~ y ~ ~ :_?..: r.l I.L. 01 ~ ....,..l;-JI ~ _r. i..u-
0\.; ~ 0l5' ..W .~t.;_, ~ ~ ..!.l.l:O 0l5' L. iJ,L;.J ,~,IJ! ~ ~
._,.L ~ <k.UI Jl.4;:;'1 L. ")T c)! J_,....)I ~ ..u-~ 01 '-i~l )_r:..-1
JL...i.ll3 .L.J.JI d.<.. 3 .<.:IJ)I '-:"'-'? ~ ~ ~ 0l5' L.... '~-'
4.. _r- 3 0yl..ill ~ 0W .:,\..;, ~ 0l5'3 ,..!.l.J:, _f .0l5' l?.iJI ~ \11 ii...L.,;I_,
U"' l;J I ~ ~ 0l5' !...,) 3 . :C,. ')L )'I r-) L..::.1J li,.J. ..:.. l5J::.....J 1_, oI,>J I
'1 ,~L.., 0_,} ...) c!> )I ~ 0l5' L.S l,WI _;5'1~1 ...) .L..i5'11 3 .l.i y.:.ll
,,L..JI_, ~I ~ ~ ~ ..u-~ 0l5' L. .Y'.J ,;L,a;;JI _;)ly ...) ~
~ 0l5' L.S .ul_...;jl J>; ...) J..WI o>l;j c)! l?, Jo.-- .r."k:JI .kA..;, 0l5'3
,,L..JI ~ J>l.b..;l .lr.- ..l;'ll <.4_,1 JWI pJI ..:..'1b- ~~I
iWI c::JL.a.ll c?.-1 ~,;;..WI >)_,.JI ~ _r.5i ~ ii..G.;:.....I ~I~ 0\SJ_,
~J..a.ll ~4.' ...)3 .~1 c::JL.a....ll c?.-1 ~ 4-oi..G.;:.....I ~ ~~
01> ,...Jlh..JI
·~ 01 J 0l5' L. ~I J.::A>..i c?.-1 ~ i')L)'I o}Y. 0l5' l?.iJI

,;...1.1:......!1 <,..:..:JI )i.::; ,;uw ;u 3 , ~ 3 , ~ ·'-'r.>- ;JJr" ~ J. ~,;~(~)I ~~l

:_,1;; I ."<s, l..:o,- '11 J '-'' l.,.:; 'II
- World Bank, World Development Report, 1997, p. 111.

102
~ j;:-1 ~ ·lr.l t!' 3 ~ ")'11 ..?- v"Jw. )II r-1WI ~ r-1
.j ;.1...;53 :C.\A:...I U"'l:JI _;51 .)l ~I .IJL4l ~IJ ~I J~j;:;~\
,~_r..U ~ :C.WI >)_,....ll . ; a·,\\J Jl..Ali ii..~>..:...~IJ ,~\ ~1
'.hUI .).>- ·~~I Jlj Lo 3 . ...J r J 3 > ;_,.., _,s::,.JI .;:;L...I,-lJ .r-JI ,lj;:;~\J
J\illl .
. 0" ~
. \;._II UWI
•. <-/. i~- ~I .JY\i_,. I't-'.1\j;:;\ J 1 ,.;:;\..,")\..<;~\
.
:U....\Y.

~4 ~I - J.,>l.a::i~l '-,:JI c? ,.;:;~~~\ .;:;~L,.. .j ..?- .'-:,.o"Jw. )II

~ :i.<-l:....a.ll JG:-.J 3 1 '.hU~ ~~ ;_,..;..,JI ~ ~ 3 ,~ J~l

e::i L.a....l I j;:-1 ~ :C. WI , ) _,.J I i I..~>..:... I J )j d lJ \ ;J 3 ..U I J 3 _;.:. .).>- ~).,...
~ r-SWI Jl5' 1;1 Lo .).>- \,Lo.;:..\ ,'.:; 3 \A:..o ~ \_.....:...... Jlj Lo ;_,.,WI
.;_,.., _,s::,.JI .;:;L...I,-lJ.J~\ ..u; ~I~ Jlj LoJ ,..;,LW\ i1 :;_;~1 ts>l,.o
J l5' -,? jJ I- '-!" "Jw. )I I C:;.J l:J I .j cr' l::-) I t_..l.,a] I .bJ i y:>\J I C.')\_, )I I J 1 y.f-
~ ~.).>.; ).!.:; Lo J>- 0'11 i.S.r.; -...Jir~' ~~ cr.?)' ~~ ~.)
'
·l:'" l:J I J..a->'l I .j Li>- ~ ~ i f I ...J J )2J I

~_r...U t:')i f~i :\.....\.;

cr.l .J~ .ul ·'?"')\.JI ~J... .j Jl_,...;\11 :is-r. -,?.* ~ ..::;1.,-'!'<-J\
LJ ~ 3 .wWI .;:;~')I...JI J')l;..;~ L~ 120 3 1 J~1 ~')I.; oJ... J 3 JJ.,.:.
,;JWi ,,L, .j ~ ~ lo>J.>- ifi ;..WI J)j '4::-o.r. ;:,.o"Jw.)ll ;.J~I ,~
·"-'~~it;.)\ .)y i.SY:,1..::.>~lW J)j 'e·-:-,JI .;:;~lW J.>-1 Jk..u 1;)j
.j ~1.::J1 .j _...::.-1 J: \~_r.ll )\1 :C.l; J.,4' :/' }-;. r-1 ;;_;~\ .~L>

:W. ).~..o o} ~ Y. ~ 3 , ; l,>J I ...,.._;I~ ......J::.;... .j ~ ~ 3 <..!"' l:J I '-:" ).i

..:...;l5' ifi '.hUI J)j" '~ _,..;.')UI ~ ~ )L ..,;)j dll csol.J~\J ,\~')\]

,j')\.>.\1~ ·~ ..:..,;l) ..w ... >1~ ~I :/' ~~ ·~ ..:...;l5' 0::-'~1 .W>J\ ~

(50) Bulliet, Richard W. The Case for Jslamo-Christian Civilization. New York:
Columbia University Press, 2004.

103
.j i..\ll. ..:.;IS cjll ,.,__,k.LU ~WI .l)LA.:JIJ d>WioJ 'i')L.;>\l :;_,....,\..,-)1
<..r- ,4..,;_,.:JI )1.1:51; o>i.&.!J J../l; "JJ}J d.L. )}}J ' \".:\....:.WI '":-'.rJI ,~
51

~IJ Jlfil~ ~~ ..Li '-!'')\...., )11 ~WI illSJ ,L?y:- illS il!J ,_;>'1 ~
~J &" l?..Uic)!J.ll ill (Toynbee) ~Y .b.)} .W ..U ..:-J.>. L.... trL
c;51 :;_,....,\..,-51 ~\11 e .1..L: Jr..:...,:.,! J... ~ ,~ll:.l_;.. u-- .u ~..., .u •)} _,11
(52t" ~, ~ 1 . ~·)} .J')\;.:...,)} 1 • _ . _. ..::...;L...;
--J--<.7'-F ~~.

'<..l"'l;Ji <..l"' _,.<, .j ;_,.;.II (.)A ~ J> ..)..<- ,;;...~.&. ~ '""'_,.:JI ~\:; illS .W
.W .\;Is 4-l- ~ ~Y. :_f.._ ~ :c.ak....ll 4.k.LJ I '-? J:, (.)A !.l _,.L.J I ill ~ JJ.)
......;,U;}I ~ .bl 4...J,....::.....I ill...P.l 4&->IJ :c,;J\-:.1 ,_,.;; c)! il~ lyiS
\.. 'i __,.ll ~ Y. Jl~ \..J '~Y. illS .W .oJ\>J~ ~_;.WI ,l;)I ~J ~J.ll
,..:.U; Jl ,.L. il~)J , 1 ''J"~I"' J "<>J\>JI" u-- c::'__;..J~o ilJ..U:>. cr.l ~
;,_,.,[,:. ~ .U l?..UI "~"~ill i...,J ·"'J_);J r-5'WI ~ ~ il§.;_
(.)A , i l5:,.J I <..r- ,~ <k.l,., ~~ ..)..<- I.L. ~ L. .W , <1__,b i.M i~ J1
'~r.,b1.&. J Lr.J>Li lyiS ,~ _r, i~ <..r- ~:)~ cr...UI ,~w.,Ji ~ Cr-<Y'')JI
J1 .W .I~~ :_f.._ ~ ....;)' ,I..U :.1Lk,..;)}l i~J 4&.r ~ .j IJ~L.J

.ilJ) Jl~ -~ J.>. c)!-.._; y ilJ> <..>_,:-..ll c:} JJ ~j ~~ cjWI il1:JI

'J'b- "Jil 4.JJJ.ll J..v &J ,il_,;WI ~ ..)..<- .l;l..bJI ..)..<- ..!.l]; ~L. ..LiJ
i.Jl..:-.:.JIJ Ct.:;)} I t::' y ~IJ -~ fo...lJ J..WI ~.fJ ,, _,.iJ!o .l>}I ill...,.; J

(51) Lewis, The Middle East: 2000 Yean· of History ... , p. 140.

(52) Toynbee, A Study of History, abridgement by D. C. Somervell, Volume 2, p. 31.

<...,.; \8-202 c;.,~l ,:;..->.WI) Jots"~..) <,<L, <kL .)! <;~I J_,.,..; <.:;C..~ (53)
_yo'.., I .Jt..,., ...A,S "-<i.J .l.iJ'" :Suli :.>y.tb. _:r.l ~ (•28-4 !4 c;.,~l .I ~I ,JL:;jy.J
c4:- J» "r-Jiy .,_.l.i..y .:r..UI
~; ~ ... .:;>JI "rU J> <.;~l.jl... ~J .!.LWI.))
4-;,1.0 .)) ~I <..,1 "'-'?.J ,L;,_._, lsJ.. _,..,'11 .Jt..,.,.J 4.--1 ..,1 J,;_ r-lJ <;~I .jl...
d ,:t.J..WI •0y.tb. _:r.l) .";)WIJ c;.,I~+JI ..j cJ.i:Jiy ~I J' lt¢1}'1.) ~ly
.(427~

I 04
'![ ,~1 J.--.11 J ~ JJ ~LA:...IJ ~..~...<> )\::, r-lJ .. ~1 Jl..>>jiJ
e:-·~JI 0f" :J} J 11.... 0\5 (Schatzmiller) J.l:..JD 0i J~..J .~..J.,~;
,, l.,....jJ 0~..~.. ;si Gl5:.. --,...; ly:- '""' :r- 0\5 J....) I 0 J _;J I J ...... ')\....';JI
(54)". . II .....k L...
i Y.:' • Y'
;i ~ ,pY.. 01 0-' '-'""'\.:.. '! .G\J '0JJ.b:. cr. I r..~ _,...; -rY. L.SJ
\: ~J.,~; ~ 0i Jl -oJL. ~ r"'- r-1 L.- '-F'l,-]1 01.J.,...ll J ~_r.ll
~ 01 ~ '! J_,.JI iUO; 01 L.SJ .o~l J ..s.;>-1 cr.>l,..o ~ ...:kL
;;JJJ..ll ..)) ~~ J1;J ,4...1;;;... Jl_,....i >y:- JJ U\.:.. 0J> cr JW ~
0J> cr JW ~ ~ 0i c,f'':>\....)'1 i\1:..ll ~ '! ..:..LJ.ls::; ,..:..LJ~ 0L...al
01.>- _w ~ 0-'J ..S_,L J )y _)I vL..rJI :/')\..a.; ,,_;JI c_')\..pl
cr '..;:...;)I t' <.> ,1 ..U ..,._., l,-]1 ¥_,..;.')\]I J _,>-> 0\ ....A.? <.5 j ._fJ ..;:...; _,J I
.!.lb.;'! I ..) lJ , <.>.;>-~I v L..rJ I , W ..)) , '-w J..l I v 1.,-.JI }i J ')\>.
. , \..,a::!'! IJ '""')\>.
. <.5 . ~I

(54) Schweitzer, Alfred. The Philosophy of Civilization. New York: Macmillan, 1949, p. 1.

105
 JWI .)jlpl J')b;.l ..:..>~l> :~)_,..JI jJ~ ~~I :~J\

'-:"'~ <f ~l:JI .~.,.-t\11 JJ\ (;r' iWI JWI ~ iA,-JI 0\.W 0l5
il~~ '.A.k.JI ~l_,.ajiJ C"l_,sJI r:;!' J 0J~ Jl>- i.l.,. J \;._,...l,..JI ;._,...L>....JI
J.:,h.::l y. Lo.;) 4-oi~IJ :i.;L.1 <.IJ..JI ~)r J~\ (;r' \I.J..,J ,:i,]WI ~)rJI
r '1 .)1 <....:..r.JI its::,.Ji ~JI ,~_r.JI ~ L. J.iJ ,~\ ,IJJ
;~ J.:,JIJ '~~~ .;_,J\...>.]1 cY-r-' y.-\ (;r' ,~ 0J~ !..._,..~I 0~
(llc>}I,·,I\J ~I (;r' i,r.? ~l>- <.li.PlJ ,J.)...ll Jl.r"~IJ Jy:.ll

..!.lt J ~~\ .;:.,J\...>.]1 ~ ~I (;r' ~ ~ •..;\ ~ JJ

~ _,::] ~~ ~ cr-._;..,.liJ tJ~lA •r.i J.:.. 0\f. 410l5 .)1 'il;\11
~ ..,_J.;.;jl 014\1 (;r' ~ (;r' ~ ~..l,lA:J I ~I ..;..; l5 ~ J , I'"""~ J..l.>-
v JI...>J I (;r' ..~.;J....l I 0§-.: '1 01 J..:.-.11 (;r' 0l5 .c )j , ~ I_,.,l;.::; 01 c}> o.ll J.<>1
~ ,~ U"~WIJ ~ u-'l>JI ~.r"ll J ,~1 ~ i.l.,. 0l5J '~JJ.r-"

·~).:JI ._,_::5 ~ _);.;1 •.,rl,.JI ¥1 J .!.1.1:; t.i.,!l il;.>- y <>....;Li U:.i ~ t:'-1')\] (1)

:J!-o
·rl979 ,_,s:,;JI )> :.:- 1 ~ ,.!l_,wiJ I'"'~~ C::'-'" ·.r...r. :r. ~ p, JJ •.,?_,kll -
.w> :r..UI '-f""' ..c..... :._;_ i...: 'J" _,.,.11 0 ,t..J .,._..ill Ur ·Js" ~I -"i •.,?> _,.,._.JI -
.;.,_,..,_.JI ~I :.;oJ~ ,~\
- Hitti, History of the Arabs, p. 302-304.

107
~ 0l5" .W 1 ) ..:-b. _plt, i l:-'JI <.,!' ~l..!.J I c:r-:1 ~I ..::- ~) _,\ .)_,\ -.::..; l5"
2

0t w fl" :i.u_,bi_,.,..;>!J ~I ~lhll <.T'"'""Y (il481 -1451) c"LJI Jl:ll

......»- 0-' '.:..... ~')\:)1 <.7'_? ..\J_, , "...~.;I~ I 4,; l5" 0-' ~WI j5/' J _,.,; l::...[ ~
13
l ...... -4-ll I.L. ~ j;:-1 0-'

.J.A:.::......; \... .Y'J d,~ , 1.> j: jA> ~ .r:? ~ .)[ C\;;,..:; -.::..; l5" ..::-')\....,..]I ,.:u,J
,~ ~ ,&. :(il657 /..o,J 067 J y) :i...i.,J>- ~[;._ J_,.., ''-u_,blr.)'l ,.;~_,...
!A970 .j ~J 41479 JyWI 0l...,L ~ .j Cr.!JY.'w\ ~Lk:JI ,~1
,......»- ~~ .jJ ,(I J_,..l;:JI) <,!_,\ 0_,)... 122.3 r+L:' /' ~ ~J 'il562
0_,)... 126.4 r+L:'/' ~ 48316 .)[ ,~1 ,~ ~) 'i1566 1-'>974 J
0_,)... 310.8 r+L:'/' ~ ,91202 >~I,~,&.._;;>- c--PI ~1_, ,;;,.;_,\
(.j/;l J;J...:, 0l,..= >1...>[4.,.; ~ ,;JI <:.....ll <./'-' 'il609 ;_.,1018 .j ,;;,.;_,\
t_L;;) 0[ .o..W ;J_,J.JI JL..a.; 0-' '.:..... 13 Jlr ..L..; i~..\..Z i~ J_,..;L;\11 J
~) \11_, ~~ J')G:. ~ cr- ~ ,..l.A; <:..J~ 2 Jlr ~ , ~~ ,~
t_\.,;;) 0i ~ ~J ,.JL......[.)[•__,....ll y~ ..\J 'il609-1562 0-' iJ§J...JI '.:.....
Jwl ~ ~_, 14)~_,.:.... <:..J~ 2.3 ,_,..~.>..: 0l5" •.rAJ I ,.:u, J .;.II~- ,JI ) .........1
ir.>JI '-?-'; 0-' '(il563 ;....,970 .j.Y) \..Zi, ~ 1.?\J 0L,_,.j~ L;.L;.\ i:>[..!..l.l'>
0\ 0-' , J _,;WI 0 l...,L 0 \k.LJ I <.S J.l <Y. LJ I .IJj) I .r;:,5_, ,) L....,a.ll '-:-'I,...,..\_,

(2) Faroghi, Suraiya. "Crisis and Change.'' ln Halil lnalcik and Dovald Quataert (eds.),
an Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire. 1300-1914. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1994, p. 542-43.

(3) Inalcik, Halil. "The Rise of the Ottoman Empire.", Volume 1, p. 296.

l..J..Ii .jll ~I JL...i _,..:_;.. _,ll i,i;;:...l ~I Jl.....i .j _,...:.)1 jJ.,.... "7'L..- f"' (4)
:_,];;1 ..:J_,..,l
- Parnuk, Sevket. "The Evolution of Financial Institutions in the Ottoman Empire,
1600-1914." Financial History Review, Cambridge University Press, Vol. II (01),
April, 2004, Table l, p. 455.

108
..;:...;lS' <,?lll -;..;)I ~ (S)l..~..o JlS' , ~I :r 15000 :r Wy \;.U;; ~
<.S~I 4Jl<;! ~ :C.~~ ,;~ CilS' ,;_,JL,., ..::.-~ ._,; ~ly ;;JJ...JI
-~; 0-' ~..w- ..:...L,..IJ c} ~; ~ r-l :C. ~I 01 y:f- ,~1 y:f- JL<;)IIJ
,._,.;lr>JI o>4_i. ~; :y- r.-L:.ll JWI • ...,..,JI ~I.... J '-?"l.l;;JI ~ :i........ y
.;JI "-!>L..ri'll ~l.a..JI 01 J..>-1 !l,;.>.; r-lk:,;J .~1 .}>- JL<;)II ~ J
:y- ~ (i1609-1596) >..,..::!~)I '-:-'~'JI 0-' i.J..>.IJ ..;:...;lS' J""l:JI ~IJ
.> ..,..::)1 I-4J ~ '1 J 4."i;L.. ,,J\.,]1 J ..s..r>-1 "'~ ..:.-lS'_,.,..

.:;, L:; _,...l I.1..... .f-' .:r.:<'>l.o -;) <,_,:.....ll .:;,L:;_,...ll .:-1 _,All 0ll..L..JI WI
<,_,:.....ll (.::.A,;;~I

2972.5 123.3 41479 :,L...,L i 1562/.>970

2616.1 126.4 48316 :,L...,L i 1566 /.>974
2766.0 178.2 64425 ~1!11 '1.7' i 1588 /.>977
3068.3 251.2 81870 ~ 1!1 I ..~...><.o r1595 1.. 1oo4
3407.8 310.8 91202 J; ~I .J..>-1 r1609 1.. 1018
.. 1031-1027
- - 100000 _j i;J I :, L..:.- r1622-1618
!.. 1032-1031
- - 100000 J;~l~ r1623-1622

(5) See extracts from Lutfi Pasha's Asafname, cited by Lewis, "Ottoman Observers of
Ottoman Decline." p.73.

J.fl ~ <?"w ··JW1 c.').....'J J'~l J.i--'" C.:" <,.f-ll .:-W_,...ll; ,y.-~1 rli) .:-.i>-1 (6)
:;;;1 .__,...,) 'JC""" "JJi W" ·<r1657 ;...,1067
- Lewis, Bernard. "Ottoman Observers of Ottoman Decline.", p. 80.

~I C.:" _,;..:..11 t..l~ ..).- t_)\1 ')\) :,_,;w,JI 4-o.l>.::...l ~ ~ " ' <,; J ~I : ;Jv. '>l.o
: _);; 1 ' 4-i .r" } ....-i J
- Sevkct Pamuk}S "Appendix" in Inalcik, and Quataert (eds.). An Economic and
Social History of the Ottoman Empire, 1300-1914. p. 947-80.

109
~ <lr J \~\ ,:r..lll ,.J_,J.,:_..li i~\ i_,A; 0\ e:'_,:..JI ~ '-r'J
\~\ ~ Jii;)'l_, -,.JI~I ~ ,~ 0y...!.;_ ly _,s:..,_ r-3-' ~I
cj W '-;.; _,11_,.. )'I >) y ~~J .J ii; )'I cP l;.ts- i )..;...J I ..;....., ..u..; I ..W IjJ
il597 ;..,1006 cjJ .JWI J~)l\ ;.::.,)IL> ;.::.,~L,a;_, ,..!.;.~ ~ '-r'
c)! 'Y'!. ..:.u; J.-.lJ :.r %67 JWI ~\ E
.(2 J_,~l) Jii;)'\ J 4 !
..!.lt cP J!i;)'l E ;! \(il606-1593) tJ_,.,....,L> '.r.l t: ~)JI '-:'J.rll
J4! :.r %22.5 H ~I~~ .J.J_, .i.?JI ..!.lt J ~) '-:'J.rll
·il650 ;_.,1060 J ;y_,\ 0_,.}... 687.2 (:ll,JI Jii;)'l

~_r...JI}...,.O:WI
(-)_r...JI Ji ...,.O:WI "1.4;~1
'-' J>.l.ll "-ll
Jl..i;~l
'
iJ' """'
3.5+ 6,6 T 189.6 183.0 r1564! .. 9n
19.3- 70.0- 363.4 293.4 r1591/.. IOOO
66.7- 600.0- 900.0 300.0 r1597 I_. I 006
27.7- !38.7- 500.5 361.8 tl648/ .. 1058
22.5- 154.3- 687.2 532.9 r165o ; .. Io6o

.L..W\ ~ 0"1 \;;,....;:;r (:!~ ..:..;l5' ..!.lt ~~ ;.::.,';IL> 0lJ ..:.u; t:-'
;.::.,';il> J Jii;)'l J ~_,J.ll .bi)! GJ~ lyl5' o.i~\ cjJ .jw..ll ~I j,;
<.,;w.JI 4.;.;_,11_,..)'1 j5J .(S)}JI ;.::.,)IL> J ';![ ~_,J.l\ ;.::.,L;jly J ~I

\ 4-:,> .b I_;..;)II WI,_, '-:' J .rJ I c)! J,_..; ,-..;J )>.1 I ~ _,1 ,..l...aJ ~ Lo! ,..;:..; l5'

;_..!067 ci.f) <A,\>- """W "j.l;JI C~~ J-~1 J_,;...>" iJ' ;l.k-, JI.;;~IJ -'>WI rli) (7)
:Ja;l .'-"""} 'JG.r. ''J) L.S •<r16s7
- Lewis, ''Ottoman Observers of Ottoman Decline.", p. 81.
Cf. Oghli, 1989, p. 625; and Jnalcik, Halil and Dovald Quataert ( eds. ). An Economic
and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, 1300-1914, p. 99 .
.(JL:ll ~I lf'l:e )";I) JL..,; -'>ly ~~.;;WI rli) :<.b. ')I..

110
4J 0LS' J: ,o..!...,a.ll.j ;,).:.o J_;; ~ ._, L.!.J I '-;J _,11 r." )'I 0I C::
IJ...,.
~_,1 ; p J')G:. ''-:" yJI .j .l...,.WI JlA.;)'I 01 '11 '4JJJI .~>.;1 .j 4'~
~ \.....\11 ~I • L.:..; !J ~I J:._,...; .P- 4' Jjj (.r' I_r-5' ~ ,(.r') I (.r'
.j ~,kll ;_?JI ·-4! ~ ~ ~r-"~1 .kA..,all ~ ~ \.. Y'J ,~lj
_r.:<- ~I.e; .) 1 0};:-.4 i l»J I 0LS' ..ili '..!1l:, .P- oJ ~ J .._fl _,A...;> i i.J;,.; jJ;
._....1W I y WI -::...; lS'J , ;;... J L...::...l I .r.-J I ..:..> 'll>- J:.r' c?.-I (.r' 4,; '-:" _,;.. _,..
:;,.. ')l... )'I ; J .fll -::...; lS' 0-i.illl , ~I , L>) J J ..u.lJ oy ~ ~ l..d I ,J...,. (.r'
._?...:.. ...::..J J .j ~ u..l.Si jj
.
..:.>!Jl...,:JIJ o~l ..:;\s-~)'1 e- :l_:;U
,,.~-u..dl >~'11 r ~4 l)__,..P1 ;5'11 ~~ :_r.;; .)1 ~l..dl ~~ 0LS'
0LS' ,_,..~I JJI .j .Lp.;:> !"" .)1 ..,...OIJ~4 ~ l..,.; •._jll 1..1.:-' :f
Y'J ,4-!..I:J-- .)!J wWI 'r~l ol)1 .)1 ;~ u~LW10~ 0Y...r~1
\....~:.>- J .JIJ~I ~J~I .W>JIJ ~ ..rJI L>..~;:- Jl .)1 ~WJ C:"'IJ J?
~I.P- .WUJ4 IJ~J 01 ~ 'i750/J>132 .j :U..UI .)10r.-"~l ·~
'~ ;_?] '111'""~ Y.. I~~ ~I> ,< 9Jl..u\..... 0LS' ~lll J')\;:. ~I Jj~;..;'llj
.)1 4-'l:, ..:_,\.....l,-JI 1_,....Jl.. J ,._; _rll .j _;.,.JI .j I_,A) jl rl (.r' J '(.r')I (.r'
t_)·-' jjJ .u~LW)'I ~ ...... l,..- L..,..., 'lJ '0::-!.Y ~I .P- ~J.b:-~ lylS'
M67-297) ~i..JI ~ .j (:_r.;;L.!.JI ~ .j ..:..>IJL..,::ll) u~LW)'I ~

M9o-447) ~')\....Jij 'Cr1oss-94s/... 447-334) ~.r.JIJ cr 1171-909

(8) Faroghi, "Crisis and Change.", p. 542.

l>>;J\J ,,J '-'""l:.JI :C.., C.. j.,; ~I .j •:C,...WI <JJ.UI _,\ vWI _,\ L>l.i.l\ ifi :...15Ji _,1;;1 (9)
J c,S__,J.II
.127-125u-" ,gc:" •JeL.. C:Cr ,!l_,J..JIJ !'"'~\ C:_<;l;; . 9 __,J.11 -

111
.)l .r~I <.>~1 .Ji .)l •(il924-1299 ;..,1342-699) ~L..!...JIJ (i1194-1 055

J1 .j ..;\ J..>~ ,_,:..... ~LJIJ _,:..... V"'~LJI ~ _;.)1 .j ..,rl.W)II iiJ;:JI ~ l..
,dl..JI .)!"'.~ ..::.>l....t>- i~ .J1 ..,rlk>)'l .l,-JI ~ .JIS ..,rlk>)'l iiJ;:JI
i.l y A '-?"')\....,)'I r-l wI J (ul) ...;:] I) ._:.,~ LW)' I i.lA cr. j.J I J.;. r-lL.:,:
...!.lE ~

.,..-L,...JI..bi.b..;":il ~ r..; 'i1258 ;_,656 i~..; J~l c41 ~~j ..l!j

C.r' .) }i I i.l }')\;.)I J ~I ui.f-11 ._:.,.r.,.JJ ( I O) ~I ..!1J:, J ,pL..a;:;',ll J
-il295 ;_, 694 .j ~I.)! ill> .Jij~ .0'-' j.:j- ~)I J~l ~

v.d> ~J 'i.i..W I C.r' ..~:..WI C41 <S ?." ..W I ") J')\;.;:.. ',1 ~J ;u, _;...!I ; _,.....<.~ ~
.W" '..>l....UI .)! ..:;.,~IJ ''-:-'~',11 .)! .L:JIJ ·~ll...U .Ji£.JI ...J":iT
<;J..WI ~I cr ....All 0-'>-' ..1>-IJ J:.! r-! ..;\ il258 .j ~~~~:yr.
......_IJ ..:;.,G-L.o J~l ~I ..t!J 1 ' 21 ".\,~_,.. "r-:..t:.ll u;l ..::......~" .j
,~ r_U)' ~ ~1)1 .)! 4'lk...)' ~I ~b....o1 cr v.d>}il C.r'
_...,._">LJI
. J
. 1i I.
i.lJ*-r. ~ . ..t! .JIS
~ .;-' '-?·1! <..S'.1i <>L.ol• ;;j;..,L,• --.JI . I ..
. .r> ~ .;-'J

<.5 ~~ L... ; ~I) :y ~I ~ 0-::>" ')\..;]I C.r' l..r.:-;5 ~~~ ..!.lJ:, ~) ..t! J
c,?)l ..:;.,~_,:.; <;t.,..... i~ i.l~ ,,.!.ll:, ~ iJ":A>-J (IJ)j> )I J~l ~~ •~4j .)!

,;_.r.:-;S ~..>~ .)! ~1..>)1 ..>L,..;I c)! <.5~1 U,..,J .(,;_;;~I_,> c)! <.5~\ :<;y:JI
'
..;:.;IS ._;ll ~1..>)1 "'.~L..a;:;',ll ;~WI j.JJ .t,;_;; ~)I ..:;.,bW":il..>~l c_)!J

(11) Morgan, D. 0. "Mongols." The Encyclopedia of Islam, Lei den: Brill, 1993, Volume 7,
p. 230-35.

(12) Sarton, George. Introduction to the History of Science. Washington, DC: Carnegie
Institute, 3 volumes issued between 1927 and 1948, the 2nd and 3rd each in two parts.,
Volume 1, p. 662.

(13) Lambton, Ann K. S. State and Government in Medieval Islam. Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 1981, p. 298 and 300.

112
y. J _,;.....lJ ~\II j:..JI .)lS' .< 141!_.,~ ~ L., .)1\.1:\ ..u..; r-l J _,A...] I j.,; WI.J
1}>- '-?.iJI ~ ~\11 j:..JI 0l5' l..:..,: ,~~~ .)_,:All 4.l_,ljo_, '-:-'y.ll"
(I 5)" . r-U 1_, ) _,~.O:..:·,q .J" .._; K,
-.,.JI ~I !*"') cr t" ~ ~ ;;,J l.o ..::-l.o) .)1 J _,A...] I ..r. .1.,; J )> ..::,,\ .ul
!A694-690) _,;~~ J_,L>- ,..::,l.o j'l'l ,j.., ~ ~I ~~ <f-' ,~jl_?. 'lil
,,).;_,ll J..'i:JI Jl>->1 ,;;,sWI 4.!Jl.JI J u-"l>JI ~WI y. _, ((' 1295-1291
~ ).>JI o).~..:l I J J lk:.J I l::"" 1_, J ~I ~.!..>- _, . .J _,.; J <J" l:J I » J l.o y. _,
-694) 0\.>- 01j~ 0\ t:-' l 16 )>W'li~ iy,::S' iJ_,...;. J>-]\ -,?.iJI J"'\11 ,t,\>-I..UI_,
cr \,~ J>-,1_, ('')\....,)11 ~I 'C:'UI J_,A...ll ~WI '(('1304-1295 /..,703
J:Y..>-1 ~ ~ r-l .;I ..!.ll~ >0\..; I~ ~ r-l ~I 01J ,..::,L>-J\.... )II
, Ij ..l.i _, .J _,A...] I ~ 4.! I.J.o.; 0. , I , II 0 K.J I ~ ~ J j.:J _, ,...,._.:,
..W d._,..... J_,A..JI ~ -,?.iJI _,~Lo..UI (('1405-1336 /..,807-737) 0~Jr-::-=JI
J:Y..>- , 11405 ;..,803 J c>J"'-l ..,_.')\....,1 u.bl)_, >IJ..O.; ~ -±JJ_,...; .)_,::..1
' '
.)1 <>:-_, ..!.ll~_, , 11405 ;..,807 ~~ J -.;~.;_, J.,; t,:_;;,p ~~ ~ •?
.4:--- u.b ~I r-l ,~ I.J 0~ , \50 ~_,...;. J ~'>'I J .b:.\11 , W'lil
~
'CL,;J'lil ~ ('1534-1508 J JlrJI ~ .:.r.:u.i.....JI .JL;:-..1 :r r ..l.i_,
-c>_,:-1 ~Lot J w-- .:ll:.... ~ C>lS' ~ 0\1 'I.J':>'JI J.ul~ ~ r-l.JG
.'-,?, L,a;;.;')l I , _,5) ~-' ~ ~jS'J"' ;;_. ~

.d'_, [.. ~ _r.;... ,..!.lJ ~ .J.o.; Jb-' ,<.,?"')\....,)II r-l W I e::--"1 , J _,A...] I J ')(::;..1 .J.o.;
.ul ·('1517 ;...923 J ~WJI ..\; ~ :i.,;l; ;J"' o.l,>-y ~~ 01.)1 ,~_,..,
-1169 /..,647-564) 0)'::-';y..\11_, ,(1711-909 /A567 -297) 0_,...1l.i.JI .)l$'

(14) Hodgson, The Venture of Islam, Volume 2, p. 8.

(15) Lambton, Ann K. S. State and Government in Medieval Islam, p. 299.

(16) Spuler, Bertold and R. Ettinghausen. "Ilkhans." The Encyclopedia of islam, Leiden:
Brill, 1986, Volume 3, p.l\21.

113
 '
:t;.)ll.. t,;L.;)Ii :r ~ ..)~ il~ LolS:;.. (i1924-1299 /J>1342-699)

~) ._;ll r-~1 :r cr.~ lji.S' ..W ,..!.l.J:, CY -~..!_,....,::JI_, J_,.;....J~

..r!_,.; .).Lu ..w ,Lo ~ _,.; ~1..!)1 .)! •l::>JI ,,r :r r-"A-' .~L... il_,) J
..::o~lk>)ll ~ :\....)..... ili L..,... '1_, •.Y.Ui )..,,j'll ;,~)I :C.j~l c:"J.il ;_,.;
~-' (18)·~ ~ r-"',~_, ~'11_;.;:-_, r+-:-),)1_, ~\' (d..!L..,::ll)
.~\ ~_rll :/, ;_;;•. ·\1 '..r"\11 J_,1 J ..::ol,;_rll :y Zj~ ._.h..u ..:..;I.S' ,..\..., ili
:r ~\ .)! <.5,1\h ill '11 'r-"',~ .)! ,_,._;,_, ,_?..)':11 ..\)~ ~ ..;.,L:.;.;;_,
·..j'\..!)1 c_\.:.;)1~ .)_,..all J,>Ji_, 'il~ '11 ;.L...j

. ·r :IJ
<J.:' cl. l,../-'" il .r.'"L..!.J\ I ·-·•
~ <..,? C;5..!-" ..r'"I ..! \11
· • I'"'' ..uJ
·IJ ~
~ _,..JI_, .:r-~1 ._.].>- ..:;.,\)•._,; ~ ._.].>- _?- v-'I>J\_, _?- e:5\)\

cr..UI c,?..l.o~ ...._,,_, ~ ..::oiJL..,::JI ,..\..., ..:..;I.S' '..r"\11 J_,1 J ·0-::-::-' fo.JI
lk _, _r.. t...) _,...::....I illS'_, '?'1 ..J _). :y ~ :c\; l.i J:' r-l-' '~ _, j .J"';
.......;.,.,.p ~ d _d- (\ 9 )'-?~\.Z...,.:; ~ 4]1~1 _,\ l...jWj ~illS'_, ,;c...GJ~
~\s_, J.-L.u ..::oiJL..,::JI ~~ ,;?I::...Ji t,;L..!.JI i _?]I J :i.;_;$_rll :C. fo.JI

4JUI ~J ,~ J ~JYJ r " J_,y.~l ~J 'r"J l,.i;}! JW J,r.-1WI ~ (17)

·r"

(18) Hitti, History of the Arabs, p. 329-230.

- Rabie, Hassanein. "The Size and Value of the Iqta' in Egypt, 564---,741!1169-1341." In
M.A. Cook (ed.), Studies in the Economic History of the Middle East from the Rise
of Islam to the Present Day. London: Oxford University Press, 1970, p. 129-138.
.J (il442/..>845 ..jf) -,;;_;;_;...11 ';Ji
l..i... ._,;> ..,-y.i J. -.A...y. _:r..J.ll r_':A.P 0-"j .i.:.."
:_);;I "·''c.,.\ J <Jir\ J Jl1.LIJ t_lki 1 §-.' _); &
r " .,..o 1) ;;.;IS ..:.l1 i _,)I

97 ..r> d eo •JoL.. e:-r •'<;r._;...ll .lal.>JI -,;;_;;_;...11 -

(19) Cahen, Claude. "Buwayhids or Buhids." The Encyclopedia of Islam, Leiden: Brill,
1986, Volume I, p. I 090.

114
..;.,lSJ.::.... <>-_,:.WI ~I_;\11 Cr' ~I yWI ~~J ,<...,ol>- ..;.,lSJ.::....
;w.; ,L....\lly "'"' i!JJ.JI r~J ,~ "'"' c)! l;ls- ~~ri' ...,...,.j;; ~.r."~
.vi ).-?I ~ t1 __,.; J..o \1 ~ ..;:..; IS ._;]I ~_,.c.J I <..J>Ji .j .11 ,;-.;:11 :_r-
,....;lh..JI ~4' .j ..:....L:s"IJ ,~ 0J} i~ ¥lk.;)'i :c,J....JI ..::...; ;.:...1 ..l..i.l
~ ._;]I ~_;.]I i.S _,A) I j.,; Cr' :<_,..')\....,)'I 01 J.J.,.II J ~I ...w 1...,...- :1 J
<..b! ~ L..J~L.J ,~ lyJW cr...UI .!J:JJ\1 .._,.b_;\11 Cr' od vl>L..
~~ c,f'')L.,)'I r-!WI .j ¥1_;)1 .._,.b_;\11 Cr' .J~:/1
id \.?. 0!
,~\1 ~l:.JI Cr' _r.>':li ·.r.J~ 0~ ,.~_,.;!._,.b) .!.bW 0":11 45'_,1..-.
~:, e ~ ,~lr> <-?10_,...;~ 0),~ :.r r-"J ·c.r.:>-')Wl J:l"ll 0§.?-J
·d cr"L,.. :,~ (.)~

i)\.::JI .,...l_r'JI :WU

Jl ..;.,~lk.;)'l ~_;.1 :_r- ~I_; \11 .!l')\;:..1 ~ :1 01 ~I Cr' (.)IS

4.,;.rill l....J2;\11 J ~I_; \11 d,.; l....J2;\ ..;:..; IS _,J W~ \_; r1> ,.:;I:, ~ u1 ) ....,:) I
_r.>':ii cr-:11 ~_;_,; ~J'.. 1.5..UI ,__..')l.)'l ;si_;}IJ <.;j\.;.]1 0yw ,'-:,;L;!
- -
,-:.,1.;)'\J _;§..UI ~_;}I~~ ._}_,:...]1 ~1.!.1':>\..l C!j?_ ~J ,.)W
.~ \_;'yJ ~ wI ..!""'\II 4.kL ....; l,._.p 1~ "'"') '..? J \II r--Z .,;G "'"' (.)IS
l:._. j ..;:., ~I ._;]I W"W I ..!""' \11 <../' ti,1.i ..;:..; IS , '-:,; l..:..J I >_wJ I • <..j"'-" ._.::.>J
.t:..q UWL.. c.lk- (.)IS ..W .i J .b.:.. :<:' ~~ I.
~ -· .
U.l ·- I \, .l;lb..ll ~
- _r.;...- J ._.- J';y

(.)IS t.. .Y"J ,~ \11 C.~ :II J\4}>-IJ.ll -.;.,~lyk..P:/1 •l.r.- W"WI ..r"'\11 Cr'
..;.,~lk.;)'l >y.-J Cr' ~)L,; d..U .WWI o_,AJI jS't,.>J vl,.bl.;:...._;\ll._,.b_A
~1_;\11 .L>.;l J i~ clJo (vl:SJ...ll) ..;.,~lk.;)li ,J.., 01 ~! -.;.,1).-?IJ
'.jl..:..JI ¥1 ~4' J '>'! WW o_,.,s:JI vl:SJ...ll ~ r-!J ,'-:,;L.!.JI
vl:SJ...ll u-:)J ,;~1 ..;.,~lk.;)li c.;ISJ (' 01 .<....ol>- ~_,JI c:;J.WI J

(20) Quataert, Donald. "The Age of Reforms, 1812-1914." In Halil Inalcik and Dovald

115
 21
< 1.'-:,;w.JI ~\ Jl_,k .j~l ~\_.;]\ ..:.,J.lJ .)1 c/' ,;~\
-"" } ... )j';il )~I e ._,..;}..;; ul_;l..:,:ll Jl u~lk.i)'l ~ <,?..UI 0l
W"W I .r•,\11 01 L..,; \.,.-')\..ill ~ cjl I ..,._;I _rill .U..,., I_,.:.J I c) 4) I
<:,;_r'JI .~\11 0-' r.? r--' .JlS" ..W ,d_r-0 <,?I 0_,....;~ ly~ r-l4'1_r1J
J </')1....)'1 ~I J ~_;{:11 0~ lylS" .:.r...UI '0::'""')\..;.11 ~ c!'-
cF.-1 0-' -c.)J\11 ~_;..U~- ..,.0_;"11 ~ ClJ~ lylS" :,l ;~_,JI 0J_;.ll
;~')UIJ ~_,JI ci_? JJ\.>. ~1_;)1 i...,;_r-0 JL>-)k ~:, ~~ .JjJ I' g· '_ ..
.i.kLJI ~ ._,...;l_rilli4-J ~)_;.. ~ 0~ ..:.,';ii~IJ il>:..JI.JlS" :,1
~_,:....... )..\>...> t)W & c!) 0:-"\.;J ~lkll '--'""') cF.-1 0-' ,4'~ lylS" cjll
l_,;lS" .';ly. 0\1 ,._;~)'1 0-' ?I~<,?~ ilkiii.L. 0lS"J ..;.JJ..UI Jl
< )~\1 J)il~ .) ~..J ,;J J..u.J .) _,....;~ l_,;lS" Lo... ~~ d_r-O .) ~
22

= Quatacrt (eds.), An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, I 300-
1914. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1994, p. 861.

(21) lnalcik, Halil and Dovald Quatacrt (eds.). An Economic and Social History of the
Ottoman Empire, 1300-1914, p. 5.

<; J .r-'
• ,. ·"'I ,.!.;.••
.;) :;.., .i'"'"' •'~ .• J ,":i.li..i"
- Lo...c.u . ·
_,.. ;;-:?.) I~:...!1 --..JI
. . ;''
- ·"'I "'1-l.WI
~ (22)
:_);.;1 CJ-:?)~:...Jl_,_,.ajl J>.1"J ~1.)! c?"J' ~'I (:i.l.klJ
.243'-'"" d2c::' •Jel.... c:-~~ ,~1 ;;;.,..._,..JI _;;.,..,":L)'I :>J_;.!-)13 __;~_; 3 '11 o)j3 -

.1o5'-'"" •Jel.... c:- .r' 'C_,;JI '":"'I.;S" ·r->IA Jl -

.1oo-99'-'"" •JeL... C:..r' ,JI_.-\11 ..,.,I.;S" -r":L Jr -
'-lUI~ :i_,.lill ,<,;.,..UI .;,~~_,)1 3 <,;U.UI r~\11 . ._r :_,.->JI Jj 'c?"JJWI -
--..JI_,.ajl ;L,- ~y)_;..ll-.,h- ~ l.. :r.; J}JI ..,..,L.o JI.C.., .176J""' 't1960 •.,WI
:_);.;I .l_, ,.l.- r>" J.l ~~ Cr.>- .j , r I.r- ..;\ :;.., _,.s:.,JJ w.J; l.. J (_)_;..]I Cr'
.100J""' •Jel.... C:..r' ,JI_.-\11 '":"'I.;S" -r":L J.l -
.176J""' •jel.... C:..r' ,<,;.,..UI .;,~~_,JI; <,;U.UI r~\11.-?>JJWI -
~w ,_,_,t:.,. Jr :.j ··;Jw" ,L_,;,1 _);.;1 .1o ·J""' ,4 ..u.,...Jr .t963 .<;4:-Jr ._,;'11 J.l -
:\...a; I _);.;1; .544.J""' , II J.l.,....ll ''":"'__,...ll
- Abu El-Fadl, Khaled. "Tax Fanning in islamic Law (Qabalah and Daman ofKharaj):
A Search for a Concept." Islamic Studies, Islamabad, spring, 1992, p. 5-32

116
~ l A r.l ~.iJI (i~l) ..:..i.;W)II J1 J 1.r- ~}I >bjl ..~j 3
.4)) ? I I}W1 J. ,~Y\_:,..1 ~ d...P 3_ri..JI 01.r<JI

.A>647-s64J ~y.\11 ~ J i~l '-'"' ,~ 41>->1 ~~..:..I.,..~ )II 01

-699) ~~1 3 '(i 1517-1250 I .A>922-648) d,JU1 3 (i1250-1169 I

'!')\....)II r.lWI cr ~ .t....;1 J <.>_r'-1 ;w"i.;.. r-13 (i1924 -1299 I .•>1342

4., W
"
o\.1 J u1>1J , l.:..._;
..
~ II i l1:J I
•<'\' <..F-.r-
;;_;" L.; •I .r ..::...\...,... , 4:../')1
J
I ......;J::;.... '-?'.
01_.d- --J~I ~I J c.,?>J\,..]1 ~ u-'WI lc.,?_MI Li.:JI0..r<JI · ; a··.
,'-;~1 ..:..~1 J.r::J cJ_,.;W10l.._:L 3 ~WI..L..>....i <,f..rJI JL..i.;)ll >~>jl
,_;)>} J .;J I..W I ts >L_, ~ u:..;3 '~·u...G >b} '-F-_,..;.l I i l1:J I • L,.-1 ~
<.>>
.. JJW13 ......;._, y. .s.1
.. j.:.o .L..U. ~ >..l..!.; 0l5" ._;)I .. 3 ,~l_,..;.ll
.. ts>L,...ll c.?'
23
c.,?.iJI 3 1 1" .• 1.7"\II ~1.7"" _, ...J y- ~I cr ty J t" _d- 03_r.SJ 0J..\b:. ~IJ
~ 0~ l_,.;lS" ..:..1).~1 3 ..:..lYlk.;)II...,.,L,.......101 r ,[uL....t.. ~}I~
cJl01.r" '-?10~..!.:.1_,.;~ r-l ~ 'CJ:>-"~1 u-- J:...>b.....ll '-'"' 0G u~:,
~ d.iJ .~1 cr j..o\1~ ..:..1).~1 3 ..:..lYlk.;)ll ilk;~~~ ,;;_.~1
.~1 ..:.> JJ-"...G ;;_,..,~I d...GWI 013 ,~IJ)I...,. UJ_,.;,:, c.?.iJI ci _,ll

.!]\;.., 0l5" .!.A.i , 0:>"" ~I ~ ,_;)> _;:; ..;:...; l5" ~I o)~I WI _,..;.l I ~ oJ ~

.bl.b.;:,ll ;,~j J ~3 'J~I 3 c.r.J _rll J~ ~ c..;lS" <.>.r'-1 01_ri>

J y) ¥ y.1 _?":, ..ljJ 1'
4
>.\.... ~ ~ ~I_,..;.JI o..L. c..;lS"J ''-?>L,.ri)il

•Cr7s6;_.t39 .J>'I t'-WI .:r.l 0: 1.. _;;;1 ".1_,.~1 ~~_,.·· ;.r '"'-'Le,)U ?..r _,..;1_,.:....:~ (23)
._jy) ~~~ •(rl058i-'>450 ._jy) ,pJ~WIJ •(r 974 I_. 363 ._jy) 0W1~

•(r I 092/J>485 ._j y) -:!WI ilk;~ •(r l 082/_.4 75 "'""' .jy) .rJIS '-?ISJ •(\ 10711-'>463
_;;;1 •(r tt26/_.s2o .)i'l ,;_,!. )aJIJ •(r ttti;_.sos .)>"l Jl.rJIJ
- Essid, M. Yassine. A Critique of the Origins of islamic Economic Thougl1t. Leiden:
Brill. 1995. p. 19-41.

._j J.r--JI ;(b.")!.. _};;I <,5"~I \_,..-)I~ -,..;I _rAJ IJ tr.JI tY i ~ ,r_,.s::.JI J-!.' (24)
"._,.rJI 0U" .j ~ W.,i _};;I 70\.1'' ,_;,~ C:'C _,. ,Jiy~l ._,J:S -~~ _:r.l -

117
Jl Wb 0rJv.. .l.g.WI 0\5'_, (lS)'-"" }:.JI ..w ..:.,)l>i :c... (r&39 1 ... 224
,".1LL!" ,".,:.,i.,....L." ,"'-"'~I Jlkf J!.- ..:;I),~ 0yoJ.>.::....;3 ~W[

(r1sos 1 ...,911 . ./.Yl ..}_,...ll cr...UI J~ ~_, ."'-""~~ cY-' "?::!'/

...,11 ,~o; '-""~~ ..;:...U; ..w .;JJ; e-' ."~1 i; J <JL.J" 01~ <JL.J
I ..,792-648) ..!l,)UI ~ J <.,__,...a.ll ~ ~ •...,? <.,?1 ~ .!...;, r-l 01
Jy) ..;.y.,'JI cr...UI C~ j!.- 'i~l cr >..!.<> ~~ ..IJ_, .(i1390-1250
..::.;~ 01 _d- 126
)~~1 il.k.:JI ~~ .;JJ~_, ,~ Jv.....WI (i 1193 1_... 589
, _,..;J.>- cr....U I ~ 01 ...) [ ....; lk..J I <...;L:;. J ..::..>>I i _,...:;.-.J I ~WI ..:;L,. _,s:,.J I
(27)~~~~ j-.-JI
'-"" J!,... , IJJ :_r$J ..;:..,; l5' cjl I ~ >L.,a.:.; ~I - ~ 4 ~I '-:" !_,-.'J I _,:...., I..L.
.ill \ul.. _,s:,.JI ~ _}; cjll ~1~1 JK.!.I ~ -0 3 ji.ll r.- .. L..WI
jJ~ ...)! j:....; ~~ ~1~1 . / } ..::.;l.. ~ ~~ 1;1 ...;\ cr 0 r;.., lyl5'
'-"" l:ll cr <.,?I Cr"'; J ..!.!..:. <.,? \ j;:., ~I ~ I..L. _, .W i.J; ~ _, >_,..WI
J i.l.ll. ..:.;l5' cjll t_W. _,')'J ~ u•G:- ~I ........;;I_,.JI cr l>..~.<> 0\ cr
W, J,.,i >J ~~~~./_,;]~WI i JL..all ~yo 0l5' ..W .•4UJI ;;;_.)
W 0~ ~~ il..l <J_,y.... :_?:; r-l cjll ,~ _,..:,~1 ..:;l.. _,s:,.JI ..:;l. JU
~I ........;;I_,.J~ d.....:JI J_,h...JI _d- ~ •4-oi..G.::...I_, l...>)yo ~

.1629-1624 r\j) \11 .::.>lj' ~'L>-~~ , 704-7o3_, •.Y.L- c:-/' ,Jiy~l ""l:S' ·rJL _:r.l (25J

._:r.-lll c.~ v.wi .;11 ""_,4]1 ~ u,_,1 ;wt; (r 14421... 845 .jy) c,>.;,;..JI 'JY. (26J
:_,k;l
0l.!< _;,yJI <WI 0\ .rf- .I 05-1 04_, d c:' •J;l- C:C /' •:i;j!)...JI .l.Jo.;JI ·c? _;,)...JI -
v.,lj J< .v.w\ ,;; 'Y.i JlS' .;11 ""_,4]1 .?; ;,t.o~ ~ r-1 lr 11981... 595 .jy)
_,k;l~i
.lOs_, •J;l- e;:-/' •:i;j!;..JI .l.Jo.;JI .c,>_;,)...JI -

:.r ;;y.t.. ;pji •.L. .j i>)}l .1.\.i.JI ~ (27)

-Bjorkman, W. "Maks." in Encyclopedia of Islam. Leiden: Brill, 1991, Volume 6,
p. 194--95.

118
:;.., fo-JI 4kL. r:5 ~~ cr 0~ ~..~ ,4.,11~, ;;.,....L,.. ~ J 4'1;
.4JL.i.;LJ ~I~ I c.:rP} J
:_?:, r.l ~J i~\11 ..!.U.; J ~1~1 04 j,.WI I.L. ~ J>-1 -.;rP _;...;. J.i
0~ J.i .~.WI ol.i)l JJ> cr ,~ 4---0y.i, .jll ~~~~ 4;JlA.. J...A;J"'

~'.>WI~ .)J\11 ~JJ.J~ -.;rP.):i ...:..;l5 ~1~1 o.L. 0\_r.}- ,~ I.L.

~ ~I..,..,P -,?1 0_,...;-\ ;_,A:JI '-:"'~\ ~ r.l ~ J 'J~IJ ~.r.JIJ
.Jlk:; :_?:, r-1 ~~~~ 0_,...;-\ :_;.. ~ wl}l .~\11 01> UJ 1JJ\1';ll
'-?\ ~ 0~ 1_,;~ r-1 ~~~~ ~~ 0\ r ,.;.u; cr ._.,.,\11"'
:i; ~)I J ~I ~ } y ._fJ i.l.>.::-:i :_?:, r.l ..ul _,J l.i \ ..!..ll:, J.L<.. ~
"l.i)I Jp J JWI r L.S •J!I_,..JI cr ..!..l]; _d. J ;;_,....L...\11 :c,:_,JIJ "-:::hll

..W,~ ~_r.JI <.1';11 ·~IJ ,~1 .1~1 '-:"'~1 .....; J ~ ~ ...:..;l5 c}

~ i.l.>.::-:i ..ui_,JI ...:..;l5J ,~1~1 0 _,...;-\ ljl5 ~I 01 ) ' .....i,)K:ll
~1~1 :W Jt..... ...:..;l5 L. ~)Li ,..,IJ JJ ~I t_W J\ ~ J:-1 cr JW
.;.b.J I cr J..li.l I I.L. .)l J-:.1

ll....JI ;; ..._.; ,fo- : ~I.J

r-- i.S _,:..-... ~ '4l....J I ;;_...,.; ~ .)l la,1 <)WI .:;.,'1 ":}.:.>. '1 I .:;.,,\
r-" IJ J.l IJ ( :C,... .lJ I .:;., j\...,J I) _,; \.; J.l I ...-:..; l5 , i ~\1 I ..!.U.; J i..\l L... 0l5 '-,? .lJ I e:L-J I
'-?.r.: 0l5) .~)I '-f' ')..., ';1 I '-?ill I i U2:J I '-'"" L...i F (~I .:;., ji...,J I)
.:;., ~ 1.,::>- I :C,.W ~ 0 IjJ1 J i ~ 4 (;;_,.... b.:J I .:;., j\...,J I) ._,.., _,1i.J I ..!.L... 41
~ ~ crJ '4l....J I ..!.L... :;.., ').... ~ w l>....li J .o_,;...,..]I :i;J ~I .:;.,l,kJ I
~)I 0J}-" --4" J "o:....ll _,];L;" ~ .l!..;j r-> .ili ,._,..,l:JI :;..,~ e:JL.a..

·~ ·~"' .J.:.;t.......U r J-"l

a.....ll .:;.,IJ>-"' ~ ...:..;l5"' <iso9 1... 193
-'~-' "'"'LO;"' "'j"' ~ cr 'J,~.; ~ l,J~ J"'\11 J~.u1 <.SY---" 0l5 .w

119
(28l.~I.,.J.l ~)~)II <k.L.JI ~ \:: ~JJ; ..:)W ..W ~I l.i.. .:,\ ~
r-lWI .~..>.;\ ~ J J~..i.ll i.S.Y--' ~ wb.....ll ..::.. _,...:..I ..W ,~I.J; \:: J
¥ J 29
~ J 1 >.-,?~J\:...ll ~WI i-,?_MI d)l .Jy<jl ~W </':J.,....'jl
.JlS' -,?jj I i.S y.-.l I cr j\,...J ";/! i.S y.-.l I ~ r-1 ~ ')'J I wbJ I ..::.. ";/')\....]I
J>625 il.> Jly- J ~ -,?JJI I~ .f.l J_,A; .~i.:-JIJ ..:r.;J-'\11 .yj 0
.f.l (i1238 _.. 635 Jy) •J.-LS:.ll -.!.i.WI 'J..l..a.! .JlS' -,?JJI J~..UI cr i1228/
J.;-!JI J ";/J '-:"}JI J ~Y- ~ r-1" :Lj.y.\11 ¥1 J '.f...i.ll (_":}..., -,?-i
I3OJ " •._}.. \SJ I i.S .r." \11 i.S y.-.l I J yi; _,; 1,; ~
" "

J.:,:...- J ·~ ..l!J ' ' H I ui.?JI J 1_;::..... J1 ('""J..UI .JjJ .Ji J.l.:->..J
('""' J..UIJ J~..i.ll J~t.,;-"""" 0\ ";/! '('""IJ..i.ll .y ..::..l::! i~ )..~....<>! 'JJ-' \11 J.+-;
J ~.ill ..\l Ul .._;~I -"""" .JlS'J ~I -"""" J . : . i.:J.A::.U ~ ,~ Jt
l.io> ~ ;;,L, 4..i...a.; <.::;~ ..:..J1; ~~ J.!..:;.J ~ ~I ii.;\ J ('""IJ~ I 0 -,?Jl..;
0\ y:f- 13
'> .(i61-632 ;_..41-11) j.\IJ\11 ~J\11 .l..i.l.>JI ¥ J <S.r-JI

,_? r t_W.Ji .J~Iy. .JI,;.4.JI .JlS' ..W 'iiJ..i.ll ~ ~ r-1 ..::..L,!JI l.io>
J ,Jl!...JI J.:,:...- ..,W .~1 wJL........\ )..,..a:....l th L.... '~ ..,..U.J
.._; _,...., -"""" .JlS' (i 750-661 i-'>132-41) ~J-' \11 i r"JI .y .jl.!.ll .._A..,a:JI
-750 ;_.. 656-132) ..,..-L..JI ¥1 J e.(.;::> J '
,L..J,J~ 12 -,?Jl..; J~..i.ll

(28) Ehrenkreutz, A. S., Halil Inalcik and J. Burton-Page. "Dar ai-Darb." The Encyclopedia
of Tslam, Lei den: Brill, 1991, Volume 2, p. 117.

(29) Miles, G. C. ''Dinar and Dirham.'' The Encyclopedia of [slam, Leidcn: Brill, 1992,
Volume 2, p. 297.

(30) Cited by Miles, "Dinar and Dirham.", p. 298.; Ibn Ba'ra wrote between 615H./1218G.
and 635H./1238G.

_,1,.;)'1 ~I :if>WI ,;y~)'l :UJ.!.U <,)WI ~IJ c.f'JI .:r..tll •l,..O J....... 'v"'<)l (31)
:W.,\ J;;1.369U"' rt961 .2.1. ,._,_,...,...
r
.264U"' de' 1969 d..: J)'l )> :.;:.,J.d. ,i\5')1 .W .~ _, ''-?JW. _,.ill -

120
.Jl,>-\11 ~ c)J ~ ..:..;lS' :i.,-:]1 .)\ ..d- (J')j>\ J\ L...,_,,]5 (il258
·1_,;:- lh ~ r-l.J (ll)_,l:.;.ill l...,_,, 50 ~J 30) 20 c..l! t!'J ..::..;lS'
'
<5 .7-J .'--'-"
. .U I II
c.;'.
L., w
"
;;_,a_.;j I .7'--" '-""· L.i>.; '1 ~
. " .J lS' cr.I . a....J I ~
·.·

.Ji •Cil45o ;..... ss4 c)JJ '-?..w\11 ,_,....~.,...J (il442 ;_,s45 c)Jl '-?..i;_,.a...ll
~ <~ _.....,d I ..::... ')\......]I • l..aJ! '
~ '-';_;....)I ..::... ')\......]I ~ I..\_., _,I _J:.. '11 i ..1.>-
.Jjl.i ;_,~ .r>- V"">Lll .J_r<ll J 4-:J[_,l:.o ~~ ;_,...u; </'J c
341
.JJL.dl
'-:::_,..)1 ..::...')\......]1 J_r.i ~I ~ J ~ ..\S"'l:; ..LOl .(Gresham's Law) il:.o~
J .....;Jr-JI r-1WI ~J .._,.')L.)'I ~1_,\11 c.r.:: ;_,WI J c:-"IJ Jlk; ~
J_r]IJ ~J.JJ\J l,..J_, jp J '-:::/ ..:...":J....s- .....;l..!.::S"'-:1 ~ h.::..i_,JI ..!.l]:,
(35)~\11

)J....o! J .11))'1 c..J! .y.JJI c..J! ..:...l..~l J.::...' ,~.WI :i:...j\11 c)J
J~ ..\JJ .:c,JWI ~~ ~ ....J;.;ll ~ L....~.>-U ,;...L..;:.... ._,._,J ~

,_,..\fllh .jl.b.J . ..,._,J ~ /l..~....o)' il294/.....,693 J l.a,i \,.J-P." J_,;....ll

;_,~ _,1•.!.;;;'":11 ei.J '-?-'_; J1w c..ll .s>i.J ,...,........:JI ~~ ~ o_d ....Jik
4..,.;_,1.,... c)! •4-'AJI ~, cjll <./' ;;_.;_,rJI Wl_,ll ,j_., J-.l.J (Jn>.Jt......\IIJ

..:...l.. ~I .:.,5J ,[.. )J....o! 4A:.. JIJI ..:...l.. ~I ~ 0\ _)!J ,._,. _,_,JI a....JI

la,1 _,k;l 374J" •J;l... C:C.r ,:;.,..~~~ :UJ.ill <,)WI ~IJ ~.f'JI -....-;)1 (32)
.264J", lc:' •J;l... C:C .r ,;IS)\ .W ·-fJW _;JI -
- Miles, G. C. "Dinar and Dirham.", p. 320.

la,1 _,k;l .264J" d c:' •J;l... C:C .r ,;\S)I .W ·-fJW _;ll (33)
-Miles, G. C. ''Dinar and Dirham.", p. 320.

(35) Miles, G. C. "Dinar and Dirham.", p. 320.; and Kramer, J. H. "Geography and Commerce."
ln Thomas Arnold and Alfred Guillaume (eds.), The Legacy of Islam. London: OxfOrd
University Press, 1952p.l 00.

(36) Spuler, Ettinghausen. ''Ilkhans.", Volume 3, p.l122.

121
~
• ••
i-~I J ~ d'
d...J..,;. · 4L..J I ..!L <./' \... J. ·L:.l J ')\.;.;:...I Yc-r
· • I ;, . I
;J.,:. \1 \ ;}<!JI ..W ~I J '7-"j.J I ..:.L ('""" J :y .\;.)A J"" )\.;.::...,\ ~ , <.lo..J I

.j djJ~ ~ ..::.>.b:-1 ..ill ,.!l]j.J '~>J 137

)..::.>L<Li:JIJ j>..UI .:r.: c_L.;'l~
~ I..L. ..!.>..!> ..\J J , .!lJj.J • 4UJ I 4...,0 )-•·' :y ~) ~ 4l 1.0;J ..:;., ':>\.....J I 0 j J
~w..JIJ cr 1517-13821 J>922-784J ~.r.JI ..!.lJUI.;? J~ '-""'t>-
·Cr 1924-1299 ;__, 1342-699)
Lb.;
" .I:. ~I
J" .Y""'. "
..:;.,':>\..,..JI J\J...:...,\
.
II \., 1 . ~I J""--"'"' <S ,1
1.5' .J J) ..; 0
.w
,..:;.,L, _,»JI w.-1y ..;:...;lS _)I :.)WI ..:;.,L,......_ll 01 ,r.? 138 )..!.l)UI ~ .j
'<J::>"j\..i,)\ ~ :i....OJ_,.;...ll ;;L,JI ~\~\ .1_,.;:- ~\J)\ ,_p) y ~L:J\J

..r'L.i>.,;i ,)! <S>1 "JJ..L ,\..L.J .~b.:JI ..:;.,':>\.....JI )~!.) .blj)'l ,)! ..::.>>1
. ~ ;,-II
('"'" '""""'
I . 01
~~
•I ' 'I
~
.
<./J 7 ·-'1 " I 'I
·~ JJ-".;:; >';>)) ,........:.. I.S'iJ
II (39) I •". ;
·~

:y t...l_ro ~IJ ,..:;.,~.r' ;~ ;_,;J\IL ~I~ )1 ~I <.lo..JI ~

V"JL., ls-_,L ~IS y ,~ ~_,;l.!.JIJ 4JUI 4J) W <.-Jk.> a...JI -.fo J_, r-1 (37)
~ 3 _;JI y <,JJJ'JI .:-~1 ~ .:-~1 .:-'J.!.AA .}<- t_">\1')\J ·cS.f'-1 ~L.1 J
:_)0;1 ·? :,.-l!ll ..?-? ._rl>JI
- Brandel, Femand and Frank Spooner. "Prices in Europe from 1450 to 1750." In E.
E. Rich and C. H. Wilson (cds.), The Cambridge Economic History of Europe,
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1967, Volume 4. p. 458, figure 4 .

.}<- a...JI -.fo _,;\:J [.,G;. l.~l ~) .ili .<JL. ;,) :,.-.) J '-""' ~Jlli:- .:r-1 ~1 ~..., (38)
_)0;1 _,L,o:j'JI 3 ~I
.264-261 ~ ,~L.. t::" _).., ,~JkJI ..JJ-ll.>- .:_~\ -

'""1..)1 c>l:.JI ~ :~ ,<.;,)1 ~ ;,\]1 <:tl-) ..j<- J -4.>-t .:r..DI .j" '-f_;,_;...ll (39)
:41 _)0;1 .3g-32 J 15-14 ·J"' i1994 ,..b-l_,ll .:r-1 ), :~
~ .L..... :~ .!l_,.I..JI JJ, l..i .,..._.J !l_,.L...JI ':"L;S ·J-<- J -4.>-t .:r..DI .j" '-f~'<~.WI -
.rA" <,J~ .!.>I _;.II ~ jS~~ ,;;_,..,_,.ill .)l~ _,]1 3 -,..:SJI )' ;_,.WI 'JrUo Ll::AJI
.1134-ll30J"' ,3C:" 'i1971 ,<,_,.JI
- Allouche, Adel. Mamluk Economics: A Study and Translation of AJ---.Maqrizii's
lghathah. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press. 1994, p. 16-17.

122
c•o)il839-183o J i1_;. o.oo73 Jl i1479-1469 J i1_;. o.85 c.r ~~
~ J..i ,:;,;}1\ J ~\ )..lA..o (f ;w.. ,~\ .1""-" '-""lb.;\ .:.,1 ~J
oJ.>. _, ~ _, 4; J.- L.:.ll ....A!_, c.r ..1.(:! .J LS" ..w 'ii:- .J.x:.. <.S _,::..-. J l Lf:...::j
t..l_,::;-... - .:· r" ..;1 c.r ~ )~ (i 1876-1839) .;..L...,ldl , _;:.; J ;;_,..L....1 JZ
·i 1850 ~ i1_;. o.oo83 <.S.i'-' J ~~ c.r
;:..lA;... '}\_, <;Lo \11 ~ ~_rll .;,>l:l i_,..,t; \s-~1 ~ :u...JI ~ .:.,1 ~J
~1)\.J_;.ll J .;_,j\...,J\ )..~....<>[ J _;..J\.;..L....).o-0 .J~ '~l.:r.Jiy ~ J
..!.l;l: <.S.r..J .:i,illl :i,)O:JI ..:..>L....l,-JI :f .;..~l::5J\ cr y.:!SJI jj1 ,~_, ~
~I ~llyLS" ~1_, ('"""'~ ~t;... 0-., I , II J~l ~" ..;1 (Baeck)
41
C 1" .;..j\...,J\ · · · ~I • '-'""" l>JI J ?"
' ~ 1)1 Cr.'.r
· . 'II .;..L.,o\1
~ ?" -·
.
-r:JW\ '-""'?~I :L-.1.>
..:..>~ J t._U)i ,:u...J\ ~ _, <.;;... _,...]1 ~l_,....a.il J~l J.Lu \..o~
\.j''. J l>J I ~ J.ll ~ .b_;.. ~ .J _, ..t...::..: 1_, .b:.1 ,.r.. i,.:JI J ~ ..1... WI i lS:.,.J I
'-""'lp"YJ ;_)..a.. <,;L..!.JI :i:J_,11r.)i1 ..::..;LS" 'i1877-1854 ily\11 ~
_,... _, ,..;J;:...-l ~ .:., y,Lo zoo & Jl ~JJI J..o _, .:.,1 Jl ;.;... JS" l;w
'~ <:,ll_rll ;_,.oil '-""lb.; I J~ 'i~ J.,.:.i.; .:.,1 ~ 'i2004 i~ J J,~
~1 ~ L:?; Jl )2:.,. .:.,LS" ..;1 ~_, 14')..;:J ;:.-.-1 ~ .:., y,Lo 8131 Jl_,.-
..::..; LS" ..ili ,<,JWI 4'~ ~ ..:.j _,JI -:.l]; J ;_d )> l.>..o ~ <.,?#

_);.;1 ·rl9I4-I469 • .::.0.11

0
J ":c,;}w <,...-)1 ~~ <J.....JI J ~~ ;~.w ;.;_,...J (40)
- Pamuk, "The Evolution of Financial Institutions in the Ottoman Empire, 1600-
1914.··. Table I. p. 455.

(41) Baeck, The Mediterranean Tradition in Economic Thought, p. 114.

Lewis. Bernard. "Duyun- :o>J}.;).r--1 ~ e>_.J- 200 (:lUI J.J.....il _,<. ~~I r' )1 (42)
e- 'Umumiyye." The Encyclopedia of Islam, Leiden: Brill, 1991, Volume 2, p. 677 . .

123
c/'_,;Z -::...;Ls- cj-11 Jly\11 L!i .bll._,... crJ .\:. : ~t.; ..b,A ~ c/'J.r"JI
y\11 Y'J '~~ ~ '1 JL.;;) c.kr-:l J. ,~_,...:.; c/'1/"1 i~ :P r-l
. ~:C. _,s::,.JI ~ 1..\...J :<:,..')1...)'1 L!Ll.l.,JI
..} :r ,~..} .. cS~
.. Jl_;: \.. c5.lJI
..
.L!_,.J.ll >IJ.....,J o..lll..i.ll ~, :.r rl875 .r..Pl 6

e c/'J.r"JI ~ cF.-i :r L!_,..ill ~ L!~I.J.ll ~ ...:..lJ:, ~ ·~

,j .:r.J..WI ,~ Jyi; Y'J ,\~ 893 ~I 1..\... .~\ ,~ e.J ,;..lll..i.ll
c5..WI ~ )\ .JJ ,<,_,.; ill.. .;..,I~ ;;_;,..,~I ~~J ,:c,;L...:.JI .;,JWI o.;I.JJ
~ J ..1; I..\...J .:<:,; l...:.J I ~ ,.1. lr, ;'J ~ l,-J IJ ~, L,a.::; '11 J .i,J WI ;l,>J I ~

c)! '-2,Y- '-.:..>I.._,s::,.J I --,..; ~ :r '<..!"' (>. A '~I .r)>J ..b _,.w I J !..;;)'I L!i
L!I...W c)! ._jlh.JI :o....;t,:. ..} .Y-J '..?:").>..II c/'lp'll ~ ..b _,.i..JI ,~ '11
- cS>
- -
<.2} __,.;\; L ) ...., ~\II vL. _;...)I, vi.. _,s::,..ll e"Y- ~ ,J')U;;..... '11
JjJ ..U...:..... u\.;1} ~l>.;l :.r ·~~ :C._,s::,..ll ~J ,.J.I)I vl)..li..o ~ ,j
~I L!i .!.liJ>) ,j .w)I J-4>-i l..;/ :JL; <._r.:>- (Inalcik) ~~I '-:-'L,\
)»- :.r ~ '1 .,..-L,-JI J'.>\.<:;.... '11 ~ iyb:- A L!LS' ~ \11 c.S.iill JWI
(43)"Jl::.i.ll ~ ,j .C..,ftll

.J.i.JI JJ.l;..,J The Bank of England 1_,:1,.;1-!.L "->01.,;. ~l b\:.:..-1 J.J....ll t')l JL<o.:l !'"'J
:_,k;l •JJ.UI
- International Monetary Fund (IMF). International Financial Statistics, CD-ROM and
Yearbook, 2004.

c) 8325.7 Jl.r-J il874 il.. c) 204.8 .ct I_,:.L.:.;k J""Wl <lp:ll /'"' _,.:_;.. _,;.ci; !'"' .l.iJ
e'UI if<,_,:.. ;c_;s" il877 il.. .:r..UI ~l _);:.JI ~'JI if 0LS' .(100 ~ 1694) i2004 il..
J.l.i .l.iJ i)l_,:.. _d- ~I e'UI 0~ "->ct.,,l 01 JP .WI.$ c) Jk:-)'1 ~I
:_,k;l d.:..,;~ i.J.>., '! IJ.. 01 _d- ~I Jy>- )IJ 1:..:y Pamuk !lyLJ Ozmucur J_,5" y j}
- Ozmucur, Suleyman, and Sevket Pamuk. "Real Wages and Standards of Living in the
Ottoman Empire, 1489-1914." The Journal of Economic History, Volume 62, No.2,
June. 2002. p. 30 l.

(43) lnalcik, Halil. "The Heyday and Decline of the Ottoman Empire.", p. 369.

124
 ~1.:-JI "":--PWI C:f.J ~LOll :L.~L..
.~ 'i ~~~ ;;JJJ.JI ~.r ~L,; ~" (1563 /970 cjy) W~ ~ Jl>

~ ~1 4 ... ~UI
44
( )"..:_. IJJ..i.,..l ... ..:..

. r ·<"'il ...w 4..;w..JI

c.!. UW . <,.Jr c -II J 4..;.4]1
1-1r.'.')iJ <,-~ •
; J b 'il
. ..:..;lS"
~ r-1 ~ ...l..:J ,..,.\...i5 .)1 l~l:;;...l ~ ·IJj)l .r.? 0l5" ..ill (45) .l:JJJi
'<..r.::? r- r.<- .J..;....,; ) ~\.; JS" :/ J yo.. J 0l5" J. '~ WI~ ~
y-}- (46J .~I) ~..l!.ll .JL...o1 ~ 'i1 ~ ~ .Jr- 0K.)'~ ~ r.lJ
0~ .r.J.':>Lll ~~ L..~ r V"~UI 0~1 J J.J"L ..:;_,\~ ;,\.All 0\
-:D.; •l.r.- <IJj}l .r.? e:-"\..; \•. a·,ll 1-4-J ~J.) .:_,.) ;,i,li ..r'~~l

·~I~ 0.>::!~1 ~ .;JI u!_,..l.rJIJ j>.J.::ll JK;i ~ c?A

~ J..i J ,..,lSJ::...., ')~L.a.. J .-.::...i J c?i J c,fJ.,.<ll J ~ 4..;:. / e:-"i L.S
i)~)'l ;,\...i5 cjJ <,_..,...JI [.J)I J ._,.,L )i -:1Jjj 0l5" J..iJ .-...l..ts-1 .)1 _,..~1
.• 1,_]1 ._..k <,~IJ 4._:.;.4.)1

\;;_.,~I ¥y ..::.;~ j 1.;1 <,_,...;;]1 "-'} ._..k .J;t..WI ~ ~ ~ L..

4..i..,a.J I ._..k , <;:-.; _,...; J ,~ ..l!.ll ,~\.; J ~ 0 J..J.:,:. cr. I 0l5" ..ill I..iJ
o.\.Al ~ ~ 'i J..i <,, I..L.::... 'i I :c...h; ~I 0 i y-}- .;;J,L.J I :c,>.:.J <,~I J <,> J\>- ~I
;),! .:.r::--1.; JJl>..oJ ,..::.;~1 ·~ ~ ;;JJJ.JI ~J ~ r.l L.. ~~ chu
l..L..::..>I 0_,..:+,: 0"""w..JI .r.J.':>Lll 0l5" 'JJ~I ipll J ·~J 4r-
t"IJ~ ~! 0).~...1; cr...UI t"4~J 0~ lylS"J ,;;JJJ.ll ~ f.r.?
l :i::- ~ .r.J. ')L] I e:-"1 .jy WI 0 l..,J..... ~ j J:... .;\ y-}- .~L.. L..::l IJ

:..i '-'"'} 'J~f LJ,,)) ,";..~!" ,t-;4 .;w (44)

- Lewis, "Ottoman Observers of Ottoman Decline.", p. 72.

(45) Saunders, John J. (ed.). The Muslim World on the Eve of Europe's Expansion, p. 15.

:ja;l."'_,.:yS" ";;Jl.../ Cr'<r<}'J~f ol.i::....l (46)

- Lewis, "Ottoman Observers of Ottoman Decline.", p. 75.

125
C>IS d.ll \:UJ...UI '->J~ it..;.,.~ -.:;...;J i*!...U ~ ~ ,~ t_l>...UIJ ..:;b. _pl~
\,~ r C>IS <.>.lll 0-'WI J~ ,~~l;:>-IJ ¥ )1 y I~ C>l 0-' _;.. ':!
' '
c:r.J.'>UI <.>...U ~ y,. ~ ~ J. ,I.J.;.>,.; IJ_r2' ~IJ il»JI ~ c;;UI .j
-,..;w 'i1566 ._j C>i..,J.... ol>J ..l,.,J ~}J r-"'>':/Jl ~it..;.,.')\] -.:;...;J
oJ..WI I' s a;·; ..:..;IS cr..lll ,.LA{:; I ..r.f- c:r.J.'>UI 0-' .r>- ;.;~ ~I ~
...!.ll; .j 0 .r.i-..r.. lyiS L..~ ._,:> ,~1 '-k.Lli ..... JL.... ~

~)J .• \Jj)l _,5J :UJ...UI .~ :i.Ja.:..;\ 0-' ~I Y.WI ..::.SJ .ill l.l5:."J
.\A51J .t:...\ r+-"'l .IJj)l C>IS) \.k.;JI ~ ..!.l); t.,?_,h:.; ':!\ ~~ 0-' C>IS
lyiSJ ,(~UI W'l>JI _,...':II .j Jl>JI ~ <)IS W) il»JI il..l .:JJJ.--'J
~ ~L;. <)l ll..> <)\...;. 0-' <)IS .~IJ ..::;~ YJ JI.J..o>l.)! \,\.:..:...1 C>_,l.....;
<:,JWI ..:;L..}JI C>l ~ ·~A~ 1:. ; <.IWJ ~ o)>! >~J C>W
,<:Jl::ll '->J.JliJ.r>- '-"',UI C>_;ll .j >)_,...ll .)! o~l '-':-l>JIJ 'oJpl
:.r wy 0r.? t~ c!> J :C,..L,... ..:;IJJ\:... .)! \,~.:..:...1 .l)jJ ~ .)! ..::;,\

4-'l ._,:> ,.r>- t'UI 0_;)1 ~ wL.:. :C...JL.... ~WI cy. ~~J .o.LiSJI
.<.,?'- C>IS ,~ _r..j)l Jy .!....:J ').?.'':11 ~I ~..L; 0-' .)! x.-;; ..:..;IS
14

0-' 4-o->> ~I t:Jt.,...ll o>I...:....IJ ,;_ a>-:. ...,......,~~ j<-1 0-' o.:kL il~l
'->J> ~ ~ }J oWIJ .L...WI ~ l.J.;J <•')<.>.f"-l ~J ....,......\:... cy. J')l.:.
'JJ..u <.>>l ll..> J ·I*! ~I .U: ._,P} L.. >" J ,.;:,....jj\11 J\ ..::;~ _;.J~ it..;.,. ':II
ll..> 0~ ..jj ..;:,.. _,»JI <.1',11 .j j.L!JI ~ L.. .)!J ,o.\£.JIJ <:Jt.....ill ii...WI .)!
t_L,..; J o_,.;)I )I...!.;:; I ,:c,;l.lll .:;.r.-' .j ~ ClJ.J..I.,.:. cr. I ~ t.,?.lll ~I>"
.j ,.r= .j ,o.J.... WI ..::; L.. ) .••.J I 0-' ..!.l); ..r.f-J , :i..,lW I ..::; \.I .r.)I I .j i lkJ I

(47) Inalcik, Halil and Dovald Quataert (eds.). An Economic and Social History of the
Ottoman Empire, 1300-1914. p. 74.

(48) Ibid.

126
 1491
.(i 1517-1382 ;_,922-784) u-5".r.JI d,JUI ~
:i.;J _,1 lr. )'I i \.,>- :y -.,.; ~ ~ J _,.,a.l I <,? _r.:.....l I ~ U I ~~ ..ul
i f ~I.; .~JJI~ •:C,...~I~ :C.,..~ ':/IJ ;;_,~La;:;':/ I~ :i.;~l~ :<_,;..LJI
cr. ..U I ...,.~I _,.,a.l I ; G.J :;_,.__.,1 ~ '.1.l... c_Gi ~ U ~ 0 _,:A; 0 l5" <,? ..U I j>-JJ I J, l,a...
~~ ;_.,l;:]l iJ~L.a..JI .)! 0}~~~ ,~lj) .:_r.,>-':>WI 0~ lyl5"
,~UI .l_r.- •:i.;_;S"r!l ;_.,~I :i.;k-- ii..UUI ~) J,j~ ·r.S.r'- \11 ~ _,.,..\~
~...:.._,: ,:;_,~1 Jl.WI .)! _,..;, ~ 0l5"J .~1) ~ ..).>- .:_r.,>-':>WI
il,>JI ._).>- :_r">>J >~ J -.!..l)W, ~ r-l~ (SO)J)..JJ ~Lk; 0~_,.:.1 ~~
:y _)~\II 0~_;)1 "C ~ ..;..;l5" <,?.lll J.WI~ 0jl.<ll ~':/~..:.;~I~
r.S _r...J I ~ U I :y ._.; L.; 0\ ;;_,~La;:;':/ I~ :c,; J\>. \1 I ~ JJ,j Jj ~ . i ')\....,)'I
......; ~)ill dl; .j
~~ 0.J..r.. ,_rs- :yl:ll0_;ll.j 0.J:'..JJ.J\II 0l5" ..uJ
:i.;J_,blr.)'l i•w ii..UUI
.;J .JJJ I .j ~ ~ :y J5' 0\ .J..l:; 0 l5"" ~ .0 ~ l_,; I~ i..o>~ w .J :<_,; L.!.JI
•I ~II..U. :W
.1 .r-' ~~~ .r 'li I~· '0\
•. .Y'""' "'r u--
- I... II
~
· 0l5".J
:.r
1511 " .•. .ll
c;:-- W.J.1""-"
..::.; l5"_rJ I ~, .j ~ ~ L. ._).>- J _r=J I.J , l,W I '-:-"WI '-:"'b......,\ • ':/ .J
.:i.;J_,blr.)'l .....;L....p! ·~t:.J .j ~ j-'.J .:(,)~':/1

I~ ,;J.JUI t_l.O .J \11 :y ~1.::...... l_,.;l5" .:r...UI .WJI <,....;..:.;I> I>.)I ..ul
jj.J .¥1 ~WI 4-_,; 0y~.J ·~ i f 4.,; 0Y.fi <lJb Jll...J
..:.;~l;S" .j 4-::J! i)....:)'l ~c) I "•1_,..\11 l,l_,.." i f ..:..>~l:S:.JI L:?~ .j ..::..> ~
.:l _,L. ~ )2:J ~.J .~ ;:) .j ;;.u _,1 lr. )'I ..;..; l5" ..i.:.. cr.~ I :y ~~

la,\ ~.k;i .58 -257 J"' cJ<L. (;:'C.)""'~ _,..:.J L.f .d.- JJ ~J.!.L;. ,A ._.;,_,....,JI -~J.!.L;. .:_el (49)
- Khadduri, Majid. The lslamic Conception o[ Justice. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins
University Press, 1984, p. I 89.

(50) Inalcik, Tlalil. "The Heyday and Decline of the Ottoman Empire.", p. 324

(51) Tlodgson, Tl1c Venture of Islam, Volume 3, p. !58.

127
 '
.J,A:-JI 4; _;l.; .)1 ..:,~_,.....,ll lA.,..-. 0J~\ ~; ..W ,:...SWI WI
~ ~J '(il563 ;_.,970 .jy) ~~ .jkl ~~I .':}y. ~ .y
'(il648 f_p,I058 ~ .jy) ~ Y.§J '(il616 f_p,I025 .jy) c,?_;L,.>i
;_.,I 089 J y) er-' _;l..a>- ~ J '(i 1657 ;_.,I 067 J y) ~ '-I"' G.- J
4 IJ.lS'\ ..li J (
521
.(i I 767 -"/1179 ..}y) ~L ..4;>... c,?Jl. J (i 1679

cr ~l:JI ~ )1 ~ly.ll ~ ,~[;,. J .:l_,l.JI ~ ~ iJJ.rJ>

..,.;;:JIJ ~IJ ~I JyA>- ii;:>-IJ J..WI .Jl ~WI IJ.lS'i LS ...!.ll;
~II J I~ ':11 J '.6.;;,; ;;,j_,;'ll
r.- '-'- 1..0; ':,11 ...
~J
--.JI
. .r"'" .r. _,.. ..;. - <-Y'
L.i u-
I '·

..li -.:..;IS ..:,IJ..ll j!,~ ..:,L,JTJ ~I J;)o 0\ ,;:)- .:c,bi)J_.,)IJ ~I~

~ ,..:,.j)l ..!.l]; J~ ~L.!...ll ~_;_,11r.~il J •)¥ :;,.,r::..o ~~
.0G '-?; ~ c.?i JL>>l 0~ ",..-JI .r ~~
'
'-?,~~~ .kl.k.;~i :~L...

j>LS::JIJ :C,..~)II i,J"'-',11 J.u ~ J "_,........ J.;:- y 0\ ~I .y 01S

.); _,..L ~ ..:, J..l>- cr ~ ,;;.J I..W IJ J ".).:;.',I I _,....J I c,? ..\>1 J ':1) .,r ~ ':11
.o_,.........JIJ i~l ..::,\:;,.;]1 L..,... "'}J ,~ c,?>L.a;:;"liJ .,r~ ':11 c!'}I J
..} it... JJ~ i ~ (~..li.ll) ~j!SJI i_;..JI..} d..o ~I -.:..;IS 'J' jJII-4J
..::.> LA,_,..:;) IJ --.ll _r'>.J I ~ J , i l1:.J IJ 0 y l4.11 i> L_,.... .J-::"' \; J;)o cr >U I I..L.
.~lr.JI.y L...r.)-J ~I ~I ~YJ ,~IJ ~1_p ~IJ

.w ,..!.l]; -P ·~J ._;L..>j"ll )~ 0~ J..i.::. L.. -P lyiS ~1,;

~r ~ -.::..;_,::;1 ,J_,.JIJ ¥1J)I ..::,~ _p....il J ~,~ _r.? ~ ..::,.;..~>-

,)0;1 <,?JL-:.1 ,\) J.- cu-~ (52)

- Meyer, M. S. "Economic Thought in the Ottoman Empire in the 14th-Early 19th
Centuries. Archiv Orientali, 4:57, 19X9, p. 313.

- Lewis, "Ottoman Observers of Ottoman Decline."

128
~WI;_;!~.; ..:...;LS'J .:C......IJ '5_,::..:... Jr' ..J.>-1_,.1 .L.JlJ ,Jw\IIJ i);:.::ll J
cr ;;..J.A:.o" (Lewis) cr.:) .!.lJ ~ .....;? I l.S , ~ _,l I .J _,..,.,J I J if Jl.., )'I
,\,_I>·; j..a.i1J _,5\J c?1 ..:...;LS' ;1 \~m1 J i);:.::ll ~ ulpll J5
)ly...ll JWI ey ..~.;_;.o.]IJ ·~ 4....0J~I &JI cr ..~.;_;.o.ll ~ c?#J
''
31
WI
" .'-'~- ..:;.,L;J\,.]1 cr~
· "' •<""\ ~
loJ.Z ~· . ~J
\, ,,1 ~
'II

r.>- cr \.:J I Ic.?~ I r.>- <) \.:J I .J _,ill J E" lj" .li e:!' _,J I I..i.., 01 yj-
J ..bl_,>.;'ll .j ..bl) )'l..i \~I ~ ~ '1 .!.l]; '-:"'~1J \c?>")\,..JI
J5 ,;..~......i..iJ ~ '..,bi)J~ ...,.._;~ cJl .<,>.:.]1 t..LJ .,_~1 ..:;.,')\...,..]1

d..i.., c>>1 .li J ·i WI ,\..i}J J ;;_. \11 •1.:: ~\I , _;i_,..JI cr ili lSJ-" !l_;; ~ .!.l];
,..:;.,l5J.:;.._,JIJ il,>JI ~ ey\1~ .J_,....;JI ii..WIJ ,:W,...UI ul_r2]1 ...,..;~ c)1

J...r--' -~I .:; L; IS:..) cr r-"") ~ 'if Jl... )'I ~WI ~ \.k:..... I i ..!.>- ( f ')l....a.i
..::.> r.- ._;ll ~L:....all ;.J_;JI _;I.J- ~ .J~ ~UI "-~IJ ~I.J)I ;.J_;JI
;c,..l::...]l ..:;.,L;K., )'I 0\.k::.,:..l ~ JA.l ..Ji.:L,JI J ~ ;J.>.::.o..ll ..::.>~'1 )IJ ~J.JJ1 J
il,A]I ( f p.; ;;..§>JI ~ \..... \~l,.-]1 ~l>...JI ii..WI .lr.- ~

·~ c5.UI ~I k..all 01 .~L. ClJ} .) "-: ..;:....\_; 01 J.:..- c5.UI .JJ..U~

M M M M

.JLS'J .> y:- J .U J.; ~ .Uw .J ~ 01 ~ '..,bi~..UI ul.o §>JI i~ .Jl ~

4;..o <)~ ~ \...;)J •4:--o <)~ ifJ\....., )'I ~WI Jljl.o ~ J ..,.._;ly .!.U.U
.~1 J ;..,y..b l.~.o1

.) cR ~ •t,..:.:) I _;;_jA::l '5..,.._.J I lS _,A} I cr l..~.>-1 J ~ c.? .U I '~I .J1

; .I _,ill ...r" J .).... .) ~ .!.lJ .u \I~ <.,.; .J.:.o '-:) J 1 lS }-" <.,.; w,J I .,_.) y..b Ir." )' I
._?-J ' Ji 1868
14
i~ J .kA> %2 Jly- .JLS' ~_;::ll .r-"~1 ~ :i.;t:s:.IIJ

(53) Lewis, The Middle East: 2000 Years of History ... , p. 177.

ill; J .841 u" •(i 1940 J_,.,;l::..-1) I ."',;.A.)dl" :.j ;Jt;.. :r L;L eL,.-; <;~I crL:;i :r (54)

.)4-Jc!=
- lnalcik, Halil. "The Rise of the Ottoman Empire. , p. 369.

129
 " ~ ~ ~ ~
i1sso i~ c? .~1 ..::.J.....I -~ :;sT'-" ;,..u •; c.!') -;,..L. '11 WI
;__,h,.JJ ~WI 01~1 J .J\ l,); J ...1.:>-I.J ~~...~.:>- ~ .6:- ..~;:- y,. ~ ~
•J.}> 0-'~ i1860 ~ ":1 1 ~~.WI..:K...JI ·~ tJ_r.il ~ ~.J (ss):c,;w..JI
.)!.J i 1870 J r5 180 .)1 J-a.,J ~~.WI ..:K...JI .1 # J }> ob jl .w
32623 .J 21500 0-' ~ j>\ i.>IS I.L. 0\ ~ .(3 J.J~I) i 1913 J r5 5438
r5 401977.J 85170 .J i~l OJ....JI J ~I c_,;;t... J ,)1_,:.11 ~ r5
-~.Y'\11 i~l ..:;..,l;_'l_,JI J
,~ol-.ci'li.J ~4 ":11 ;;_,-UI 0-' ~lS:.JI :C,....L- \11 ~I , y:- .J i.J.>. '-'1
cF- ..U '~I J _,.i.>- ._,;>) i.J.>. .J 'J.A__....ll ..,:-::_r4ll i l1:.J I .) 1 o l.O )I~
.~..~:;.. (>_,:;..-. J ~L:;)II ~~.J ''-'~ t!' .J J ~J}>I.r.'?IJ ~ol-.ci'll '-)'.II
.)1 ,~.r.JI.J ~j\i]l Jy:.o <)Xi...,...;~ .)1 •c:r.::11_;::....J\11 ...J; <..>>1 ..U.J
...J y'- ~ ;~ ..::..._,.i.; 4')j ,~ .jll uiy>..WI ._?-.J .uiy>..WI <)Xi
~ ~ .;)j d.ll ...,..sl_r4]1 i4J i~l ul.<;.l..WI 0-' i'""l..tll ~ )y..ll

~ 01 ~ ( .:;L,;Z.J c_L:;)II ..::..>I.Jo\ ~ JW ~ 4.-I...G.::...I i.>K.)I~

56
1.

i.J.>. ..!.>- L; ~ .J 't,? _rW I if l..all t.LkAJ ~ ~\ J _r4)1 J>.]\ ..U .j;) I t.LkAJ I
..:;..,l.-l:.., ,1..!.;1 ~ •J~ ":11 .,...-L::-JI ~I ...,...;~ .)1 ,...JIS ~ , y;- .J

, ;~ ..:;.,IS_r.il ..::..._,.i.; .ill .i~l ..:;.,IS_r.il u-::-"\.; ) LI.J Jlk.; ~

J.:,JAJI ._,.J..k:;; ..:;.., L,;Z c.!'.J , <l k.J I 0-' ~.7' .)1 [.b.:; . ::..> L,;Z i J.>.:...:i ..::...; IS.J
, i._.ci ')\] ~ l..all .J ~I J) I i.J.>. WI ..::...L:..; .ill d ~ .J .~ l:J I J WI u..,\.; 0-'
~ , _,.;.; i.>K. )I~ ~ ~ Ill \~.;}>l.r.' )II u~l,::>-1 il.;~ L _,:.II J
•J.J..tll J_,.JI J WWI ~ i.;>l!.J ,;~ ~t.;.J ~} ~J~.J ~L:..,
iol;_j.J '-:J.J..UI i.;WI.J L" _,:.II J ~Jybl.r.')ll ~ iol;_j ~ .J.>.L.;.J

(55) See table Ill. 21, Tn Rostow, W. W. The World Economy: History and Prospects. London:
Macmillan, 1978, p. t 52; sec also Quatacrt, ''The Age of Reforms. 1812-1914. , p. 804.

(56) Faroghi. "Crisis and Change.''. p. 207.

130
 ~1913 ~\.. ~ 1870 ~I.. ..u.,JI

40770 15554 w;
63378 18876 t,;WI
- - ~
. ~ _,.,ll
.
66822 7678 """f) I
18873 6429 l,l~!
70156 10731 \,.-))

5438 180 LS·

• .J'
32623 21500 i~l ;;.sJ....Jj

401977 85170 ~r~l ;~I ..::>4':1_,31

-.::..> l; \,: -,?1 i I..G.;:... I :_r cT' \.:... ':1 , JS0 I , L.,a;:; ':1 ~ :u.l..:.J I -.::..> l;lJ I '-:"' L,<- .j
J:.:-.- ._.w .J.LlJ ' '·. ,;,11 -,?>L.,a;:;'ll e" )I ~ c.r"Y. J..~;. u....J ,;(;..\.:...

,(4 J_,~l) il888 .j .kA> J..!-y, C>_,}... 50 l?J .j ~I c.\:;;l.JIS ,Jl!.JI

415_, ,L.; )J o~l 4.5J.....JI .j Jl_,::ll ~ J..!- y, C!_,}... 275_, 76 ~ l..~
,.iJ:_r::JI ..;.,~l:...,dl t_l.W .j_, 1'9)41_, ;~I..;:.,~ ':1 )I .j j..!- y, C> _,)... 478_,

i~-' ..;.,'l'YI :U.....Iy, J...o.' ;;__.,_;. 269 .kA> ..b:- y, C>IS 'il913 i~ ~

(57) Inalcik, Halil and Dovald Quataert (eds.). An Economic and Social History of the
Ottoman Empire, 1300-1914, p. 51-52.

:)~\ (58)
-Maddison, Angus. Monitoring the World Economy 1820-1992. Paris: OECD,
Development Centre Studies, 1995, Table 3.4, p. 64.

'-:' .T" >W-! .k; ·"""fll :r .;:,b)}\ • .,._., i~\ ;;.sJ....Ji J ~\ c_l:c! _/\b.;\ 0~ ,tj (59)

,LJ) ,j ~ .U 'i 1888 J _,.1>.; ,\_;.L,.;! .:..;l5" 'i 1857 il.. ,j ..::>r- .;JI J~ ':II
J_,J.>.;J ·4'1..1.:..,. '-:'L.,.. .}>- <,JJ~\ >l_,..ll )~ ·~ .)! 4-l,_,.,..:;J """f)l J ~\:..all
0_,1.. .:..;l5" 0\ ..w ;, )~ 0 _,1.. 2050 J! Jo.ill :c:...:;\ :r """f) I .;:,b )J ,,:,), jl 'i 1890 i[y

:),;1 ·i1814 il.. J .k.i.i ''J~

131
e::'l:JI J ~l..a.ll wL. ..;:..;l5'3 <
601
.lf:...r. L,S"; J JL..JI -r 11ooo JIJ>
6 1
<.;w...JI<.,
. ur'-1 r.,'ll..;:..;l5'W- J < ' . i 1939 <-!· .kA.i ~Wt.,. 13 ..,rlk-.'!1
· , if r 'li
~_, , 4::,;:-1;;) -f ..\;j ~_;.!I lS _,.<)I ..;:..; l5' , ~I '-?, l..,a.::;'j I eP) I I..L. J
¥4 'l I <,... l..\11 ~ o> y.- ~ <,... L..i ;c,....,i 40')\;k c_i;;)' I '---') K;
l .• 1_,..., ..!.>- ~ ~l.,a.ll_, ~IJ)I ~ ; 3 4oJI ....,.._;~.)),~,WI_,
62
<

r1sss rlss?-1881 r1sso -1s11 r1s6o-1ss1 ris4o-Is3J ill!

275 290 275 223 190 W}
103 98 94 70 50 L,;Wl

478
6 4
375
3

282
2
187
2
I 08
". !;_,JI-
tJI ,-"f]l
141 105 115 75 60 L,IU.,)
258 250 224 130 110 t,....~J

50 47 40 30 20 tJI '1,5_.;
~I
76 78 85 121 120
;~I

.:-4l' _,J I
415 440 338 137 78 ;~I
~~I
-_ _,.

- Desai, M. "Demand for Cotton Textiles in Nineteenth Century India." The indian
Economic and Social History Review, December, 1971, p. 337-361.; see also
Bairoch, Paul. "International Industrialization Levels from 1750 to 1980.'' The
Journal of European Economic History, Rome, Italy, 1982, p. 269-333 ..

(60) Rostow, W. W. The World Economy: History and Prospects, p. 475.

(61) Ibid., p. 476.

(62) Inalcik, Halil and Dovald Quataert (eds.). An Economic and Social History of the
Ottoman Empire, 1300-1914, p. 888.

:J-LA...il (63)
- Rostow, W. W. The World Economy: History and Prospects. London: Macmillan,
1978, Table IlL 19, p. 47 and Table IlL 24. p. 164-65

132
~ .r >~>jl_, ''-?J~I !..1 _,.....JI JL>->[ c.>>i ,):.11 ._}>- i:,j ~ c_rS_,
).r')il_, ,j.':JI ~ ~ _)[ '-:"'jJI J ~JJ <.,?__,...,ll_, <,?_,..I j.':JI
>J_r-..]1 .I ..WI ..:;.,~ Jt.......i c?tA.;..;I c.>>i_, .:c,;L.;,Ji ~~1_, ~\J)~

..:oiJ>WI Jiy-.1 J ,~L.;,Ji ~~ J~\ JW[ _)[~I ~w.JI_,

>i.rll J..J:W,.. ~J..~:; .J_,.,.;L.;,JI ~[_, .• 1_,...]1 ._}>-~I r-#IY"'"'t .jJ
'-:,.ol:.ll .JU.\.JI .JW .!ll; J r-f'W ,~1 ~~ J..>J.f--'-' ,"-:,J}li
~ 1 )~~1 .JI..l\.JI 4-..1 .,,I JL. <.,?J~I 0\_r..JI 0i W" ·<.S.r'-~1
64
..;_,

'-')."-' i1870 i~ J .1...<> J'lJ> 0_r.l... 49 ~w.JI (..)"" l,?j ..:o\J,L._., ;_..,;
~.....;; u~J,w J '! _,, 0 _r.1... 971 _, , J'! _,, 0 _r.1... 424 _, , J'1 _,, '-' _r.1... 541 ..,

..:o~'!JI u~J,w )'!_,, '-'.r.l- 403_, ,JI_,:ll ~ ;..G.:...ll ;;.sJ....Ji_, ~wt_,

(..)"" .1...<> 4.:..J ~ % 1.5 tJ \.J I <.,? _,;..J I r:J I J ..w 0l5_, .(5 J _,~I) ;..G.:...ll
,[;;..~:;_;{'!I 'i1913-1870 (..)"" '-:..... ~J~I_, ..!.>~\ J~ ,..:;.,IJ>WI ~
·II
r-""'
J..w 0"'. tA.;..;'! .r'"'"'
I~·IL, .(5 J ..WI 1.:.:1) .
.) J . .r' ~')\ LS- - .J' <.,?'
·c....,;;.;
. J LA..
Cr' ..w'1 0l5 (65J lSJ~ ftS' ..:;.,'11.>- Cr' c)l..u L,?; ..:..J.J; ..ill ,..:;.,IJ>WI .)
- - -
(..)"" ~L.;,Ji ~JJ.Ir.)ll ~ < .0y...UI ~ >l...::P'!I J~ (..)"" ~
661

·r el:ll_, r Cr'l!JI .:_,:; _;JI J ~I :c,...JWI ~>l.a:>'!l ~~I ~

(64) Pamuk, Sevket. The Ottoman Empire and European Capitalism, 1820-1913: Trade
Investment and Production. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987, p. 48.; and
Quataert, "The Age of Reforms, 1812-1914. ", p. 830.

(65) See Pamuk, The Ottoman Empire and European Capitalism, p. 149.; See also Quataert,
"The Age of Reforms, 1812-1914.", p. 829.

(66) See McGowan in Ina\cik, 1994, p. 724-29. See also Quataert, "The Age of Reforms,
1812-1914.", p.762.: and Faroghi, "Crisis and Change.", p.467.

133
 rt913 r"' rts7o r"' ill I
"
2.1 1328 541 W}
4.2 2454 424 t,;Wi
2.8 23 7 "~_,)I
2.7 785 255 i:ll .-4)1
2.0 485 208 l,l~!
3.0 783 216 \,-;;

1.5 94 49 i:ll .L,S";

2.3 2555 971 ;..1.>.::.,.)1~1

4.2 2380 403 ;..1.>.::.,.)1 "'-'~~_,.II

·rl913 cP. J~>'~ r l ~\.:.)1 0~ '))>- ..::.,L;~ _;1__,:; '1 ;:,\])

..s_,:-..l ~_yZ ..::..>~__....:, _;. 0 ~ 0\ J.....;. ~I JY. 'JI cr ..::.,L;~I 0}>
W..WI
-- .._,
.r.- II JY. '11 rYt:'J
'• ~ '- II >W'll .r-'J.
·- I .Ul .~ · ._.._.:JI 4..!.........
_

..!>J~ e- J_r.'l.::.....!.) ·~I J~ .) i~l JUIJ ;~I _d- JL....ll

~ Jl_,.:ll ~ .lW 151J 130 .)! il490/!489.) 100 '-'"" -i_d ..::...l,JZ
.lW .c:..J~ %51) %30 ~ ~Li.;) A I.L.J •.JJ'll <:,...)WI '":"'.r-JI
cr J.i.; '-? lJ I ~)I ..,..S_,..J I J..u...J I ~ <:..... 423 ~ 41;__,1 ;_;.; J ')\;,:.
J~>'~ rl ~\.:.)1 0~ 01 ~~ '"'"}' )~_,:..... .c:..J~ ~1)1 8
_r.;
:;.J...a..ll (67)
- Maddison, Angus. Monitoring the World Economy 1820-1992, Table 1.1, p. 234-
235.
J;.c,- <) <:,l:ll ;l..... 'll o.i.o. .c,- jS; ,<:,l:JI }•..-'lc "'-'l;>l,.oJI ;41! ~'ll :.r ;;lS" ..LiJ
) ....:~~ d;>l,.oJI ~ r-U ,JJ-WI -!.ll; ci o;ySl. r.i- L,l'; ;;1~..; .c1 r.i- .2-1 .J_,.....,,L.
.I.:.. '-'< l:J I

:<) i>;I_,JI i~l JL....ll; ;~I r.i- JL....ll <,i,.WI ;y.-'JI _,..!;y .)! i,L::c..l (68)

134
.j ~ r-l ..!.lJ; .:>t \r l .L. ~ _,; .Pt J ~ t.\..i;/:1 ~ J.:,:. t .1! F I
~L:.::...ll ·~I _,...:JI J...v....l <~_, .~w._,t ~-' .U~\ JJ':"t t_t..i;)
..::;v';1_,J.l~ J~'::i' r ' ~\:J\ ._,. ~).l' -P ~yu_ ~ ..u.; ,~, J
4..:..... i.tit ~_, 'i1913 i~ J 1.,5; J i)'l_,~ 979 & i199o iw <.,J_,JJI
' '
.j \J'I_,~ 5032_, \J'I_,~ 3452 J.LA..o 'Y} cr ..::;t.;L,JI .!.it 4:,> ..::;}_,;
.(6 j_,~l) i~\ ..::;l:_'l_,.ll .j J'l_,~ 5307_, ,;~\ Ol....JI_, L.;j
i_r.; v'll ~L.a::>'ll y.._; ..:..;IS ~r":il i~l ..::;l:_'J_,.ll .:>t i~.;J'Ji ~-'
cr ~) ._,...JWI J~ '::JI rl ~\:JI cr 4:--- .:>\_, ,..::.J )I ..!.l]; .j
·i1913 i~ .j %19.1 J i1870 i~ .j %8.9 .)1 i1820 i~ .j %1.8
169
)

..:r._r..,.l I 0 ).l I .j ~ i} ~ 0'J ~_). .j 1.,5} 0 t l:"" I_,.l I cr 0 IS

~I ;;_,...::; ~~ J')\;.:. <.r ;c. ~I ": ..;....\.; --,?.iJI JJJ.l\ Jts:.;l ~ 'I-'
...::;L..... _;...]!_, ~I ~I_, ~ _,J ~\_,

:c.~~ ,J~-' ~L.a::>'l~ 01~ 'I ~~~ ..::;'JJ.,... t.l.i;)_, ~u1 .:>!
.~1_, :C.~I .:.r.; ._,.WI ~\ 0\) _Y. J. ,~ <,....:.:JI J._,..; ._.lP
J
cr Uil I .)l ,J ~I_, .:r.:'rJ I_, Cr."" jW I cr ~) _,..J I c;J..G QJ.>-1 .1! _,
if~ 'II jS"yo-11_, ;_,_;JI J i ~ ,4:~1 Jkl:....ll J ..::;\jL,::..'II '-:-'\.,........\
•_,..!J cr J.:'I 0 \.5:; \r+l::-> ')\;.:.1 _, 0 ts:...l I ~ ..::; \.:._,:...... ~1 \..... \~ _,J I_,
- Ozmucur and Pamuk, "Real Wages and Standards of Living in the Ottoman Empire
.... ".Table 1. p. 301.
cr..r"WI .rf Ji....JJ '-,.-:JL Jl_,:ll .).< ~.Y-" % 0.1 3 0.06 cf' '-,5 yoJI _,..Ji .;;.?j.J.AA .;:.;\5"
.::-W:ll l.a,i JJ..c,JI e:--"Y-' -cr.r--J13 -:-)\!.11 3 ~J'JI ui_,:.-]1 ,.i.,. .r." cr..r"WI JI..All 3
1599-1590 rl? <)% 50 3 %51 i.JUI ~I <.,...:.ll :_r- .::-1_,.:-JI J~ ~\ JY.'JI <)
rly'Ji <) 151J 130 el-" <,)l? <.,...; Jj Jl_,:ll._.k 1779-1770 rly'JI <)% 51J% 52J
.1914-1910

(69) Maddison, Monitoring the World Economy 1820-1992, Table B. 20, p. 263 .
.\:...~I ~~.rf .1950 il? <)% 27.3 L..; Jj i.J.>.::...ll .::-4':1_,)1 '-.=- ~) _,;J
-~ _,ll .!]J;

135
•4- ~)~I J..".l ~
J). >~;l ~I ..s..U rjYI.. ~ J.,..
0l5' l..lo 0\ JS)..J I ,:r.J .('"i' ~ 0l5' <.,? .lJ I ~I ~I y..l , \'"" _r.?.J d riJ I
.!.::-Y- ':1 " :...;\ ,:r <.,?,..i.J WI .b. ':1 W' '., J\>. )'I ~ _,i ..! y.XS cj d )\ J
70
..t.i 3 < l" .~1 j:.- ~I ~ ..!.Y'.x;.J ~L.ll (r'\ >W .)l <.,?>Y. •c.?

.
'.,(>- I..U I rLA; ':li.J J ll.:.;':JI
.
..:.. ':1 G.- ..;:.....; Li; 3 ifl...::.:- ':11 ,:r WI ~~
..JlkL.J I .a.L ~ c;,_).J I ·~ '-::..>)I J I_,1 L. ..l> .)[ o> y. y ..::..; l5' cjl I
._.;.x;

d~l •? ..::;\.,..')\..,.,[ c:-'Y- J..; ~.J .'-u)olr.)fl JJ\,...;1 .)[..s>11..Lo.J

~~ cf'r ...,_.L,.JI ...,_.L>...JI riJ...;I 0\1 !..!.ll; 0 3 , Jy.; 01 cr 1876-1839)
.•~ wl> j.l; -.J.Lb.;JU ~)I
:u-11 col; 01illl A c) _)k,-)'1 ~~ e'l:JI cr >_,.;.II~ L p :(6) JJ.J.o,-
171l(ii990 iW :WJ.J.il coi/IJ.J.ic)

0 ri913 i~ r1s1o r~ <lj.J.il

1.45 3452 1858 W)
1.63 3833 1913 L,;Wi
1621 - ~ ~_,)I
. .
-

0.40 663 558 -4JI

1.25 2507 1467 L,llk!)
0.88 1488 1023 L,..j)

- 979 - LS·
• J'
1.0 I 5032 3263 i.!.>.:.JI ~I

1.81 5307 2457 ;.!.>.:.J I co 4~_,II

cjll o..!.fll ~ ..:..~ cjll ~.;_,..JI.J 4h.!.:.ll ~)I ~I ..:..l>-1

J~ J J..:>I_,:..JI ~I ..:..':ll>- ~ ,'(;~0 .x; ~ ~ ~I ~..l>\

.125'-"' •J;L.. E" r •.:r..J.IIJ L,;.JJI ':",\ ·<,?>;JWI (70)

=cr r1913j r1s1o .;;-!-=-~WI .:-.i>l :;~1 (71J

- Maddison, Monitoring the World Economy 1820-1992, p. 23 and 194-206.

136
L,?~l J}a::JI ......;; y Jl cj1)I ~L,a::;',ll t:-4' L$~1 ..L0J (n)r..lA::JI_, oJ~L,..JI
-¥1 dl; .}- ~ 0l5 LS.iJI ..WI .._.:> _, .._?1-'-!)11 .J.l.!.:JI ~ c)!J
W M .. ..

f:&' _, ,~ _,)) ~ ...,...,.....1 .jj , _,...:.]I ~). <.} ~ l::' ·~J ., _,; lA.I I ..::.> ~ l,::>- '>'I
.Jj ,l...;T ~J-' LS ,~~~ 1.1> 01l::' ,.-'-!~1 ..::,L,.J.,..;,)I ..::,~l,::;--1 • •. 1; .y
........., Y. , ~ lk,; )I I ~ t.,.... \1 I_, uJ. ')\....]I J ')I.;.;:.... I ~ -~ J.>. c) j- •..Lo;1 0_,5:.;
.jj ~ l.. .:...J.>. L,? .iJ I ._; J\1.;',1 I 0 ).i d.Ko._, .<..,..WI ~ L,a.. ;c. .GJ ~ _,
J ~ _, J..W I cr" _;] ~ ..,...., t.,.... :i.hL ~ y:-_, 0_,~ ~ _, .cr" ~ ?\J cr" _rU
,J _rill ~I .::....;, _rU , ..._,_,..;J I ol> _,;:; ..::,..; l5 \.. J> _, 0_,; lA.II ~ _, 4.$-W I
·t'Jl.!..JI_, ..::.>IJ~L,..J~ rL,.all ~ )~\,; .r.~- ,~1 ~1_,

., L.;.J I ~J _,k l.r.' )II j.P_,1 L,? .iJ I r ilil ) r-1 WI .ili ..L0J
J..i..o if')\..,.. )I I

.j_,;lA.II 0l..,L _, Cr 1481-1451) ~WI .jl!.ll ...L..o>.,. -¥ <.} 4::...k C-'1 c)!
~ ..:;...~ rl5:,.JI • '>' y. ~1_, ..::,\,;.. _,:;AJI 01 ~1_,11 ~ _, ·<r 1566-1520)
..::,\,;.. _,:;AJI c)! ~\...;.JI ..::.>~1 .ili .~1 <.} Jl.>~j',ll_, ~I '-:"L,..
~JJJ1 <.} c,?~ '-:-"'\; <.\\,;.. <.} ~I ~ r.iJ ~~ ·~! Jl t::::' _,::]1_,
·~! cJ!_, 'r .;JI_, r>- \11 _,..,JI_, '-"",;;_, ~! .r-;J l:A:A Jw_, ~ _,11
..h.. _,;....l I _,..,J I <.} ~I j W5:.. ~.r-; o_,;

j \.;..;I .ili 'if')\..,.. )I I r-1 WI <.} .:...J.>. L,? .iJ I r L.a;',ll , ~ er.hJ I ~I j L.,. _,
cr" ~ 01 ....; _, ).2.l I o.1> <.} ~I ~ 0 l5J , .J=' w.J I • 1~1 c)) 0-"_,.;..,alI
~~I L$_,;.11 ..;,..l,l; d\~_, .Jl..A )II c))~ ;c. j')\.\1 ~~)II L$_,;.11

~..W ~WI Jl.=JI ~ 'r ~UI 0_;)1 cj OJJ.iJI ~ 01 c)) o_,i

~)I ~L,a::;'>'l 01 ~ ·<r1687-1648) ~1)1 ...L..o>.,. -¥ ci r1683 ~
L,? ~ L,a::; '>'I rilil .y ~ , L,? ~I ._; yi::J I r ~ .y f:&' • ~ \1 ~ j.<!..J I

:_);;1 (72)
- Issawi, Charles. "The Decline of Middle Eastern Trade, 1100-1850.", p. 409.
- Cook, M.A., (ed.). Studies in the Economic History of the Middle East from the
Rise of Islam to the Present Day. London: Oxford University Press, 1970, p. 308-12.

137
lS...U ~ y. ~ ~J ·'-:" }JI <.r i,LaJI <,?J..>.::ll ~I_,..J i j':All 0') _p81J
c.} ~J ,;;..,.\ ,1\ ~\} ~)~ ~ ¥~1 >)_,..JI .:r.:'L.!..JI
I.L. ~ 0 l5' .,;J .J ~I I.L. c.} ~ r. i ..\.0::.; '-:" }J I '-} 0 l5' <,? ..U I ..;...; ) I
·i 1770 c.} '-:" _,;I...U\ .* ~ t,..... Jf. .1~1 r-lifill <.r >~ t_,h JL....>)'I
~~J 't.\,;...UI ........,.. c)! j._ ' i ~ <.;)_,11_,..)'1 ...:J.a::;i ,.!.l]..iJ ~
~~ J ,<.; _,A::.JI <.,.r)IJ <.,_,.)I <.,_,L.JI o_,.all ..1:~ W f' 4'le-
.::....ili ,.!.l]~ ~ OJ~ J ·'-:"}JI (.)"' o.A:J....!, Wl:... ~I_,; ¥ _rJI 4'~
I--~~- .,; ..;..;l5' -IJ L..J.i')ll ,_,.K.J\ . . I.:..IJ UWI .., .L.J ')IJ
~ <,? - - " . rf ~ -· .J.r ..r.".
,.::,G.pll ~ ..;...i.i.;\ .;JI <.,>WIJ <.,.AJI >)_,..JI ol5' 0~ ,JjS::.,.J .~L...
.•-? ')I c)! ~I '""' t,; JJ ~I ~ '-:"L...,.. ~ ..;:.....,; .;JI .::..~\ J
OJ.,; _;.;:; o>\;jJ ,j>..UI J>\...a.. 0\..ili ~)'I )L>..ll o.L. i f ~ ~J
.::..LS:,.:JI ).•> c)!~~ J. ,~ V""lp')il ClJ> 4-!lZ! J._,...; ~ ._..~I
0" ~)~}' 3 l .~WIJ ~\J)\ <k..!.;\11 c.} iy:::S i_,:t; )! L... ,._,J~\
t.WJ\11 0~ ,~)\ ~J .::..G.~)'~ il,.ill cJ~ .;JI o>..u..::.JI >.w:JI
~ J" <.l G. c)! ".t.kJ I" <.l G. <J' L,5'} ..::..k,..oJ , 0G I~ l:....,..; ~ ~
~>l.a.::il 4 L,5'} ..;..;l5' 'dJ\11 ~WI'-:" _rJI J~J ."~_,...)\ ~JJJl
'-:".rJI Jy.~ 'il914 i~ ~_,;c.} ,..,;.i>.;J <,?..ill LA)) .Jl5'J .~~J
L,5'?. ..::...W .;JI 4....;jfll .::..>1 ..ill .~)S~.ll ~,::; ,<.,§_,...JI L),.all ...,.._;~c)!
''-:" _r- r-l~ ~ y. i.>J.r=--JI '+--lZ ,.1?-l cJ! <.,J_,11_,.. )'I ~ c)!
J..~...<> ~ ..ill d..is:..>J .<.,<" ')L... )'I (:<J l:.l I c.} .l.kl; ..............! ...:..; l5' ,.L. J.-.1 J
.<...1 \,; oJ .r"'-! iJ J...Ll,:. cr, I (.~ _,...;

(73) Inalcik and Quataert (eds.). An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman
Empire, p. 7.

138
 ~.,J_p:::!IJ i.,WIJ ~I JU.~jl :~J~
c) )I dl ~Y-< d-/~1 Clj~~ ci (>L,.~I\ c~ ~)I '-:"~ ':.11 -L>i .:,IS
J .\. . . . \;.- ~~ \~ ~\ ~ ..IJJ •AJ.l -,?>L.a::i'll c/~'1\J c)'J\>-~1
'
.r.JI ~ .jT_;ll ..,.,-)1 :r
JJI .:,\ ~ 'lJ ,J-4!1 ih ~
J; L.
.s-i\10/J\ii ~» 1510~~ ~~i ~ 0 ~ s~i .if~;.\ iJi) :I_}: 0\ ,_,..\ ~
yl. 4;\5:.. ~~\J •• l_pl ~~ lhJ .[5-l JWI] ( Fj 1.: Z:.:,"ji _10 p\)~
t.,_( ...W ,ljj .-1 •. . c. _I L. .\.,, 0\ t-\ ·
_\.II W
r- · J '-1··r i!1!l;- '-F"·II ~ ~ <.7".. r r-:: u- :r
_L.. I< 1,. ~ · . 1.1\ ._j1 1.- .:,t, \.\....')\...., '11 "-.; Cl\ o I.:.· I\ .
r-· u ......- ..;> r- . U""' . • ' • r- ..;-' c!

ry..:ll ~ ~ J.l,ll J_,..i::: .~;WI~ r-lWI ~I J_,AJ .;.:,J ,W.......J

_r}y J.-.;. ~~ J'J\>- (J' J.ili .;,\! 'ti\)\ J ~ _,..\lj_..J (I)<.Sf-':.11

~ ~ '~I )+• .r.#J , I-+" .:,.. r-} 0l:., v' l:JJ ...,.......~.:... v' L..\

_,..All~ ~WI J; r-!WI ~"J "r-L- j> J; ~)~I y.l1' >"~.WI c.>"' (I)
.,I,J.UI <./-\ :/ .jl!liJ .!JJL. cr._,..;\:/ JJ':Jl .""l.. cr-1 oiJJ i...>~J·"i_,.,..:ll )l.. J;
:)2;1
.224J 223 r-'J ~.b- ,81'-"' di: ,~L., cc-/' '""l.. cr-1 ;;-- 'ci'-'yill -
: ; J _,:..]I l.:,..W I , ...w;J r-WI ~ ~ c:' !.,- .c,? _,...:]I _,,I -¥ cr. _rS- Y. \ .1;; WI , ~_,.ill -
.63-3v" di: •(.::>.>} ,<,.LJI ~I
.82-4'-"' .~~: ,~L.. cc-/' ·cr..UI r.# •1.:>! .,)I_;.Ji -

139
~ c.} 4..l:J\ wL.JI 0-' ~J ,J~I J:)all: ~jJ ~ 0-'
v~>\11 ..:J3 i ·r-Wl <;K. ~c.} c.,.W\ 3 .:Ji_;.J.J ~\:.. 3 ."..l..olWI"
c.} .4-i<JI j) 0-' Y"F iJ"'j y..i J....>....> J~ ~~ \w~ ~~ r-Wl y_w1
,4..A:..o J..L.a..o 0~ ~ ~\ ~" '-?JJ.r-<JI 0-' <G) -cr._r....ll 0~1
(2)" .
-~
• '
<.S>• 'I )..l...a..o ",

~L. ..... ) c?l .!].?.. r-l J 'r-Wl .rJ ~ J c.} l.o J5" ~ ~I J..;. .liJ
\'!'.\.; .w ':"'rll ..sri cr J~[..!.LI~ c.} lo.; ,~_,;.)\ l-4! 1..>~1 'll
()IS ..W d.lJ ~ ~.}JI ~\ &-" ~ 0J..L.!.\)\ .La;J\ JL. J..i 3 -c..r.J .I\
-~jl., )'I..;:.,~\ c.} C'l" ~ Jlk:.JI L""\J c.}I.ZJ if~\~>" ..G:-Y.
, ~I J r-W I <; K. ..;:.7" ~ .) J\1 I 0J~I c.} :C.Sl,.J I .r'\1 I c::.......J l:.;J
i )I_,::.. _d' ..;:., t; lJ I 0[ .~_,;.)I I-4J ~ _,..J I <..~"'" t.;.J I t 1.k.4J I >.*-" .I; l<- JJ
.t,;t,.....t ;J[,... .\:.!:;.....~ ,<:t::SJIJ ··~~~ J\..!.::j\ c.i ~ rJ.JI 1.1. ;r J4t>'
,l,;t,.....l c.} <}1!.11 c?r \11 ~~ '(i976 ;_..366 c.}y) .ji!.ll ~~ -4-<- ~
ci)I c.} ,<;l::SJ\ 3 ;.1~\ 0 3 ~ ~_,.a;~\ ()IS ,~l:JI ~)I ~ cr-1 3
~~J '~JJJi ~ c.} 0.' k Jl 0-' ~I J.rll <.S.r-' .!]L;.;. J..; r-l c?jj\
()~ >~'11 .Jl y.J.; ~ ..c:-y..'lJ (4) •.)}>'1 ":- JJ.J~ ..;:., ~\ J~ J 0-'
()IS r-Wl ()\I \.k.....J\11 J_r.JI c.} Wt.; J..; r-l...:;l; ~\~It"')\
~ .j>\11 ~ 01~1 ;.\) lrl-=: 0\1 )t,...\,_,.a; ~\ ..sJ.J <JIS3 ,(;;~
~\:.. cr -);')\> ,41; ~ ~IS _d' r-WlJ ~l::.SJ\ 3 ;.\~\ 4J .r""' 0i
0-' ,~ .l.!.;) J'"' ..W d .lJ \ L:.:i ~)_,:.S::l IJ i _,l.J I c.} i..IZ ..!J~ ~

(3) Berkey, Jonathan. The Transmission of Knowledge in Medieval Cairo: A Social History
of Islamic Education. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1992, p.3.

(4) Nicholson, R. A. A Literary History of the Arabs. London: Cambridge University

Press, 1st ed., 1907, 1956, p. 419.

140
(Sl"~l ...:..,/J "~I )>"J "r}-..JI )>" ~<:,...WI ..::-~>~1
· 'b....\1 ~ \dl ..:;.,L.....,,l{':jl o..i..> ..;:..;\5'
1•. "U.WI
u- -
i-ll"
rY""' ~ ..; <-~ · ,..-- i .lZ -- )
~IJ ..,_k]IJ ,..:;.,l.,...;t;)IJ Jk:..JIJ .L,...,S:JIJ d.,:JI ~ J ..:..LLOJIJ ~IJ)I
~J J...p .r' ..:;.,~,lS'-:11 ,.1> cr ~ .k,;.r. 0l5'J ,01_,.,.JI ~J •\.;;,."JIJ
.u,u ..;:..;\5'J ,..:;.,U. _,k>...JI ~ 0 K. J ,~ ;:lJ ~ J Wlk..ll ~ L; J ,~
0~\.; (>\i~IJ _,..)IJ JJ}I !"!.IZ ~ 0l5'J .~I_,.JI ~ Jy ..::-IJJ.:.ll
r-WJ .:r.'-_;:...ll '-:"')\klj ~IJ ..::-t,;_,...]I '-"o" ,o->.:; (? ')\...a; ''-""' jJI 1-4-J
.J.;:.lZ !li.:.A 0\5'J .• L..WJ ) ' y' cfll u5"LJIJ ,~1 ~WI Jl.r:JI ~ J
.j dJ~I 0J..r"]l .j c?~l .bl..!.:.JIJ JWI ~I 0~ '-:-'¥)'1 .)! y..W.,
6
<l ·':"' ')l... )'I r-lWI

cl;.; c.r- ~} ~~) ~~J .,; _ro-ll .j v~. 1 .11 wL. c.r- •.r:- 0\5')
;;.,; _,50 I <,j) I .:;)J '-,? jj I ~jj IJ , ~jj I cr , W:; ..;:..; l5' W , ..::- ~, lS'-:1 I o..i..>

cr I~ v~'\ ,II 01' l.i.~J .~IJ ~r.-::JIJ ;;,b.~ 401:, ..,_.')l...)'l

;;.,; L.. U IJ <.,!.; _jJ I :u1 J L,Q.,.J I ~.li ..;J I <,~I ..::-w LJ I cr o>!;;...., ':!I
,~ .j ~.l.:--J <,) ..::-t.....L.. !"!~ ~1 ('"" lyL;J ,S+JIJ <,-4liJ
ol,>J I ~ J ..:..LlOJ IJ • L,...,S:J IJ •\.;;,."J IJ ..::- l.,..O \.;)I J!.'
<:,...1J I .:r.> t.,.J I cr
o..!..o J ')\.,:. .:r.> t.,.J I ..!.ll:; .j o)..~...all j5.r' 0 _,.b.; I~1 ..W , l.i.~J ...,_kJ IJ

4---l..Lil "w::,.Ji )>" 1..1.,1~ c.i <r833-813/J>218-198J 0_,.-Wi ...__t "w::,.Ji """"" (5)
i..t.- .j "":-Y- 0lS'J .>1~ .j (r983-977 I-" 372-367) ;JJ.UI ~ .jy...UI 0lkLll
WI..J y.,_;IJ W.} .j ~~J 'p,JI r-lL< .j -:.>L...L,J~ ..:,...-; J...< 1.. <.,;L.) ;...._;," 0.c.
.:d '{"J\..-)'1 r-lWI .j c.>y>-10.c. .j d ........;.JI oh jo. v-:-"\; la.,l t' .UJ .;J,L;_h
:_,];;1 (6)
- Zurayk, C. K. "Jami'a." The Encyclopedia of Islam, Leiden: Brill, 1992, Volume 2,
p. 422-27.
- Berkey, The Transmission of Knowledge in Medieval Cairo ... ,
- Makdisi, The Rise of Colleges: Institutions of Learning in Islam and the West ...
- Tibawi, A. L. "Muslim Education in the Golden Age of the Caliphate." Islamic
Culture, Hyderabad, 1954, p. 418-38 ..

141
0.}.!1 , ; , •. .._.;> .r\!JI 0_;]I , ; , •.
o o .r \0_,) ~) Jly ..:.,..A:;..\ .<1:_,1.
..::..> t..... L. 0 y..IA; I}.J; , ~~ L,... I_,..w 0\ ~ .._.;> _, .""'~')\,...!I r ""'l!ll
(7J. i;'JI
if
I,
c.s- La..\• 0'::'
....;' J)l..,:. o-=-<'
~ 0l5' W!.. , <.(' "j,.._. )'I r-l WI .j ~\ _;:.. <:,..:.:JI _, ~I ).. ..W
.;...\..~.>) .y ~ ,.r.,l\ o•LiS ~ jf- .Jj_, .(.)__,.:.\ Q..\ .j JWI
o-4\_;.. ~)_,.. ;_, I..L._, ,<:,..:.:JJ C}.rJ _)j (.)~1 W' '0' _,J~I i..l."-:!1
,..!.lJJJ •~:~_, .~\ J._,...; ~~ <f La,\ 4:.r.>JI ..::.,.\ •• ,~11_, ..:..>L..~
~I iili I "")1 .j 0l5' ""'J ,~ ~ l...a::i I \... ..IZ f5'\l I <.(' "j,.._. )'I r-l WI ~ \
·0' _,J~I_,
'
~1.:-I.J ~~\ :l,:;l!
.
~~\ t_.J)\ ~ .._;~! _}j (.)~\ ~JJ\ ~\ 0~ JI_;...JI r_):.; I..L.
·~ _,J~I_, i _,J...ll ~ ~ _}! ~\_, ,_)_,\11 0_,_;.11 .j ..:..>~L.. ~I 'i"j,.._.?U
~-' t:):l\ _)j •~ _,..JI 0_,~ JI_;...JI I..L. .y ~~)'I J..l...:.JI 0-" 0 _,s:..,. .Jj
4 J-ly- ~~ 0\ .J..l,;. .oL..WI o..L. _})..:;...~\ ~\ <,..L..\11 ~\ • oh>._,
,JWI :u_,JJ\ r~ ~lb..;\ :if' d.lb.;',li I..L. ci r-"L.. LL..\ rJ_,~ ..:;...~\ .Jj
~~I .:r...,S:.WI i I..l>..:.... I_, "~'J I Jo l5' J y .y U"' I>J I t l.kil I fl& _,
\..!.ll~ ~ "-:::L j,.j ~.J>J _} l o L.o j 'if' l:J I ~ :U _,.,.<.. ~ •I) ~ _;.! o_,.alI
.~J.l\ if' ).WI 0-" ~I CT"'I_,..JI ~t...,:....l _)j (.)~\ L,...

4.1.J..U\ o~.o..U> '-:?..ill JWI ~..UI _;.LA.:;.;\ - 1

r~ e-- Ij <f '-:" ~ W (""''J I ~I y. <,... L,-J I <,...\.:....,.,)I i \.LUI j,J
_) j ;.,s:w I ..::..> 1.1 '.>\)I j;.. (.) ~1 ..W j"' L.. • ~ l..l:.. 0l5' (.)JJ
. I J. WI :U _,J.l I

(7) See Sarton, Introduction to the History of Science, Volume I and Book I of volume 2.;
and Sezgin, 1983.

142
r}-JI_, ~\ j,!_,...; ~ 4>J..!J ~J •'-::-- _,.(,.JI >)_,.JI '-:" ~ c)!
.:>_,;w.JI .:>l53 .l.;>l.,a:;~\ ~1_, ..,....,L..~I ._r.ll "-'l>!J ,~) _,:S:;l\ 3
<1..:.;\ cr .I_,..._, ~ l.;_,;~S_, ~J.:,. l.;)_,l .tW.! c)! ,._.~ ~ •.:>).:...:.

-~ ..::...i.....;. ...\J -.::...il5 ..;JI ,'-:,-o')l...)'l e~'>'~ •).,. .:. 0),i uJ (S) .... ~\ ·~
,,p'>I;,.Jir d)l 1-?M\ c.r-l!ll 0.;11 l.;l~ J :u...u1 c)! .:r.::'w.JI
...\J
.)1 ..,....,L..~I '-:"~~\ J.,..\ r lh j>J_, ,.....,._')\]\ 0_,,;11 J l,.,;; ..:;.,..4;'-
·¥1.:...,.. •); c)!~~~~ c.r- J.!Ui ~JJ1 W:-; .:>_,, ..:.Ji,..
Jw JJ~ r~' :r- ...,...\,;.), t.Uall' :&'- "':"
t_lkAll ~ ~4 JL.;:.Ji ~ )\ ~...,_,JI ;J_,JJ\ JJ> ~lb.;\ J~ ..uJ
,.....;tJ_,~I J.!)> cr •...,_,JI \~ ._,...WI t_lkAll rt> _,..~I J3 \ J .._,...WI
-.::...il5 L..1!.. •JWI ~ <..>/-~I .::oL... _;..]1 3 <..1" ).WI rJJ ~~ .)1
•'..pt.,..... 3 ~L...II ·~ ..!..l]; J ~,._.WI .::o\....GJ\ ~ .r.:>_,.:l ~
.::o L! )J I J.!. _, J 4'J I }>J J .,.-;:J I • ~J .:r.} L...l I_, '-:" '.>\la.LI ~I r.' y _,
~w..11 , ;:.<JI J r.? r, ~ J..a"" .....;L;_, ~~ -.::...;l5_, ( )Jl!....ll .L!.;!J9

JL!_,~I -.::...;l5_, (lOJ.J::i> ~J Jl.,.-:.1 ~ 4>)>!J ~ ~ .)l5_, 'dJ~\

<.,:.;JJI <1..:.;~I ~~ cr 'j>-JJJ iJ.L,a.o 0 _,s::l J I_,...~ I3 ..:...,'I_,JI ..j?
(llJ.:o., .:_ 11 <1..:.;~\ . 1..> • t....J...:JI
-f.:""' (.r' ..r.f'J - - J

(8) Faroghi, "Crisis and Change.", p. 542.

(9) See, for example, Makdisi, The Rise of Colleges: Institutions of Learning in Islam
and the West, p. 35-74; and Hodgson, The Venture of Islam, Volume 2, p. 124.

(10) Inalcik, Halil. "The Rise of the Ottoman Empire.", p. 307.

( 11) Inalcik and Quataert (eds.). An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire,
p. 79; Hodgson, The Venture of Islam; Cizakca, Murat. A History of Philanthropic
Foundations: The Islamic World from the Seventh Century to the Present. Istanbul:
Bogazici University Press, 2000; Behrens-Abouseif, Doris. "Waqf." In Encyclopedia
of Islam. Leiden: Brill, 2002, Volume 11, p. 59-109; Kahf, Sharfah and Historical
Aspects of Zakah and Awqaf .; and Ahmed, Role of Zakah and Awqaf in Poverty
Alleviation.

143
4.k.LJI i..~.>-~ •.j')\.WI ~lJI '-:"L>...,.i Lf...G.:;....I Jll o_,All 01 y}-
~ j..j ~ _; ..:...J_, ,cr' i:J I ~ '.J _r.i...l I _;:? ~I ~I) '-""'_,..iJ , ;;,.....I,.-) I
, <..i.....Lil L L\11 ..!.lt
·i - -I. 0 r--- ..::..; lS <..L.k:J
- -· I i Y""'
'-II
r:T"" 0\ L...,·-' .<..i.....Lill J....i>
..:..L....rJI ~_; ..W ,._,_,;.\ 01.Ll; J.}. ,~ ..,.-')l..)'l ~WI J u-::-1
~..t.... -..:... .J... ~ y,. ~ ~ ~.ill- •l_r.- )'I l.i.o. .<..i.....Lill u-'...>~ :y :.:,:,_JJI
d.iJ .<..i.....Lill I. I ' t_., ..::.;lS -q <..L.k:JI Lil q :i......p[j ;;_, .
~ ~ .>- r.,? - -· i Y""' r:T"" <..$'. .rP
,wlJ_,\11 r, ..,.-')\.....)'1 ~WI J <.l"'l>JI t_l.6.4ll .y i_y..i..JI ~I 0)!
j~ L:.::....l , :.:,:,_JJ I 4.h..!..; \'I ~ ~ 1::::"'\ , ~_r.>J I ...::.. L.... L..ll .y ..!.lJ ~ _;:? _,
.y ..,2JJ1 ~I .y ~~ j>l i.ilS i _,.LJI r i.i1 d.<.. t)ol>. _;~ __.][
W i~ L:.::....l.i , [;')1.1,! ~I .y cr' L..J _; j.a.::J I 1-4-J u-::-1 _, 12
c 1. _r.- \II j,; ~
~ ~ cr../- '11 ~L;. c}L.;[ ~ (s\ "\:...... ~ JlJ ..;\ ~ ~I :y .~
- - -
I~) w )>:.ll w.r"-: ••_,>-'11 J o_r.-1 J )::>- ~ r ~~b. .y ~b.
J~ .j 3
._?>- ,._:.,L...,.L..JI i.i)! d.U (l )~ J.J i\ ~~L.. ~WI ,J..o, ..::.;lS

.j _r.-\II '-:"'\.....:5'1 U,.... _, __.] }11 i.1 _,_,1]1 J :i.3 . ::..; lS ,~1_, i _,.LJI r
\,:. r _; _;51 1::::"'1J 't)ol>J I _; j.a.::J I l.i.o. _,..;...I ..W , ..!.ll~ .y ~) ~-' .o_,;.',II
~ l..iJ ~~I til_,_, '.l_,JJI i.l_,y..!. :y .L,Z\11 .\....WI ~~ ~ ~-.::; -l,.;,.,1-
'-:' ")\k] I u1 _;.I! • t:.,J _, :.:,:,_ JJ ~ cr' _;I J..J I J i _,.LJ I ~ .}".t ~b. .!.l t:... ,:;,>:;
~WI J l.i.o. l:...Y- ._?>- l.l.IL.. J Ij L.. ..to..W I _;:? ~4:---J I l.i.o. _, ;.,l.,.b.::ll

.:.:,:,_JJ1 cr'_;l..i..JI .y ~I

...,.SI_,::l , 0 JJI ~I J ._?>- '<.J"'l>JI t_l.6.4ll wL.... ·~J ~~:; ~

.)1 ...f"'.. i.ilS '<>- ,1 ,11 ~~~\' j.PI_,.:...ll )~I 0[ ~ .~ _;L::...ll ..:..~l,:>-~I

(12) Hofmann, Murad Wilfiied. "Backwardness and the Rationality of the Muslim World."
Encounters, UK, March, 1996, p. 85 .

.::..;l5'1J_,J,'>J <,1> '>J .:>1....;)..:.. J51,; [,Jj Ufl '>J l...._;. r-L-- c!"fi Y' :iil!i ..,p!l J~ (13)
:_r ,~t; .(..:-_,..JIJ '-"IJ)I ~ '-:'~) ,;;...IJ)IJ ..:-_,..JI ._,.,1.:5"" '(c?Ji>.,JI) "'i.J...<> .J
J _,kl.. l....;,i .}. ,...,_..,..; r,.lJ '1 <.,-L.. ~ .J L...;)' I .._, r_,.;, J..s' c?j 0i r ~..L>J I l.i.o.
-'.f"'JI cj olfi-)1 ~ ~..J e:i C., J..s' J" -:oll _,..)1 J

144
..,.. ')\....,)'I ~I 0 ~ cr' l:J I .,._ _,::] J l1:J I ~I .J ~ :U...,.. ..)! ~ l>- !lt:...
~..U I r I..UU I_, , ~I y. i f l>J I t_lk.Ol I 0l5' .;J I ~, L.,a.:.; ':1 I ..:.-~I 0\ _r.?
~ < l cr' l:J 1 ~
14
.._;. W .....; l.i _, \1 I j:>-..ll _; t1.:J I r I..~>.:.... I •_,.,. .J \?' _,s::,.J I
~ l.. .;-:! y (./" i f l>JI t_lk.Oll ~ .ili \ ._? jJI 1-4J Jl .Y' \1 I o>\:~ ~
..:.-L..... ~I •l:: (./" ~ l; , cr' l:J I ~ ""l::s::.l I_, ;, IyO) I 4> .r' _r.:.l , _;I _,..J I cr
..:.-__...,..;I .ili d..U ...,.-'')\....,)'I ~WI J .i.;..l.
.'
~ \.,.. ..uu .;J I ~I _;51 ..r'.J
~I 0l5' .;J I -,:; ')\.,:. \1 I <.L...!J I ~ .J , ~I ~I .J -,:; ')\.,:.\1 I ~_rl I
..)s- w b.....lJ l.. j ':1 .s..U I <f.} _p::l I ~I ............... W" d.-'>..li _,\ ..li ~
0l5'
- -
-,:;')1.,:.\11 .:r.>I,.JI J .klb.;l cr ..,.-'')L..)'I ~WI._;~ 1-4J_, ·0-'1 ,I\ J_,..;.;
.• I_,....] I ,_)s- ~} _p::l I_,

~L.A.II ~1_}-..:..lil d}...,JI ~ cljJI ~WI 0l5' ,..:l]~ 0~ J

,L>, .J.J~ ,~ 1 ..;.,,\_, .-.;1~ ~ J;:-i cr :C.. WI >_;l_,...ll rl..~>.:.... ':1 L> )......:_,
;-l>..::...ll ..:.-\:':1}1 J 0K.J1 ~w.; ~ J-' .~1 ..)s- ~~ >\:>jl ..)!
,J>jl ..:.-L.....~I J
0 _..a..... -l,ll ,..(&. 01> ·r197o_, r1s4o ~ ~ r ..;1
'ifl>JI t_lk.Oll d_;>l,.- .))oW)'~'..,.-' _,s::,.JI ~..UI
.s,\_, < 1 ' 1 .~ 417
..:ll~ ~~ _, , ~} _p::l I.J r-LJ I J ~ J j.,!.- .J J.:.-.! ~ r.AZ J _,..a>- J!
...,.-'')\....,)'I.J cljJ I .:_..:.J WI ~ ~I .J oy:J ..\::-_,\.J '<:,...;:D l;_; W! \.,._;,
~WI J ~ ~ ~..w ~1_, ~1_, ~1_}-..:..lil ..:..;l5' .ili ,U,S::..._,
.s..li ~ ~ '..,.-' ')\...., )' 1_, cljJI ! .:_..:.JWI ~ ~I _,..JI ~ \....~.:.<> .J . cljJI
~_,s:...,JI ~ _,l _p::ll_, ~I )I_; r..~&- ~ 'rU:.ll _,)J3 ..... ) 0 _, I , 1\
·0-, I , \J .s..li cr)I ~ ~ .jll .,..~1_,

(14) McGowan, Bruce. "The Age of the Ayans." In Halil Inalcik and Dovald Quataert (eds.),
An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, 1300-1914. Cambridge,
UK: Cambridge University Press, 1994, p. 712; and Cizakca, A History of Philanthropic
Foundations ...

(15) Economist, The. The Knowledge Factory: A Survey of Universities. 4 October, 1977, p. 4.

145
 '
a_,.all ~')UJI .:,:~1 ~~~~ :\!.1\j
~~IJ ~')lWI .):! (!~I - 1
r-1WI c) ~ _,J ~IJ i _,hll )A~j~ J~l ?.1 J>-]1 ~.iJI JoWl 0lS
il..~>..::.... ':1 •~:.; '~J.,.lA.:.IIJ ~~I ~ l!.; ~.iJI (!~1 r <,?"Y\.... ~I
I, ~ Y:"""-'
.<f' l:JI ...,..... · ' II f f.•1) '11 ·
~ · ~~ ;(..•.;--"'
uP_,..., 'II ~ J ..lll <.kL Cr.::'
· ·~1

Cr' l:J I I~ M I .jl:J I 0_;J I c) <,?" Y\.... ~I r-1 WI c) ~~I <5"_,.J I .:;.,l!.; ..lAJ
·~_:.; w.. WIJ l.io. e:"'1..\jJ ·'-:' _,;JI J 4-1~ Cr' 0J) ·~ J.,; '~~')\,..JI
Cr.'J L,a,.J I o).,... ~ ~ L.. ..;:..; lS .jl I J L,a...\1 I c) i Y\.... ;>IJ l:'_,...J I J L!.:.;)U
.~fo iJ_,J.; _,:s\IIJ ~~\... i.....IZ _,:s\11 0\;Jl..a>JI WJ ,~ .r.:JIJ ~L..UI
~ ~ 0~ ~_,_JI Cr' 0lS ,~~~ ~Jl.WI ~~1 0J~ ~
Cr' <f' l:J I ~ ~ ; \A;! ._.:;> J1 , "-!~I .,._l:J I CJ-' i.....IZ piJ '~ i Y\.... ;>IJ
.<!~l;}J I II
~ .r.''\::JI

.i..J I <.; ~ .>:..~>..> I_,JJ \.;.. .ili ,d\; Cr' pi I_,.1....; ~~I 01 ~
~.lA 0 lSJ , ('+! .k,>...J I 0_,501 J "-!.A) I ol,>J I J"' I_,I; ......ol.:;... ~ J _,L....I IJ
i~L:.:....I .....; ~J ,~J ~ .;! J. ,~~~ U;A .....;~ ':1 .&1 01 0t.,;
0)Jb.: ljlS .ili di~J .LA~ 01 _,.!..:.l.l ~ .jll ts~t,...JI ~ .)!
w ')lS 0 l>.l.f]l 0 I..Lo. 0lSJ \f'..ll I ~_,...:.]I ~ r ~IS <f' L..1 t::"J
J .&1 .....;~ ~ ~ ~Jk..J ,.,.Y\..,.~1 r-:ll..::ll (/ ..;~ t_l>~ ~})
'
~'"" p rl..~>..::....l ...J! .AJI r.>: ~.i.ll 'iY\.....~1 r_JJ e t;JS u->~ ·• c~1
.__,j'ii
;. .
J;'1.:.£1./'1(; ·-~(,
_.. _.,. ~ .... '1"" ~
,(J • .:_(J
.... ....
._e-;'i(J
/"'
.:>:">·d·l\
...
-1~ .l5)
~ ... "
~~~ Jl ~1 ~
0.Y"' -, •1 ..J

'"J::f•''' . .t.r'l' c:.<.1'1-i~ ·~~hi';··

\.A 1,;..1~ '-t'J ~ ~ y~ ~.?"<-! 1,,)_1
":.~·1'.).,....,..,
-WJ l"'t.t~LrJ '~'1";';-''1' '~'"..il'·,
\ .... ...u 0.J..T~ 0!_.. ~
'©~
. (
.[191-190 ,,:,1_,... Jl]
-:~,...-;,
,~Glyl~~~ ~\.a
.. ~,.,,.-,... _,.~,;.--=--

, "-!~I .:;., l.,..i.W I ......oJ.:;... Cr' ,l.J&. r+! Y0 _,;~I , ':1 y> t" ~

~Y. ':/J ,....._')\..i]IJ (~y....jl) Jl_r':/1 J~J :(J-?-~ J I' s;; a;~
·rYL..:>U .:r.~L..... ljlS r-+1 ~ ~)\; J:l~
146
r"'.u; 1_,,1) ,..._.,')\j '1 ~, .L..k '-""\.....~I ~ Cr' c
16
l<J _;::...JI .)IS
•j;j'UJ 0\...:)'1 '-"")> ~1 :r l..j'JIJ., .)IS_, ,~..1.!1..:..>1 ,;-.,11 .,~ ~
,.;I.JA.::.,... .j G~
~I .) _,s:., '"';1 .) \...:>'I .) IS ws::; ''-"" l:JI '"'..\]
fi1
0_,~I ~ r-1 ".!.l.b ~ .)s-_, -(>1.... )'I ~ L..; J> _, !.1 _,LlJ ~ i.>..l-'1 fi\ _,
'-"" l:JI J,A.o 01 0 J..l:.r. I_,.;IS t....; !J '., ~ ~ .)l ~ b.J ~ 0 _,:...Y. 0}_,k::..J I
-~~I .) \...:)'I '-"" 1....1 .)s- ..:..> l..lA::.....ll

pWI_, ~1_, ~I .j I_,..._,.; .ill 'I' s· ·~·: <! _;::...JI ~ ._fJ_,

~" U. _,.,..... ~I ~ ~ 4.A;_). 1}..(;..;....1_, ,.,..._wl ~1_,

<5'_rll ._;..:! r.!J..:...J ";;J_r....." .WSJ ,J_;.JI Jj JL.a-<;~1 Ji ..,_.L......;~I ~ "JI_r-1" .WS (16)
ln\.:,:.IJ •J--Ilil ~I 0~ ""'"_,..IIJ c)_,;..Jl;;,; _,k;..JI .1~ '11 ;_r r+-'"i 4->Lil J_r cjll
:_,];;I u.....J iA,)o
di!' ''-"-> v.rJI ~I ~b :i_,.WI ,4,.o:l(...~l ..,...!.WI t_<}l _.....,_. ,;_,.j y,i -
.157-156'-"'
- Valiuddin, Mir. "Mu'tazilism." In M. M. Sharif (ed.), A History of Muslim
Philosophy. Wiesbaden, Otto: Harrasowitz, 1963, Volume 1, p. 199-200 ..

~1)1 if >.!.; 4,]) I'""" I ~ <r 748 I_. 131 .j f) ·ll= cr. J.PIJ <..Lo ~ <5_rll ..:..i..c .ul
lr841 I_. 226 .j f) _,.!JI c,; _k J (r841 I_. 226 .j f) J--4JI y,l Jt:..) if .!.>~ 'J: .j
<r9o8 1 _. 295 .Jfl ..,r~IJ <r869 _. 1255 .Jfl .k,..L,JIJ <r845 1 _. 231 .Jfl rlJ;.;JIJ
4Jp 0~ ,\,;_,;; 0J} ;;_..,:. ;_rAJ '-""-"I <5_rll 01 CY .(r10241 _. 415 .jf)~~~-':>-J
.?- c,?>')\,...11 e-l:lllc,?MI..:.Ji.:JI0_;JI if _r.>-'JI ~)I if \,;_,z ir)}..:.. _,.:;.-1 ~'%JI
:_,];;1 'r-f'l) """'Lil ~ ~ t?'-k':iJ -c,?>')\,...11 _r.s. c,?>WIIc,?MI '-""'W10_;ll ~
•cj':A,S .!.,.- .....,_. :J,.i>.J \j.>.:JIJ JWI ·!'"'.?JI ¥ c,; .....,_. ~I y,l •cjl.:w._,+!.11 -
.91-43<.1" di!' 'rl961 ,~1 c~lJI ~:;_,.WI
-78<.1" ''-"->,<,..WI ..,&1 )> :..:..J~ ,J_;JI ~ J_;ll ._,.U. c,; _,.WI-':>- •cS>I.lA,ll -
:\...;.,1 _,1;;1.150
- Valiuddin, "Mu'tazilism.", 204-218.
- Gimaret, D. "Mu'tazila" In The Encyclopedia of Islam, Leiden: Brill, new ed., 1993,
Volume 7, p. 783-793.
- Gardet, L. "Ilm al-Kalam." The Encyclopedia of Islam, Leiden: Brill, new ed.,
1971, Volume 3, p. 1141-50.

147
 1171
~ J_,.JI ._r...JIJ ,".:,~" ~_,.kll ,J.., I_# Lf.JJI ~J ".i'%]1
'-:-'r1 L.S , 0 _,1 ,II~ o.J:..l;:- c:;.;LS' ~_,.kll ,J... .".J~J\.Wii.JJ~I"
..:..>y>JU ~f ~ ~ r-1 ~1 ..\S"y...ll .y" :.U _,4: ..!.l]; cr- (Gardet) ~~J~
_?.l;_ J ')\::;:.1 ..l;:- y.. ~ r-1 ,.J">y.J I ..:...,_.,.. .:_,....> 1i8)" ~I J1 c/J jW I
.Jl,>-\11 ~ J .JL.~ .)1 ... 16 a, II .JLS'J ,:i.J_;......JI t_l;1J ~I 0-::-!
.:,1 ~ J J .<.,f' ")\..,)'I u,.kJ I 0 I_,]1 ~ .y • ~ l.+,)) t;~ ..li J , u-:S~ I_;:..
226 J y) )~_,...]I <of"y Y-1J (i841 /J>226 J y) _All d. ~ J!.. ~
9
(l ) ·Lr..illi j; __ k; J ~~ ClJ.r=-1 .._;; .ili .t.....-1~ IRI (i841/J>

'1 'JJ \II ~ J..U~ 0:!~ ,4._,;1.; _,)I ~~ IJ)\; Lf.JJI ,...._,')\..;]1 .JLS'
~ k_; ,:(> r-JI t;} .y l..r.?} J.;LS' r-LJIJ ~I .:,1 L•..j'01 -0:!~ .~
u-:!J /'-' olZ ...._,')\..;]I .y ~I ',)WI -.:;.; lS' .ili 'i 4''11 ..!lli J ~J 4..l.,..

i>W if ~I j:_.., c,Slll r-LJI" ..;t "r_,.l.JI •!...=-!" <;\;S J "rj\SJI ~- '-"l}..iJIJ.r (17)
~I .c,:.A:JI if y ,~)'1 -'~I .;:_,I; yi :C.,_rll ~ o;JI ul.--'t.....JIJ ul~l ill
c,Slll r-LJI" .,;~ "rj\SJI ~ J .....;;1_,..)1 '-:'1;5" J ~)'I.:, f' J ."~ ~t:; o;JI ,1-''1'1 <.;ISJ
.;:,~.c.; C;' i>'>.t...o .JIA,_,....:)I) ,"!l_,s::.:JI :;Jijl.J -:r--"1_,]1 c)' J')l>. if ul~l - _:-. r4'
._,..;_,;JI ,)I _;All >.b- cr.:'> I '-"'J (Garde!, "llm a1-Ka1am.", p. 1141) if 4 _;)I J ~

:_,]2;1 ":<;,~)1.')_,.0 .c.,;~ tt;.UIJ </'J,..,)'I cr..UI <,l..>J" ..;~ "rj\SJI ~-if
..u-I_,A)IJ ,;,l....JI •W c)l_;ll -,.:;5 <::>~.: .J,~J) ,J')\..0)1 if .la:..JI ..e.G- JJ ,c)I_;All -
.14'-"' 'r1953 ,<.;LaJI ~ '"-'J.r.< ,_,c,. ..L..>..o :~ 'lcr..UI J '-:',)11J ,;_r,..JI

(18) Garde!, "Jlm a1-Ka1am.", p. 1142.

:W;\ _,]2;1 .163-162'-"' d~ ,Jel.- C:C.7" ,.,..'J,..,)/1 c,-A1.WI t:_,l; i.J"j y,\ (19)
,JUl1 ~I )> '"-'J.r.< 'if~ )_r.- :~ ,l.4....~1 cilf; ..e.G- y,i ,c)I_;Al1 -
.26'-"' 'r 1993

,t....-'1'1 if •--"' ..,t, v'J,..,!...; _,..J,; JJ\ _,.. crs66/ ... 252 J J .>'l "'J:.SJI .oi r _,.L...JI if (20J
~.:.,... cr-1 'Cr95o ; ... 339 J.>'l ""l}..iJI 'crn5 ;_, 313 J-"l c,Sjl)l ~ y,i y.. w::/JI
cr11ss ;_,58! J.>'l J:.ikl1 cr.' 'Cri139/ ... 533 J.>'l ...,.~ cr-1 'ir1o37 ;_, 428 J _,;)
-Cr1I98/-" 595 Jy) ~-' cr.IJ

148
~\ I_,;tS_, , -,..k)l _, .!llill _, • L,...,5J I_, • 4.r.-"JI _, .;:., l,.P 4) I :j!.o i p J
·i4'II ..$ J .:.r., I , II .L..W.J il).~.... 'r+"lk:....l J..li '-:"' J~l 0_,.r.;.
J ;_r.? .;.,L..,.L.I_,....li_, ,4..~1 :\;~.r. 0~ -4..~ ~-l_,.;lS_,

i4'II ..:.lt J J; r-1 ;_; _ro.ll 0\ l..;- ..!..l]; ~ ;_,'").... _, .p.WI ..$ J_,k;
0lS_, ,'-:,:.;..UI i_,LJI J ~~ ~ l_,.;lS ~~ -~ t_J) .)! .............
~ ~ _).::..lJ 0lS (.r.:> J-' .~ ~ .7' 0 -'~ ,..\..!.) j-!1 J!.o '~
(i925 !.P>3!3 J y) ~jl)l ~ _,\_, (i864 /.P>250 J y) ~~_,1)1 j-!1 J!.o
~ -. , 1•+• ):..,
.! u·...., 0lS , 4........ L... 'II L
~ w
')L.., ~I
.,
...:..,..,-. ,._. ~ \:.::; .1)
.;:., I..IA:....J I v- ~,_. ~

l:.,.- <f-1-' '(i950 -" /339 J y) cj.IJWI_, '(i866 /.P>252 J y) ~J:.SJI ..!..l];
..ill .t;....; u).x:..... (ill98 M95 c)f) ..I..!.J <f-1-' (il037 /.P>428 c)f)
i~~l J4t!l_,l_,L> ~~ J. '<..f _,JI_, jiJI .:r.; '-"""\:.:; ~~ 0_,~ ~ l_,.;lS
, .;:., _,...!I ~ ; L,_,.J I_, , ; .J.::.ll _, ,_f_,.lJ i..!::;\; \;; ':>W ~ 1..~;:- I_,J, ~ _, , ~~I .:r.;
.:Ji_,41 ~ ;_,;5" 0-' I 6 ' - : I_,.; lS-' .'-:,:.; ..u I .;:., L.., ) •••••11-' .;:., I..IA:....J I j< ..!..ll:, r-'--'
.~1) r->"..u ~1_,

. :t......J:,
J..WI ... - '-'.
;_r... ~ """:- '-:,:.;..UI .;.,L..,)WI_, .;.,I I;-.' II J':>lWI_, .rJI .)-lA:JI )~t ...w
:.f. L.. 4:-- 0lS ,~ _ro.ll j.\L......ll .:.r- ,~ J '~ _,
r-1 0!J ~ 0':>\;:- JJ 01..~:_, C)L;;\_, 0l:.,.--' ~ .J J» ~ 41 ~ <I' L.. -
~.l.r. 01 :.JL.;?\]J.....; J»_, d_M_, ~-' e---:--' <.S.r. u,s:; ,..!..l]; J.;.
J» ~ = a.,....;;.. <I' i 1..:.. 1~ ~ •?." .;:., \A..,a.ll ,J.,. J»-' ~ .V\..0..,.. <I' L..-'
J» _, ~ ,_f)I ~ Q5" ..L..;:,U ;_;.ro <./" i\ ,..;1..0..,.. ;.;.ro_, ci.r' jiJI ~
~ U""l:JI ~ J-'""' L.. ,_;:> ,~1 J ~~ •..? J5" ~
Jl J» ,[;J) ....a1.,:. J.;. r-li;!J ~~~ J) ....a1.,:. JtJ ,l,J) 41 0lS 1;!-
,
~I .L. J4...; J» _, ~ WL> ..,:. J.;_ r-1 ..;:...; _,

149
; JJA.. r+l:>- ..;...;IS I;) ~ .:,.:;...... ) t .:r.J:>.-. _r.l I ~ ..c.. ':?t .)) -
~ r+.'~ Jt ~.:H5::J ~W.t ~ 41 r+.--l>.: 0t J.WI Cr' 0 ~ J.,; 't..,......
~I J>J ~ JW.\1~ ,_ii._;N Cr' ~ '1 it 'Cr' _;...J.J 0\...:)'1 ~ J> -
~ ...;,....!.; it )IS it (J' _;.. ..,_;.WI

01S 1;1 ~~t ~~it J...<.; c_J)~ •?\II <i _All~ 0~ J>-
it L,.;J.ll ,.,L, <i >" W" .;1; >" ~I 0~ J> ,~1 .j ~ ~Y-
~Li.l.::>... 0 ~

r-!WII..L. cP i;.~ J ~ ~ .L.: J.,; ,41 i"% Cr' i.f.- 0T_,.aJ1 01S 1;1-
~,, '\ti'·I'JI..:;~I l·t '-'r-'""
~~ ~.
1•.
<.}""" <.EJ)
".1:._.
.r.?' t
i
'-?t .)!J ,JW I 41. L. y.. J1 ~ IJ J;>.ll :.:.;.r- .r,li J...,>_ (.) .M <.?t .)! -
_All ~ 0\ J~~ .J)' ~I Cr' J> J ~ ._~:>_,;JI 1-4J [.. j'l ~}I .L.: (.).l.o
~ J1~1) J;>JI ~ ~ a,.,h. ;J.,t,; 1*-' ~ 01 0)~ ~w1 C/' er.]J_,_.

..:; ~ l::-)' 1.; , r-LJ ~ <;')\&, '-?1 .J tl:... \1 I ,.,L, Cr' ..c.. IJ (J' L. ...;1 e:-" I_,] I (J'
~l::-1 .tk) ~I Cr' u5:: r-1 ...;~,> dll \...,.~ .r.i-J ~ 0~ 01 ~'1
SIS 0A 0 y...,yA::ll '1) 0_,;')\,WI u5:: r-1) .1;'11 ..:;~.,t,U .w ';.,e.. I)
("<.!Z Jk:....liJ JWl . _,; J...,>_ '-?ll I (.).WI >" J~l ,;.J>'-4 0 IS < 2
' l. l_; ~
~ er.].;;:,..,.JI 01 J.l.,; ...;1 ~! ,.,..,.._.J I tl:...\1 I o..L. (/' ~ l::-)'I ..} o.(&. L.J I
~WI ~Y.J 0§,;~ I_,;IS ,~,;S'\11 0 A c:r.lll ,~_yA;:JI~ ~')\,WI
('""' ~)all Cr' ~ _,J.::...ll u50 ,~ ..:;l::- A .I_,..JI ~ ~)IJ JWl
.J~I oL:-;IIJ~..C.. c:r.lll ('"" I}ISJ ,_;{'11 iL..:..'ll _,~ <i I~ c:r.lll
~ t...::.. '11 Cr' ~rJ I 0 JJS'Y. l jIS c:r.ll I ,0 _,J.;;:,..,.J I 0 _,;')U,J I \:!" J .laJ
0 ~ ;;J~~I <i ('"".(&.L..::l "L.,.;,.ll J-"""\1 I" (J' ~~ ,JWI ~
J.W IJ ..~.,>-_,::]I <i ts~ l,..J I ,.,L, (J' 0 ~I jWJ , "-:] W _;si ~ ~ y

:_,];;I , ~')\,WI ""' c,?1) I .,:, !; :>\:>.I ._,lo c:u-)\] (21 )

.207-1983 113-40'-"" de" •Jel.. r:;:- .T' •J>.:.IIJ JWI . .,;t:... ~I -

150
,~'jl Cr' UllJ j\; ("l .• L:.!:....I (Jp 0 _,1 ,l\ ~ ~ c_r..illl ,~)'1
L.. .J. 1.,:-::--I c) ..:;., \J J\::.>. I d..:.; ..;\ .r.f- 't4 )' ~ ~ 'j Y,.:i; ts >1.,-o ~
...:;., ~I .x; :r . :;., L;.-~ I ~ <.,? _,1:..;
, ..:;., I.u::......i I ~ ~ J _,\1 I V"" L.... \1 I .u::......i I y. _,- .>..,>-_,::] ~ J.l..::; t....,..<J
iWI j-_,1 ,l\ .....-.;_,... (.)\ ~ -J.l.k...ll ••:;;_, Wk...ll .&1 ~l..l>-_, .)1 AJ
.c_r.,_,.b....ll ~IJ>!_, ~J...\i ~ ,[;is" ..SIJ>1 iJy_b· ; 'j _r.)l iJi y.
3
(Z )[11 c_S;_,.!.IIJ ( ':_--.:). -~1:.$ _;::;\) :J~ ~1 \,_~ ..!.lJ~ ~ y._ <JI~ .:Ji_;.II_,
, 0 _,1 ,\I iWI ....A.;_,..JI iJ}> d.ll 11o3 rL.U';IJ ( ~"ilbJ~-J) ..,;\_,
jJ~ ~_;,>L:;,..JI JJLWI ~ ~I iJ\5" ,_,.\11 I..L. t: \...~1
._;ll
L.... _;si ~ u-" _,.;J I (J _,J _, ~ 'j ~ ~ _, .V"" I_,..J I !l IJ>!_, j.W I >_, ..l>-
_.. _. .. .
41; ~ ~i~.H ;;:t;; jji e<~i ~ ) :_)W .&1 Jt> ,~ .r.f- _,. 'jl iJ'j ,~
1:-:""--.,-::.i"'\-:':-'-"~ ;'.//-'\//-"~""H-•-" ~ .J-!, • -'·::i"t~.,_.,~"'_,. _.....--_,._-.-.J-1_.. .-:: ........,.J.)i-:.1- j.w;'~..1
~~!_,~I .. ~I~~L"OJ·:.-')&j~)i~0!~\vo\i ·'._._'•i .. ~IJ~Ir ~~
) ) :::f --..
1··1~1
!Y-' ,rxc:G::- li

.:.r· .. !J'f-J ~:· ·..-....

"'J.
...... ~J' ...... ~i;I;S•<'
J. •
rrrjs~ N' !.i>\~1~ ,~u(.i
,_,J~~--~..:.;IJ ~ ..
.!i_ -1 ;..-
-::c-!J ......
....... ~
.i
~
•

_;::>:.4.::.1\_, lk-')1...]1 ~_,k (/ .&1 , y.-' ..:ol.,;1 J.....; L..:., Jl] ( .,4~1
. [7 ol_r"

• J_,s'J..JI .;tA..,.. J':>\>- :r 'j 1 L.. w w J.....; 'j ~ ,) I> '~I

J.W I iJi ~ 0 _, .r"-1. I_,.; l5" v} _,k:;..J I ~')\.WI iJi 'J 1 .U I_, ,:,T_;.!I J
I..L. ~_,LI ~ ...li_, -~ "->.T'-' :r _r.jl ~ ~ J>Li .;1~ ~
JL..ll :r ·~ (j~ iW,;'jl .)1 <.,?> y '~ ..:ol:.!L:... J (J_,b _;..:.,
,.SS')\...]1_, ,..:;., _,..JI ~ ol,-]1_, ~I_, ,~)'1 ..:ol.i..4ll :j!.o ~_;,>L:;,..JI

'c./' •c>?'11 .:,~1 .;.,4,.1,]1 (22)

~ i j'l w~ •-Y-_,11J ~ _,11 -
.._;.... L; >"J .r.J_;:..J I '-"" <.1.? J"'< j, ') ls:J 4 '1 J i f _rl 4 cr-J -,.;.WI -
:_);.;1.~ J5' ~ ~) p...ll ;r ~IJ -..iJr.J4 _,..'JI -
.43'-"' , lc:' ,._;,L.,. C:. r •J>-'liJ JWI ..,_,;!:...~I -

.::...,:;1 1...5 c:.J ,~ .w ._,..-i '1" :Ju ~ 'c:'L..:J * ..!..;.J>. ..j .!.ll; j\ ~ .r.JI? (23)
(486 r'J ..!..;.J>. .352'-"' de_,._;,\..,. C:._,.. •rl-- 1!."""" ''-?~I) "~ ~

151
oJ..I.iJ •J.,....l<::l~ 41 o~J ,~_;)I ~ J ,i.J__.s01 '))J ,;_,.,:JIJ 'c,F )IJ
u;1_,.. IJ.l>.;l i.J_,!)o:..JI 0_r.'~l .'};.- .•.;>'11 J .&1 .,JJ ~ _r.,ll
0 .r.'~l ? ..;~ ~ ), c)J ,<:...JIJ 0T_,.<]I e cr" Y. '-"" ) ...;:; ,,,~.>
.~1) J.,.; J w~ 0J~ l_,;l5" 0)..t:......JI

a., ~J1J ,;sr J--s- 1::!1.1 !:> Jl~l 0l5" ,J..u..\1 i ~ ~ ¥

~ .;4 L. cjJ ,....;)WI (.r' ~I 41 )~1 .;1 (.r' ~_:,!~ •-,?r,ll l:'"" A
:0)..t:......ll0_r.'~14)J J..-y cjll vl.o:-l::.::....'ll
~ ~ _,.<; cjl I ~ 4.:,> Y\.>. \11 ts >l,...)l <.....4; ~ '-"" _,.<; .& I 0j -
t.;. 01 J :. 1i · · · ,[:;y~.,;.1 - J~ r L. '}I. u--:: • 1i
u--:: ~ ~ ~ - cJ>" J
t.;. '}
.n-· , .r-:-
.L::.Y\.>.1 11..1., 1J,~ . \.:...!,
- u-.J ~-

J~ .&1 0\1 ''JJ~~ '} 4'1:, .t,..;\11 ~ 0")1...,!.::.. .rJIJ _,>.ll -

<r Jk ~ .r t.. J J>- r t.. '-'~ _r..,ll ~ 10-' ".u ._r. J1 .r.?- Lj.; 4 l.f.<>
~_,::) c,F) I c) J ~ ~ ~1 (.r' ~:,J ~ (jkll i I.J;>.::.... I) ('"""' ~ J Y\.>.
......;L>l::.::....l
I • .
.x..{t;
• J

\J..liliJ .L....iU)I ~
JY\1 )'I ~ J~ ..1.:-Y. '} .CIS J,~ .&1 01 ~ -
..&1 <JI~ :r ~ .r ~w. 01> d.U ,~w4 0_,.. ~ .:r..UI r-" _r.,ltJ

l..kJ .-I J 'JI o..k (.r' ..~:..W ~ 'o.!.:..l.> .j~ ~ ~ J. J:A::; ..li
~).JIJ w-4JI..G:-Y. r-lJ 'i~\11 .!lli J <f> l>y:-Y' 0l5" J.r.4liJ ._,.,~)'I
.:r.:J.,lA:ll (..lllJI ·~'ll (.r') <J_,I ,I\ ..±JJ1 -s.JJ <f> i_;_,; dJ\11 i"""LWIJ
.~JJI
' r-l .:r..UI
d ...) .•..JIJ .::..>I.JA::....ll ~~ .::..>l>~J c)! ~W~ l_,..l....:
--=...;)I e '.r-z5 ..!.> c)J- Wli ..;:...; l5" cjl I -,?1) I .::..> lJ)\.::;;.1 .)>- ~I '-r' 0l5"
..!..>..!.>.: F-1 2 :.r Jlj-liJ -.j~l c)La:.ll •_,.;, cjJ ,<:....)IJ 01_,.<}I •_,.;, J
~l..k

!52
 .:r.:J~I ,:r ;:,_; _)a:..JI - [.
IJj}\ u:.ill ~ ,.j':>\..WIJ ''-?~\ \~~\ U" 0} _).::..JI <JIS ..)jj
0'":- ~ .~~ t\.;..o IJ~ J\J ,o.;:., _r. c}~\ L!l1 IJ~J ;..WI U" _r.s:.ll
_) l \;15 ..!.:.:....; 0 \...;.)I I ;:,\ ~ "'-<r:-J I" J!.' 0} _).::..J I _,...,\ , c.r.;~ I
'-"' ~~ ~ ~J .J~)II ~ j.WJ ;:,~ ~Y- '1 ..;\J ,<:...J\J ;:,T_;Ji
(
24
lc,?j1)1 ~ y.\J L,?..).;J\)1 cr. I Jl!.oi U" 0} _).::..JI 0.,;':>\..WI _,...,\ ,..!11;

..!11; c) !...;.- JlL...II ~ ;:,\J ,~ )IJ J.WI """ c;,;pi ~ '1 ..;\ ~
..:..>'lJb.... ~~ U" l_,lliJ ,J.WI .)l bl:.::...l ~ ~\ ~ -jbl.,JIJ J>-)1
, J.W I_) l x.::...;; 4.,:-;, '-<)2; eJ' J ~ IJ_,...,\ J .u:..U IJ ~I """ c;,;pI
.~\ ..:..> _r')\]~ '-:-'_,All c) LA,.. '1......;r; ~~ \...... ly.;:JIJ ,~)I ,y J~
~ ,L..,..'J ~_,All .r..f.:ll ;s.;> J!.o LL.; "~-"' ;:,\ .)l<J~ 1_,;1SJ <''J
<:,ISJ .~.r.::J IJ J.W I <1 \..... y. 4'~ l ~ '1 cjl I ~_r.! t::,...J I JlW I ..$

,.b.....JI .....;.,., y. ~Ji Jwl f~J ~'":- :.,Y }I ~ ;:,\ ~1) J_r.-i ;:,G '-"'
~<:,IS L.. J!.o ,= t.L>..U\J ·~ ;\,\ 0~ ;:,\ U" ~..u 0\...;.?'J ..~.,>-)\
.'-1~ ~\11 ......;-411

·<.?.All e·-:-JI ci o).:..JI .1_.~">\J c::.:... ~., '1 ;:,\ ;_.~J_ra!~ ~

; _r.? ..:..> w Lo ~.>X .)l ..:Ji ;J ~ _;-:? J o_)..:.. J.J..,' ..:..;IS cjl I .l}i I ~

:_);;I I""I)3 c:r-i )>;...11 ~')\l.)l C! l:.; j,..>li::ll ~ J>- t?li' )\) (24)
- Badawi, Abdurrahman. "Muhammad ibn Zakariyya al-Razi." In M. M. Sharif (ed.),
A History of Muslim Philosophy. Wiesbaden, Otto: Harrasowitz, 1963, Volume 1,
p. 439-440.

:_);;I (25)
-Huxley, Julian. Religion without Revelation. London: Harper, 1st ed., 1947: 2nd ed.,
1957.
-Hepburn, Ronald. Christianity and Paradox. London: C. A. Watts, 1958.
- Hicks, John. "Revelation." The Encyclopedia of Philosophy, New York: Macmillan
and The Free Press, 1967, Volume 7, p. 189-91.

153
~ 01 ,.....;J_,JoJI ~ <) 'if~ '11 i')L)J J....; ...;1 ~ ·c?AJI J_,b:ll
¥~ '11J ~..UI JlL-..!1 <) ,.....;)..::.11 ..::...'1b- ~ ~ I~! J.-.a>1 _,..; ,_}.-
4:-J! ~ 01 \!__,:.;_ •_,.JI 0~ ,.1}>'1 ,.L. ..::..>- j. 1;~ d); C:J .J.i\11 ,_}>-
~J 4' )..~;:- . : . . L,:! <.r :U __,k::...J I .1 }I I ~ r-!1~ ~ , C:" L;J ~ <.!" I:J I
.1}11 -:.iJ.; ..::.....~;:-J1 ,0~! d~W -~ <::,.. ..::...~ .....;_,.... 4'~ 'iWI J_r.-<)1
~I> fo C:" L:J I 0l5" J-" ~':'""')\....,iii ~I <) ~ :U __,k::...J I

~! !JJ\11 ':'""')\....,)11 e·~JI <) C:"L:JI 01..W ,_}>- _?~ J,l> ..~;:- Y- '1
'
l?fl'1- ~')\.WIJ ~~I ~ ~WI 0LS'J <..~ ~ I.J.Il. C:"L:ll 0l5"
._,..lA:::....l ~ 0l5" 'l?...;JI)I c_r.l J!.o l.i.,...;j 01 J> ,r:. ; u-LJ? ~
<.r JL:::-1 ;~ -.,.;L;:- <.r ~ ~ .i,j; ojl) ..;...;LS'J '..r.PJ il..;:_.,~
j;J 01 J..:;>..JI <.r 0l5" ,___.JI [.J) }Z:JL,J (l 6J .c_r.jJ~I j., I , II .WJI
LS1) I ..::... t.; j\;.,:.1 01 t.o..,.. '1 J '; _rll ;;.;._;WI J j\>. <.r :\;.~I ..::... L; j\;.,:. '11
~I ~WI 0_A lylS' c_r..UI ,~~IJ ~')\.WI <.r j-)J.:.o..JI ~

~I iL..ZI c)! LS>1 l?.UI W .J.::' _,:;]I ,_}>- ...;.- ~ r-l 'j-!.~1 <.r
y;;..;l I <.!")..WI ._,; ..;...; lS' cS .U I ..;...; __,]I ..) '~)>•.:;_. ~ 4 c)! <5' ')\....,)II
- - -
:.r ~ )~ iJL.: J.:\,..:::; ..;...;LS"J ,~ ~ .ljl ;;.,....L...:;.. .;I~ e·~ Jl J
~~ l?1)I J ;_,501 ..::_,L;j\;.,:. '11

b....ll-,

~ ;,.. t,..... .i.kL 4:-J! ..::..> W ~I '; _,.aJ I i I.J>..:.... I <) ~ "l::-)II j.-J
:\;._All ..::...~1 <) iWI ·~'11 0) .~1 ~ ~ ~ r-! ¥ _r.
0~ 'l.S..,.>-1 ~4 ,_}>- 4.\1) uP_;! ;_,.all l.. ~4 ..::......J>..:....I I~) ...;1 y
-:.iJ.; ..;...; lS' I~! t.o..,.. '1 J ,i..~.;J...:. 0~ 0\1 ~ ~ __,...A...l I ~ lo..,J I j..J , J

(26) Kraus, P. "Ibn al-Rawandi." The Encyclopedia of Islam, Lei den: Brill, revised edition,
1971, Volume 3, p. 905.

!54
:.:,.....1.,-ll ..~...)I <.!~I Y.:...,l ..ill .~1 .._;51 ~ ;.:::"'-'JI ~k:JI
I..- 132) <.,?"~I ¥ I .;r 4.\:_,1 ;..~..o J')\>. 4...~I .;r ~ C>}a>.: Iy lS .;J I
1.... 218 .j.Y) ~)I cr. .J_rWI ~ .w1..; ~...,.... ~ <r1258 ;_.,656-r75o
cr' _,..;.J '(r846 /..-232 .jy) ~I _,.II_, Cr841 /..-227 .jy) I' , •• ,II_, '(r833
1~1 ,~_, .:r-:'l_,..l&-1_,.,...,..,1..w .~1 ~ ;_,.<.~~ :.:>J.:..ll ~1)
Iy lS ..ill \?'')\...';II r-1 WI .j ~~ I~ J ,<>.l.r"' ..,.. ')\......';1 I r-1 L,.;:ll
~b.; .;r ;_,;~ CJJ>-4-!J ,~I..L<:....o cr ~_,.!~_, v'l:.ll ~ 0_,.1 ~
27
.;:..,ts_, < l.".JL:..:..I.J_,, W.... ~.,b.;-~., G..~>...o ~., ~ l§y:; r1> ·<.?1)1
<
28
l.c,?"')l..,:-YI t"""",ll ~I V""l..a>JI.;r ..:.JlS .;JI ,~1 .. _,.,.. r
cr') ~1 .;r ~ yl......J r+' _,....,:. C> _,:.:,......; Iy lS ..ill , ..:.ll~ ~ ;J 'J.s. J
( )._,.)- q ..:..;ts" :<.! :q . r+''I JI
29
• )."~11 . . .rJ.. jJL,'
~J ~J . (.;""""' .r.--' _,.,...., ..r.?

228 .j~) ,t...;.. cr. ~_, <r833 ;..-218 .jy) c.Y cr. ..4>-..o JL:..1 .:r .~1
1..-231 .jy) c/'l_j-JI ..w-.1_, Cr 845 ;_.,231 .jy) .j:_r.ll ._....... y..J Cr 842/_..

cl'lj>JI ..w-.1 v'1J (:P j ..ill c )-..,..:.l..::JI •~.:.; ~I .j ~11_,;L. Cr845

30

~ ~ :..r.-- ..; ,~1 _,;.] ~:; _,.. ;.r..L..; 0~ ,1~ ..; r~... 0K- ..; "
J!.o C>JjJ~I •4-WI ._?- ..:.ll~ .;r ~ r-l-' C"J.".I_,..I... .j la;1 ;,...;,_,..rv'
-"""k:JI .s.J.J ._..r_,.. <.;K. ~ ..:..;ts c_r..J.ll <r855 ;..-241 ..;;) ? cr. ..w-.1
:_);.;I . "4JL,a;~ .r'"" \ ~" ''-? .l.:SJ I ._, I.:S' CY' ._;;...... (2 7)
-Hinds, M. "Mihna." The Encyclopedia of Islam, Leiden: Brill, 1993, p. 4 .

. 178u-" de:- •..;,L. ~ r ,.,_.')L..~\ .,....\.WI t'-'~ .• _,. j -"i (28)

:_);.;1 ."4JL,a;~ .r'"" ~~" •c;;.l.:SJI ._,I.:S' CY' ._;;...... (29)

-Hinds, "Mihna.", p. 4.

- Hinds, "Mihna.", p. 4.

155
,}'} (l ~ ~1 ..f> 1, a·· ,II _,..1_,1 ~ ·~ J.L;. .ili -~J \'""'I _,A::]
32

~ .:i.,.. .) l 0_,> )..:...J I '-;-":, J. .._j ).>.... 0T_;]I 044J _;.::....J I c?1 J J _,> '-""" J
~G:- ,( 33 l".J.lk......i.ll ~L. ~ ".j_,.l>...JI0T_;JI '-;'J ,.&1 "lj.Jj "}"OJ~
..,.~)'I i.l,-WI 0-' .._,; ...,..,J "1 I.f:- "01_,all Jl>." r _wi.. ..:..LI~
0L!., ,~J..UI ,J.,. .)! .:r.Jl:....... .L..WI 0lS" 1:,W :yo l:.J~ c>lll JI_;..JIJ
i _,.ol I r I..G...::..... I .) j ~ 0\f I ._,...l:J I 0-' _r.$01 ..\:so i r.? ..,.....1 J 1.:.::) ~ r-1 .UL.
.....;~-yo L.. ~ l;l1~ ~U. LA,....iJ ,._,...l:JI <5..\J i)r I~Ji ,~"}IJ
~ L..... .._,.fo.JI e:'IJ> J ..!.l..!JI J .L..WI J.>.l .ili -c?fo c) lZ -..:..LI:,
J.;...t;..; J lJJ> ..,..,J.; 0i J J [;..; ...:..; lS" 4JJ..U I 04•J> 0J..l.; Ji ~ '0 y•-!.,_
.r ~ r 01_;11 J1>. r.wi- J_,; 0~.r. ~ w (' l.r~)'l /'.7':" 4

•.JJL,; Jr._,_;;~ dJ ,._,~r-:.......,) 01_;11 ~ 01 l;:....P ..:..lJ:, ~ 01

J l:J ~J '.J_,. ~ J J ~ r-1 L.. .Y'J '.:r-..1... \j J ~ _,.;, _,.;. i ~ J.,; (..r'

.y , _r....]l ..ll::JI Ji .:.r.--]1 ~,.r. 0\ 0J> ~ .r :f t_L;..UI ~ ~y

.4...,..)1

.)! .._,.fo.JI •l_jj .L..WI <5..\J ~ ~ <jll i)_,.JIJ ~I.;:.,,\ ..W

o>lJ.ll j.c:- L..l.l,.J .:C.,..L,:. >I~ J ,~1 <5..\J .k>....JIJ ..::..~1~"11 ~L.a;
~J 01J\11 -:..I_,>~ 0lS" 0)r ..:.!J..G ..:.!_,.II ..:..lJ:, J ~r.JI _,.;. .,..L:-JI
.ill -~ 0\ ~ "1.1 ._,...l:JI j.,; .y W _,> _,.. ...:..;l$" ~I 01-J_,..,;JI JJ-o">
..~...>1 ,;J 'is49;..,234 J 4l ~~ (rs6I M47 .}.J') J5_,::....ll t!"J ..w
:~...<.;!_);;I .52'-"' ,4~ •J<l- e-.T' ,_,.~I iJ>l....J ..,_...lll U.T' ·<.?•_,......JI (32)
.302-297'-"' ,2~ •J<l- CC..T' .<,.~)'I..,_..I.WI C::'-'1.; .i_,..j _,) -
- W. P. Patten, Ahmad ibn Hanbal and the Mihnah, Lei den, 1897, edited by Arberry,
1957, p.l9 and Hinds, "Mihna.", p. 3.

- Hinds, "Mihna. ", p. 4.

(34) Hinds. "Mihna.", p. 6.

156
":1..,\J ''-""\..all~
.. :.r ~J.}-o illS~) -.s.ill
.. ,;l.,aAJI ~\.j
. '~Jb ,)
. cr.
•i854 ;... 240 J ~ ....._,. . .\. , y,? J .h ·Jl.!.ll
e·'!"JI .).>- ~ '1 iJ~;T ~ 401 '1! ,~1 ..Li ..;:...;lS ~~ill ?::J
.} JJ~ -.si :.r <JJJJI ~I..::: I .} ...:.J.:..; ~L; ·~ y,? J ~ :<.f'Jl... ~I
~~ .U;J ill_,.i\l ~ 4...'~1-t_k:-~ d_,.-., iJL..~L> 'iJL..~I_J""~-._..,_r:.ll
il ~ r. I..L. J 'i}-JIJ ~I :_r .L...WI ~1..:::1 J ...::.J.:...;:; ~I y,?
.w b...J I 4&.;J I (.r' ~_;.. . )!
c1nu ;... sos .j.Y) Jl_;.ll
~ iJT_;11 Jb:- tr" _,. JJ>" J~l ~~ ...w ,;_,All ri..G-..::.....1 cr ~ )~
r-!J ...:..U; •l_r.- ·il~l?.. il} ).::.JI il_,;J\.WI \~J •..-r-~IJ ~J\.WI
~~ ,;~~ LJJ..o ~ "":"J J ....;_,;_,JI 4,> .:.1~1 i'""JI) ~
,;•.>\...., jl.•..J IJ ,::A.L<~J I :_r \...:.i. J \;<k:.. ~ L;~ ...::..>-_). , 4:~ ~ ~ il'J I ....; _,u
(i943 ;.,.332 .jy) '-?~~~~I yi LJ..WI ,.J.., ~j illS ..,_,J\.....~1
,":);; •._.h.. )1 l,....T J (i945 ;.,.333 J y) '-?~)WI J~ yiJ ,JI_,...ll J
..;;pJ1J •<r1o12 Mo3 .j.Y) ..;')\.;~1 J!- il~~~ J ~1)1 cr ~~
J ~ ~ 1_,;\S ·<r 1on
' •<r 1o85 1..-4 78 J .>')
;...465 J .>') '-? ~~J
•(..-r-~) ..:J2-i~ lylS ~~ y,? .. ~IJ i~l ~ .jJ ~JJI i }-JI
cr its- A w~ yi '-?~;W1 illS;! ~.;;J~..<::.. ..;;~)...~: ..:..u; illS il!J
"_,..a11 ~..w '-?.ill rillS <r"" ;...so5 J->') ,)I}JI ill r-" <'')·'-?~~~
":.:.<....')\All ..::.J4'" <:l::S' ~ ~ ~ ).::.JI ~J\.WI .}) ~l.aJIJ ~L..a.ll
~_r.;t:;,..JI ~l..lO::....o ..;;t..,Q.SL:.;" ~ 36
c J,i I 095 /...488 its- .._j ~~ '-?.ill

.212._r> de:" ,_;,L.. E'" /' ,.,.~....'~I..,....I.WI (':ul; i.J"'j Y.\ (35)

,...;}> o.t..; '-t_;.,L,.;YI ..)l \:..>4'" W5 ~;.til ,_;,L.. E'" /' ,u....~l ..:...i4' .JijJI (36)
bankruptcy ,(........_) absurdity ,(J)\>.;1) disintegration '(.J4'1) breakdown .!1); ..j 1...,
~ '-:';1 (.!.KA:i IJ- r.;) incoherence W5 J-.!J .(.!.KA:i IJ-r.;) incoherence) (._,..~[)

157
o~ ~"~I ~lA ..;l..j ~ J.iJ 137l."~l~ ~l;,; c}l ~~)O;J
I< .. _I ·I ~I (3S) ... • • • <• . L. 1<. I• .ti.....JI
u- r "" · · -..~.J C-""".J.J '-" <..r- '.7"' <./ ~.J ~ •
~.r..
,..,;1; ~ ~_,.a... [4A..... ')\..;]IJ .J _,A: L. C>lS' 1;)" :.;1 .;~ _,..; ,<J~j\.WI ~ .~ L.
1;k9 ......a>j 01\:.; J:,1; ~ ,<:..JI.J 0l_;ll ~ c.rO.;l..; '1.J ,.;.b'J~ \.. y.M 0lS'.J
•<II ..
~ ~.) c.s' • .r---
II I.~'.....;.>-'. ,L. '-':!
•._G' .WI 1- • • • t< .........L l:,.,..;:;
.) •• u- y <.,?" u- ~.) . .
.j ~pi J.JG-.J ,~ .;I .J I~ L. JS ~ J>.l ..uJ i 39l. "c;;LWI '-"'
4.4.....l.Oll
if ~..w J> c)! J..opi <..r- ..!11~ ~.J ,.,_. ')L )II p.WI.J (>\SJI ~ ~
,(Arnaldez) j..UL;) Jl,; W'.J ...:..j .j i..\lL.. ..;:..;lS' <jll ~~ft')l .::..~jWI
c•oJ" .l.-l::.O; I ;;,..J;,;'II ;s\.J C:").J ~~" ~ .JI ..uJ
~ ,;;,.,.:.,;r 4'1 ,)1~1 ~.J <jll .:r._r...ll 0-::::'j\.WI .::..~)'; ~ <..r-
J!...:' ,..L..J .J':>\.1 )11 .P 4.l_,.,A.. _d-.J ~..G)1 .P ~},;; 4-:-- .::..L_)O; .!J~

..li.J 1 )J.,...oi.A:J~ ~)11 ~I.J ,~~~ ~I 4.1\.;..;:..I.J ,<J_,s:JI ~j~

41

- Van Den Bergh, (tr.), Averroes' Tahafut al-Tahafut, p. xiii, also

-Watt, W. Montgomery. Muslim Intellectual: A study of Al-Ghazali. Edinburgh:
University Press, 1963, p. 59 .

."cr..UI ;_.k •I,>-!"J "J')\..;.)1 cr l.WI" ~_,..JL U,..,Ji .;:.,1; ..s_,;.':JI JljJI-,..;5 (fJ
.28U"' •JeL.. c::- r ,;;..;..')\.ill cilf; .JijJI (37)

(38) Hourani, George F. Averroes on the Harmony of Religion and Philosophy. (A

translation, with introduction and notes, of Ibn Rushd's Kitab Fasl al-Maqal with its
appendix (Damimah) and an extract from Kitab al----.Kashf 'an Manahij al-Adillah,
London: Luzac, 1961, p.5.

(40) Amaldez, R. "Falsafa." The Encyclopedia of Islam. Leiden: Brill, new e(l., 1971,
Volume 2, p. 774.

J i..>yi...,PI .ti i_,s::.<ll ,J.. ~':/ •cr._r...ll .;:.,~j;.:.ll ,J., J ~ J.,. r.l "~1_;.11 J.l>." (41)
505 .jy) JljJI J.,.i (r861-847 I_. 247-232) J'_,..ll <.<,I.>JI ~ J •r849 I_. 234
.J.>_,k ;r j< tr 1111 1 _,.

!58
t_,.... )I ~ J' ~ 4'i ~')\A] I .f>l .)1 ,.;.,~\ ..::..~)a:ll ,J., .J~ J>G:-
..::..W.I_,:.ll c)! <,?"Li ~ .>.:.::...; ..::..;IS ,Jk:...ll_, ..::..L,...>~)\ J!.o ~1_,
.j , } '-,?\ ..,_ J.l J-.; r-1-' <42J. 4'\;! J.W.l ~ '!-' '.J l..> _r.l I ~ ~ .r.}- .J _,:.1;-'
-~ J..:>i 4-1_, ~.rJI e W.)N 4J ~ r-1..;11 ..s.r>-~1 ..::..~)a:ll J.r.>
...J _,...s J!.o ,~\ ..r" l_,kl I ,y , ..W ~ J\.WI ..::.>~__,.....;; U"" l>- ~Y. ..~;\ ..U _,
..u_, (43).:_r.J.l~ )~\~..::.>\~\..!.it~) .J'I ,_,...<)\ ..... ~_, ~\
.J_,, ,y ~I i _,LJI ,y l..> .r.}-_, ..::..L,...>~)\_, ~I_, .~1_, ·~):All ..~;i
~J i')L...i\l ~I ,y .J~ ~ ,y .J!" :oi~ JljJI Jl! ..u_, -~ -,?i
.J_,y:.ll .j ~4 ~ r-l-' (44P.:_r.J.li ...I..P o? ~?. ~.r.. 'i _,LJI ,J.,
'-> _rJL.; .'-> _rJI V""Li_, J')\]..;'!1 ~-'~I r J. ,~_r.Ji
__,s:oll" :.Ji ..15\
.r.i' < l."~l ,y ~J)\_, ,~\ ,y J_,;JI_, ,;~\ ,y o__,...!)l J!.o.:.. ...,.,L.;.;
45

_r.,..;.. I_, , ~_;,; L:,..J I Jll.W I ..::.. t;)l .~ _, ~I ._).<- >l...:.<>'!I .j ~ ..;\
.j .,.>- <JJ U \J_,, ._,r_,]I_, ~I ,y JS '-?' y,_ .Ji ..siJJ .Jkl,li_, J>.ll .:.r.:;
.~_r..l I i \,>J I

..::..l..lA.::.......l\ :f .jJ\.W\ JljJI t_l!J.l o_,A.)I ,y ..~;__;.JI ~ \.. .J!

..;J...... _, ol_,z_, ,~_r.J~ :C..... I) I ci .r'_, ,.::;..L,a> r :.:,..')\...,)II ..:..I... ) .•..J\_,
.'-:"'~)I I_, i I_?>-'! I ,y _r.s:.l I eJ> y ~ ..::.>~.;..,J I ,J., .J I) I J':>l>-~I
i_;; ..; ~ \.::5' J I} \.. _, , -.:....> _,J I di:, .j '="'')\...,)I I r-1 WI .j '-,? j :, _,;; .J <:::-"" \_,
~~\ .......;,_, -,?..UI- i~\ ~ <:::-""\ ~ .\J., l:..y,_ ._?- 4; '8 •- 0
~, ~ r~~~ _, ~')l<]l ..::..~> _;... t.. ~ cJ! e-1-' ~ ~ -?..u1_,
.'-,:;_J.ll ~I ~l:.....ll ,y \;...Li I.f." J ,t;.....) ~ ~ _;.. .
.31'-'"" ·~\.... C:C r ,:U...~I ..::.jlfl .JI_;.;JI (42)

.33'-'"" ,~UI C:C _,..II (43)

.25'-'"" ,~\.... C:C r ,J':>WoJI ;r .ii:..JI .JI_;.;JI (44)

.. 83'-'"" de',~\.... C:C r '.J<..UI fP •I.,>! JI_;.;JI (45)

159
(f tli.ul J':>l> .y •(>l.. ;>\J ~ 4.....~> 0-' JI_;;JI -....)j ko ~)~_,
.G1 ':I! , ~ )..::..JI 0:::'':>\.W I_, ;(J~ t.;) I ..::.. ~ ..~.-" 4._,:.;J.l I .;L..,) .... _, .;I ..\A:,...
1 _,~ 0-' ...!..ll--"4 Sui. ,41 r ;f> U:. jS0 -l::>- _,J I ~I .:>1 ~ , ) .r"' ~ \.k.:.1
L.. _, .tLJ1 .G~ ·~~ ~ ~ ;(JJWI .:>)" :Jli ..W .(~':JI _,\) '-ll..ui.ll ._,.,t,.....\11
L..
;(JJWI .:>4 J~G:- .._,]2; ~_, ut.,;)'_, (46l":;wr"-.::.....) J_,.l.....JI .;t ~
, 1 l:JI '-.....~_, .jl_r>-':11 ""'-' ,j{':ll_, J.-)1 J.-._, ,._,.,_rJI_, t...1J1 ,1_,1 [ ~
~ '-:"' ;..:...-..JI 0-' .)IS (47 ) l..,_. 41 ,1 .jj L.. JJJ r .. I_,JJI JL..,.;....I_, ,Li..!JI_,
,~1 i _,LJI :;,......4 ..!.1J; l: ...J..f-'<o.J '-ll..ui.ll ._,.,t,..... \11 1 _,~ fo_ .:>1 ,~1
~ ly,:!S")..r.. r.l .,_;\ l:_, ,J _,.l.....JI_, '.WI ..:..Li~ ~~~ ...~.>-1 J.!...::; .jll
w b....! I <5 _,.4) I .;.; K. j;]'U .)! 1 .Y' \11 ..:.JT ..W - _,~ L.. ~- <.bA:J I ,.lJ,
~I ~1_, ,~'J\.WI ;_,.; ...Jk...;) ._.l! <.>~1, 1 _,~ l.l.._, ,;(J)..::..JI (4;.!.)A::JI)
. <..,.S' ").....:~I r.l WI ..j
.1>. .)! il....,a;":ll J) JljJI ~.J"' ..} W~ .:>1 W.,? ~ , _,.JI 0)
0~ .:>1 ~I 0-' .J_,.l.....JI_, '.WI ~ <;..J.,JI ;(JJ\..]1 ._,..:..;1 ..j .:.r.:;~\11
(f ~l:JI d.:..ll_, ~~I 0-' .J;lJI y.JI ~ ~~ ':I J...i ;1 ...!..ll;
0~ .:>1 ~I 0-' _, .~ L...\II ¥__......]I J;lb...ll ~ _)..::..JI 0:::'':>\.WI 01_,>:;
..j f>l_,l;JI ~ ..j "-ll..ui.ll ._,.,t,.....">U t"'""WI 1 _,JJI J_,.,> .:>1 0-' ~ ..)j

dl>.[J :;,~1 .:>_,j..!J~ 41 a.. i~ y.L,.. ~ ~ ~ ..)j 4,~1 il,>JI

.J '-,...L...1 ':I ...Jy>JII.l.. .:>\.:>\11 _,~ .,_;\ l:-' ...:..~WJ c:'l..o .J) 1_,~ .)! ...!..lJ--"4
.JI_;;.ll ~ly. .:>IS -?..ill -?_,s::.;.JI tWI ..j l1 _,.. .:>IS .Gi ':I) •-J! ~ ..r..
crn9s ;....,.s9s J y) ..w.J .:r.l

~_rP ~ J 4 ':II 0-' ~':>\.WI 45__,.J I ; t.;;;)' i).,~ ~~ ..1..!.1 .y,l J--"4

.169cr' ,~L.. (:"" .1" ,:<..;..')\.;)! ci4J" .JI}JI (46)

.~UI (:"" _,...11 (47)

160
1-'>576.) .~1 JIJ..ll ~ ~~J ~1 ..ill .L 85 Jly j,_; .,_WI JIJ..ll
cr.l "..::...i~"J JIJ..ll "..;.J4>" .J1 ( l"..;.J4:)1 ..;.J4>" .~ i1180
48
..L.!.J

.j l.AJL.. .J l5' ~ .il I ..,r) IJ j.W I J y J ~ 'J I e .r" J-" y. C.,_;. Y. .J ~

~Lll .J_;ll ~ ~>')\.,..JI .yl:ll ~~~~ Jl:ll .J_;ll .y <.,1'~)'1 r-lWI
~ "":"' }JI .) l;; ~.ill ..........;,; e.;-.all J-"J ,~>')\.,..JI ? ~l:ll ~~~~
..JJ} ;;_._,;.

~')\,;]1 ~ ~')\,;]1 .)1 JIJ..ll \.w:- J .)1 ~I .y >~ ~ r-l

LA.; \.h.. ..::.>L..JWIJ ..:.>I~ I (f' , _?.J .Jl5' ~.ill ,..\...!. J cr. I J!.o .:J~I
, ;_. ,ali .:.J).::.JI ~~I -..A>_,.. ..\...!. J cr. I !.1 J,1 ..uJ ..AJL.ll .s~l ,P
..,r}l JJ> ~)'""! ..($'_;; ,<_;_;.,:; ~),_.,~\..ill l.ilJ ,.J.LA:JI <f ,~ .J~
j.WI c_,s:J ..,r}I ~ i ~cr.> J5 .J1" :JIJ ..ill ·cr...UI .) .ly-JI ~ j.WIJ
l.i, .J~ ~ j.W I .)1 "li 1 X.::..., "licr.> >Y. J ~ ..; ~ <f J; .rJ '..kJ b.;
j.W I .y J5 V'.L.,.,\ ~ i ,Z .) I .J \;> 'J I .y \1 W' Ji i i JJ _,..a.l ~ .J ~ d. ..U I
150
l" .~..UI JiWI .;;> ~ _,....)1 .y -4 "lii" ~ >..~...!. .;i W' 149
l"·..,r}IJ
~b.J~ j\ .Ji ~J (SI)" . ..:..oj .j ~\11 cr...UI Jl,:>-1 ~ J5 ~" .J1J
.w:.-JI" .J1 ~J1 5~ ,.:J~I ~')\,;]1 (f' t,l>..UI .)! ~I '.f...UI .)1
&. ..w J. ,152)"-:r...UI ,9 t.,...) ~ jl:....ll J1 ~w~ .J~ "li ~')'u;]l .r
:)"1 .\.:..i4;.)1 ~4'" J <.,~):C..,._,; (Van Den Berg) i:.f "' C,t; ~ (48)
- Van Den Bergh, Avcrroes' Tahafut al-Tahafut. ..
:)"1 '~J :,r.'! ";J,~I ~l.:.o ~ --'...:.SJI" ..,.,I;S'J ,"JI.WI ~ ..,.,1.:5'" 0" d}.:>... ~ t.')\1,)\]J
- Hourani, Averroes on the Harmony of Religion and Philosophy ...

d.b ,Jr.JI )>'"-'J.d. 'Y,.,Y. c.r-'JY' :~ ,~4-)1 ~4' ,.....,.,. .c,J_,JI Y.i '~J :,r.l (49)
.584'-"" 'rl992

.527 '-"" ,J.,UI E' rJI (50)

.583'-"" ,J.,UI E' rJI (51)

.527 '-"" ,J.,UI E' rJI (52)

161
[~..DI .ylWIJ JL..ll ,J.., .)~ !l p ~..D 0;..UI .Ji" J.jt:; .)! Y"'~1 ~
ClJ~ ~~ .JWUll .W[J 0;..DI .r.'..G ClJ--4.r. 0;..UI !'-" ,..,._~ 4-:,; .J>" j4J
L.. .J[ .. )~1 4...::.JI ~ft'-" <./' .)L.;~,Ii ~~ .)~ ClJ~ 0;..UI 4.0,1.;)I ..:..L..:.

r-f'·l:._,. <.,111·~11
;c.;K,I · i . "b ,"Jt.a...JI u- 153 >.
- ' ( f .>"'. (:!
I -•" .ul::S" .
. c!J ~ .)"-' .J .>"'.
.
.....,__r.J IJ JA.-.ll """ J..:> _,.::) I
J I;;JI \.b;.. ~ J J ~ ..\...!._; 0: I .)i _r.?
, ;J L.ui.ll '-:-' ~ \1 G j..a.:; L._,;

t!>J......;.; r ..;\ 'il ''rl1 J50 J..lk...ll ~~ r ..t1 .Ji e..;~;_,;;, J~~ J
,c.J.S\ .Ji C!J~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~ _;~l> ..;\ :._r.-- ,_;. ·'J">U; J50 ~_,;~ ~
J...A; 'i ..;}> ,_;L:ll 4......')1.. ClJ~ J.J><;.J '"L.. ClJ~ :.r ,'l..J; ~J
.i~~ .!J.):,
~)II Jw'll""" :.r <-!' ·~~J ,,~ ~ .!JJ:, .J!' ,.!J.J.; J...A; L..~J
~L.JI <A....~I (.Y' ..~>-\ (.Y' L.." ,~1 1-4-JJ 1541
" -cS_r,ll ~I jJ~ c.rJI
- -
j
· L.; 155 1".-r IWI
~I,u, c!· L.~ Y-"Jcrr.Y
· · ·It;. d .r.--
·- - .q ;JL., 4.!.Jl;_., <.f,J'.r-
II I • 1.,

:.r '-:-' _r'> r '-"'I_,.,..] I <1 L..Y. .S)..W I J"> I_,1) I J ;J..;, L!...J I ;J L.ui.ll '-:-' ~ \11
56
""" v l>':>W I --4~ J ')\>. (.Y' i..IA;:; 4>_,...J I .)\ ..\...!. _; 0-! I cS .r. 1 I" . .ua.......;_j I

4> _,...J I )50 !J '4> _,....l I _; ~ [

L;:._.; ci"'- '-:-' L. \11 )50[ .) [" :~l:::J IJ '-:-'~'II
'-.S.r-' ~ y. 'i ..;\J ,<yy ... <> J"-4 r-!WIIJ.., J •<-? l?i <> J"-4 ~ 'i ..;\ ci"'-
1571" .'.l~i .)! ..t.:.:;__; 'i vWI_?I

<) <..,i)l <.:..iWI J-IS \_,.;, ~~ ts}.W ...,WI 0-- ~§., ~ .586-585<.!" •c>eUI i:'"_,...)1 (53)
<,..cli::JI d..u:......ll C: l..w ;;...,......:. ~IS ~ J J.l ,I) ~~ ~ # >586-580 .;;..1.-A...dl
·u-U ~J' ~ r-! (<.i,L;)1 '1) ~)WI y- ""'t;' ~~J
.527 <.!"' •cY.UI i:'" _,...)I (54)

·cY.UI i:'" _,...)1 (55)

.519_,., ,c>elJI i:'"_,..JI (56)

.;;..1.-A...dl ,:w-IAJI '-:'L.. ':11 ~l:., ~I J-IS ;,1) ...,WI cr ~§., ..li .522_,., •cY.UI i:'"_,...)II (57)
.527-519

162
-llLll -?1)1 ~ ~ r-1..;~ 'ciT-' ~J ..l.!.J ..:.r.l ~~ ,:r ~:,J~J
~)I ClJ,;ll t:'..Jl; .j 4- iJJ> .sol ..;\ ~ d.ll ......... ':>1-"ll e::l~ !ll.i.;\
.JIS ~J ..;~ _r...;J ,~ l_dt ',I[ c,t")L..'jl _,>:.JI .j )Y.. r-1..;\ ',1[ < 5 '1~')\)1
.J Ju_ rl'" I.Lo ~J < )'-/'")L..'jl r-!WI .j il6JI ......_':>\-"]1 _r>1
59
J\ ;l.")l;

v")L..:JI r-!Wl ~~ ~~ .........,_;.. ·<-? I.Lo .Jt ,.._,; ~ ',1 t.....J .<60)"t.L;I
. l,a,\ t. , ~ ;;..; ')\.WI 0 I.1..4 • ',I
;;..\..\.," d l... ..:J I · \.. ~I ; ..WI 0 I.1..4
-· J J. -../-<f.. - -../
>~k ,:rY.. 0\S C6'JI.Lo \:...J:! <.?- ~~ ~ _,.. r ~ r ~J~ " l.f"::--JI
j.WI .~[.r."" (J _;:..JIJ J _,k..JI ~ r l ) cE )IJ j.WI ~ .Jj\_ro ~_;..
..:.r..lll ,, •. , .)\SJ -~_r.ll .j 4. l_r...l;:- Gts:.. (~_r.::JIJ cr'L,lll) ~_r.::JIJ
0_p..,_ 01 ~~ :r 0\SJ < 62
)~ Clj, ..~.o~ r ~ ~")\.,..\ .1) 0~
~~ .j ;..r.? ....,.l:'L...:...JIJ Jl.r.}JI wyJ ""'.JJ ~J ..,..WI ~_,kl
.~I .) c> _,>:.JI .!. L!.:.l I c> .r."
- -
:_,1;;1 ,.:;_,~.r' .~.?j!;J ;.:........,:. 0'" J.i; ':llo ."-' J ;r.L Thomas Aquinas .rl:...§l .rlo j ~ (58)
- Urvoy, Dominique. Ibn Rushd. Olivia Stewart, (tr.), London: Routledge, 1991.

_,1;;1 (59)
: ".;.jlf:ll .;.;4'" .0 J ;r.l 'o"'L:S:.I ""'"'"""; _; 'Van Den Bergh i:_p. 0> 0li ;c,..Li.o _);;I
-Van Den Bergh, Simon, (tr.), Averroes' Tahafut al-Tahafut (The Incoherence of the
Incoherence). Cambridge, UK: The Gibb Memorial Trust, 1954, reprinted in 1969
and 1987 by Luzac and Co., London, 1954, p. xii.

- Gardet, "Jim al-Kalam.", p. 1149.

(60) De Boer, T. J. The History of Philosophy in Islam. Edward R. Jones (tr.), London:
Luzac, 1970, p. 200.

:_,!;;I , ;.r. J.l,... <) '<_;,l,.;)' I .) ! '7' L:S:.i I l.i.. <.? j I,; 01 r ('-"" J (61 )
- Nyazee, lmran, Ahsan Khan. The Distinguished Jurist's Primer. Reading, UK:
Gamet, 1994.

(62) Dutton, Yasin. "The Introduction to Ibn Rushd>s Bidayat al~Mujtahid." Islamic Law and
Society, August, 1994, p. 193.

163
L.~ ~ ~ r.l ,.) ~')\.WI ~ ~ 01.5' ~I <.,.._,s:,JI ~~ )1 ~
.;1~ 'jl ~ J.; r.l<GIJ djj \~I r> c)[~~_,.~ ,lA.l.>JI ~~
~ r-h ·e--'!"•11 '--?''":}..._,')1 U""L..\11 J.a>~ JY\>. '-'"' ~ ..r.;Ak:-!1 >~! J
.:r,l Jl!.l.:.ro ,L..LJ~ JWI J>.l ~ JU )~k:-]l '-?IJ c)! ;o_,..JI <5_,...., ~
163

...,..l~ _, ._;-::-? ..!.>- c)[ ~G ~ _, j_~l W ;;_,;')\.WI ;;s_r-JI u..W ,..l..!. J

J ..uUI '-:--".WI ~1_, 4::-6 ~} ,~__,......:.\1 1 '-S"_r-JI <S..b..::: ~

Jl!.l .J' 0-'...)J~ ~1..\..o ~ dh L:... y. ~ .!..l.l..i5" ...-:.J.J;,_, \(''":}..._,')I r.lWI
(i 1209 IA606 J y) t,?jl)l .:r,..UI _;..J _, '(i 1153 /A548 J y) .jl::.....~I
-Cr1413/... s16 J.Yl JG:-.r.JI_, Cr13ss;... 7s6 J.i'l ~')1_,
I:?~)WIJ '0J...l..L> .:r.IJ ,4_ • _; .:r.l

'-:-'l.-:5'" ci132s ;... ns J.i'l ._._; .:r,l .._,. ~ t.?jjl _ra-JI J__,b-.;
...;~ J _,All ..!.>- c)! '-:--""; ..W \ l;Js ~ _,> _,.. ~I '-S"_r-JI ~~ , "~I
64)" ... I
- - '-'""""" r-'I (
.............. C . ..
~
.. I.
.r--::'
I ..... ')\..ill" 01 " '":}..._, 'jl
-' i · c/
. '-'i....ll ..!.>-
· Y-
Y'
cr-l1..~;1d \<[ ,J-ol::JI J '-i~l 1 , 6 ·< I_; J. J_,h....JI_, ;.:1JJ 1,s-l)...:; .!..l);
, "-ll....OJ I '-:-' [,.. \11 !'"""'J l..(;') er.;__,.....;.\II ~ lA _, , J _,h....J ~ ili.ll .;:.,lJ~ .;:..,!..;! c)!
.L,...:.\11 ~ 01 I'"""_?J_, ~I ~IS'J..\..o JY\>. .J' 0_,> ~ V""L:ll" 0~ JtJ_,
W[ "-ll....OJI '-:-'[,.. \11 0_,~ .:r,jjl 01 <S.r.. 01.5'_, 65
< )" -<5 _;>-1 •l,..:.\1 '-:-:--ll <../"
•
166
le:JL.aJI .......UI t..4G WI_, ciTyO] I 0_,A.l~

...,....,.w~ u--Y. ........A;_,... 01.5' t.?jjl- Cr14o6 ;... sos J.Yl .)_,J..L,:. .:r,l t...1

(63) Watt, Muslim Intellectual. .. , p. 13.

~ ,~ ,t,..,; ,:r. __._1 i~)'l e_,..:. '-'Jl:..i.ll (r':'-' - r l ~ ,:r. __._1 ;1..)'1 ,t,..,; ,:r.l (64)
.186'-'"" ,9 ..ll,....ll 'i 1963-1961/.•1383-1381 d.b ,__,..,~)1 C:!\.6.. :__,...;4)1 ,~\ ,r>-)l

.288'-'"" ,_;;WI E-"_,...)1 (65)

._;;WI E-" _,...)I (66)

164
.....;....,_, .j \Ji>- ;5i 0l5 .ill -J _,1....]1_, .Q.J\ J.::-6..'_, JWI ..I:Y.J .j~l
~\_, _,.,......Ji J:.. W_,.i~l p.WI 0::: ~I c!-' ~1 .:.5J ,<..i...JWI
.C l" <..i...JWI J~!"
67
_, ol..,.... ~ .::...U.. .j -:..;1_, .(<....;.WI .t.,....,>JI) .L,...,.;JI_,
;si_, l:""-'1 .J_,sJI ,:,1 I§J~\ ~J ~~~_,~ l_,.i ;:.-;, r-l c);.; .j <..i...JWL>
<..i...JWI .~~l> .~ .j ,~\ .:l\J~':/IJ <-?.r.Ji JWI ._,.,. _H .Ji cr l..!,kU
Y' l.. •J.b:.JI .u.l_,.i ~ ~ ~ w.k...ll ~I.)[ J.... _,.:.ll 0y_h- ; ~4
(68)J_,jJI .~~\ ~l

,:,_,..ll>. e,r.l J~ \JJ.,.. ~ r-l <-?.Ui- (il442 ;..,846 .jy) <-?~}WI L.1
~ <..i...JWI c!-' 04 ,;_,_; e,r.l cr ..~.A;i .)l '-:-"";.ill -<..i...')W.\.U...,._, .j
.:,;.UI •'-'~\;)\ ~ ~ ~l ~ ~ Jj i~~\ 1.1... c .i')I....,;>\J ~l>...JI
691
o
~~ ~ I_,J.l; .ill 'r+' ~I yWI L.\.'-?,l;J\)1 e,r.l ~ cr .Jl5
;_,.all ("+'\..G.:;..\_, 'I'~._;_,~)>.; 0\ ~l 'i')l...., ';II ;_,.b. J>-b ,:,_,~ lyl5J
~<-?~}WI.....;....,_,_, .J..All ~J <f'.x:....l_, ;J_,..aJ\ ,J... ~ f""'"J <-?.Ui Y'
.:;,;~1 .iS_,..lJ ~I i J_,..all

.
c~.y.a::JI) wt:-11 :r -4.;-JI ~ .t.;.,;~l :~1.)
~ v')l....,':/1 r-lWl ;L..t. ~~_, <..i...')W.\ ~~ •)_,..all ..:.;l5 ..w
r ~J,lj c,<" ')\.....,';/I r-lW4 .;...,.J~ c.} ~~ :;,;~1 .iS_,.JI ~ r-l

,:r.l [.J-'o .(258-246 .:ol..A..a.il d ~I ,Jl:; jJJ ;,._,.,. .}) ,5!9-514 .:ol..A..a.il , "<...l.WI" (67)
r,WI .J:; ~IJ ~IJ (<.,..WI ol,..,5JI) .t,..;JIJ 1""')\k)IJ _,........IJ ".:ol,t)~l" ~J,lli:.
"..::...;4-:)1 -::,..;4'" <) ilil J.i l,.;,i ~lS' .C:.J ,:r.l ~~ y:i- .(531-495) .:ol..A..a.il) :i..P_,;_,.JI
:);;1 ·~J..u.,:. ,:r.l <.<,)> :/ ~G I> ii*>-1 ~ 'J <.<,)>, r,WI ,,;_. CY' ? I
.51'-"" ,~l.,. E".)" ,.;:.;4-:)1 .;:.;4' ..C.: J ,:r.l -

:l.o;i );;I \(Jl:i jJJ ;,._,.,..}) 519-514 .:ol..A..a.il ," <...l.WI" (68)
- De Boer, T. J. The History of Philosophy in Islam, p. 202.

165
<)I -:.;lJ\IIJ .....,__,kll ~ ~~';II J~ <.r •(~~\) 41.iUI <.r ..~:;.JI
_r....=; -:.;IS C>l::JJI (4,J.L!:JI!':_,.,.JI) ;;_,..~J.II_, i_,.;.\1 ~ .ili .~1; j_;,0
r.l :_r.:>- , ~ t,_,J I i _r4J I J I_,i _, ':.,.-'J I i _r4J I cj ;;_,. ')L., )'I ..,...WI <S_rJ I 4.
..:..JJ;. cjll </' \..> ..~>- _, ~I J;:, r-l _, ..;:., L.. __,.....l I (J' J_,.5 d.!..i L:.. ~~ J;:,
,..!..l); ~ ;_,~ _, .4, :.:;y:.WI ~I i }.JI J. ~J.II V"'.!l.wl r:"L:.. .;r
. .
r lS '~I ~I J i }.J I ~ 1_;::-:S" L.. l..;...l J _,; .;:., L.. _,s::,.J I J;:, r.l
cj ..r)_,:S:::ll_, ~~I· ;J,;..-11 c__r-ll ~ 1-4J_, ,._.J_,'JIC>_,_;JI cj JWI
.c,<' ')L., )'I r-l WI
.)! ~l..;;l...,......,... i_r.ill ..!lt cj '0-.•1 ,II .L...WI ~ C>i L;,) I;!J
.;:., 1!.0J I ~ C> _,.;.,.. ~ ~ , (~~I) .W l>...J I '-:--"..WI _,i ""'Y\.W I '-:--"..WI
::;_,;':11 C!.J'J I
I_,;IS .:,;jjl ·~jl)l ~ yi_, ~..G_,I)I cr. I J!.- ,.J_,.; _}.;:.JI .)_0')\.WI - i
.)_,, o..t>-_, j.WI J~ (J' ~_;.,!L:.,....ll .ylWI ~ tr. .)! 0~

·-,r_,JI i~L..

JS' .)! ~ W ~ I_,..L .:,;jj I , ..~..! .> cr. I j:.- ,.)_,J..I.:A...J I .)_0')\.W I - '-:-'
.J.WI_, -,r _,JI .;r
..)y)
- .s-..~:_;WI_, .s-__,...;,'J I j:.- , C> _,J..I.:A...J I (C> Y.~ I) C> _,6 l>...J I - .::o
.L..; L.... jjl ~A ,:_,SJ_, •J.WI.>J~ 1_,.;r l .:,;jjl •JI_;All_, •(i945 I~ 333
.w) ..I.:A...J I ~ ')\1,J I cS J.i ~ _,k

C> _, .r"'-!. .:,;jj I , ':_,.:.,...l I j:.- , C> _,.; _).::.J I ( C> Y.~ I) C> _,6 l>...J I_, - u
...?> JW.i.>J> ~~ l_,_,s:.;i_, ~J.il u\~1 J_,j ci ~\11 C>l..-:)'1 ~
.= t_LiJ.II_, C>~)'l c_Y, ~r- cj
E" I_; lS , C>_,.; _).::.J I C> _,;')\.WI E" I_; , C!.!'J I .;:., 1!.0J I , .l.. ~ (J'

w)..I.:A...J I (:,;~I) ~ l>...J I C>l .d- ,C> _,.; _).::.J I (C>Y.~ I) C> _,6 l>...J I

166
 170 1" ·~)
· \::Ji c./· ~..\.> ·
C.r'•" --....., · ·•t..;Ji I 'lS
. . . c.r..r y

~ ~J..c; I§~ cJ.x:.....ll (~~I) ~\;...JI 0\ ~\....\.. r \11 >lj \.... J

~~I 0-' Jc:- \.... ,,~\J wl>..JI 0-' ..~;_;...ll r ;;,1\::JI .JJ.r<ll _r.9

, ~ Ui .J J .r<ll J J .4:r. I_,.....A;.:; 0\ - cJ...I.:A...ll 0::::' J\.W I .).>- ._.:>- .J \5:...:

't"'.r.f' ~.?J ,.J...!,J ~IJ JI;>JIJ c,?~\11 J!.o .W¥ .JK.h .JlS L..~
~ ~_,......, ..:o..~;l.} ,4;__,;..UIJ ~.lil i },JI 0-' JS' J :c;....\J ~ _,... wL.::S'I

..;., I:, ~ J c/' '")....,)II r-l WI _)) t5' f.. r-l i },J I ,.r,u .ci \ 0-') I JJ r t:: ..:.l]:,
~ i_,..\ .JlS c,?.lli- ~~I ~ ~I 0\ .).>- .).....:;...,~I ·~ ._.:> ,.J\..;,
j.olyll 0-' i..~.>IJ ~~ IJ... J .~ Jl_;, L.. -~Ui .JJ_,<ll J i:. ; ~J
. .ktk..;')\] 4, 'i.lil L...JI
-J' -·· c./. ...._.WI
'
~_;.JIJ ~')L..)il ~~_,:.:.!1 ~.rJI ~ ...J')\:;.>~1 :\......\>.

;;j 1.- 1i \;.,Ji ell ~~ jj\

f..
JZ
c./· r-o-' ~
"\A.,:.\
'-' , r 4-;J\.WI
- ;(5 - IL,
r-' . ) ........- ""
~I -.JJ.lll oyi ("+"1..~>.:;.....\J '("+"r='- .lj) ~L:; iJs-J ,JWI >J..l>
Jl~ ~ _)) c.>>\ \.... \.JLS:...JI .y ~I Y.WI .).>- ~\} J>} J
.......UI_,.JI ~J ~I OJ~) 20-' J 'c.'.?J Jl~ ...;Wk;.. J oJ"' y. J r
..:;..;lS vi",;; ..:;..;\5 ..;11 .1/:il 01 r '<..!""~A .l,::••NI -..Jl _r..~; .J\S L..J
t.Li .lli ~ .) IJ , -.1 _r.W lJ ..,.... \....\11 ;;_,..'")....,)II ..:o l..l..i.::A.J I ~ t': J> J \,.;;
..JT.r<li ~ ,~~~ :r- ,..L,a)\IJ... J _r.5\fi J~l ~ ..liJ 1')\;:w ~
7

Jy-WI J-a'l .:r ~'~A~)~ .)1 '~~~ ,J., ~.ill

oJ¥ Ji_,J....:... <.SJ~ ~ J~ J ,~ ~ .J\S c,?.lll \!''")....,)11 r-lWI J
...:;..; lS Wj , Js- l..a:: 0\ .....;_,.;..lJ .J lS W , o_,A] I i IJ.>.::...., I ~ r-l ..;\ ) J ..JJ}

(70) Reinhart, A. Kevin. Before Revelation: The Boundaries of Muslim Moral Thought.
Albany: State University of New York, 1995, p. 183.

:\..,;,( _,1;;1 .220-219 cr" •J<L.. t"' _,. ,AA.-~1 ..,_;lfl .JI _;JI (71)
.190-147cr" de' •.Y.l.. t"'-" ,l,.o:>\....~I..,._.I.Wit<;l;; .oJ"j _,,i -

167
'Y t,?lll- ruJU .JlS' L.J ,~ .....;.;I_,.JI ~~ WJ ,l!.:.:J ~I_,.JI
~ ..ulJ ...:.....~>.; C>1- c,;..UIJ ;;..;_wl ~.J "L...WI__, <.._,s:,.JI ~ ·~ ~
r-lWI c) ~I i _yWI__, ..WI J__,k;; .r.--' c) l;'_,L..\.. f_,..i C>lS iLZ~I IJ.,. C>i
·<,!"":}..,.,. 'jl

..r- ..:...;lS '-!" ":}..,.,. ~~

\ r ·-II" ;;s? J I'":+'• 'I ,_A
, r- IWI '-!'• ".r...r-- ....i .)[!
. . ,
.~~--'

Cr' >.).¥c) IJ.,. ~.J ·'-:' jJI J 4>-~ .)! ..:->i ._;]I '-:'~'11 Cr' ~I
:J_,..'JI

c) ~I >1~1__, >1.-..ill 0lS ,J__,'JI ilWI ._;; - i

'-:-':-" l....> '-:' jJI
J ~I t/j '-?..UI "Jl!.ll -~1 ~".)!(Voltaire) _r.:J_; ;_y> C~
J 72
J~ _r.:J_; ~ 1 )~ ~I ..:...;lS ._;]1 ~j,!l:;,..JI d~l
lylS c,;..UI Jl;:-. J 01) ;~I ..:-l!L;..... ~ C>lS .;~ "l:"L..:.II :/ 4JL.. J"
...:- l! ')\;:,:.~I .I j[ 0_,-... L.::.; I_,; lS ~~ ) .J '~I_,.. c) .; ) ~ \.. C>.ffl
<../' ..:...;lS ,J,;:-1.;\tl J 4J )i ~ Jp..ll ~~._;]I ~..UI J..Y' \rl" C>i .r.f-
.;1 (Durant) ..:...;IJy.> ..tS"_y_, 1731 " .~1 6Jl::JI c) :;,..1..01 ..:-~lrJI JJ..aA
supernatural ~-Jyi.ll t.:'l__,)l ~ ~I .1;;1.,...;; C>i ~I Cr' L>lS"
lylS c,;..UI 0i ) ~I ..t,)li::.ll__, ~r.JI .._..u....ll ._,.&1 4-:,J... ~ ._;]1
1741
0!- ~ C>IS ,..:..lJ~ ~ ~ __, " ·(J)IJ iL..;.;;.. ~~ ;L,.> 1_,.;~ ~)!...;
~ ~~ Jl!.-1 .:r V":J..,.,.'jl r-lWI J c,;..UI .~ Jl,S -~ J-.; r-l
(is2o 1...2o4 c}.fl 0l!.l1__, (r79s ;..,179 c}.fl ..:..llL.__, (r767 ;..,1so J.Yl
l__,;tS__, , 0 _._o- ,__, .~.:,Zi ~ ;,1}11__,;tS (rsss ;..,241 c}.fl ~ .:r. .J....>i__,
lylS.J ,;_r-:>JI d__,;JI '-:'~..>....,..1 .:r I_,;~ r-lJ ,..,z__, ~I il_,>~ 0_,6..;.

(72) Burtt, Edwin A. The Metaphysical Foundations of Modern Science. Garden City, New
York: Doubleday, 1955, p. 237.

(73) Durant, Will. The Story of Philosophy, New York: Washington Square Press, 1970, p.
237. (cited from Voltaire, Selected Works, p. 62)

(74) Durant, Will. The Story of Philosophy, Volume 5, p. 571.

168
t".u; ..:;.; \5:..... )/ ~ ._? ~ ...:;..; \5' t.g..;i :_r ~) ~ ..,.., l,-J I '-:-'-"" l:...l I .)_,.a> _r..
.-,. J\...., )I I .r.f-J u ..... \.4J I ..:;.; \..... ) ......ll

·~'ll) ~ )\ iJ\.....)11 <.f.; r-1" Hourani .jl.;_,.- ) ...!.\ L.S3 - '-:"'

J:; ~ ,~\ c) L.S ,~J.ll v-1~1 ,,~(orthodox Islam ..l.lU\

(75 l". Jl., 'j\

i . '-!'· · .. <""11
..:;.; n--- w. ,.r:-J i 1..1....;'1 ..l.A.u I •II
()'::"' \J.., · :.r It,._,
<.)""'""' •

.J\5' -,?.ill -,.J\.....)11 ._,"11 t_l...:-J.., <:....JIJ .:>T_;Ji ,,~ .J\5' ~)\ iJ\.....)IL;
~..l.> c) •~ L.S 'c.r..il \- .W....U _,.J I cf> l.a:J\ J ")\.,:. :_r ...,J1 J.-"' _rl I ~
<JJ...u, ,~ ~~ J.jJ .• L:-,;"11 ;.;.)) r -e'J Jlk; .Js-.., ,~ ... : 0'"'"""'
c.>.ili ..:;...; )I ~
M M
(76J .~\ ·~~ ~_r.ll c.SY.... -':~ .)! <./} ...::..;\5' ..;:JI
.. ..

L..5 , .)-... I , II .) )S , V"" ..lW I '-:"' I.::SJ I ~ c) .) ~_;..!I .)J _.5:.W I .._,; ~

l:.. (77 l" . ._r.ll

.. ;;.;...... 3 .Jipl -,.u1 4kLJ~ .:>_;?-'.." :Ansari.. c.>.;L.a;"ll
.. JL;
<.f.; r-1 J . 4:-o '-A.::...:... ~ jW\3 ~J.ll J.ll.W\ 3 ..:;;\J.A:;,...Ji ~ ,;~ ; p
..ill .V"" 1.:..l I .)s- r• I) .)_,.;> _h '~I) .)s- i.;: t.4 )/I .) \5' c.r..il I "L..LJ I
:.r ~ ,<:....J,J .JT_;11 ~ 4--~'l r·') .:>» '.J"'"11 ti'J ci 'V""I.:..ll .)\5'
-~J tplA::.....IJ ~.JJ c) ~\J ~ ;_,.;

c) Inquisition ~I r-5"b.... .)1 ~I ...,; d~ -,?.ill ..:;...; )I c) - r_

<.f.; r-1 .) J.., V J\...., )I I r-1 WI c) .!.lh _)! I}~ c.r..il I t" ~~I .) lJ ,'-:"'_;..!I
l:..t ~\ ...::..;\5' -,?.ill ,_r,J\ ji_,.-IJ .~1 ;_,....; U~ o_,AJI i\J.>..::.....I
'~ .r.f- i;i ~ J.j ~\ .Jl> ,.!.l]; ~J ·iJ\.....)11 J \-'-!\ ..:...~ r-1 ,.._,J)
~_r.4)1 ~..J '~ J,.i >.; J':>\11.)1-.... ~ ~- ~ ~\ .:>"1
J>-]iJ d 1.:...> cr. J.l ~ .; _..a.) I J>-]i '-:"'_;.!I J .._.I ..G.:.. L; ....J _,k;.l I .)! .)J ~

(75) Hourani, Averroes on the Harmony of Religion and Philosophy ... p. 29.

(76) Hinds. "Mihna.". p. 6.

(77) Ansari, Zafar Tshaq "The Contribution of the Qur 'an and the Prophet to the Development
oflslamic Fiqh." Journal of Islamic Studies, July, 1992, p.157.

169
~ ..;i ) J .<.,?"":)...)'I ~WI c} <)~I '-:-'-".W ~ ) y-AJI .J .U~I i I..G.::.-. I
'ilf'>' ~~ 0~ .:,.;> .~ r+' 0J_r.s:.il 0l5' .:,.:..UI ,.U y:.....ll .:.r.:; Jl~
..!.lJ; c} 0Kl '; _,.;J I i I..G.::.-. I 0 J> ~.J"'-!c.?fl<'!. 0 ~ 'C:.r=~ I) ~ I,....JI J
(' 8l.~jly ;si .1) ..;.,..U,_,::)J •.:.r.:A;yill '%J •I))
,\: l4c. 4:->- tL;..U I J-.; ~ .jI ..;.,i..l.4;:.....] I <.r \,~ j=...; '-.,:SJI .;:.;l5' - ,
.U y:.....)IJ ...._.')\ill 4,;_,k.::..JI .IJ':II ~ ..!.ll.lS' .~t;'~l c} 4J <.J"'Li ~J
.~).W~J .i:l<c. 4:->- tL;JJI J-.; ~J ,<:..JI Ji 0T_;J1 .) <.Y'Li 4J ~
,UIJ 0T_;JI .) a,..'l::.. vl:.ll :_r- ~ ,.lA.WI ~ .jl d..l.4;:.....]1 0ki

.~1 ~J ~ .;:.;l5'J
.
~"j....'jl rlWI r.) .j')\.4...)1 ..,......w1 J:A:.-o :L..>L..
.)j ~I ~I;,_,., .;:.;l5' l;)t.. i.l~ ("""'WI _,..\tl .))0'11 -:-''[;J
~J '..,r) IJ JW I .:.r.:; t,i .r" • ,_:..; .)! c.?> y.-. <.,?"":)...)'I r-l WI .) J ,nh)l
c;r=JI i.li .J.5-y ·'-:"/-11 ci .!,>..(>.. W' 'c;r=JI.) _r.::iU J_,...a>- rj~l '-"'
...,r) IJ JW I .:.r.:; t,i _,.... J _,...a> ; JJ ri> J.<- c.?_,.6:.; ~ <.,?"":)...)'I
~ .) ~ Jl~ c.?P'- 0l5' 'i":)...?U <)l!liJ J}>'l \~ _,4)1 ~
cr l.. , '. , _; .,:r.l J L; W'J , ~~ .....; ')(.,:. ~Y.. .jI ~ l...,4.aJ I
_);:.!1 .....; ~ , ...,...
) .:,.:_,.:.':11 J.<- ";,\) ./'}.) J>..ll .J 0i -.;:.i)l ..!.l];.) ..l..; illS' ,iJ~ .:rs-
.n> ,jl.,::.. ~ll-4! ~ ~ ~ r-5'WI ,_s> 1' 9l ....,....J.. ~ J.<- ~f.. 0\
i;a.:.. J, ~ 0i .>" .u.....;, 0i ......_, Y. 0l5' l.. JS'J . .:r. ' \ •\i '-"' ..G-1J , fl<"'
d, ):>...]1 1.1.. ~ .c\k.::!.,. 0" i,r.s "-'J.A;...I c>..UI ,Robert Whaples )<IJ "-'r,JJ c>.r.. (78)
J:' 0" llJ....JI ,.1.. 0" _r.s;ll ..:..,1?\ .ill.~ .US .!)J; j.-J ~ ;_,:sJI c.;IS L." .;1
Jo, ll>J "~""'T" Jl!...ll j,.- ~ •4'_.i OJJ; .j ~I~ c.; IS L.= 1...,...- ~ _;;JJJ.JI
• \:.;'
..,.....~
1 L.l' ._.;t>,
1 '" 11 ~ ~·,t.:.,. ~ \)I :C..r- e::'- <./. ;;jJ J.JI ·-
. . '-"•II l'-~ -
. '-'I 1;1' ..,;\ ...-
1•.
.la,1 ly\ 0~ .:,\ J_., ~iz.JI 0~ ,~)\.WI J\ (~.l,U:)I)
.soc!"' dOc=- •..;,L.. ~ /' 'c>Jl::.i.ll ~ .;;,...,; ,:el (79)

170
p ~ .!.Lit.. it..~\ ~~ t.?.iJI ._,..,...JI >"' I.L. j.JJ <'OJ .~1J .;...~~ ~pJ
IJ ~ ·~~ J c;>:" ~ ~.:;1 J (i809 ;.., 193 J y) ~ )\ IJ)J\... ~\
81
J '-?1)I ~r- c_J) .....;JL>.... 1-4' ( ).!.1.1; ~ '1 IJ~ ~ ~.:;1 Jl it.. ~I
~ cjll c./' i pll ,J., ..;:..;lS" ..lil J -(>l.- ~I
82
) } 1.•J.# ; JJ; ..WI 4:,>
'1~.:;1 ~~ ~ vJL...~I ~~ J ~u .~ ,J~ <Jy:....JI ~;;I
cr.::-8-W I ~ t_lpal I 1J lS" W J , (.l,::» \J J:>- cr ,_,.,..... \.. IJJ IS! ..U If~
~ y,. r_f..: ~;) \'-:"' rJ IJ .jl ..WI C! lhl I .!.1.1; .i;..;l ..U (cr-J.,.lA::l I) .:r.lo.H><...l IJ
:.:.=-! .!.1.1;J "-41 tr--'
I.L. ~ ..UJ .iJ..>u...l\J JWI i\..G..::.....I i~ ..15")-! ..;\; .:i\_;.11 IJ)-1
:_,_; .:r.l J.Si ,J\!...li ~ ~ '6u\::JI _r 0 _,1 ,l\ .;:..~'6 J .J.j\::JI
U\J IJi_;.ll 0' ~ J ~1_,1.,.. J ~1..\A::.....l 0.• I , I\ JlA.::.!.I ~;;\ (.~ y,.
Jkll C: <>.1_,...., ./Jk: \.. J5" ~.:;'-j ,Jkll C: ,/Jk: '1" ._,'-j\ r_4)J
UIJ ~;;T_;JI ./~ ~.:;\ IJ~ '1 ~J '-'""\::JI IJ~ La.! J~~ ..uJ (83J".J1~
) , ;;;1. \>. ~~ .;... W5J I ,J., I~ IJ1 J.....l I cr ...;\J '.;... WS .J' IJfo
.:if_;.l I J '1 .:r..,.....W I .s ..U ~ tKW I 1J I> l.iJ , ;;;1. \,.:. ~~ \... J~ ~.:;\
~ J..l; A * ~~ >"' r 41 <Co.>- J l> J)\ ~ c:"' J! ..lil (84J .UIJ
<8'J".JW.l.....;JL>.... >"' t.. ~ iJL...~I J IJ\5:... '1" ~.:;\ -ii.J>-'11 cr 'r.?

.360'-"' d5c:-' •c.Y.UI t'" _r-ll (80)

.79 cJ" ,Joe:-' •c.Y.UI t'" _r-ll (81)

'rl967 ,...,..,,.~~ ,4 -.AJ\ c:u,.. ,J..!..o, ·~J.o:-!1 ..._;.} .,.':}.....'ji...WI ..J...>-1 ~ ,L;J)\ (82)

.171J 147'-"' dc-

.490'-"' '11 c:-' ,c.Y.l.. c:-.:" •..sJI::.ili ~ _.,..., <f-1 (83)

.490'-"' de:-' ,c.Y.Ui t'" _rJI (84)

.14'-"' '(1996 ,~\ )> :J..!..o> ,c..,.I>JI ~ .j ...WIJ j.WI ..J...>.\ ~ ,L;J)\ (85)

171
__,..; J~ WI Jl.JT;Jl J 0\'1 ...;.>·~I?!~Y.. ~ ...;~ ,d\) ~OJ~ J
-~ 4:)a; .JI ~~ ~ '-?I t:
01S.J , <>~ L;) I ..~...; i ')\...,)'I .y tL;.ill _r.s:.l I • ~I ;J _;::....J I j..J .JlJ - '-:-'
.l_r.- t_ij J..=-: r-1 .;I ) } )UI.J
86
.:Ji_;.!I t: ~ ~I) cr _r.s:.ll
4:.1"'-: !.;WI~ _;JL:.; 01 ~I cr 01S L..,..)J ,~I.J .1.1))'1 ..::..'l'L>-
0_,k;Lo.....li.J '~J cr.l J!.- ,r:. : 0_,J..t:......J10_,;~1 c.s=> J..;\...; ~).J ,r:. :
t:"" I.J ~ Li; ~.r.-.J J.-.l.J .t... J I_;.)I J!.- ;r L.:.\11.J 0_,J..t:......ll (0Y....y..:l I)
~~ i~L. -:..;IS <jll ._::.,L;')\:;.]1 J>- ~ -..:...i_,JI c::- ..u-L. ,J.; 01S ~

J.:....ll ~_,..;\11 ~ ib. 'JI ~~ .:r ~ 01 ..!!J; 0G .:r 01S.J -~

4-o..J.>..::..., I <jll ~ ~)J ~ i_,A] I i IJ.>..::.., I.J '~ _,.-.;:J I.J , i~l) I <k; Lo.....l I c) [
~ Lo.....li.J ~..t:......ll .:.r.:;~ I C.r' JS" •lA,> (8?) !..>.r;.J ~I.} r..U ;J _;::.....l I
~ )I
'
4J 0§.;_ 0jly ifo J...., 01' .;c.;
! •
cr 01S ~..t:......ll (~..y..:ll)

..}- ~ (£::'~ ~ ~I cr 0l5J .J , r-LJ I.J '-!'')\...,)'I (:' -':LJ I .j J-...2>1

~JJ I pWI C.r' ,..r.J-.J ..a,;.l] ~I_,) _;s1 J# j;_:rV.J ~.J '<.j!JJ I ~
·'-f'')L, )'I r-1WI .j 4:_,;JJI i ~I.J
4:.rJ I t l:.. ..J.....! I ,J.; ;J _;::.....l I ~I <jll .1.1) )'I ..;:., 'Ji L>- .y r L. i.J [
.~'JII .)[ ~UI J.J~ l!~ \.i.., .J ,~\... 0.J) .j i~L. 01S L,?lll 4:_,5:..<)1
, J.WI .j lkl)l ~~.J ,..!.L!Jj l...._.; _,.. .r- _?..;,; JS" ~~ .J ,~I
.ili , ..!.l]; ~ • ~.J .~ JJ I j.ILJ I .j .1 J \'I .y _,.,.;J I .j <k; Lo.....l I.J
-::..;IS .ili css) [;Ls" .._;_; _,::; r-1 'J2,.J I ~ C.r' '..:SJ -~ ~ ';' ~ J ~I J>.l

.190 ·cJ"' .I ..u.,..,JI ,<,.:l\...~l...,...l.l.JI t'--'1; ,;_,..j Y.i (86)

:_,1;1 .r-_......:\11 J,i '-'"';_,.ill ri..G.:....I J>- t')U.')\j C87J

.358-r' ,2c:' •J<L- C::" .r' ,;_,_;,_;...JI J.!.;JI ·'-?.i<_;...ll -
(88) Hallaq, Wael B. "Was the Gate of Ijtihad Closed?" Journal of Middle East Studies,
March, 1984, p. 3-41; See also Zebiri, Kate. Mahmud Shaltut and 1slamic Modernism.
New York: Oxford University Press, 1993, p. 136.

172
;,lAS:JI <.?J~ 0-" .~ ...._. ).~ Jb J dp,· ~~ <.Jlk.. Wb t!'; ..::..ly'11

.j .) \5" <.? .lJ I ('""'") ~ dl; :_?.: r-l .))J , i I_;:>-~~ .) ~ , t_l J: ~I J <.J WI
<' l.~UI CIJ_,A.ll
9

.s.r'-\ Joly ~ y,. .)\5" ,;;J _r...JI ~~ ._;ll .l.lj~l ..::;~\,.. c.? iJ"j..y
:<../' Joi_,JI ,.l.,.J ,;;J;;b....JIJ ~~I~.~~~ ..::.>jj<"

.y,;JI 0-" ...SJb t_lyol .j o.J.....WIJ ~ _r.JI .r.!- ...... t,...JI ~I ¥ J -

.~ _,...,; _,.<; ly\5" ._;]I ,;;WI ~1_,.; J ~_,.!. i~ 6r" c.? ~~L..J
..,...:. .r-L.;J ..J_,....J,; rr (i1938 ;..,1357 .jJ'l JL,JJ..t...;.... '-:"'t...\ ..w d.ll
.:_r.,W l>....J I .:r.fo.J I ..J~ 0-" (.; ')\k; I" :J (.; ~ -<:,; L::.....5\l I ""'41 ; ).ll I

j.:.. .j ~I 0-" .) \5" , ~I J J ')\.:...;~I ~ l<:i 0-" 0::::-' ')L, ~I (.:r-~ I)

'..!:>- _,J I ~I
c.? \'""'~.*-" ~ IJ _;5.;; .)\ '-!""" t,...J I J ')\.:...;~I 0-" ;;:A)I ,.1.,.
'-"' _rJI JJ\>. 0-" ,...,......:..u 4.....;~ ~~~ ;L,:> c.? ;;J;;l>....J~ ~~
.~ ~ ...,........,.. <...,_r.JIJ CiyWI .j ..::..~..l>..JI J5 ~l...,;...-1 c.? J:..l.!.ll

k.J '</"~~~ ii.J;,;J~ ~ ...... L..'JI ~fo c..;ts"J .4J.:r.)J'JI i')L,~I

"-':" J <.} L. .!.>- c)J ~~I Cl'l \\;;?. '-;-'ly c.? ly\5" ~~...,; ~ ~
(90)"J')\.:...;~I .s}

.U~I •4'11 ;_).,.J~ ~ wl>....JI jj<" <.?.lll .ji!ll JoWl .J\S"J -

~ ii..G-.:....1 ..,._;~'II Ci~l JJ~ .)\ 0-" ..J_i-.]1 J~\ k. ,J_,;....J~
.<...,_r.JI ~ ~J I' s·---1 .a.· i~ r+-"' i~i t_lyo~ .. y,;JI

. ..li..., J ck,k J}i; .)! ~ .ill j.!.o>lo,- :J., r-1 if';/...- ;I I ~ ji.AJI" ~L cr-<} > F.e J ?'< (89)
i ~I J J )2.11 ~ l:.; ;.._,; "'-'\..yl..o .)! <.?>_;, ~~ :..f-.., <,lw..;ll J" _,...a:..lJ li.,;, ~ ~!
:_)2;1 .'",4A')I 4J,/ _,.:; c;JI "'-'l_d\::.JIJ .b_,.;..a.IIJ
- Bernard Lewis, "Sources for The Economic History of the Middle East", In Cook, M.
A., (ed.). Studies in the Economic History of the Middle East ... , p. 91.

(90) Iqbal, Muhammad. Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam. Lahore: Shaikh

Muhammad Ashraf, 1954, p. 151.

173
J_,k::JI .J) -~~\.....:;11 r-lWJ J-L!.ll 1\b.;'il y. ..;JWI J-WI .JlSJ -
'>'} l.J_,k::; .;I; ~I .JLS' 1:,1 '>'! .!.>~ '>' '0J,lli:. cr.l Jl!1LS ''-?~1
91

'-r.:> , ~I r:,r ;J l,.. ..) j1. 01 r-J I r:,r 0l5' ..lA.i ',!..ll; cr ..WI ~
' -
~ 41 ..!.lt J:' r-l' ,.).lk-..;',11 ~_.1 J r.-1. ~')1....,)'1 ~I 0l5'

0l5' 1; 1 w )0:.!1.....; ~,..,,~..... ....... I)""-! "':-ly. ~ '-?1 .)lSJ ''-?~~ c_~~;u

J y) c?P..UI .&~ JJ ol!J ,_,_;cr.I "':-IJ ..lA.i -~ r-l _,1 <..;,.rJI t: ~

'-:--"1.4: <;JL<.. ,l;,...-; 0L,.ii...JJ 0L<-~ 0Wl<> L....~r '(i1762 1-'>1176
~ i.d ~Jll.. -..:..j_,li..!.LI; J i..lll.... ..;...;ts .jll i~IJ i.M~I..WI
~ Jll.. "':-IJ .&1 JJ ,l,! 0! J. .i..llUI •}1~ ~;:WI d-J 4\i- , II 41)
.)! 'r":' _; L.~ ·J~1 ~IJ LS ,~)...ill <.;Jll .)! 0T;J1 ~ _,:] i..!;-W
_;s\11 '-,?1)1 .:.>)> ,~~! _,1 ~ j.>J..;; r-l ~ _,s:,.JI 01 ~J (Ol)._,,JJ\11 <.;Jll
~ r:,r- ~ .A>1 r:,r 1.. .;1 ~ J> .)! ~ _,;.;.,. 1:7""1J ,...\lUI y. 0l5' ;;,;~
.W <..>1 .)! 0T_,.aJ1 ~; ..) ;.l>.ly J1 tb:. <51 -1..L...]I
- - -
~')\....,)'I<':'"'!" Jl ~ i>l<>) J .d JJ~ i ~ .:.>1 J.WI t::'J:! .:.>)>,us:_..J
0.,Wi.-JIJ 0,;':>\.WIJ <JJ..UI ._;.k; '>' 01 ~_,.;. '"-E }~ il~'.'l 0J>
~)~J .i_,.4)1 ii..G.;....IJ <+.~1 I~ 0\J ,~ ~ ~ (0y..L,)A::ll)
if 4 '>'I - c,? >W'>' I ~} )O:J ~- •l..LJI <; K..l _r.:>:J I uP L.<>..;',' I r:,r
i ')\...., )' ~ '--";_,..::]I J !""":, ~ _,...:...I ..lA.i -~..\.>J I ~I _)) r-"J lA::! IJ .j.J::...ll
:JI,; ~ i1947 it;, J ..!11..\; (Gibb) ~ d~l \.SV')\....,)'1 r-lWI J
•w)l ,
-""""' ..s-
1• ...l.o.,::,._, \
- ..r'·WI ...;· 0ts C-..:>-
- 11.:..
<f'"" i ')\...., '">'1 u.--
1 ,_ • 01"
"

.434'-"" ·~l.. C:C.r' .~1 ·"J.u...:. .:r,l (91)

.!)J; <) 1-K. J.J.ii ~ rl4'li yk:.. Ji c,"JI J.J.ii .U c,l_,.;JI 4_rl W).....JI ,_;_. c,\ C: (92)
r Cr." _;...lJ -<,-:J L .:if_,.;1 I .J I ; )" ~.rJ .::...li.o <) ~ .!l.i; (/' c,?.r.) _r.? t..SJ ..J L..) I
;_;.,..... _w ,~ j Jv., '1 ..,;~ J _,l, c,?J._l.i:;J I c,?i) I .J 15' '-'.. j "J I J) .L:...; , J.'.l ~ .& I :w.S'
:)a; I ." o.J.,lZ <I JL.... _;s::JI C.r' C! _,>..,.J i jiSJ I
- Arberry, A. J. The Koran Interpreted. London: Oxford University Press, 1964, p. ix.

174
\..!.::; L.~ o..!.;~l ..:..>IJpl j>- ~ ~J.A>J (..UUI ·~'>'I) cr-.J.,JA:ll
J..u 1
93
l".4# ~J jk;:JI ~ J..--.' .jll -.s_,..oll "':-ly ~~l ' ¥ ,r.
,1.4l>.JI j>J L..5' '../> ~ .Ji ..,__,l,-JI o>l,AJI cJ_,t,.. 1:,1-.;i ~ (:;)::ll '-:"J~
.>,;.; 'r")l...)il (JJ r:::: \::}r' ~ ._,.,JL...:.. ,WJI LAI_r. ~1) ,1' 4 l.J_,..L,..JI
W!.. 'J~J t,lr> ,~!J ,.....;.;1_,...]1 ~-' ~~ •)~l cJlr~l 4; ~
..,.W ·~l c)l ~l.:l~ ,pY.. .Ji t_i_,.a]l I..L. .JG cr _, 195
)~WI J ..!.J.I,.-

·<.f'")l... )II r-lWI J J_r::]l_, ~I

~_yj J & r-1"-:SJ J cr L. ~ .Jl

;_,..<]~ ._,.,_,)..JI ~WJI
:wo,;i · \..a.,•i J _, \.,..;_, ..J .L..>
~ . .J\11 ..~,.-·-"cr.I · , r")l... )I. L. ......,..!.)
• •I U..., . I .J \....,..I
~ r")l...?\J 4; .... WI ~ ._i>) ..,_.,")l...l .JI~ J -.s_,>-i ~yo>
U"'L..~I ~4-- .)_,, ,,p_,JI_, .r-JI._?l.a:JI .J!.l..a:i ~)I .A> I..L._, "·:·-~1
•?. 4::\5' '~.' II_, .JT_,.all .J l .l;WI u.t::;.... j,.J r j '>' t:' ·'!" , II ""'")l... )II
l ' II <f ?_, l ,~ J>-:11 cA cr JS'_, 'if ")l... )II C:,_,....:)I cr V"' L..i
.~_,J.::.. j>J ,J ..!..>~ .Ji ~)I ,..,_.,")l...)il ..:..>I·,·'!'"JI •\.:; o>~l J ,[A.~,.-_,
.Ji ~ 4'1:, ~_r.ll J>b cr ~ ~I J :;;_,__..JI cr _,.:s::JI
. .Ji J~J .
~ ~ L. .Jl ..J if I> '>' J ~ yf .J ~ c.b"ll I..L. cr Li _,k::.. w _,...

(93) Gibb, H. A. R. Modern Trends in Islam. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1947,
p. 122.

(J> J.i.,.. ..W .• L.WJ !""'WI JJ.J.ll .:>\.:., :\.;\.., ;_);>; Richard Antoun .J_,k;l >).!..;,) .J) (94)
· :U....I ,......
""' ·II W\11 Jl. , ,.., l.i.o. u-
1.1J <....-LJI
• • -....>.:JI;
. : II .JL.:~I"
Y"·· J ;J J .J.ll ..W.....,. J, .r-- .•
:_};;I . "~I .JK.JI (J' ._..k]l <,JL;JIJ ,WJI
- Binder, Leonard. Ideological Revolution in the Middle East. New York, Leiden:
Brill, 1964, p. 24.

ilf>-1 .j ~ 4,....;.., Y. i-y._. ';II .j!;..,....., i.!""""" .Jl Dale Eickerman .Jl..hl j;> J_,A, (95)
:};;1 ."WbJ "'~ .t.: cjll.r_,.ihlly .Jl..,';JI (J' ..,.;ly.JI.!JJ;
-Binder, Leonard. Ideological Revolution in the Middle East. New York, Leiden:
Brill, 1964, p. 305.

175
~Y\A.J I Wl::;.... 0-:2 '-.>-_;A.._, ;.r- '-..:..>\.:.. .;.,_,..~.>- ~ Y' , ~ rl.:AJI ~ _,..J I
.~1 ~ 0~ ...:._,... \.,L:..;j f5\ ('""JI) 0~ :_;._, 'C:.r.::~l) .:r.Wb....l!_,
1_,;~ 01 0" ~~- ~ >J 0\S_, ~L::.. ,r.? .L...W\ ~1 !:>}!
JK!'il ·'jl "r>J'_, .1..w4 ~ -~_,_,.. rJ.>-_, ~""",~ ·~>' .:r...u.:......
~,_,.. cr ....WI~ J;:-1cr <..j~ 0~ if'-' 'ci')LW' #'cr ~~~
lh_, .._;...-, JJ ,J .;.,~ J..i .lsx...J ,"-:,.o")\.....)'1 ;.,.'~! ~1_,; if! ..::;L;..b.:ll
''-:"jJI J ~..~.>- W' ,;;,;).::...ll <:,;')LWI ·~4 ~UI J_,..L:: !lT"!. 01 ~
,.!lJ~ ~_,..1.>- e-J_, .~1 .L...W, ;.;LS:..,_, 'r")\....,>'4 )~' ~ ,~ cr-'
,,,)J'~I ~ o..~.>-1_, ~~ W cr ~,~.WI r}.JI Jl>>! ~I 0" 0~ J..i
,"-:,.o")\.....)'1 ~I ..::;L.....y ~ ~\.:... J ~J4-! ~1_,.. ,~~)'! 1...,.., ~
J J.>-l....; J..i l-4' ...:.,.WI ~I 0" t;...\......1 f•.r.- L:,.1 ..;:..UI ~I ~_,
,~..U!_, ~jJI ..::;L.,.,rJI ~,;> ~ J_,.J.l <...')\... _;si_, ,J...2!1 tt:... >~!
.l;L.aAll ~ ,_;....-. '-?~ ~t.o; _..)!., ,J,L,:..JI r+"ll cr -4j-> _..)[.!ll~ <.?> j;J
er.:-J I Y.' j:"!'<..J-"
' ~ .1.:.1 J..i • L...W I , ~ 01 ,.bJ I ~ 0"_,
'Cr1897 1... 1315 ,,lfl ..;w'il .:r...UI J4 J!.o '-"'L;14J~ if',~·~
>J.>-_, (i1938 !... 1357 Jy) Jl,i! ..L..>...oj '(i1905 !... 1323 Jy) ·~ ..L..>...oj
~ r-l-' .il_,::;-.~4 0~ .:r.JJI ,<.;_,.....JI '-?-'~ 0" .:,r.---1.-a.li_, .L...WI 0"
J "-:} u)> ~ ly\S '-?JJ\ .;\~ (~I) ~.r.:Ji J~4 ~ .L...W\
Jlr.)ll #I~ r-l-' ,,~~14...........y •l:>-! ~J ~.;; !"" J..i_, .~WI
~..1.>- W!... ...;\~~I J.-All >J ~~ _,\ JIS::.::....~\ ~ ~_r.JI ,_,..~.>- ~
J~..J . .& I J. _, ,W. ol,>- ..) .. -J I.:.J I J.,:..- ~-
.. ')\,..J I _? 0" l!J I 0_,lJ I ..)
. <.5,
i\...'il _..!! !l_,..; J..i r-!WI 01 -..:.IS ,r.? ~ ~ 0!.,- l_,>>i J..i .L...W\ 01
~ ·~ .(~I;:J\/~~1) ~':>\SJI ....WI ..::;l.,a>..L. i\.;1 .1:... i..?J"' .7':' ~
l;L.aAll 0" >J.>- 0~ G..:i c..;\S if! ,,..!..~\ •4-iAJI u;1_,.. 01 _,~ ,.!1)~

176
<.?1 <.Jp o:..... ~ ,i:. : <:JI.r.J ;sl .1) ~ts::.. N 'c-1?1 J .;_,.1.,;.1
.; _d.::...JI .._; J )2ll )i:J ~ ;... j '1 ~1 if' J. ,...,.....,... ,U IJ <.JT_,All e ~ I.:J

\i .;:::5 i..ll\.; .J (j lS" 0~ ~ J1 i.J.>.Y' ~ :.:,:.,~ :.kL ~ ~ J i~ (j l

'(<,?..yA;.il) .kil>...JI <,?1)IJ Jl_r.:lll <,?1 )I cr JJU; ~ ~ J 01.5::.. )14 ~
~I <.,.,]WI <,)'J\.<;:....1 <.J!.~_r::ll JL...ll ~ 0~ '~ \....,; cYL<:;;
!_,~ J\ ._;ll ~I ~WIJ ,~~I i)a,.JI <f ..,..Jl.., )II <.JIJ.l.,.ll cr
cr-~L,..JI J ~ly..:;......; ._;ll -.:..>~1 · ;J-,;.J J)>- ~~~ 0~ ,._:.).J:,
~I •4kilJ oy,.. ~~ ..;\ J..l:: ,~IJ ~~L.a::>'liJ ~~ 'liJ ~l,-)1
-.61• J 1 "-.61)1"
• J '-1'
J\.....'11 •. 11 ~ <./·,~
' r-'-Y'"' . 01' .L
·"IJ <.J\.,...)JI -· wl
" .r.::'1
c.r-~1 ~ i..lll..i.ll ~ ~ <.Jy _;: .W;.\11 <.JI..i.l.,JIJ [c,!'J\.....)11 r-1WI
cr ~~ J LSJrJI L..... y •l,>-l ~ <.Ji ~I cr J .._;l-}IJ JJ..UI
. ,.J.., (.I;A;'}I J .7-_,.J..:l I ~ c) l i_,A) I cr l..l;j' 4J I ..,... Jl... )II 0 IJ.l.,.ll
'-l~IJ <.;J_,.JI cr ..~;_;.JI ~~~ ..,....WI ~IJ <.Jl_,A.il);. <.Ji J..l::
~L..,Z,\ :L') :J y;- (J\r 'it.; ,..t,l·-
',r ~i:.L.u -'!- _, ;.::~j\
,--, L'·Y - .-- -, -Y- - r" 1C" •. ~
<.r--: -- -

0[ (961 ." ~ '1! J.>.i cr-..Lil ~l.!.; JJ _r.. cr-..Lil <.J!" :~~I Jt.;J 1185 ;_,4Jil

!.liJ~)II ~ Wz.,i J..~; ..._,_r.ll .!....<>~~I -.:..>~~\11 cr ..~;I_;::.JI ~I

..,...,.1 J~ j.>\11 ~ r '<f' ~I ~ J <.Jl,.->J~ J....<>lWI
J.,;.\ 0~ ,.J..,

~ <.Ji c)!~!.:~ J_,J..:lllh ~ <.Ji JyWI C.r'J .~1 :.:,>r. ..i.,;.\11

~ 0~ ;;J-.;..JI4-o~i ~ ~ ,~1 '-:-"I.WI ~ J.:y
'-..\11 Ji ~~I) ~)ll :_?....; ._;ll ,~1<;1-.;..JI Jll..l)l c:!\1 ~L..2All
....... \>J I 4J J )i.l ;.... J\.. !_,}5i J l,::.>-1

0~ '1 -..,....WI J ~1_,1;.; ~- ~~1 ~J\.WI <.Ji if' ili:..!..JIJ

\....,; 0 ~ ~~ ~ J , 0 _,J.>.::...J I - J l!.J I J.,:--- ~- r+.' ~ l \<...;~ ~ _,....,....

177
•fl ~ ~ ~ c.)al ~-" L. 0~J ,...._,;J rYL..il~ ~
'
..:;;~..b..:.Li ~ .Jl i~;>'J ..~:) 1;1 ~JJ.rP _,..\ YJ ,~1 >~I
~~ C!JP... ':J ~ ..!lUI ~ _,...:JI ~L...WI .,; Jl) l.. r-1~ ._j ~IY. .jll
·J~ L. ~ I:~:J..G l...AZ .JJj.T'i. ~~ J. ,..:;;~
.J _,&..r.. ..:_r...U I , .:_r::j).:..J I ~ L...W I :r .....4)~ _r'-1 J;) ~Y. ...;\ _d:-

)}' ~ ..,_.~)'1 ..::,1.,-~,JI ·~ o>~!J ,[,;~ 2J1J .:Ji_,.all <>.lj) ._j

. ,.
~Y. :, ! \L...; ~ '% ._,..,) ........;; '-:-' jJ I .,; <.S j <.S ..iJ I ..::...; ) I ..} , '-:-' jJ I
- -
.J _,; L...W l> .; l,>J I Jll ..U .l.!.:.; J;)J '..:_r..ill ~ \.;... J;)J '0 > J;) .,;
,!.lll~J ,_r.>-\11 J;_,.all..)a.> ~ ._,..~)'1 r-!WI.r.:-!. .:Jl CJJ.l:.r.. .:J_,!).:..JI
,~1) ._:P) ~~ :r ;_,4.11 C!y~..J ,_;_,::JIJ (!~I >~k .J~ ~)!
;_,4)1 ~ .~ ~ .jll ..,.., l,-JI 4.k.LJI ..)! b l:.::.....l ,"-.! _r....jl j.:.. 1.. L..;
~~.A> 4'! J. ,.:J':JI ~ .Jl J..;:>....JI _d:- :J"J ._,....;WI ._j ~ r-1
..,_.., IJ... ~ .AJ J .:i.W l>....J I <.S _,4.11 , t:p ~ _).;J ~I J~ _;5\ j,.j , J , ~~
~ .Jjly ..)! ~~ J4:J ~ ..j ·..:r.J.x:.....ll ~j\.Wj ....;:- .1,\5
<.SJ L:J I J L:.::;':J I .:J1 r J j L<::.ll ..) l y..\: l.. J . .._...b WI ..} ..;.....~.>- W.:... ,_;5\
- - -
~ ,JI~':JI ~ .,; W ~~! ;_,> .JP., .J\} ~ .. '-:,kl_;...;.ill

.d!All ~ r> ..l.!.> OJJ.rP

178
 • •
~IJ :t.~I .:r.! ..!.L.Lo.:ll ..::.>~..L..<>J : ~ J I

L. ~ J r..\A::J I )__,...:...I ~I '-r' ..;1 ~ ~.J L:.l I '-:' .J L::-:J I J ..c;

if.J::....; t....L.,a;.) I I..L. j!..J , ~I J :t. ~I ~ ..:.L L..::l I J t..>..,a; ~ J I; l
Jlj L. r~~\ 01 \...:J ..;_,k::.)l tl:... .!..-ou ,.J_,l..::JI rl..uul_, c!.rJI .!..>l~l
0_,~ ,L..L.J\ '-r' .~1_, ,t_,z\j\ 01_, "-/'~~I r-lWI J '-'""L:J\ '-:' }.i ~
,:t-~ 1 ~_, ~ ~~ '-r' tt:...
~y;-_, '-r' .1: '1"1~ ..w 'r~~~ '-'""'_,.,..
..:.L L..::l I I..L. J!.o .\..o.) _;;....I J JI....A.I I 4J....; J :t. ~I :.:,.....:. .J L....,.;. c}-1 '-r'
; ~I ..:-l;:-l,::>-'11 ~ly J J)d\ '-r' ..WI ~ c}-1 '-r' ~1 ...:... ..!; '1

..jU .0_,.}]1 r.- ..;..;_,LO; ..\! ..:-L.~I_, ,L..L.J\ ~ W\j\ .J1y.i;- ·e·~,\1
,..Lo, ..;..;IS ,Cr.').JI ~ oJJL.. ~~_,.!I dJ')\,..]1 4,; ..;..;IS ..::-1_;> ..::-~ _, ~
...::.J _,.!Ie ,t':" I_;.] I c) l ~ - .J;.,.J I , _,...J- ;u ')\,..]I
JJ .T'

.t.,z\11 .L..WI .)IS <r8o9 ;-"' 193 J .;J ~ )\ Clj)Lo. ~~ -¥ J

/..JA189 J.;l _;~1_, <r798 /..JA182 J.;l ........,x <~-1 JL:..1 '-r' "LA5"'11_,
,~\ ..sJJ rl.r--1 t:!' y -Cr."-'')\)\ ~ <1-1 o..L.~ '-r' w')\5"_,- (r804

179
r-1 ~)I il..u\... ili y:i- <11 .:C.L<- ~, i)··: i _,A:3 ~A ill5" t,?lJI
'-""' J~ t,?1.r. ~I_, L.~ "-!~I~ I <A;_,.b.: J ~ ill5"J ,[;:Jl!.. Lsl>. ~
u;JJI j) Cr" .Y"J \fl,.:JI \...1 3 J ~~L,.. Cr" ..!..lE ~.J .~IJJI ~ e
<.;)I .j ~l! .jl,.:JI illS~ ,..;_,..l> ..ill ,~1 ..WI J_,k; .j I_,....,L.
"-! l..>J ~ '-? ..lJ L...; .1.;:5h ~ ~ illS il! ~)I il 3 J \... .UL il1 , (\;J _,....)
J..J .J j y:.;. 'l ..;~ .j L,.:J I '-:"' L:;-1 L.~ J , ~I .& I ~ u; ~ c__,:.....
,l;l.i ,;~ <.i.l;_, '~~)I il 3 J\... .1L.:..::....I ,4...;_r.JI ~ ..:..u:,
illS t,?JJI ''-?_,:;..,.!1 Y.1 .Y" ,y:-1 ...,... ~ ..!J_, .r.JI_, i..U~ ~l,: ..;.., )J
.jL,.!J I t-' ..ill d JJ ...l;_y: illS \...; i L,ill .U j L:;-1 J ~)I il _, J \... :Y.) ~ l.a;..
"-'! J. ~?. rl> il4 t..,...., ...;,_,.. ~)I il1 .r.? ,~ _,;l! rK--1 )...~...<>! <f"
(2)_.:;.Y' ~ ,l;J

illS ..;1 .., 1,;;.,.. ")\...., ;n r- L..J 1Jib;.. <f" \;J l!.. ~ r-1 ~) 1il _, J ~_, ill e
'-?\J cr ,~ .j L,.:J I il y~ I_,; lS "~ I3 •l::- ,y..- , y:;S> u;.AS Cr" ~I
..ill dJJ 3 .4...;_r.JI e ~ •-JJ illS) ,_;;> ,~IJJI ~La...l -.All>...
~I ..::..l!')\...]1 j~ "JJ..I;. dl.o _, .• L..W1 3 <..~I ._:r.: ...: <.;jl<- ..::..~L.
~.)!<..~I il 3 j-Z .j .L..WI .11_,>..;1 ..s~l ..W .~1 3 <..~I ._:r.:
.
J).;J o~l J 3 )2.l.J L;S"Iy ..WI jJ;. ..ill dJJ .~1 il,>Jil:'l!-' il.,SJ..\;.
.,.. L,..J I3 "-!~ L.a:; 'l I3 ~ 1...::::- ')!I 3 <,; ')\>. \11 ..:..lJ:, .j \...; ,.:;'14--- <.; lS .j
~ wl:....J1 3 ,4...;_r.J1 Jo:1d ~~ tl:... ~~! .j ll.o ~L. ..~J 3 .4,] 3 ..UI 3
~~ <.;l5J t,?_,j r~ ~_,; ~ ..!J_, .~1_, J..WI ~J 'ill2:.l1 3 il_,;WI
..,..L,..JI ;u.LJI ..::..j~ L..JJ..I;.J ,;:..\11 •\.:o

(I) Zaman, M. Qasim. Religion and Politics under the Early Abbasids. Leiden: Brill, 1997.

<A,:.>- ,<i JL;.\" <,?_,..,...,.II '-:'1:5" :y- ''-"' _,J c_l;:;JI ~ J_,.,.....ll J:-a.<:l~ t.. _.$; ;;,WI ,J.. (2)
.;....iJ ;;,WI ,..C. .56-54 .;,~I ,"~I '-:'1:5"" •.jl,.!.ll .j ," '-'t.....i_,
'-:'l:SJ ...:...li.
.uJ)l ._,...;\ 4-:J! ..,...l,;;l

180
cr. I ~ .) ;~\.,.. ~ .}1 L ~1_, .L..WI ~ u.IWI .._,;. rUJ
I' ,-.,I\ :;.;L<J..,:. :r ~1_, (i833-813 I.., 218-198) .J _,..WI •.J.,.Z )I .)_,)...
')W 4\ t: •(i847-842 I.., 332-227) ~1_,.11_, (i842-833 I.., 227-218)

~_,.p.- :r •_,.l~ 1.. .}) ..!11; ~y.;J •<.;~1_, ~I ..:..L!JWI ~..U _r.s:ll
, ..,.......; ;~ .J ~ , J I? ')I I '-:"-"'..\... .._,;. ).l ~I 4..1 _,..U I u.L i I..G-.::.... I .)
U..., J ."":rJ I rJ l..;:] W b... ..::...; IS \....rP ~ ~ .Ji • L..W I .J ')\...1 :r ~) ~
.~!.,..p1.)1-s~i L.... ..... ~I (J' .)_,)>:.;. ~IJ .L..WI Jc:-
,, -*I ~ .}! I_,....J ·~I iL.i .:r.J_,_,_.. ojl<J..,:. J .J _,..WI .JIS _,J
- -
~ _,.._, U"lf- ~ ~I ·~I ~L.a.. d1 1_,......., ,..!1J; (J' ')1..1; ~J

<..;L>. .j- ~ l..I)Z I_,4:... I ..!li~J , ~ L,.,.J ._.1.... _,.l I t,...\ (J' , ~/ ~ y.- J
\...;; .J_,~b __;; its::.JI ~~ .ill .)_;;....I i~ .}1-s~i J.-1.<- ,_;\ -._jlk...JI
·cr..l...!.l)l .W>JI ~ .j Lu\...... .JIS W iL; ~ c? .~1 :r \~_,
_,.\II •r U"~UI .J_,.ojl ~ ~w.JI ;_,;All .j 4..1_j-JI ,J., ;j_,_ ..:..~bjl Jj_,
;;.;.!"' :r rSWI i _;> J ,~1_, L ~I ~ I'""" ')\;.II .....;~.,.p1 :r ~lj <-?JJI
ill . ..0.,J I .}
- lS-fl'!. .J IS \...: ;_,...; ~
t_i_r.all 1.1. .;lk>-i ,~1_,.11 ~ •(i61-847 1..,247 -232) J5"_,:...ll !l.;~i
.ill ,~..WI .JK....ll_, .L..WI ~~ ~ ..__.;;_,...]I :;,.Jt..... J_,L,..J ,4.J_rJI_,
<-?i J J b.: r-1 J '~ ..~>- _) 1 .:; } ._,ali J ( J I? ')I I) 4..1 _r.-J I '-:"-"'..\... (f ._.1>.;
J5"_,:...)1 1_,1;:; ..,..;!.;:-\11 U"lyJI .Ji y:i- ·'-:-".WI ..!11; - .:- •~~.<>! ·~ r-51.,..
U"lfJI 4:,3 i _,.<; .JIS '(J' )I :r ;.:i.. ~_;}I -J! _,.\II J_,i.) -s~i 1.1.J ,.:;1;
"":.;\11 ,lili..JI :r <:')1.; J~l 2 .ill \~ y- J ,lili..JI . _ ·-. ..,..;!.;:-\II
.; 4 I ~ ~ ;;_,... l,-J I <kU I ..:.JJ; IJ.S:., J 14 ) j5_,:...!I ~ IJ •\.;:- en jj I
......;lk...JI <..;L>..} ~~I

(3) Faroghi, "Crisis and Change.'', p. 616.

(4) Lewis. "Abbasids.". p. !8.

181
.} \JS1) ..w1 ~~ 1~w :Y> ;_,.JI .,t ;_,.JI .......;; c~ <.?..u1 Jly.JIJ
c)! )a:J I ~ ~ <;) ( <;_,.-) ..,..l:.; > ~ \...... ~~ J.i iJ l5' 1...:,: '4.i.>- Y\J I iJJ_;]I
Jx ~\..0.. ~ ._fJ ,iJI..l,-JI .j ~Y\]1 .....i.l.::>... .j ~.).:.ll Joly.ll )i
~ ~ i!l5' <,?..UI (:!~I~\.,;; ..W .Jy;.....ll >J..t>- ~ ~ .r ~~~ ~
ts, 1.,-o :..r \,~ i l5::.J I .:l 4::' IJ •<.,..l,.J I '-:,>- ~ Y\J I J _y;-, ~ i l5::.J IJ •L..W I
jli l.l.oJ .• L..WI ojl...ib:.J iJ _,..WI >4k..2>1 ·lr.- \...;~.,;; .r'Jil >bji.J -~_rll
<:...) .j lr.s- l:"')l ~ J.i.J -~J.ll ~ ·~J <,?>J )y- il:' ..,~! (.y"
I)JL>- ,<,>JI )l....,:JI <,?J~ :..r i~ ~I <.;, r--1 ~ t.;;:.~J ,~
.J <,? ..U 1- .,....l,.J I iJ l..l,-J I .j ~_r..l I J:,k; i~ 01 .r.f- .•L..W I • W _;:..I
·u--JI :..r ,~c)! ~~_r.o ~ <>,1.1 ,JI~ t"' _,. . w~> J1-:.:......L>- .,.._.,r
m.o; J _,k;J , ('+"'-~J i l5::.J I , W J ._,..;I _riJI i U;; .j ~I ~ ..!.ll~ .j l..;
i l5::.J I c::JL,a.. <.. ..l>J i 'Yw. )' I J ')\A::... IJ , ;;,sJ...ll ..;... l1 ')\.,)I .j J.,l..U I J.L...:ll
.( 51 <-;I..UI

:..r r.sJ ~ iJ~ I_,; l5' cr...U 1- .t,z'JII iJ _,;_,..,!I J • L..W I ~ 1 .uJ
~I :..r ~I_? ~ (.r..J~ J , J.J _rll ..!1t J5 :..r CJ:ll::..... -il_r-'11
~ i.r1 <l J..U I 4...!.>- ~~J ...,_. _,s:,.J I ._,....., l:..J I iJ ~ IJ1 ~J , <.,..l,.J I
t" Wol_,;.. .M.; J.1..UI :..r ~ J\ l,; .r ~ r+-' ..t>-IJ <,?\ ~1J .. L..WJ
.L..WU ·<,(''Yw-)'1 e·~JI .j <.>..WI~ }1.J i!l5' l.l.o.J ,~ .j iK.JI
I' rbl · IJ..W ;;,sJ...ll ..;...lb')\.,)1 0J>\;; _,__, <.. _,s:,.JI 4...!.>- iJ }.,A; lyl5' cr...UI
• L..k ~ ~ rt.ll )l!.,.J '<;_,.,;, ..,....., l:... '-:"' ')\1 ~J~ '-"" 1.:.11 ~~J '<;_r.-..!1

:La,! _,1;1 .82-58'-"' de' •J<L.. ~ r ''-".Ill rP •l,>) ..~.ol> _..1 ,.)1_;;..11 (5)

,~ _..1 ~ .c..... :~ ,!l_,.L..JI ~_,.... ·c.,?-*"1 .t,l _,.II .c..... ~ _..1 '"'_,1 }JI -
," .Jlk.UI ~ CJ-' r..i...:ll" ~~I ~I ,zc-' 'i 1994 •<,iL:.,lJI <,_,....,..JI ).Ill :;_,.WI
.484-480 '-"'

182
..::Jl1 'N I ~ ~;y:ll 0~ I_,; 'S cr..ill I .!.l:JJ~ ;;; J \.i. , t,;JJ I •L..k J1 , •_,.J I
J j) c!l:.JI
c_):.; .o_,.>';il .\...k Jl ..&-JI .\...k 0_,......., lj'S ~ ~I
vl1'NI ~_r.all .t,z\11 .L...WI ~1.,;) ~ ~ _,.<..... y>T ~ (i835 1... 220
W,_. ~) cr-~~_,:...!1 yWI JG:-J 0_,1...: ..li iK.JI" 01 <.S.r.. ~ .~1
-~>-1 ._,.i;-.r.. '1 ..(j J \ ~1 •~ '1 ~ 0 J A
~ , • ..;. '1 J. \.i. i_,.,s-
..(j

. . 0.fo.. 01..}
.t,z'll .L...WI 0\> ,..:JJ~ ~OJ~J ( l" ..:r.=JWI .:_d~ ,:r ..s1..}
6
.
4-.Jo..... J1 cr...L..WI c.r.!.JUI oJ) JS" 01 0J..!.o.o •,)i..;JI )~ ~ dj'S
~ '-?_,.k:.; c.r.1 ")U I ,:r J I_;.J I 0'S .ill Ill i l_r- J l..o
'":"'_;:]I 01 <.S .r.. (7)

.::..>1·1~)'1 ,:r ..sy>-1 c_~_,;1.)J ~~G '!'"'_,All ~_,hll :.r .L...WI ~~l Jl..::>-1
_;{':II ,:r 0\S .ill d..U ('l·ii_,.JI JWI l.l.o ,:r •_r. ,:r o~\..i.::... ':II .)IJ ~UIJ
,:r IJ~ 0i ,:r ...J _,.;.JL; _(9)" •.:lJ.r.. 0\J !'""I) ':1 0i" t)'"j..;.. \11 .;:,..UI ,:r l:...i
,:r ...J _,.;.JIJ '!'"'_,All ~_,hll (f ~~':IIJ .1~)11 ,:r ...J _,.;.JIJ ,._,.JI .L..k
.~1 vl1'NI :.r ~~-:11 .)) .t,z\11 .L...WI J.,.o .::..>jy- .:;.,~1 'iu~)ll
c!-1 ~r ,:r .\...k ~ 0\S -,?lll J~l,a.ll ~I ,:r iK...ll i .r- l.l.oJ
~ .L...WI U;....a; 0\> .b.ll •_,.JJ -~ )1 0JJ~ J\.:..1 .)1 ~.ill ._..;.... y..

0 \> '0 ';!I ~ WJ .c,<" ')l... )II r-l WI J -l..o ..1>- .) 1- i_,...:......o J I_f. l..o _,..:j I l.l.o
~ 1)2:.; d.+,.. 'Jl.,.) ...J..l.f.! 0!J ;,:. _,»J I ,:r '":"'_;:]I 0) J~ cr...U I • L...W I
.~_raJ I .1 L... J1 ~ L..,... ':1 , d!J I ~ _;)... o)2.;
,~ .:rJ ,;;_,.,')l... )II ..:;..~1 J ;u JlA.. .!JJ-1>- .)1 l.l.o ..s~1 ..ul
.~,S"bJ ,~_r.JI ..::..>~ ~ 'iWI ,L;)IJ J..WI ~ J '-h ..~;:- y.. 0\S
<.IJJJI "-::':" p ·l...WI ~G.. J ,..:JJ~ ..} ~ \JJ~ <.S~ y 0'1 <.IJJJI ~G..
- .
.481J"" •.Y.L. l::- r ,!J_,J...JI ~.r' ..,.:. }> }JI (6)

139'""' ,21::" '-"L. c:-_,. ,~..u1 r.P •\,>-1-JIJ.ll (7)

.143 J"" •.Y.WI l::- _,..)I (8)

.142J"" •.Y.WI C:. _,..JI (9)

183
lyl5' cr.lll .\...WI 0l5' ,<..>y>-i ~ :.r'J ·jJJJI I~ rL:AJI ...} \+~L..J
~Y- ~ r-1 ' "-IJJJ~ a., ~
...WJ ·(.r.:!..r.!~J ;;....l>. ~l.,a.. i.?J~ 0J~
lyl5' cr.lll '~ J 0~ J ~ J _;:., ~~ ..,.J" :r ~ ~~! ~y...al .:llj~!
rts::,.. t' ~I cr .L..WI rL..l )u ~ 0~ jj Ill '<f-..u.ljJ ,LA5\J .~l
~..!.> ...} •l::- ·r+' cr ~ jjj _r.Si t,~_r;IJ ,JL.,50~ 0~ ~
_r.:>JI
rK.JJ <.... a·l\j (IO)r~l !*-' ~ r ; . . _a·l\ J" <J<J.ll 0\ ~
~J ,_r.:>JI ~ ~ ~~L.J 'rK.JJ J~L.a.JI ~~ ~""..IZ 4:.. ~
""'~ '-?lll J~L.a.ll ~I 0! .rl1.JI ••,A~) cr ('"".r..b.:; - ,y'~l ~ Jl-
.J 0~ 0l ..;G :r 0l5' 'rW -~..!..!..ll rl;:>- ~~ 0~ cr.lll- .\...WI
...} ~\.... Jj 0~ 01 J.::-.ll .r' •J.ot.s::.l~ oJ.,A;.; ~ r-1} ~ •.d 0jJ
.~lt_W.J1 ~c)! i:~j.J; i.?~Y- 0lJ ,L,. ..!.>c)! rl1.JI cr, ;_;.;.;:JI
:r .l;w <.SJ~ _;.s\11 ~ -.:........) ~j ·~ ~ ~[J .. ~ ~ <.,)lb..ll.i
IJ...,
/,~r; j:il Jt: t;,;~J) .0T;J1 ,£1 '-?lll ......;.; _,..JI ~L;.;I <..>~~I 0lS •J.l.k:....ll
. 12 i.llWIJ -' .:Sl:JI; ) ·~ii Jt: i;.;w ..q;
"-, " _,. ~

,J_). 'i~ cr r')L..,)'~ jr<JI ._;,..]1 j j .l£~1J ·~~~ .L..WI ~ 0!

:J+i
.:r.:'_,..,.J IJ • L..W I 01 _,1.; ...,......l:-J I C.~)' I cr ':""')\....,)'I r-1 WI r? j j - l
~I J_,A.>J ..,......l:-JI C~)'l j::-1 cr 1)-..;t; jj cr...J))IJ .:;.·}· ,1\
...} .,JI::JI '0J.;JI r. i:~j..G dylk.:....l ..li lyl5' ~)> ,~l J,r :r ~~
c,j\: "~I .;r.J.JI" :Ju .ci >l'l 41 J,-J ;r c?)J.JI r-"' ;r 'r c:.,.WJ rl,JI ~~ (10)

"r*"l»3 .:2,;...U 3 i ~~ w':! 3 ..J...-) 3 "'\:5::J 3 4" :Ju f 41 J,-J ~ .rJ :l)u d r
:pi ,....,_., .j 01.,> .f. I oiJJ
,.bJ) UJ ':J I ..,...,....: :~ •01.,.4 .f-1 ..,..,_;_;., ,:,1.,> .f. I ~ .01.,> .f. .4.>..oo \f...,) I -
.4574 ~J ..:.,.~.>- ,435""' doc 'r1993 ... 1414 ,2 .... ,<JL...)I<......;. :.:-3_r-1
.55 ~J ..:.,.~.>- ,74""' de •..;,L... c:cr •rl-' ~ ''-?,.:.<11 -
.16947 ~J C:.,.l> d48..r' •28(. •J<L... C:C r •J.:> .f. .L.>-1 ri.o')ll..c....... •.jl,!JI -

184
~ly.i> ,_? ;.,_ .Jl ..!..LJ; 01..!. .:r .JLS' ~)J .~>~!J ;;_,.l.I~.J.ll ..:-L.....rJI
,.i..JJ.J.ll >)y il..~>.;....l '.r"J ,~l:.r ~J ,~1 ..:-lkL ~ l:"I§J
j;:-l 1.r ~I t.~ J..bl:.;, ~ L..l .l,.LJI ..,.....,WI ..} ,t.£)11 ..rf ~J
.L...WI J..bl; 1;1 ..;\ ~ J ·'I' 6'"'" · il»JI ~ J+-11 .:r 01! ,~_,A.>­
'~1 t.~ ~ 0J_r.S t,L,.;l ~ .:r..lliJ ,..l;..l.!JI il.f>' )I~ 0 ~ .:r..lll-
~1 Jl ~ .i..l~l .:r il»JI ~)I ..ili -~1 J_,A.>- j;:-l 1.r
,..:,~ c)! J...ol~ c>>l J.J ~~.,;t J 0 yWI ..L..b .L...WI JL.a; .J! ·r+'
~l,-.JI ¥1 J it»JI 1.r >.ll- .JLS' ~)J .Jlk...ll WI,:. J r ...:.5:J
.JLS'J .JyWI ;~ .Jy:...:; )I <..>?"11 wWI ..:,)1')\...JI .:r ~J ,J.>-~1
• W>J I 8 .Jl ~I.,;IJ 0 .Y'l.J I ..L..b _,..:....I '-? .lJ I tr I 1.r J L.,a:JJ ~I 1.r
.~\,.- ..:-b-')l,! Jl,:.,! ~ ~ .r.. Jl ~J..G'
.~I 0L!., , L...W I c> .J.l ..:.L!J I .i..l ~I '-:-"' .l.. \: t .rJI J 1;\ - '-:"
,1.,• .r.;"'
· :11 1•. :\........k.ll
u- . .. i yv'" Ul .:r
· >..W. .) .?"
••• i 1.,"11
. .!.lJ.; ...;. ...:,.;l$' ~\;

~ .JLS' ..ili l.ll J ,~~ ..1....ai ClJ> i yWI ...::,.;pi ..ili '~ •l:.;.J .• L,....,SJIJ
,~.J.ll iyWI ~~<.)"')..WI e;:"\:.. ~li-4J ,..:.L!JI o)O; 4:J!
._;ll- J.,b-::ll ..:-IJ,lJ ~IJ ~~)II i yWI , il·;..,""! iW)II ..L..; r-lJ
,~ J_r=JI .W J .:r.IJ Jl.j.O.liJ --.A.. y. ~~ :j!- .J~LJI •4.a.<JI t,lk::....l
W..~l J~)\J [;._~..:,., -JW A f"')J>~ il,.allly-lk::....l w ~)I_,J .)IJ
<,?.lll ,JA::-..ll ~l:.r tr1 ..!..LJ; :i....JW ~r IJ>~ ~ '"L...WI:.r
·J~ )II ~ .:f-J,t,; ..rf l~lJ ,~LJI .4.a.<JI c>.J.l .JLS'

~ r> J":' J JL.,a::;l J! <kLJI JL.;\ <f ,L.,WI Jl_;..-;1 c>>l - C

~ .l:.!::...~ ,;c,l......JI i\.,>JI .I'J":' <f ~ f u,. J '<.1"')..WIJ ~L..ll
-~'' ..w ..!..ll.L,) d..,
...,......... ·• wb- .i..l~ c.r
.•.7" 1< ...;· c')\..,)11
' .:r. , ~-'li ..:-1 r-'
-:11

~, L.,a::;)ll _ ~~)II ..:-l;..l>..:ll \: '-:" J ~ , L..Wl ;i.,..l:....JI U"' _,.;l I J lk;

185
ol,>-J (<,y,:>-) .,. ~, .ti.,h- 4.-.;_rl I ~.J ,tF") J o~Ui .,.. L,..J IJ
.::.>wLJIJ ~I J.:b.:ll J ttl ilK. '1 lfo ..W ,UJ .0 _,1 .li
)2:JI ._j.r"'-: ,~WJ ;.:_,~1 J#J l:..:; pLJI il[ .>LP.-'11 ,r.&- ·~~I
.,~__.z iJSIJ jJ; ..W ,..!.l]:, cr <Li..ill ~ 'lJ ,.,_,;, J1 ~, .;:..;IS 1:,[ w
..,. ')\...., jli ol,>J I 4.<;)> ,:r ~ L.. '-:-'I y.- J (_r} j<:-o • L..LJ I ~ 1J

~ t.r-- _d. <..7'"'-p .)! (.5>1J '~ \11 j_.JI 'cr'WI J <:s L.. ~1
,o~l v\;J.>..::liJ .;:.,~1.,.:::>- '11 ,:r ~ )~ ~ ilJ> ~LJI i~ \11 J_,.;
<.?-J .~.tL....1 4-; lA ~ .jll ~ <A;)J~ U"" ra:ll ilJ~ .L..WI Jb J
:. ..!.ll..L.J , .r.-" L..dJ
I)-:' r- t..;; .<,L:S
. ..;. ~
·t.; J 1 il ~· · Iy "IS ~1
. r _,•<"'. . ,(
~ r-!J ,...j')\;:>. '11 J5" ~ ._jJ_); J .;:...;)~ .jll ~..WI ~I ~
~ 1J , ~ ~ cr ~ ..l..i.J I U"" ra:ll .lo.,;.,.. (.5 .r-- .; l,>- L?1 '-:"' ')\.bJ I (.5 ..U
il1 C.r' ~~ .~ ~ (/ ~~ <Jll ~I,~ <b_f-o il?'"'liJ Yl
....Al:::>...J J _,........,
I_ I) !'"' JZJ ,~
. j\.1..;
. \.,L,a.i.]l
• I 1-' I, • ..!J <..>''
~ ,_.,.... ~)
I) ..t:.::...,.;

..::.>~1

~1_;:.. ...:>1?.1 ~ .,; ilfl; il1:S 'J~ ilj> <Li..ill ,~J Jl> ..l..i.J
(ll l. <,_r,J I o\.,>J I U!., L,. ......;1;;.... J ~ 4.-.;_rl I J.,:> LA.. ~ _r.S";:J I ,r.&-

<..1"" ra:ll ~ J ~I j;,>JI ~ ~I;:.JI ,~ '1~ J.J..a; i~ \11 d~J

(<;_r.>-) .,.~, ~I U..oJ 1 ' )~1)1 J~'ll J.,:>\..WI •')\;[ ilJ> ,~..01
2

.jyli.IIJ ~L,..JI ilk:.JI ~A ~I d.,.WI .J.:.. ~J ,~UI i')L..,)'I

-</L..::.,-1 il.l;,; ~ J ~~ il1 ..;1..; ,:r L?JJI- L?>L..ri'll-<,?"4 'liJ

(Rahman. Fazlur. Islamic Methodology in History. p. 284-85) '-i ~)I~ ..Jli L. ClJli (II)
.(AbuSulayman, Abdu!Hamid. Crisis in the Muslim Mind, p. 93.) :.j .JL...:-L >J .J~ \..,J

.t.......:,; .~...>-i :~ ,J,Ix:ll c,~ J.s. J,l..UI c,~ .~I~.:,; .~...>-i rl.)'l ,<:,..;; .:,;1 (12)
.137'-"' 'r20041.. I42s ''-?jy.JI.:,;I )> :rt....UI ,J.,L>JI

186
.j\- .,..')\.....';1 I ~ L...::.l.l ..,_..\.....)'I ..;... Lo yW I ~ J .i y'-rJ I .j -j~ ~ -,? ~ L.,a::; I
•cril ~\J :C. \.A:.... ~IJ ~Lo \11J '-li.WI :J!.- ~I Jl>.li '-"')- .)! '-!' J
~~ -~I}J U""')l>. )IIJ l:"L...::l\J ~1_,...)1 <.;~J d~J\ J..-.!IJ iJJL..:l\J
l,...;,iJ Ls-~1 c.H Lo _,.. J ,........., ~Lll il..:.o ~I ._..at ..w r-lJ ·~ il..:.o ~I
...WI J1 i.JS:... J (ll)". W>. ~~ GL..;! ~ rJI J.Sl" :;@; ._.,:ll ..!..;.W

.,.~.ill i_;Wz.,..li ..;...~l,::>-~ .J ~ ~J .<,;L...!.ll ~\~\ ~ \~

·("I
<..r"' ~
.l:.-11 t(" ·II
u""'" cr.- ..IAl .4.l,\..... iJ
· J.l
-
<-1· i '>\....~\
·
i..>Ld '-F'-II (:C.. -II)
-~
·~ -=..;l5 c_J)\

~ '-!''>\....)II r-1WI .j ..;...Wl\J iJ.f--"l\J i _,.LJI ~ •l,>-1 ~ r-1

~')\.::;..I ~ ~_.A] I c.>_,;.! I ch' cr .;,; L...W I ..;... L..... ~ IJ ..;... ~I v-::--' \:; ~
~~~ .)! -..bJI •_,..J- d); .s~l ..U J ,.,_.')\....)II ~'>I.:JI cr ~\ :iJWl
~ _;>-!J , 4....;..1Al I <.,.:: ..U I U"" _,....:j I ~ ~ i lJ2; '~ r_P jo i lJ2;
~ ~ lrl \f'.;W\ .j JWI ~ iJl5 W" ,~U2:JI (I;~ iJl5 .~.WI i _,.LJ~
~ \..:, 4-lJl u-;:l ,·~~ '-:' !.:--\1 "" t.')\.)....,.;~I cr iJ _,...L.....l I ~ r-1 ~ \..:...
' '
'-"' _;l..~..o ._j <,J:'~ Lop , J~ Lo ~ J .r.AJ .:_r...L..:;..... I}~ r-1 • L...W I iJ I
'

<-E J.J ~ Jl>~[J ,..;...L.....~IJ ..;...~\ .j <.,.::..UI i _,.LJI ,_,..,ux ill ~ .<.,.::~
.;,;~ i _;~ & ..,_.. _;.M ._,..::5 ~~~~ ~ iJl5 ".;,;L...WI" i _,.LJI .j

.j ~ ilK. )I~ J.o. r-1 ~ 4 ..:it -=..;l5J .JWIJ cE _,JI ~

,~.WI~; :i..:Jl.- ;_,;- !l;.J.:......il .j rSWIJ '.r..:" .,.,i ;_,;- ;JI> .,.,iJ <.?.i. .rJIJ .j+-:!1 ,\J; (13)
)"I
:..._;;..Ji ;;s::.. '\b. ;>lill .).,>- J...,., :~ ''-' _,s:ll .j+-:!1 :;- .~1 cr. .t..>i '.j+-:!1 -
.20572 r'; C:...,.b- d92cr" dOC •r1994 ,..-1414 ,jUI )> CS::...
.4682 r'J ..:.,_b. ,632'-"' ,2c ,_;,L... e::::-J' ,,Jb .,.,i :;- ·.;~t -
.1162 r'; C:...,.b- ,466'-"' ,3 C ,_;,L... 1:::'".r' ,~\ t"WI ''-?.i..rJI -
;>lill ~ ~ :~ ,~1 ,)so !l;.J.:......II .41 .1.,>- cr. J...,., ''-?JY.L,;JI rSWI -
.173 r') c:...,.b- d19'-"' de ·r199o ... 1411 .1 ..!. .<.,..J.JI ~~ ;~> :.:;..J-"' ,\b.

187
lh ·U:.J~L; I_,;LS' ~ .:r.--Wi <J-_,1 ,I\ .L..W\ 0\ t...,..... ~-' ,~ ..::..>_,
:c.l_,; •~
cr '-!'YI....ili r-lW~ .;_r<..ll J>-)1 ~I
... J;; ..
<.!"- · ~ ~~~ ~_,1 cr 4/4 ~I crWI Jl.....,.;j J ~lj ..W -
.~ l..,> J..-> I_,;:) I c? u:.;~ WI ..r.f- •L..1J I 0-'
J c?1 ..,....., L:... c? J _r=J I 0 y _b- : ..;_, k. \.o:J I ~_;>- 01 ~ -
~_,.,u Jw4 0_,..~ ~J.ll vL....._r.JI ~_;>- 01_, ''-"'"l>JI_, iWI Cr."lk.all
...,.,t.L:- ..r.f- cf:J.ll ~I ~1 .ill ,~~1 4/41 jSy'.J J>1 J>-~ ~
'('"-"~~_,1 0_,L_r. ~ ,..,....l,-)1_, ~4~1 ~\ '-"' t...,.....~_, 4<~\lt.; -~~\...
t,Wt ..,.....,wt y....:..; -~~ vt&.l:.i ~ ..:...;LS' 0!.J ~ '~~ vL..... _;.. dl
~ ~J.l I i yW ~ .:r.--W I ..r.f- 0-' ..;_, k. G:J I ~_;>- J..> 0-' <..~I J
.~1 ~_,......,pi <kL.lt .;U dl ~_,.!Jt •~t&.J

,-J L..1J I_, cf:J.l I ~I '-!' \.1; ~~ y. '-!' Y\.... ~I r-l WI "-':-b.;_ \... 0[
~ '-l'Y~...-)'1 c~_,...:.Jt ,jJ -~~ Jl>..ll_, ..LpLWJ 1 t....:...~t ~1 ·~! e
(.')\All ~ c? ~L.; <)1 i .,WI ~ \-Jl..WI ~~ ~ \... ~ y..
u:J.l I J 4 J \!..1 cr •l..L&. (.t..i5 01 '.b.l I ~ cr.J .~~ i p <-/" ':_,.:..,.LI
r-lWI J Jy) •-¥ ...L,.:...._, (i1897 /.•.!315 Jy) _;w"il
(i1905 1... 1323
;_..1357 Jy) J~)...L,.:.....J (i1898 /_..1316 Jy) 0l>- J...>-1..1.:---.J cf._,..JI
..!.LI~ c? J_r=JI cr _;.....1 ..li ,<,.;\.::.....Sl)l-':..l:.fll o_;WI ~ J (i1938
~ _,..J ~ '-?.r.;. ~ ~J.l I '-"' _;I.W I e::" L:... _r.:iU 01 ..r.f- ,j:-':'-'...!..~; i j ':>\.)I ~J.l I
'-Jill\ ~J.ll vl,lT_, ~)all <_._: .tr.- e::"WI .h ..;_,~ .ill ,._. j':>\.ll
~J.l I J ~ ~ \. . 01 ..r.f- '~ .Y'-":" cr . .,_; <-/" \.,... ~I_;>-) J+-l I 0-' ~ _,
Jl>.::J~\ dl 0~ ~1 ~J.l\ '-"'_;I .WI ~_;>- 01 y. o_p,t.,.. o_;~
,~...b.J\ i yWI_, ':~)'\ .....U\ ~ ~1 0-' ,~...b.ll •- ,_1.·1\ ..;_,L...., _r.J~

0 ~ , ..!.LI~ c? o_, ':N-_, . ~J.l I i yW I 0'1 I 0_,..l,q ..;_, k. G:J I ~_;>- 01 L.S

188
4..r' -.,. j\....•.';y I ~ ..Li I i }..J I <.) ~ ..::.> b ~ ~ 0 ~ Ln. jJ I '-:"' ')\1.) I

~1 0~·-h- u ,~1 ?r.J ~1 ..::ol;r ~ 0~ ,~_;. ..:;.,!.,....~

~L, 1..\... -~ •<"j :\A.,
1
-. _.) ..W
.)r--' t!:.r'" cl• [::,.., - 1::::' ..LJI - .r ' -~
1- \.,WU)I
- I 1-o
~
.:\kLJ I J L.J 4..r' ~fi.J <A.<] I

¥_,.,...!I .).J~ : Gm
'lS.J"'-1 ~ ~_,;..LII Cl.J_;...:.ll <.) 4-->WUI.J ~I d1j\)l ~u .JlS'
.-'-'>)I .J ..._;)4:J I c) j ~I ~I '-:"' \.:.....p1.J •I:-";''~ I • L..1J I 4..r' ~~ •y.J if
~LA.. 4..r' ~~ , I_r.- , L..LJ I ~ ~ 4..r' :i.,; _,...all i~ J..!.l I :W, .J L,...J I 4..r' ~ _). 1,;
~.)..w .J_,>_,....JI ~~ (14)(:>1......)11 r-:lL.u ~ ~I.J A """'.)l,.;;; ..:;...;lS' .)1
0 1-'4) I 4..r' _r.S <.) ~ ..Li I 4>- U I ~ 0.J Jz:,..-....J , '-"" L:J I 4..r' ~_;...]I 0 Y.~

'-:"' ~1 ;c.L.O::.... I.J '~I ~\,>- .J r-" I_,.;;; c) j ~ y;. ..!.ll; 0 lS'.J '-.,. j\....., )I I
..U.J Lr..J"'-':JI i~L...l r+' _r.s:.ll ~l..u..::.....I.J ~j Jy_,JI :U.J+-".J ,~j.J
\h. •I.,Z\1 \,; .r-' WI 4..r' _r.? , f.- <.) i j\....., )I I _r.:, <.) I*" .J.J~ ~1 Iy t.;
~jK:... j.>J ~ l .) ) W: <.)"' l:JL; \r.-i·:~ ~ •~ J!.- .) _;_,.a::: r+'
..)WI W )I.J ~ .J)I .I_.;.JI ~..Li Cl.J~...J

(i 1111 /A505 <.) y) Jl_;;.ll J\!..1 (.r' ,L..LJI (.r' ~~ ~.*-" (.r' ~)~.J
(.r' .,. _,....JI ;_;·; c)j -.,.1)1 (i1624 /A1034 <..} y) '-?x.;.f.:'"" ..L..>-1 ~~.J
d.U.J , ..:;., t,.. ")\...,)I I 4..r' ~ \.. ~ r-' 4' 1,> , ~ 0_y.P _?<: . )I ~I_,.:.
:l~ ~ ~ ~ 4..r' i j\....., )I~ lS;\1 I :i.,;_,....J I ..;....W1 .ill
il.];,; ;;..~_;! oJl y..W ..:;...;lS' ~ A: ~ ~I .)lS' .)1 .,.,_rll .Jl - 1

(~ _,.,!1 c.J"J.>.) ~1_, (~ _,.,!1 .;:,l...JL..o) ~}JI ~ _;S\ J.,S't;_, \r-lWI Jlrl J.- (14)
J-" \r..li::l ~ .._,; rjl... ~ I ._; _;..., '! c;;.il I ci _,J I J ,l,l_,\'1 '-'""'.IZ \,?" _,l I_, '"'_,.!.)I ~ "-"
, l,l_,~ I (J _,>_, ,rjl... ~ I l.o\.:.;1 cri I ;~ L.J I :u...i I Cr' ~-'< .& I_, (J L.;~ I ""' h,... _,> .) _,.,!I
- -
-~1.;1 ,~..1) <,t,..::... 'II ~ ;J.Lill_, r-lWI (J_,_;..: J _.,:\; ~.._.;~I

189
.L.:.;LJ •¥~ \II_, ~~_;]I <..lA:.. \II J.!_;..; ~ J~~ -s~WI -if~l
" "
.Ji .:,. , I , II ._.1- ._,;>.); ~_r.) I ..;...; IS .ili .._,;>)J I 1.1..> ~ ..:... L... y
, -.~ L,.ci',l I_, ~~',I I_, <.,....l,.-J I il,>J I <) ..:... ~..1>..::.1 I ....a:.;..... ;1~ I.J-P.I y.
~~',1\ 4.-l.i.::...')\] id l..L..:.oJ l_,Jy. r-1 ~y.a]J_, ·~ ly.ft! .Ji '>'
J. ,i.JL.;)II JyO> _, J.Wl ~ ~1 ,y JW~ J.a:...ll c:--1)1 LA.~
.JSUI if~'>' I_, <.,?" l,.-J I ~ i ')\....:...,'>'I _) [ i.J y..l;. I}IS

~ i.Jjlpl ~ _)[ y-.xs ~ .pll ~ A .fll 4,.,_r]J ..;.;IS - '-:'

._.1- LA. _r.S?. i.Jjlpl 1.1..> ..:.....u ~ y.all ~ ,~ _,)J_, ~~WI i.J_,_;!JJ
._,.....JI .)1 y-.xs_, ,..u)I_, p~ ~ ..;..;K; h.J _)..:...JJ ~ -.~ _;JI -s_,A:.ll
i~ _, ;JL,d.l ci )I J5" cr.._?:; .)1 _y.x;_, ,..:.;J.UI ~:<;_,::.WI ir:JI .11 _,

;.L.;S_, <..l.i.::...J .L...WJ _;si ~ ~~1 Jj\.,.:. ,YJ .-._,.;.uJ •l:>J~ il..:.o'il
(.SP" .r.:::'V <) ;~L.JJ r+K.k i.JIS_, ,..!;_...l.!JI ilf> '>'~ i.J~ ..:r...Ul_,-
<..l>)l J L...4J I <.,?" l,.-J I J WI _, i ~I il,>J I Jl ~ .ill.S J1.; .1 _,...., '61 l::J I
Jol_,.Jl ..~>i ,..l._a! _d. <Y ,._,. y.all ~~ -J~~ <,?~WI-if~\ iJ.J;.;
.;..uUJ W~l :U..UI J5"l,A 4..1~1 ._.1- ..:...~\..... .jll

Jj\>. \IJ -:..,..,Jl <) !*' JJ..l;. il,All r+K.k Jlj L. ~y.all i.liJ ,.il]_; t'-'
1_,5j.:._, ''-E _,)J .L<:J~ 4..ik.JI ~ \11 ~ _)[ J_,~~ I.S1 "-?'':}......)II r-lWl
,y 1~_, ,i.JL.;)II JyO> _, J.WJ •~~1 ~~ ,y ~~ <r ~~ JWI <)
<.,.. j)s:J I ~I i.J1.\». '>' I*-"1 l...o _) 1..::...l.L.; .jl I <.,..':}......)I I _d. !'""" L..i..JJ
~j\.,.:.1_, ~I r+l,.>- <Y ~ ,4; ~ ~ Jlj L. .jll (i..iil\/~1~1)
<.,?~W'JI_, .jj\.,.:.\11 c':>l..)ll <) od 4...~.> <.,?~Y .Ji ~ ,4,_;· ,11
i.J _, .r.;.J '~ ~ ~ i.J_,;y.al I J.l; J.S1 L.1 .~':}......)I I r-1 WJ <.,?" l,.-J I_,

i.J_,, ~ • "r+l' ''-?~W'>'l- if~ '>'1 JWI <) i.J_,J. ~ .:._,...J ~~J~jl <Y
r+--"'1 i.J_, •, ~- .. r+l' .......;; ci)J <}..! ,..1 ~1 ~':>l..)ll <5'.rJI 4>~1 <)
.l,;,.J i.J~I ~ ('""' L... _r.5i ~ J~ .)1

190
 '
oi.,..JI jSr J.Y'.x; :~IJ
.
,;;_,;~I .jX.J L.r"\11 ri..WI ;JI,... ) .•:.;:.;I.J ;;,__;r-!1 ._,~I ~ t:
l?.lll ~I J.JJJI )~I ~~.J c,('')\....,)11 e·~J\ J oir-!1 eP.J ~~ )\:;
0l_,4)1 IA~i .ul .~_;.; o\,>JI -,..'lr. ;;.;IS J ~L.. ..;~\ ..li ;\r-!1 ..:;..;IS
~ ,L:J\ U.l,...., JG:-)1 L.r" ~I....;\ LS 115 1.cf:-)1 J_,k] ;J~l,...., ~ _,h-
~ L.r" ~ <'')._;.J.JJ A'*'~ ~t..I;:J~ ,L.;_,ll}l6)._;L.a;JJ
<");;...,..) I.J ;J~ L,::.J I ;~ _,...ll :y- ~ ,..r--\II ~ i....kJ I ...J..~;>

,L:JI 0!" :JlJ ~ lA ~ .J ,J., 0T_,4)1 ..:..L,.T ..).>- l..a,i ~ .rJI ..151 ..li .J
..).>- JG:-)1 ~ 't.b)l ~ J lAW\ .jll ~ ~ <19 1".JG:-)I Jil..a.:.
•.sy'-i 4,...\:...o J .J (201 "..&1 ;;.;\.,~" z.,.... .J.b:.i ~\I ,L.:J.l ~I.,.... J .&1 .s~

.\228;;.Jil ( "'.t:i\f,?c<~i.PZ;l>) :.)L..o Jl.i (15)

il.~l•\;; ~,.
.....--~-~
·"' i::-;;~i~',,_"'.·f\;(<"".(dlli~'·\·t'1
.r.- ,...,....r-- -' ~ - :r-tv r ~ '1 ;~i<•t;&.,>j\,~{\i;
~ - ~ ~ ., ;s :I fIL..; Jl.i (16)
e~ .
~ ~7,\ 1-::::; . . ,-:: • ...: 1. ,. . . <:-:: -1"( ------: ~ _.. -'-! ~("". ~~ ~ · .... ~--it f-' "~~---- ~-:~~ .. ~ _:ll ~
'P.-~-.....-::_,~,.,..?'-'<.l~ ~~-~<..l~<..;I.Jr-;...,:,..Ao-'__r:':!\t:o_j~/
-t .;s,
.-~
...... ~ ...... :J.!>

.[19:,l...:JI] ( ,;,~;;__,

;;t;;Ji~),.;;"h'!p.:it::. :~;~Ji;l•' ').;i~~;..JJ.}.i~~;'"l.uJ.J) .)L..oJI.i (17)

sf~ "'-'}/•-'/ --~"";,b.:-:"•"'J•,o; ..-..:;..-L ..... -_; } .-•-;:~~}•-' ~ . . ~,;:;-.,~.>..-•} "' <:.-
.[2J7:i_}.:J\j 't. ~ c.y:,...;.t:..t"41ll6~~~11_,_.:...:> :J..>~;ciJ.......,.....jl _,a.....Ju_, ~~\8J.ic.. .. .!:f.::o,..I.S~I

~Ltb_,;,;_;~~4:3t"if.Gi.~.::;)~~j:i~:,t~¥:,..J) .)L..o Jli (18)

.[21:r_,Jil-( 0_/f::::. :fAPi~1
:)';1 ,"Jl,-)1 Jl!A..: ,L...:JI W)" :JI.i ~ ,pl10\ ~ .&1 ~J <.:.1\; y (19)
r'J ~.l>- dl1 de,._;;~.., c:- .7' "Jb .,, :r- ·.;~~ -
.236
113 !"; ~-'>- , 189 .?' , I C ,._;;!.., c:- .7' ,~1 e"':JI 'c,?.l. .ril -
.26\95 r'J ~.l>- .264-r' ,43c ,._;;~.., c:- .7' ·? .:r. ..._, r1..:s1 ""--" ._;L,.:JI -
.tl ~ ~J) ~IJ .tl :CL.L Cr"_,..;.i>.\ ~~ ,l...:JI.j .WII_,A;I" :il;; J_,...)l Jl.i (20)
:)';!." .
.20695 r'J ~.l>- ,3oouP ,34c ,._;;~.., c:- .7' ·? .:r. ..._i rL.:SI ""--" ._;L,.:JI -
.400 I !"; ~-'>- <22 I.?' ,2(. ,._;;!.., c:- .7' ''-'~\ ~I :_r- ,~1 -
'"'-'Jr.'-~~~~ J...... :~ ·'--;;,> .;r.l ~ .JC......! J. J...... •'--;;,> .;r.l -
.2809 !"; ~.i.>JI ,251.7' ,4(. 'il970 ..,1390 •,r")l..:SI ~I

191
..::, _,.....; JAl _(21)~ J~l J~ cr .L.:JI J_,.i>- '-:-'~1 cr t"J..b.
jS'y..l (.}> \11 ~J) J>L....ll if' jS'.r ~ i>~ ~~ d..-Jh ,~,\.;.. \11 ,.Lo.
l.i.. ~, ..i.i.J .~1 ~ .j Jk:-)I JJ..u ~ JJ~ <fl-'Y ~ J ,Jk:-)I
~ ~ "' " ~ ~ 0 ::.' .. ~
~ ;L::..:JI ~ ~ •:J.-L,;.JI..) l:S" :J_,A.; 0~ ,~ .&I._..;.J ~ ,._;l!JI ~I
·(;;), _Li;.·\::~ .. -!.u~ ~ ~t' :&1 jj~) r.;G~~ ;~ cti
,~ -i :<5"JL!.....ll J~ cr ~*" JJ~ ry0:; .1rJI ..::...;lS" ~ ~~ rt.;1 ..}..!
~" .ill -~~IJ ~>L.a.:>~ I..! ~y,_,::JIJ ~4 ~IJ ~..UI 4.1...:.;\11 cr
,(23)"<:,..l>JI ;;;..·\11 ;c,L;J '-' :q !•, ~ . ~ -
. "I
eft'<
I.
if. - J - . r- ...;. 1.1
~ <.f.:'"
W::WI
- ...; .J">
,4.1...:.;\11 ~ ~ ~JL!....J ~J )..,r..r-J1 >~I .j ~ 0~l..
124

djJ~ ..::;~.;._,... :r ')l,:..; ,.,wJ ""~.) ~I.L.; :r ?10.;f i ~~ 0l5"

r-l J .ft'~ ..:.>~ ~ .ft'i) .;..,~ l.i.. 0l5" L. J ,..:..;)I ..:JJ; .j ..:.>l;y'-1
.Jk:-)~ ~

..:.> l;y'- \11 cP r-l ~ ' ~ ~I r t.;i J_,j .ft" y.- J 0 ;:-., • L:.J I ~ 0l5"
rl..t>..::...l r~ cr .....;_,k,JI ._.._,.. ~ ,rJUI ~ ~~ ~ r-l.J ,..:JJ; ~
r-5"WI ,IJ; ";\rJIJ •r-=:JI :~1 J>- ~ c,r-\ .j!" :JI.i ,%lf; .,.,:JI C!\ i.r../' -1\ :y (21)
:_..h;l "J.:...... .j .4.>-\J..:.:..... .j -c,-l.. .:r.l; <>;""-" .j
r'; ~.J.>- d31u-" de •..i<l.. C:./' ,~1 J; !l;..c:......ll ''-?JY.l...,:JI r-5"WI -
.211
r'J ~.h- ,1213..,.., ·2c '-"l.. c:-/' ,...,_L. .:r.l :.r- ..,;..__,_rill
.3678 -
.9666 r'J ~.h- .416'-"' .~sc '-"l.. c:-/' ·J.:.:> .:r. .4>-\ rL.)'I J.:...... ._;L,.!JI -

.5505 r'; ~.J.>- ,2197'-"' ,5C •..i<l.. C:. /' '\?;l;.,JI e:- '\?;L>..,ll (22)

(23) Lewis, The Middle East: 2000 Years of History ... , p. 72.

,31::"' 'i 1990 ·~I )> :"-';_,s::ll ,;ul.,)I ~ .j ;\ rJI .r..r-" ..t...... r.WI ~ ,~ _,\ (24)
:l...;,\ _..h;l .233- !32'-"'
- Roded, Ruth. Women in Islamic Biographical Collections from ibn Sa'ad to Who's
Who. Boulder and London: Lynne Reinner Publishers, 1994, p. 35.

192
eft-" y:- J • ~l ~ uJ>) d y.j- , eft-" y:- J cr .....o..:s::l I ~ (.;1" ~ , y--4] I
.L:JI e" 0JJ.;_r. '"~1 ~ 0'SJ .~IJ ;_r-JIJ ;~I .l:S1 c} :U ~
·~J (25) • ..!..ll~ j><> Cr' '..l..!.:J :C,..I.r" ~ Q::J ,~WI c)l ..,.,t.....UI Cr'
il?'"" ~~ 0~ lj'S cr-..UI- '-r.::-"')1....)'1 .L..LJI Cr' ,~ ~ 0~ ,..!..lJ~ ~
.l..w) .L:JI ~ ~ .;1 ~ c} y. ,_,....;WI c}"" 0_,b,..J ,~WI c}
J1 eft-")":"J _;:.... ~~~ .;1 ~l ,'-':_r:..ll r-)l..::.l L...J ~I u-;J\...ll
(26)~ ~ -i ..:..>L,>- ·Li:ll

'
.r." .;_.,~,!_; ,...uJIJ ~..WIJ ~IJ ~J\;]1 ~ -i I~~' .L:JI 0)
'

Jk:-1 Cr' %15 _)) %10 Jly- ._s1«L:JI Cr' 1200 Cr' _;51~ ~b.....a.il
- - -
..:..>~_rll .;...\~ ~ .L:JI ..:.J'S 4.5""~'..1\J <.Sy\II cr-¥1 .)J ( )> _HI
27

~ Cr' ''*"' ,~ ._,,\.JJJ ·i')UI ~~I i-~1c,i 4; ~ j ._;ll [,_;;

J~T ~J'u o•l) ~J -~ c} ~ \JJ> ,~\J ~JjJ ~)I 0JJ'u• i1
..!.;>)) ..:_,)) ~ r-1 'e-'\;]1 0yall c}l >_yV <)1/~ ~~ 40 -i .L:JI
JWI ._s1)I J.;_Y. J.,l> ._s\ ,~_r.JI '--'"..WI wl>:- .) ;_,.....;l>..JI (Ruth Roded)
c}l ~.ill Ill -"~I~J ..:..>~Jf-'J ..:..>~":) ..:..>L..L..ll .L:JI 0~
l;L l_r._,...,.; <,?~1 ._,..')1....)'1 ~I -i .L:JI )~; _r._,...,.; ~ L.. i_r.s-" .;1
(ZS)" ~J\.:JI ~I _,.II ~ _,......, ~

01 \.p.-Jj ~ ~ ..:..>~ ~ ;1 r-!1 ..:.J'S ,.jw..JI ¥1 ~ J

Cr' ..!..ll~ y.j-J ~I \'""..U ..JliJ\11 ~ .L:JI ..:.J'SJ ,4'\.,>- c} ~

·V" .I .lL,...JI •rl-' ~ ,j _rS> cr.l •>JJi "..iJI..c,-L.... .ill ,Loll_..:...; '1 :.!.;.WI~ (25)
.)! ~Jf'JI Cr' oWl I_,..:..; '1" ..c,.-..]1 .)) .WI U~ 'o-'4 ,;~1 'o-'1.:5" d36 :327
".J,U4 ..c,-L..ll
.I37-83J Isv"' ,2e:- ,~L... c:""-" ,:uL... )1 .~"""" .; •1 _,.JI ;._,..; .w _,i (26)

(27) Roded, Women in Islamic Biographical Collections, p. 19.

(28) Ibid., p. viii and ix.

193
 l. ui ).i..U ~':>\::..1 ._.k J-'! I.L.3 .:i.;_;::>J I ._,.;,1 ~ \11
29
.....; Li _;'>IJ 4;:.,.1.;> c) 3 <

.....;t,; 3 \11 cr %41 0\..::;~ 3 L..~ :i..:...>..U~" Roded -'!>J.; ~~'~c)

< 30 i".J~)I .....;~.; 3 \ cr Sl); 'Ji! .....iL::.;..; r-5 .L:JI .....;L;J\ 0\3 ,.L; ~~
-.::...; l5J (3 I)'-!"" 1.;">U ..::; l5-i.J ..::; L,!.r-J ul ?.l:; J ..::; ~) jA • L:J I ~ .Jj J

La). ,..:...;)11 .._;~ ~ ')1 3 ,.L:JI .._;~ :i.;l..> ._.k if~ ~I

Lo. .J _,...2>- .I?. .J ~ ;;......, ) ._,.;, _r:;:; J..L.o L.. ._.k olyo.ll J.o r-5 J (32 1;_,.,.rll
'
.~.;§":, ~ ;J.L...3 () 3 , ~ 3 _;.;. 0,r.J.:; d_,.;5JI -.::..;l5J 't;.,a;....:. r-5'L>.....J.l
JL> ,~ )1 03 _,AJI c) <./'~)'1 r-!WI c) J.-JI cr ~1.::5" ._,.;,/-' c)
<S".;l.,!..JI 3 ~ 3 .J.,.ll J.-JI 0-' .;yi:J13 >§)I" 0! (Schatzmiller) _).l,. ;~
1".-L.;\:JI ~ ~ r-5 <.L.WI i~IJ :i.;>L-.ri'Jil ~'11
33
< c) .L...:.U o>JJ>.....il

c) 0 '11 ~ L y. w i .r.s- ~")\;:>I .....iL::.;..; I.L. js- cr j f.' ~I o.;_raJ I 0!

~~ cr ,..:;L.. 3 _,..... 3 ..::;')IJY'-'J ..::;t:;_.\ .L:Jl.i .:;_,..~)11 01~1 ~

~ J3 .~~ J ~ .?:.. .JJ' ')\.; 'r~>'l ~..o.~1 ~ ~~

.l:.!;.....~ 3 ,..::;~1 ~I.;J cr ..::;L..J_,..... ~~ ~ :;_,..~)11 ..::;~1
k c) 'JI[ ~L-..ll c) .L:JI J.;j.; .;>l:JI cr ,~_r.:JI ~1 3 ~I r _rJI
J.-1_,...)1 cr- J·4 •r-11 0IJ <~.U ..hA! 01~1 ~ J ~li.L. 3 ,0W.....;
...,r:-).7.:""'r ' ~ ~~ ~..u; ~ r-5 .,;\ J..L.o .~I ..::..S..!.>l ~I ~...> l:J I
'-:"' ~ \11 J.>l 0l5 I:,! L.. .._; L:S:::.....I ..r.. ~I cr J '0 '11 ,.f> C_,r ~I j,.W)
01 .;_,;.!I cr \..:.; ~ .iJ I 'dS::.L:....J IJ ol,o-J I ._.k 0 L.. \11 r~ _)[ >Y'!. 4J I
03 _r<)i cr >~ Jl_,bi~L 0l5 ~.ill 'rlkl1 3 0 _,;WI ~ ............., 3 c,<"'l,-JI

(29) Ibid., p. 123.

(30) Ibid., p. vii.

(31) Faroghi, "Crisis and Change. , p. 599 and 605.

(32) Schatzmiller, Labour in the Medieval Islamic World, p. 362.

(33) !bid .• 399.

194
/_.,447-334) ~_r.ll ¥ ~ <,?"\.,.>JI ¥1 cr .r."-~I •fi-ll cr :1~1
.(i1194-1055 ;_.,590-447) ~')I..JI_, (i1055-945

..!.l:JJ_,...,; J')\;.:..1_, (i1355-1258 ;_.,756-656) Jy...JI J')\.:.,..1 0~ JJ_,

cr '-r"';L<;)' .L:JI .;J f t::;.: JJ ~I (i 1405-1366 ;_.,807-736)
'-""; ..WI ~ ,~u1, .._..;, ~~, .;...~1_,.6....;~1 .;...lJ_,1 <? <' l.~ ..; r:JI
4

~_r.ll ~ ~ ~~ c/"-' ,__,;~1 t-'-' t'IJJJI ..W ~\,>1 ~1.!.::5' ~~

,~ ,.,.oJI 0~ ,,J.&. G,; .;....,.::--1 .;...~1_,.6....;~1 01 ~, <'')~~ -..,;_,)>ll J
,wb, ~~J ~1 ,<.::.;_;.. •..LJ .;J_,.,.a.. 0~ 01 ~~ :r 0\5' .)1
.;...bWI 0~ ,~.u; ._}>- ;_,~ J ...,..')\...,)'I t" ·-:- ..1I .t. j~ ~\.>- ~1_,
y-x .)1 •4JIJJ wi..UI .:..>l,}~l ~ y J .;...~\..... ;.x;LJI ~I ..1,)\A::JI_,
.)1 .:..> \..... ) .....1 I cr _r.s::ll ._;; r-1 J , ~l_,l. ._}>- ...r' l:J I .,.::... 1_, d.~J 1 ~WI

~ .:..>\.....}..... ~1 4J1 J. ·~ 4>-')\..,1 ,1 ~W)' i')l...)'l ·~

·i')l.., )'I ~ .r.:-"~1 ~ 4,>\5' .:..>l:::'} ~ y ~ ;1 ~i')l.., )'~

J~)l 01 ~J..U ,\..J~ .L:JI Jf ~1 ..,_.')l...)'l 01~1 ~ J

_?l;, cY\A:; L..+,; ~ y.. ~ ,\:;15 ~ ~~ J 0~ 1~1 .L:JI_,
.)1 \'""')J~~ .L:J!_, J~ )I il,i 0_,~ Jl>- \.. IJ.,_, ·'r~l j>'-b ~1 r+::
~ J-' ·<.,?~l.a::i~l J')IL... ~I, ~~ :r .L:JI i?, ,~ ~ r-x
~ '*~ ·~)I c,;1l:....ll J cY~I ._}>- JWI J J..-.!1 ~ .L:JI 01
.:..> l,J J y.....i ~ i L..:..o ~I if I~ '<.;~1 c,;1l:....l I J \'"+" JJ> <.,? 1 ~~ \; ~
cr ~1_,) ._}>- il:ll '-r"'~~l_, ,J _;;...II J .ft-:>J .L:JI ~ 0).;:,J _;;...II
._}>- J,_..JI_, ~I_,JJ c.r'J.ft:; 0,~ J~ ,~ .:..>~\,>1 ~1 ~ j;:-1
,~ t.l.i.ill .L..WI cr ~~ 0~1 -s_,.,;l JJ_, .~ i')l...)'l ~ .)1 Jy-WI

:)i.a .!l:.lJ.0 ~ J ~ t.~ ')ll (34)

- Hodgson, The Venture of Islam, Volume 2, p. 433.

195
~ '-?\ 0[ ( l.~ _,...II I..J....
36
.:,l!., ~I <,F''Yc.,.. ~I ....A.i _,...11 0~ I_,J_,L>_,
<.T'.JJ> ..,t; ~ d_;>t.; .r.:" ~.J ,.,;;.,~ .JK...JI ~ JIJ> ,Y ~
.~ [,_., , _,...; 0 _,>..,_ .:,\ ~ ~ , ~ .& I Lp.:... if1 '-:-"I_,...! I ~ _; W::.....l_, , j...::>..J I

,.:.>\.l.l,... <:;.. <) c3'.J ".U\...)I,.-<) ;l1..JI .r.~" '7'1:$' <.oWl <,.....\11 .:,~; Jw\11 0-" (36)
·r"" <) ~I.Jiy)'l •wj 0-" jJ~ r-"j rJ •(1990)........: Y.j j>-I)I.._;,J\;

196
~I ,!.lE .j !...; , \.. ;J W..,.. jl. ~ C!i ':"'')\....,)I I b l:.l I ~
...:..> \..

4.l5 '~I_, J..W I_, , L.,a::; ~I_, 4.. _,s:.,.l 1_, , .....,; _, .:;\..l4;:,..._, ~ _,s:.J I .:; _,J;..; _,
.>.>-i ~ Jj_, .4]._,..._, _,i ;Jl.,a;.Ji c?..*..} ~l_r.o_, S\..K:.. ;)_,, <.S>y
- -
J ')\:>. :r :r) I e <.S .f"-'I I ...:..> \.._;...J I )\::; Jj _, , J ')\1, J '-:)T ...:..> \.. _;...J I ,.i,.
.j '-! C!y _,A; l.....,t.:.. \J_,, ~~ r-,lJ C!i ~ L.S ·~J_,..UI ~\ ~
~~ !...;_, .4:J.:,.... _, ~~ ('""' J. ,...,......,... ~I .. ~ I_,...,l ~'J ,~\ ,.i,.

c)J ~I..U~ I_,A J ~~ ,..!JJ; ~ r-1 I;J_, 't+"UJ ..:r--i.; ~ .. WI ('""

.j C!fo_ ~ .ill ,~i <.J.,... )I ('""' ~~ !...;_, ·J~ ~I c}J ~J d~l j...>JI
t.. "_,.41_, e·~.JI '-:!~)II~~~~ :r t"~ t.. J-aJi r-<JZ ~_,
:..;4 \.. ~ .)1 .;,.....t....'ll Jy'll ~ ..:r--i.; ~ r-1
c)J '""~\~I L..,.... ~J ,;.,...__,._,. ~) .,.')\.,:.\ ;. •·; ~\ ....; -

.~_,J.k..ll ..:..>IJ4-.JI .)s- '-:-:!Jx.l\ ...,_;~

;~!__..._, ,..:..>lS:l::.....JI_, o\.,--JI :ri ~_,;_, 'il1.:.l\_, C!jlall_, J..WI 4..1.>)-

.>) js:J .._; _r.JI

0-' .._,...I:JI ~ •(<..1""\>.JI) .jill\ j...>JI_, .;,...WI j...>JI '-""') ..:r--i.; -

.1-+·, -~, oU J :f JWj 't+"U J ~ ~ ,;r!-o ~~ r+.-"\.Y' i\..G.::.....I

197
~.J 't.J.,.JI.J J~I.J ,l:,)l J.--.ll j;f" ~ J.&.l..; ~\.:.. ~ ~ _,;-
.'!" ~ :1 I JS IS:::J I.J 0 .J \...:J I.J ;J, t,.:...) I ~I

~I) y ,~\.:.. ~_,5';_,1;, y. .J Cl.J> ..::..~lo.l.. ~ ~ ..!l..::;. ..c;

.~ l,J.JJ-.-o.J t' -~ j I , I)1 ~ J _,.4>- C~ y, ,.;.,..; <.jl I .!.! _,LJ I J.&.l _,; .J1
'4:>1.,.>-.J .._;~~ ~ ~ 1:>! :IJ ~ 4]0~ :1 ..)j d.A.J.J~ ,~1 ,j_,.J
rL.1 ;J.JJ-.-'.J 4:h ~.J ;JW 4..fo J':>\>. .._,.. ~I ~ ..,_; W
,_,.:.,JI ol!) ~ ~ :1 _,.1 >l)')il ~ '-:>':>\>..:11 W )I 0i ~ cj.J .~1
,~ (pWI ol! )I~ ~1._,.. ~1 ..,..._.1 ..::..1~ ~I i.J) ~ 0\!
~l,J.J~ ~ 4.. fo.lJ >)_,...)1 ~ p .J o.J:.&. \... j..a>1 t:!..IZ ~ o_;...;.,.J
>~>ji.J ...:..i)I ..!.J..r' t' ~1 _;:51 ..,....,1 ~I.J i.J_;.II ~.J .JW ~
,_;st pi ~I ~_,...,.. >I>_;; l..J ,~ ~IY- <.jll ..::..~..L>.::li.J C>K....ll >J.&.
~)~ ~~ ._,.w1 ~ r...L4::ll ...,.. L. ~ ~ ..c; .I~ pi~ .y,
~ :1 ..W , 0 .J...LL,;. <f-1 ~~ _,...; ~ <.jl I ..::.. :1 y-::...l I .._,.. '--?1 ......;,..,.; .._,..
t' ~ ..c; ..::..:ly-::...]1 J.>1 ~ \~I <.5.WI ~ r...L4::ll j;f" .._,..
.~_, ._._,..,:.)'1 ..::..:ly-::...]1 ~ :..r-)I.J.J..r'

0!.J ,;r.;S ~.), c)! ..::..:ly-::...]1 ~ _j;f" 0_,...L..ll t_lh:.....l .uJ

c;.r-ll J4 )II i ...L4::J I.J ~I ..:.ll~ I_,A.h-.J ''-:' }k.o r \. . 0 .J> 0\S
..W '~l,J.J)-.-o ch' .li..u., ..::..l>.1 ~l:-JI <hUI 01 _d. , 1 ,.~,-'"j
.._,..)' I.J J..W I 0 L....;. .J ~y!J I .._,.. 4-JI '-:" 1_-.]1 ~ ~ J ..;:...W:.1
._.:.,li.J ~I.J ~I J!lyo-11 ~ Y.J ,.._; r.JI.J ..::..l5J.::.....JI.J il,>JI ~
, ..:.lJ .lJ ; ~-i-' .J .;.;l_,; K. J J-IS J:.W ~I 4:J J ~\.:.o..: <.jl I ~ L.. )' I
4..~1 ;_,;.J t'-"",\l "->-l::....ll i.J_;.II ..:.ll..IS.J ,LK:;I c)J ~I ..::....P__rU

.~l:-JI.J 4:~1

198
 J}~l;~l

~ ~~VJJ-o C>H its:.:.JI1-': r-1 :r ........o; c~ L,?.iJI Jl)-liJ

;;,J J j-J I C>1 <-/" J <./"')\....,)'I t.<)::l I :y i ll::......l I c) J~I i _r.J I J '-:"'I pl I
:.r Jw ~ ._).>- ~l,;:--1 Y. i ~~ ._).>- i K.J1 j>i>J , 4-:-- ""''1 ~~ , ~
eY1 }j ·LSJrJIJ ;;_;~1 iU;,.; i')l.....)'l ePJ ~~ I-4JJ ,~1 ol>J j;:-1
JU, )'I C>ts:.l 'cr )I :y ~\5 ~_,]. ;.l_. ,~ ~ J..>JI ~ _;.JI .:.,.,;4)
,..., ~ JWll ~J 4,::KJ ·~1)1 ;;_;~I .81 J G LS.iJI ~I
-- -
~ :.r .:;...w::JIJ .:;_,\.1,~)'1 ~ >y.J e- ~~-J..w 1.;)_,1; ..u t::;ts:J
.'-:"' jJ I J ..U. y L... \_y.,uJ \..J.Z _;si \;;_,.; liJ ~J_,::..... > iJ \.1,) ~ - ?'i
t:" .?- u;..l.l -il.;~I ...!.lt c)- W':>\..o ~ r-1 J_,k::ll ..!..ll.U ~WI 41 j.JJ
.::..>\,Al>- .;...I~~.::..>~ J .......,L...:. ~I_,P. '->-l.... r." t!:.r" ~ ._).>-
~ r::--"1 -,? .iJ I , ~J l......l ~I :y r::--"1 ..ill l.iJ .~ l,;..o ~ l,.- J ~ill
;;.;~1 ~Jf" r.- ii.JO.:.ll ~ C>1 •._rll ;L>J :.r <:...... 30 ~ 'i661 i-A41 J
~ J.i...; ~ ~ r-1 ~ ,.:;...l)y ..!..ll~ cr- ~ ..UJ .<:...... 20 ~ ~'1
•.k,J )2.:.!1.; L..,..... 'l J , J ro::J I IJ., .;..;, J ~ J \1.:.l I ........, IJ i )S) <:,W
·ii.:~I ...:.Lt J Jt.,a;'liJ j."JI Jll.... J
,..,._.. _;.JI ~I LSJrJIJ ;;_;~1 ii.JO.:.l ~ C>1 .)\5:..)'I.; ~ r-1
J'J\>.~IJ iJ..\.WI _)) iol:..::.....l ~ ~ ._).>- <k.UI Ji.A;:;I r-'-! C>1 :y ~.l;J
CY" Ji.A;:;'JI ..!..ll~ L,?r... .:J\5 ..ill ·~rJI ..!..ll~ .._? r W" ,~1 t_l..>:-k
il.,a.<;IJ i~_r.;:)IJ <.;~1 '-:"'J..f'" >\.:>jl J) 0>1 IJ.,J .i_,A)I.; J1 <JIJ_,JI <.Y.J.
J~ ~~ ..;:..;ISJ -4-'VJJ-o ~ _,s:,.JI Jw)J ,~l>...JI '-:"'~J i.A>-_,.II

.)~ Jli ~ (Kramer)/'"'-.? ....,.,L,.1 ..UJ ..,..')1.....)'1 t<)::ll J t.""""' cJJ1

( l". ~\,-JI ~I
1
J) ,_,..; ..blJ..,..;'ll '-;-'l,-.-1"

(1) Kramer,J. H. "Othrnan1i." The Encyclopedia of Islam, Leiden: Brill, Vol. 8, p. 1995., p. 197.

199
 \-- 'tt: ~ ~ ~ ), '~ q 'f ·r· .• '<- \i• . •r:..... 1,. 0: ·t· J-·
. ·!: ~ ~ ....... ....... 'f:.
}. _ t ~ ·t· 1: 1>: f: y ~.F hrl ,<t•k ·~ .!... .r:·
C.· :f •t: .t. '1=
·f· ~ f ).., ·(_: ~ { ':y ~ (_• ~
.~ -~ ~ -~- t~!
G\
f ~ r !: .t· ~· \- '[ ~ ~: ~ ~- :c '[ c,- '<. G\ ): .r: 1.: ~
c.· .t· 'r, -~ e! C· 1_ f- -. ( l· - •
.c-•
'r:~ .c 'L , • .r -
l E ('I "' r;• - ~ . ~·. ..- E
~. - ~ '~- '~- c.· -. r . c,- S V\ • . '- '-
f r . ' - _ rf=: ·b' ·t•r.:!•-
·fc... l.
·_ ~ r: <;"' ~, ~, .10 ~. ·r -c ., •Ci.,. f ( V' .!... ~: • •C.
• t 'f ~-~·~L 1_ t ".!.
t ·Ci... t;" C· f C·- "'[ 1.~ ~ ~- [ \- ~ ~- ~ ."-
f ·-
E ( .' l- (· ~ F :f· lL.
\-- f 8 f ~· f, ~-:r.~ ~ F. ·y 1· \. ~ ~ ·. . ~ ~: -r
·t: -
,~ 't .
<.. - t' 't- r· - ~ .!... _, (•
t r ~- · tb. c, ·~ c;.. es. <.. ~. <.. t_ q
N t{
0 " '- ( - (_• e. h. r
r (• fj: <.. r 'L ' v• G\
0 -r - -s '- l .c ~ ~- f
t-' '· 't; ~ c;;- i .' . -~. iM ~
\· ·f. '[ J= il': ·~ 1= ~ ~ -~ !·. .f: ~ J; "' <c.. <f' c,· ~ .c;; ~
t'!! ... _
~ " L- tL .~"___...... ·s v.
i·~· r
\ ' <.. h.. - \r- <.. v [
'1- ·r
f... . c.·
G\ L,t'
E - ·t:~ lr· ~ ~.~- ~. .~-· t :t
'c.
. - .J:- .!:_ 10 '<., "-> r
:g·Y J• [t L •-€
<.. ~ -
e.: .~ ~· <..
;t'f 1 • {;~; f-
'!,, ~- -:t_ .r: . (.. ~ ~~ J' ~- lL. ·t' y
}-1· '[t
--~f: ~•L 't-: ';r--' -. , ~
;' '1= r ~ •
~ t.L.."' ·'- ..
~. J>-• -
(• ~
t- t,_"'.'<,ttl:_t::;·-
t !.i..t... •v. r ('I- E t·
u; "'• • .~"' •Ci.,
t• ~ { C:V "' c,-· ~ . c. .;,- -
.( '- 1- 'b .__ v <.. .r- i "-· c;: c... ~ t'
[- r~
.i:· 'r. .;;- ~- f- t t ·E: ~l.~ ~~t~rs
ron C ~ <.. ~ C.·• -
1-· .~·,.. ·~ c,- [ r.
1 .r
1 t I~ ~ f) L ".. v· ~ · ' r •- o•
'-· ~ ·t ·<::.• L.·
., .!... .-· • '\-
• L "'..,. •
\_
3
t
~ t, F 'e_ l: ~ ) f. f ·"- .c '_
•1 ~ r £. ~ ~ ~ \.
~- y~c,- ~- ~~L
r-" )~J ....~I .Ally J ._j\S ~\;~ jl .)! '-?~ yJ ~I ~I :_?J r-l
,i._,.... ~b __;; JWI 0jlpl J')\;.:;.1 .;..',it.>- -.:..;IS .ill •t!'f.. Jb JL<;)II 0\ :_r
jJ~ ~1_,....; ._J>}J ,~WI ~l_ra)l ._J>} .)! • p i ~bjl ~_,...:;J_,

c.>~l \..... ,<..WI ~WI ~J a....JI ~ .)!J ~ .)s- ~I oJ..Ii

J.>..JI ._J> ~J .._J>_,_;JI J .!.1))11_, ,~ ~\.:.. J .LA{',II .;-}- ~ .)!
~ .)! ,~.:....~',I .l.~J (>\..-)II ._j_u .Y'J ''-?~l..a::>'.il _</~',II

'J~I_, ._j _rll '-:'t-o\_, 0_,.,.-')WI pi_, ,~ _,5)~ ~IJ)I ~~J .o~D
~_,.. ..:..>)!>_, 'V""l:.ll •~.r:- -.::..;.AJ_, 'i~l_, ~I~ :_rWI u....;,_,
.o~I_;.JI <.. ~1_, ~I ..:..>G:-L.,:>-1 ~1_,.. ( f ~L.a::>'>'l ~ _, '!'"")I_,.-_,
~I J~ J ..__.i.L;.:ll :_r <ll>- J '-?'')\...,)II r-lWI ~~ ,..!.IJ.lJ ~-i-' J
, "-<~I J "-<~ L.a::>'>' I ..:..> l;..b.:l I ~I_,.. .)s- J~ l.i .;-}- ~ L.. .Y' J , ;;J.. L.!J I

-~_r-ll ._J>.J+-11 J ;.b:-\ ~~ oJWz>. ~j}\ ._;]1

.W\!ll ·~I

,J., cJ.o .~I .)s- ~ _,sJI ~JJ ._J>} ~L:-JI a..L....lJ ~ ',I
</~'.II 0l);JI iJ.:>- J.:..fJ 'i~l_, ~~ ~ :_rWI J_r...; ~~~
4J _;.:....lJ ~ _,sJ I o)i.;l I ._J> }J 0 _,.. t.J I * c.>~~ .Ill . ~I t \.:.. .J.....A;J

~~- · cr..
i Ir - ',IL,. 0.r--: · .lll ,LA:;'JI
- .w..JI JY".. <f,1i ,WWI or.
'1\., ........:JI
. I,
....-
..... ) •~4jJ ~L:-JI ~ ~')\.ll ·~ ..U..: i~l :_r 1_,.\::.....1 .:r...lll_, •J.;..I..!JI
.L,Z'JI .L..WI • ',I}'> 0\ ~J -"-<~L.a::>'.il-~~ '.II r-lllWI_, c}lJI .l.~l
'JJJ.: ~I •L..WI_, i~l ~ J'lpl i.t<- 0\> ,~1 ~ 0~ I_,;IS
; pi .;_,',I\.>. •_,.... ~J..ll ~l~jl_, .~1 t: i~l ._.;ft:; ._;.;:; ~ .)s-
<r-,... i.,.>J I .l. _,A... .)! ._j \1...J I "-< Lg..; J c.>~\ \..... \ t_\~I J

~JJJ\J ~ _,..JI ~b.>'>' I '-:' J~ J l.>.>.;y,_ L.. ~ 0 _,..WI ~r. 0!

'-:'l_,h-.b'.ll_, •l,::... '.II 0\.js- J.x; ~ -~YJ Jl.r.JI_, \.,?)J .:r.-JI_, ~ _r.JI

201
0~ ,~1 :r .U _r.io _r}- ~ § ~jJ d')l ;_,4]1 Jl•_r.l]l :f ~l:JI
~l;~..ii.J ·~I.J ;;.. ~I Cr.! ..!.LL...::.ll J41 c)! 0\.;~Ju ,.J~ 4JL>- .j
..}_,:) I.J t_l_,..,d I
•..r.:-? .!.>- c)! ,.JIS e..all ~I ii..J.>.;....,L; ,1~1 & J.J r.l ~I 0!
01 }> .cr.JJJ ~WI ~ .j _;;,pll 45.;> C~ c)Jc>~1 '-?jjl ..,_.,..JI r
.j ~ cjll L.0.l cr...L!I ._,;> _,....; W ,~~ ;s1 ~JU. ..:.>.J....::<>I ~I
~I c)J ~')\.WI ~ _rU W ,; _,.all IY'~ r.l 4J _;...,.JI 01 ).J ·'-:" }JI
.)IS ~J.,.La::li.J ~')\.WI ·1/>'J _rll j&-L..i.:.ll! \ .... ~)'1 r.lWI .j ,. I a ... cjll

./>~ i _,.aJ I i IJ.>.;..... I :f r. JA.I .~ j ly ;s1 t!" .J c)! '-? ~ Y.. 01 J.::>-.J I 0"
r.lWI .j ..:..>\.}y j)1.J •U:::''>\.WI ..l...; ~).:.. j,.j ~J ,~1 ~ '1 .1)

<'?"'1_,....)1 ~ .r..P i.J.>- c)! -.....;lh.JI .Wl>. .j- c>~1t.. r.J V~ )'I
~),. ;;_.~I ..r.' y i.J.>- 0~ ...:..lJ; ~ i.J'N- .J .~..UI V"')..WI .j ..,..WI

l.. r .J 'E-"1.} 4JL>- .j ..:.>[,;:-)~I.J i )...JI ~ 'i)...JI ~ ~1 0"

0" .JIS.J .4J ._,P,rU cjll ul;.!.>..::ll ~IY' .j l?,~ '{'~)'I r.lWI ~
cjl I J)>..::J I ui.J~ 'I ' .;> ..!..l..:J I.J .}_,:)I ~
0" ~ ..U I V"') ..WI '-:" ')\1, .Jl..
·L>..r")'1 ~..L!I i )...JI.J ..WI _;;_,.6; ~1 0" d+.}J ~~ lyiS

~l)lo~l

.J.4A; .... ~I 0~ ,.J,.WI ~fr .j .)IS l.. ~ ~ ~I A l..~

~ cfJ ~ Jl>JI V"'.rJI ~ ~~ '11 c)! C\.::,..,;.J ,~1 J.>-l_,.all ~~
r-"~~1 0" ~..iu ,~ .J
. :.r ~IJ i~l ~ '-?jjl J")'I ..U..UI .j
..:.>I.}_,:)I ~..i'...J •J.>- Cl.J~ ..:.>~l_,..,dl !.l _;.,_, ,........, )yJI.J ~~ JL.,a;'ll :.r

V"' _rll '-:"':>\ZI.J J.l.,ll ~ ·~}JI i)a,-.

c)! ~.J ,<.,...:;JI .j.J.:i c)J '-?~Y...J
~1_;:..1 c)! ..!.U~ 0" ~~ d~ ;;..~1 01 ).J ,.U..UI ~ ~Jl>JI
~ .J ..)j ..::...; l5J , ~I ..:, ~ .J , t_l _,..,d I J.>-.J 4.h.U I ('""" lZ.J )_,.,.J I

.Jl....UI 0" J.l.,ll ..:,..ii;)'.J ,~Jl>JI c>_,.all ~ ~~ '11 Cl.J~ Lf:kL i.J.>-l.i

202
 L...\.;;JI o~I

L.j ,~1)1 <) 'iJ\....,)11 01.5 J..OJ ..:,_,1 ,1\ .1,\.b..;l '-:-"-:-' v--:l iJ\....,)11
.,..L,-JI o..u1 ¥-) 01 .e-<JIJ ~u1J .,..L,-JI .,..L....JI i..w ~ ,Jifl

<.S J \.:;.; t _;: .; 4 '._,I lJ I 4>J l.,a.. ~.>Y.S:.-!..o j>- ~ \ 0-' i ")\....,)!I J ~I <)
'-:""'4 J~) J) ,;:..,\ .)1 ~I J.-1_,...!1 ..l.>-\ ..::.;1.5 ,~_,.;JI C:: ~ '::/
L.S .•..~;.J.;:J I ..::..> 4.J.>..::l I 4::- I.Y' (./" I?.~ I~ ~ '..w I ~r-":" J ~ Lp,-'::/I
0-' . ~1 ..:..>U.'Y-:JI ..).>- ~~ _rll (./" ~_rll Jl .I.Cllj ·l,Z'-11 .L...WI ~~
~ y- ..!..ll; 01 '::IJ ,0L;)JI J.,h- ..:;_,\S~Ij ~u1 u-o ~1 "-;~...>- ~1
<) ~I ('-" JJ~ .b1 <) ')W j>1 1~1 ..ill Ill ,~1 il,:>JI Jllh- cr
fl.:ruJ ,0L;)JI J.,h- .,....IJ 0t......,.;.J ,...,~~J ~~ c.')\..,..1 J wL.JI
(l).o~l ;L,:>JI Jli.W ~~'::/1 u-o ~~..WI JP
J.i..r! .1. ~I
..:..>L.... j...ll ~ 0"1 '~ cfJ ·~ 0J} Jl "-;)l..lll 4,.-)1 ..:...=:-l;.,..l
~L.... L,?lll ..r' "JI ,.,..L,-JI ~I ..._j;\.J. y, il,..all ..;J y Ll,-JIJ ¥~':II
Y' )..b.J')U <.;ji_,..JI ..:..>L....j...ll ,J.., ('-"1 0\SJ .)..b.J'::/1 i_dJ ~ ..).>-
.
J"" L:.lJ 4l... -( <>.:::_r.>-) ~ l:.:~ 0 I..ill 0-' t" _:,] 4- J1 -,? lJ I '"-'I; i ")\....,)!I
..).>- ~L.... lhj -~ W'l>- ..:;_,'::/")\...., J y~l ..:..>~lbAJI ~J

L.S ,0K...JI ..} i ~I .r"l:...JI J"" Y. ~ J ,J..w.J fo ..).>- ..WL.....ll

- '
0\.SJ iJ\....,)11 '::l)J ,_r-? ..b- Jl if~'::/IJ -,?_;,."11 u-oWI .}1 ...;1
-~ .r" _;5\ 0--' I '1\JY'.JJ

.r.:-JI C!~ ,J. _,k>....)l I..L. ..)s- <..,4)1 ..;l.i,)..; ..j ..Robert Whaples ).;IJ .:..f.JJ ..,L.ot .lil (3)
4SI; c>_..ill o..L. C! 'J 'c? _r.,ll t:<).:ll CY' _i.r." 1..>;~I i..o;t ~ ..... ~ ;Ji t:<;l.:ll CY' il.i::-11
.L,_r<; ~ JS ..j 1..>JJ' 4J 0\S ~ _;...ll "-'LiWIJ

203
Lf-J_,...,..jl cr crll ~I '-:"~\ ~ 'iJ ,..___;,; ~I JJt,.. ..t>J
0l5' ._;!1 ..::o\....GJI cr r.>JL; \it.s:.JI ~.).>-~I
cr .~~IJ ,I...LJI
_r.- ~ '::1 ,.....,i.;JI ~~I ..::olp.JI 4' )J ,;c. ~I L...) y 01 '-""'_,:.WI cr
,JI_,..,;~IJ ..::ol) •- ,IIJ V"')..WI .~ :..::o\....GJI ,.1> Cr'J ,....;u}il <-...._;..
olS')I..;., ~I ..W ,..!.l],; .).>- iJ~J .<..WI ..::o\....GJIJ ~I cr ~~ .:r.'\.;J
.)! -.)}il ~ )..U~- 1.1> ~ J";J ·Lr.j~IJ ·I~ ,I_; )I r.' _,:) ..;_,[j..L,a.]l_,
i \...:.,> '::1 IJ o_,>- \1 I ~ 1.,.,_, 0 L....,.. )1 I J w1 ~1 .).>- <:,.. ':>\..... )1 I ~I .l,S'h
...r"_,..;J I ..;., Ifl c) i) Ip ~~I J w \1 I -:..Ll.; J-s r.l _,1 .LJ:j _,.....J ~
.1p1 t!'J 0§..; 01 J...:-JI c.ro 0ts::J 'L?~L.a::>'>'l )~.,1_, rll2:.ll i1..w1_,
.~..WI ~I •1_,;:- V"' j.,ll ~~ c) cr.~ r-.JIJ

~ _;5"1_,.., ~ Y. V"')..WIJ ~L..ll ii..G.;:..I .L....WI j.PIJ ..W

rl:-W ~ J-s r-1 ~~ ...,...J.>-J ~..u1 c..r")..WIJ ~u1 01 ~ \,2 ..u1

0 J )LS:::, Iy lS' u:.U I r-" J '~ ':>\...o u V"' l:J I ~ w..::...l I :;:; ')\....J I 4J 1.:
• '>' }'> .i ':>\..... )1 I c) _r.) I cr i~ .r-"' 4 J _,>-~ •I_,;:- , <:,....l:-A <:J Ip c)
~ .;si ~ rU;.; .J! ~~ 1_,;lS' r':>\...)11 ci I#~ u:.UI 0_,~1
J.i.::J L... ';') ._;!I '<:,..':>\.....)'I ~ 1_, <,;_,50 I i _};;J I .) [ ~ _,:) d).!.;:; IJ
,~ .....,i.;JI ~~)> .J.>- c..r"u1 _,..:..I ..w ,~ r-1 1.1> 01 ~_, -~ r
'..::o [;.. ':>\...o [ ~ <.S _,;:-1 ) 'i ':>\..... )1 I L... W1 ._;!I i __,:5J I ..;., l... ) .••.J I _r::-; r-1J
.L....WI 0K-k ~ r-!J ·r':>\...)1~ :t.;_,:.a.. 41 ~1 J. ,~ ,:u~[0_,~
:U [;.. c) d ~ L,a::; ';'I c.> lS' \..~ 1...,.. '::1 , 4J I ,~ <.. j ~I ~)_,...)I ..~...!.>

.~I;:JIJ ~I cr

204
C! ~ C!1 e_r..J cr I cr. I ~ L 4:...... ~ ..:;.;r
C! lS'_, ..::...\A.. C! _,..u.,:.
.:r ;;~ l..~...:.o1 ~ J.i ~~~_, ~j\>-\11 .::;Ko J cr.J ~ rli <-?JJI J,k:.ll
..;;.;\.;..JI- )'I <:,..-L,-11 ~I .j 1_,.1.4:.; C!1 ~l ~, J.i I..L. C!~ C!1_, ·rts::,..JI
..!..ll~_, , ~I_, J ..W 1_, <:,.... L,-1 I <:,...l>....ll ..:r." \.; cr.1 cr r ')\...,)'I ~1 .)I
.~1 .~\11 ~YJ ~J_,..UI ~I OJJ> ~ ~ OJ..lill ~ ~
cr r-") ~ J 4 )'I v., I , 1i .b lb..; I __,...::...1 .lAJ..; , ..!.J~ r-l I..L. C!1 _r.i-
0 lS' ~')\...,)'I 0 U.U I ~ t!' _,J , ~ .b:. .j _,...; o..1" i.J; ~ r-l ..J
r-lWI C!1 r rWI .blb..;\111-4] c,?'L....\11 ~I C!l ·<.S..r>-1 C!l~ cr j-.a>1
<-? jJ I <:,.... L,-1 I <:,...l>....ll '-:"' Y, __,...::...1 ..ill . tu i.:.ll f.>: cr ~ r-l <./'')\...,)'I
t!' _, cr C! \11 .._;.>- ~ r-l '-!'')\...,)'I r-l W lJ .I..L. \.:... y. .._;.>- .b lb..; \II J111
o• \ASJ ;;..LA::... I _;si Y' C.r' ~ l W2:::..o ...,~ <kLl I J.::.ll.i. J lA::.; \1 .1 r.-l
JWJI ri..G..::.... \II .:r ~ r-l LS (t)C!T_,.oll ..!..l]; J} LS ._,..l.:.ll ~1 .j
'
vl....L,-1 ? ill 4..... _,.;)1 ..,._IJ!..!..ll.l5_, •<...;rtJ l.4,J. ;;..WI >)_,...ll J>WI_,
.._; ~ C! _,, ..:;.;L.. _,»J I

205
 ~1~..\l\ "':"'~.:_.AI)\~_,)\ :~Jj
<.r %23 <.r ~ jji _,\ ,.,IW .<]_,, ~ ;(;')\; J 4).1_,i..;, ~ _,;
J V ')L. )'I _,..JrJI ~ J .~\1 I C!l.ll,JI <.r .:, ~ _, r::.-;' J..:>i
•.L. <Y-' .4:-- %77 _,i .<J_,, ~)_, e) J 4).1_,i..;..UI ~ _,; ~ c.r::>
,4:-- .0_,, :_r.;')(;_, c.>~! J '-..illj 4).1_,i..;, ~Y- '~.J\11_, '-"-!.; \11 C!l.ll,JI
L..,:. J ,4:-- C!l~ ;(;')\; J ~.)_,;~,_, ,.:,1~ L..,:. J J11.. <-flo ~ J
, 4). I_,i..;..LI L ~ ~I .,. ')L. )'I .:, l.ll,l I ~ (2). J L4::; I .;_,1 J <./' .:, I~
j5"l,&JI ) Y-' ,.;...~l>..::;~l '-'~
. ...#
.. \~
.. ~ ..f'
.. ~ 4).1_,i..;..LII C!IJ
~ _r.:? ~~~~I ._.,l>JI r:J~I .:,\ .r.J- ,<k.UI J 3 1..l:.l4).1_,i..;..Lil
J .:,~ ~ .:,Y' _, _,....J I_, .1 _;..;.1 L; .o_,.J I _,).; o_,.J I .:..> ~ l>..::;~ I J j _,.<]I J
~ J ~ ~ .:,_,s:..,_, ,.:,_,..l:.r. L..5 -,..l>..::;~l ~~ .;..~WI ~
...:..,J,.; ·
c.r::> ~ ~
... ''-li ._...,....-
·.It; J.1, -·.I W.l • ..Lil .:,~:
. _,., r . ~ " d~
-' (J).<k.UI
i l..l>.::... ~I J " ..L,..:.j I ~I " 0-::-' \; J f~ lk_,..; .0 G.;J I 4). l_,i..;..Lil .;... l,.l...JI
J1 <-,?"').....)'1 r.!WI C!IJ "--jJI r.!WI J ~I j;:-1 <.r :C.WI ,_;~_,...u Jt....ill
J.,_..; L.... ,"~)1 ~1"_, i~l ..,..b....,.,~~ ,.;I_;~ J W.t.,:.o
4
II W.l
< )•.r.:'• y • <.S'. • ~• ..Lil

Electionworld.) ...,~~~ r-lU. _,..:,y" cj i>)}l i2002 il..; J.L.:::; .;,L;L, .)) 1,~:.;...1
'l..J;w (2)
<,[.lji..,.tll JS~I ...,; ) .f .t1 4'~ ...,~~~ r-ll>- _,. .:, y <) <,klji..,.tll ---';_,..:; f'" .ti J . "(org
;;_,.,) ~ ) _,;:, ~ <,[.I_;;..,, jSt,. .._,; .ll, 4'~ ~I) I <,[.I ji..,.tl I --';.J""' f'" J .<1.U I J J IX
.<l.UI JJIJ::J ~

(3) Besley, Timothy and Robin Burgess. "Halving Global Poverty." Journal of Economic
Perspectives, 17: 3, summer, 2003, p. 17.

<''..C,.:.)I ~I"<) <,J.Iji..,.ill '-1~)'1 }':/1 ,:,l:.; 0':11<..-1.:..11 .;,I.,>':II,:,- )IJ >J; !ll:.A (4)
:JI!..ll j,.- ~ ,_)a;l ~I<)..._,.:.)1 ~J
- Mulligan, Casey, Richard Gil and Xavier Sal-i-Martin. "Do Democracies Have
Different Public Policies than Non-democracies?" Journal of Economic Perspectives,
winter, 2004, p. 51-74.

206
 ~L.,.ci~IJ e·~l .j ~~~...UI "':"l,f> .#U :~\.:
'"·uJ..lll ~I ~ JJ\.>. '-"' JJ.rJI '-"' ~~ _..l! ~l~..lll "':"'~ -s~1
~ Jill y ')\....,)I I 01..\l) I cr :.:....,) 0! .;,; \;..,.,a) I <;,.r- i I..UU I .>"' t.....~>-1
(6)<;,.r-J~ ~ '.} 0Y"jjJ ~J <:,lfl' .,~ ~ i~ r>- :.:....,)_, (S)<;,.r-J~

- Kaufmann, Daniel, and Aart Kraay. "Growth without Governance.'' World Bank,
Policy Research Paper No. 2928, Washington, DC, 2002,(hhtp://www.worldbank.org/
wbi/govemance/pubs/growthgovlhtml).
- Hall and Jones. "Why Do Some Countries Produce So Much More Output per Worker
Than Others?" Quarterly Journal of Economics, 114 (1 ), 1999, p. 83-116.
-Kaufmann, Daniel, Aart Kraay, and Pablo Zoido-Lobaton. "Governance Matters.''
World Bank, Policy Research Working Paper No. 2196, Washington, DC, 1999,
(hhtp://www.worldbank.org/wbi/govcrnance/pubs/ growthgovlhtml).
cj I..,... 'jJ 'c?>L..ci'JI _,..:.)1 ~ ~I_;..,.J.II wL 1}>1,- .,.,8:J1 ~ c,\ ~
,:c,..I:JI wl.t.L,JI
:)"I .<,...:.JI ~_r;J ;_. j'J ..:,\..,L,..- Jw ~ .Li::; wl ~ 'j ~I_;..,.J.II ..:,l,._,s:,JI w'J
- Sirowy, Larry, and Alex Inkles. "The Effects of Democracy on Growth and Inequality:
A Review." Studies in Comparative International Development, 25, 1990, p. 125-
126.
- Johnson, John W. The Military and Society in Latin America. Stanford: Stanford
University Press, 1964.
- Macintyre, Andrew. "Democracy and Markets in Southeast Asia." In Constructing
Democracy and Markets: East Asia and Latin America, (ed.), Los Angeles:
International Forum for Democratic Studies and Pacific Council on International
Policy, Pacific Council, 1996, p. 39-47.

c}l o,r.SJI ~I;_;; = J ""'" cj -,2,_ll ,l,.:;'jl wlS' L.= ~I if u:JII.L>J

j,r.
.w'JI j>t ~wl wl J""" .}J 'il..'!1

;,.,...JI ,~'JI c}l r."-;. ...;~ ,~1 I.\.. J :C,..')l..,:>l .JI.t.L,JI ell-' i~ ~ (5)
.:C,.. ')\..,:>I wI..LL.ll ;J.>.::..] I [>''J I ;, !!...; <.,(' J V ')\.., :> I _,..:;_;..)I <..k;.. cj ~I J

-..A;_,.:; ~ www.freedomhouse.org "2004 '-ll>...all '<?" J ..:.>>JJ ..:,l;l,; c}l i,~.:,:.-1 (6)
~\ dl Freedom House "~_rJ\ ~" <Lo~\ '-?JJ\ "c? yj-''J •"~r:- c_r-J\" •"O_r-JI"
if1 (;,h.;; 30-0) 4,>L.a:i'>IJ (;,h.;; 40-0) :i.,.-L,-ll ,(;,h.;; 30-0) .l.L JS' cj ;..llL..II ;_,; jWI
..:,L.~I ,;;;_,;J .illl .Jj.Z if1 .kWI >.l¥ >l>jl ,,_,;.11 ..:.>>bjl ~ cj }J'
.'-ll>...all
<:; J l.. i.J.L ~ 30 c}l ,)..P if ..:,l.. ')W ,;;')\!]1 .r.' l....JI ,.\.. tr""' c}l .11, jSJ o.,;4')1
;_rJI ~ :cill J 100 c}J61J ,t;;_r,- ;_rJI <:; J 60 c}J31 ;;_rJI '-ll>...all

207
j:.. .r,l:.JI cr lo~) 'i~)'l Jil.J J ~~\ ~\..Q.;;\ Js. ;J..J.41\ i~ 0)
~I" ~ ~! '-?~Y. ,4.,..1-JI ...:.>IJ""lhll J~ cr J1 (<.SJrJI) .JW_r.ll
I '·
....- ~
• L.S .4.LJ
..,;\
- I t·I....; IJ , U- i..O..!J I i 1-UU IJ "~)I
- I r.>-. ...:.> L L.J -
.;;hLJI ...,..,~1J ,~\11 i..lll.i j::-1 cr :C.WI ~)_,..JI ii.J.>.::...I o•L!J ~WJI
.J il~ '1 iWI illl il~ ,.JIJ.l,ll ~c),_,..<.;~ ~~J ~} ~J
c) ..:~ ;J l1) j::-1 cr ..llK..l I .....a::,;._. i I.J.>.::... I ~ J~ t.; rSW l.i '_,;\; '-?1
~ ~~W'11 ...:.>~~ \11 c) t_4! ~! .t,;_r.-.:.!1 ..;...LIJJ.II ..;...~t.; .ul .;;hLJI
.< 1 ~I c) •r.-? ~ IJ~T, ;_ • .;JI ~IJ ~w.u .J1
7

"~JJJI.,.li.!JI" ~ y o>!~k ..::....l! '-?lll- "~WJI.:JIJ~!..,..Z y" ~

.)...all ~! cl~u J>'ll) ...:.>G:- J~

~ ~ cl;:._, ,;~ I 59 - .:J.r. ci ~_.,_,.;. J
~ Y- '1J .h...._,::.. c:!' J ~ J.x; ..,..zj-JI c) (5) :c.~ .J! cs)cl~u .;{'11)
~! 5. I cr d· JW I cAr; ~ ,h....y::...l I I.L. J _,> ..,_. ')L! iJ I~ 4:... <.5Y"

~ :r- ..;...L;~ }1.,=:; '1J ,h...,y::...ll I.L. J4--1 ~~ iJy._u1J iJ~I c3-'-' .6.3
~~ ..;_,L;~ )1.,:::; '1 cjll .JIJ.l,ll ,.L. ~ i!~ .J1 ~\ <fJ . .JIJ.l,ll

4:... .J1~')\; .J1 ..bl,>- )/~ Jy..!JI ~! y-J.;. L.... iJ).h.... y::...)II.L. ilJ~ ~1 ...?'
_;s\1 I ~')WI iJ IJ.l,ll ~ iJiJ ..,.. ')\....! iJ I~ <./' ~~ U iJ I~ i _,.!.>J I _;.s1 ~
oJ_;JI '-:-'L:SI i _f..., .JT_,A]I .J1 cr ~)~ JWI r 1-L.J .la,\..,..')L) <./' f~u
<
91
.L!.)I J.,> ~ L.S ,~IJ~J WJ;

(7) Kaufmann et al., "Governance Matters."; Knack, Stephen and Philip Keefer. "Institutions
and Economic Performance: Cross-Country Tests Using Alternative Institutional
Measures." Economics and Politics, Vol. 7, No. 3, 1995, p. 207-27; Mauro, Paolo.
"Corruption and Growth." Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 110, No.3, 1995, p.l.

...;~ ,L....i)l Transparency International "<)J.UI <,;lA..!JI" -.iy>Y ·r2005 r~ .)) >y.' c;.,~l,JI (8)
._,.J.UI ~ ~i _,..;.;...11 JJI...; ."u-"l;JI ~I if.-i :_ro ~l,-JI ~I rl.!.>.;:...l o•l-!"
·er.:-l,-JI J Cr:=" ~I ,:r.!JJ-!1 ~ .uWI >L....ill 4,; IS;. ._;ll

..i;>!J~i_;a,6}:'iJ\f!.J¥)\ 1 Lc;:,J::J;:\I~t1;;_;1;~J(~\,;) .)W .&1 Jli (9)

.[29:~LJI]~ ' '-t". 0'""'<

.. 4..>~ '""'~:·~>-
b ~~ wtr-~i ''~t".'
l_,.la. 'j_, ~

208
,l.,a;t r5~1 >W) _}) <.?> jo ~I "-!._r- "':"'~ .)y:.WI >LAll .:J)
c)! 4kLJI ~ ..? y::; .)~ ~ Jl...:>-1 <.Sr- ~ Y. ~ ,.Db..ll ,J..., .jJ
'-':-J..U ~1; ..rPJ ~ '-.1:;)1 .:Jf! ,.:J~'JI -,J~ ~ L...x...; ·':"'\..WI
r-"...L> J r-" .Ipi .:J\5' l;f! ·JJ_r.ll t_?OI Jl::l~J 't:f' )I ~ ~
<f..ill
, ~I J <.. _,s::,.J I ~ J L:;~ I ._;.x:.,3 ~\...a::; • l,:.. ~I .) f! '"':"' lW I .) ) l:.;
J.- I_,J I ~ .;r Y' J '<.,?" l,-J IJ </ ~ ~ I "':"'I _,.k..d> ~I ~I..!.> J .j (+":! l.l..oJ
."-!.>l..a::>~l ~~ J_r4]1 ~ .jll ~)I

•-.- 'Jl <..WI , )_,....JI .;r \_;:::5 (,?. 4kL.ll ...,_;.; y.;:_; ,,UJ <-:- >J
<.. _,s::,.JI ~ L.... ,_; 3 .iJJ .jWI !.1~ ~IJ ..J;:JI J;_,...;J 'J_,_.all ~ .j
y:;iYJ ,..,.....L.,~I ._r.ll <..lJ)J ·~IJ ~I ~ .j~l JlA;)II (./" i ?.~
..,_, r:;!.x. ,UI .:Ji L.S .....) .....:..JI ~I J;:-i .;r <..j~l <..WI .;.,l....l>JI
.:Jf! d.il ·[.~J ~I J..u... .j \,L)Y- .;f! ..:..ll~ 3 U"'WI t.u..all .;.,~ .....i)\.5:;
l.l..oJ ·d'L.<>..;~I _}) r l JL..::.... ~I ~..J 'CJWI _}) ....,......t d.f"-..WI
.)1~1 .;r ~~ <,JWJ .j..l:..ll .b~l o..IS"jo L.. .J"J ,_,..:JI .j )Y. .)\ ~~
~J ~ t...,~ e:JL,ll .,_.')\...,)II 01~1 0ts:.....~ 0i e 3 . .,.')\....)II
r-",~ e:JL,l I r-l WI .) ts:..... .;r %22 J I_,.,.. .) _,.K!.,_, ,.) _r.l. 141 5 Y' .0 J>
JL,JL.. 1891 .J" ~~ J4)11 r l ~\; ~ .:Jf! (IO).)_r.l. 6438
r l ~l::ll .:r ..I.:.Ai %2.5 ~ 1.1..oJ .~1!11 r2ooo r~ .;.,IJ~J, JL.....~ ..I.:.Ai
<:,ll_rll ;_,.all yts:; &-' -J~J> JL,JL.. 36411 e:JL,ll ~WI ~I J4)11
3381 , _,All J4 )II r l ~l::ll ._,.L..i ~ -'l..u...JIJ 01~1 •-4J -'l..u....ll
JJ~I, _,1;;1 i2oo7 i~'',f'~)'l <,..:::JI & t..>JJi .uJ 2oos i~ J! ,yo:; c:.>cl,JI ,.\.. (lO)
:<) 9 ·V"' d-1
- Islamic Development Bank (IDB). Statistical Monograph No. 27, Jeddah: Islamic
Development Bank, May, 2007, p. 43.
~ 'J 1'"')Ill>;,~ ,liJ .<,..~!;,I~<)~ .r}J <,..~l.r} ;,1~ <) ;,_,...L-.-":-y_
·JlJ.. 1.8J 1.5 Cr.! ~I>~ .)4! J.ti,..J ·r-lWI ,L>.;i <) ~ .)4)'I >JWI

209
tJL:JI J~ ~I J>.-..ll ~l:ll ~1__..:)1 ;_;.II _j!\5:; :r %40 ~ LL.J ,\J '}J~
t:JL,ll J.M....II J>-11 ~l.:.lJ ~1_,.!.)1 ;_,4.11 yts::; cr %12J ,r-lt,JJ l_; '1J~ 8477
,.h.<> ..,_.,")\....,! wl~ ~) ~J ·c:"_r-ll J>..UI .;.,~:, wl..t.L,J.l i_; '1J~ 29144
'c:"_r-JI J>..UI o .)! iL.....a.;'-11 ~ ,..6:lJ ~ ~J
.h.<> wl~ 4.:.....J
.h....~I j>-..UI <.:.; ~ ~~ rs- ~~ c3:J ,~''11 .h.... ~I j>-..UI <.:.; .)!
11
(1 .c/..l::...ll j>-..UI <.:.;Ji-lL WJ.r-s-J ~J ci..l::...ll
J.!UI..,.-")1....,)11 ¥1 J ')~ ")J~ ~ wl5" L,?.UI- ~I J.=..; r-1
...:;.,t..p:,.JI d,;l_;.,. J .,J! c~ L?.u1 rl..;... '11 ~ -~ '"="t.,....i J.>.i wl5"J
(IZ) .i2oo4 i~ J %30 wl..l.L,JI •.1. J . ,_.,\11 ;;_,.....; .h....,:.. wl5' .u; d.U
Jo~ wL..ll ~ .J-_;~lJ r.<-J ,..:r.::--1 wK.JI cr G,r.L 425 wi ~ I..L.J
wi c.r:> J ,.h.<> w l;:- 600 wl..l.L,J I ,.l, tr"" (.5 ..U J .~I J ~L; LS:.)
~~ :.r .....;; t..) ,_;si Ji wl;:- 1975 4.,; ~Y- t...J.>.J ;..G.:...JI ..:;.,t,'1_,JI
~ _;si ~K.... ~~ wi C: ..,.-"))....,)II r-lWI J o~y. ,...11 ..:;.,\....l.:JI ...Jl,.,.,.;\
r-lWI J ~ ~ j)N ~IJ ~IJ ~~~..UI -.::...;LS" ( 1~1 C.r'
13

,~1 ~ -.,.Jkll •~L;j .)! ..:;.,~\ ~IJ ~I jfi C>l5' ~lJ ·..;.}JI
J>..UI tLA;_;I ·~ .u :uJ..u1 ~~ ~ -.,.Jkll 1.1. <_,t wLS:.)I~ wl5"J
.~I~..UI _;;]N J t.... ~IJ ~I ~L... ..\JJ ...,.-p:,...ll

( 11) World Bank. Economic Growth in the 1990s: Learning from a Decade of Reform.
Washington, DC: World Bank, 2005, p. 251.

(12) Islamic Development Bank (IDB). Statistical Monograph No. 27, Jeddah: Islamic
Development Bank, May, 2007, Table 1.5, p. 15.

:..; i>)y ""'"!,., .)) bl;;:...l (13)

- Islamic Development Bank (IDB). Statistical Monograph No. 27, Jeddah: Islamic
Development Bank, May, 2007.
- International Monetary Fund (IMF). International Financial Statistics. April, 2007.
- http://univ.cc/ (worldwide Wlivcrsities)

210
 ~..r-:-
' II :i.....:.::JI
. .r'' J~ : Wli

~I _r. _;.. .j '-:,)~ :<;\5:.. ..bA.i ..,.')\....,! 01.ll, ~ ~ 01 ~ '1

:;,;w 0i ~-...; ,;..l>..:..JI I'""'>'J ~l::ll ~~ c::"~.;.r. v...;.J _L?lll ~.rJI
..::ot;:-J, ~ I.D., ~ :;,;wJ :u....._,.: . ..::ot;:-J, ~ ~ I.D., cr.~ J
.k.... ..:.. :..bA.i vi . . :<SJ'S _a., ...;\ ;;., • It <....;.:] I • '-' ~ • <14l . ;;_,; J.:.,o
r .r.:"-' 1 • -~ • .r"J J •

J~i/1 ~I ~l::JIJ ,~l::S01J •·l_,ill ;J.r"J ,;,'1)1 ~ ~_,:...]1 _,.....ll

~I Jlb )II ~ ...;~ dll .4,ll_r.JI i _,ill .j J>lA::ll ~I' '
:y J~l , _;.LJ
¥ 4 '11 ..::oL..... j-JI ~, y L,?lll I'"""" WI JJ..U~ ..;lrl J:.i ~I ,L.,..;:;'-1

>L.,..;:; I 4; J r IJ , ~~ ~ .j 0 J .lli:. cr, I ~i$1 ~I ';;_,... l;-J IJ <.,H.<!! IJ

._,.,:. \.:.. ..:...i J .j ~I
'JW.l Jl L,?>J.:;-- I.L.J -~~pi _r._;.. >1~!0~ ;_,.....~1 :y dll
i~'11J ''r~l ~I)J ,J..u..JI .!.l.l~ .j ~ ,._s_,.,:-~1 ..::ol~l :r ,~
._;x;J d.~JI J...-.liJ i)~l ;t;ts::..J ,(<)WI) -,?~1 i')LJIJ \,<"4 '11
~l_,i...;..UI Jl.,:>-1 l..a:i ~I crJ .!l_,.Lll _r-1.... ii.WIJ J.rJIJ ~_r..ll
.~w J ~j 4,lWJ 4 j>-.ill J>WI ~jpiJ ~I ~? J
>y:- JJ ''J?IJ
c:!' J 0 ~ ;_,.....~I :y ...;\ '1! 'r"' l:..J I c.L. JS 0~ ..::.> \.; ~ )l_p '1 ..li J
-~ )l_p r.l ~I ..:;.,I,;~ I ~ ~IJ ,0\5:..iJI J..li JoW _r. _;..
..::.> \;:- J> j r ,,> ~ 1- ._,. ')\...., iJ I 0I.D.:J I 0'I ~ 0'I '-:-'_,>.;...-.J I :y v--::1
..::.......,.; l~l ,.;.JJ~ :y i _,.....\ ~1)1 .j </" - JWI ~_r.JI ~I _r. _;.. .j '-:,)~
cr,l c~~ JL,.h;l :r 0J} ~ ...;\ Jl ,)""!. 1.1.) \~~pi _r._;.. if~
..::.>I • , ·-:- J I ~~ ~I iJ.,.>) I :u5:..:.J I ;;_,... l;-J I ¥ _r. ')\]I ..W r.l ,0 J..U,:.

vP ''""1.8 JJ.c,JI ,2007 'ct'">L-)'1 ~I .!1:: L.'JJi 2004 rl>- Jl >_,.:; "-'c~ Jl i,~.:;..-1 (14)

~·_,..JI W;;.. cl_,.-c/'J

. · ci.J-. .. .01.\.L. :W.) i 0l!.... "-'CL....J'~
. . w...:...ll "-'cUu · •· ':1 J .20
:r 4J- J~l ~J 2002 ru- J! ,_,.:; v">L->'1 ~~ ~ J ~ ~J ..,.">L-)'1
.240-237 "-'I...A...all .2003 'cit...;)' I i.t.>.::...ll ["'~I ~l; .7.

211
~~w~~-~~ ~~ ..::,L.... _;.Ji o\5' ~1 ..w ,~1_,:; ..,_.')L., )'I
~i.; ':i:J_,..UI ~I J.....l •-:-> ,\:~J..G o..L..li 01..\.l)l ,.L. .j .,....l,-]1_,
'j.- L.:. c_')\...o 'j ~ l>- .!ll:..o .ill .J _,J.....l 1_, a..J I ~ _r.,...;:l I ~I 0-' .)\II
~ .,_..l,-]1 ._;:.> _,i :<:~ L..ci ';II ..::.>!~I .}) i l..:.o ';II • ~) ~ ':>\>
..1lb..;';ll •Jb •.r.-'

212
 ~\
F ll.ll

y1-l:' .;r-1 :r
~~ o)b ~ ..,_.')L..~I 01~1 .j J.>l:.ll CJ\..p~l ._.ll ;_y.l.ll 01

~ , ,pI...L,:-- :I I ~I ,\..!::.!.I J .,.. t,.J I .,..~,.....]I • ~I 4-ilbl .jl I '<w.l.l I

.,r.JI ~~ ~ r ..:... ~~ 0LS:.. ~~ 01 ~~~ .:r.l :.r :r4.JI Jl.r-JI \,;llit
Jl o.;~ c,?l ~ ..) .:.1 ~I .JJ~ 0y _,A: ~ ,_r.,JI CJ\..p~ ........., l\1!!;
ci""- :I I..L. 0)j '~ c.Sy.a-".11 ~)J\11 ·~l._.ll ~WI :_r ~)~J .4-b_,.<..
>L..i.ll ._.)!..;:....,;, _rU .jll ,.,..t,.JIJ ~,L.,a::;':/1-~~ :II J.>ly.ll 0\ o.;J~
e :_r I.? r L..::..>l ._.] l C\.::;..; :I ~)IJ.l I ~I t,W J ')\:,:. :_r 0J _;]I r
._r.,l I CJ\..p l

..)'}.;;."J1 c')l.p ~~ ~.,1 =

,~l A .)!0) ~~>I)\II cJ\..pl ~ U-:? r ~~ ~

.
..r.JI ;;JL....; e ~ " 4 ;c,;L.;;>'JJ 'I~'-~ J ;sf.J ;;.......; .;..L,a..> 0~..J
1-4-J .[107 .J,;';i]( ~t,.:; ~~0'i,~i,...jt;) :._.)lN .&1 Jt,; ,0T_;JI c) o>))l

'~~~ I'""_,12; ~ JJ ~IJ> J ~.;jj J I' L a>--'· .r.:iU :_r ~:I ''-""'_;.)I
L.. I..L.J .1,-+o)•;J :i.,>')l,:.\11 ~ ._.l! rL..::..>':/1 :_r ~\11 .WI ·~~

213
~ '..W....J ~J <f"JAJ r-:-"l.r.l ~ ~ ,.&\ J...._; ~ .J,.j JJl>-
11
( -(>Ll IJ ;':>\..,all

i _,.,.II ~ .j 4J ifb :!J ;;,_,_,&- J.;._;; ¥)\.,:.'JI <·'··II .).s- J./l:ll I..L. .J!
4..;,..l.il
.. l:·q
i r-- 01 ,t...j ~I ~
. c.
0
'Y ~
.q <.i.WI •
.J1 .r.?. ,4..)1
• .)':'::""II!J <..;L..WI
•

<. a..:...:JI .::ol.i..,.. ~ ~~ .j i~L..ll .JlS:.!.).s- l?_,k;.; cjll ...j" ,..,_,s:ll

iJ"''JIJ J.wJ ;;_,..'>L)I10)1 ~J :C.I..t::........ll ~I~~~ cr ,:C.j':>\ll
:C.~ [..;:1.. ~ JS .J\5 1:,1 ~I ou_; .:.r.:--lu _;l..::; ..W .~ ,l,;)IJ
I')~ ,l,; )1 ~ cjll .::,~~ iL,;JI .j ~.r.. :!J ,:.:..,..l>JI •·... I.a.·
~I ..,....J.>J iJ"" '11 .j '-:" l...,;.J ~ <.;_,::.WI '~..J I <.,;_,s:l I i)2:.J I .J!
l.. I..L. J .:C. j':>\ll <_... ;,·I~ iL,;JI ._).s. ~lj'JI .)A:> ~ cjll ...j" ,¥)1.,:..:/1
'
~ 1_;_,1:-. :.:.....l>JI ~I :C...t> .Ua..! r. ~..JI <.,;_,s:JI ;_)2;.JI w...;
•U)l :.:..,..l>J1 1, f>-1 a•: ~lj\11 ~ ~ .iJ""'ll.jJ L,;..Jio..L. .j (.$..4ll
.ilil)l- t,;..JI o..L. .j ..,....L,..JIJ .,~L..ri:/1 -~4 :IIJ ¥)\.,:.'JI ~L.I_;.::.l~
0~ djj .i..Jl>JI J"J
.
,;J""'ll _;
.
:.:.....l>JI I, 6·... 1.a.• Jb.J ~bji-Jl>. JS .).s-
c_,...,Y. .:if_,All .iY. ,~J...a.JI 1.1..} ...:.. ;.. :~ r1 U"w ._j)\.,:.\11 if _,11 •~L;j

l""jt.....\; .b....J';I J_,..:JI '-:'~ r.'- '-:'~ .)l..tl ~) cr..lll J..-)1 ;;.- ~~ _;SJ, '1 ~T;JI (1)
J.u;;:.ii;) 'C_,....;--" J_,.;; .,;\ J.- .....;;~.... i)l> c.r) ~l_;Jt; ,!JL:.. crl:.ll ;,;JJ'-' iP ~
~rJ",).~j S'1:r;; r- .:-:;~~4i~1!~G.Ljlil_;) •[36 :y.JIJ ( Y;..3~~
.)1 J..-)1 J' 124000 Jly- J..-) .lil ;tl!i; ~ ._;,......;. .!..;-'> <)J .[78 )li>J ( /,J5~
i"_,_ll ;;.-51 <,)U ,~ <) c?>J>yJI »"J\) C:'...>i;JI ;;.- <A.L:;... ;.;..) <) ~Iilli ~
:):.;1 ,(72 ·vP d ..ll,...JI d 9
- Mawdudi, Sayyid Abul A'la. Tafhim al-Quran. Lahore: Maktabah Ta'mir-e-
Insaniyat, 1962, Volume 3, p. 75.

·'-:' jJI <) ~ WIJ ~ u>.. ~ <.,WI w...,...]l :;...c,:. J.- >L...ci'll ~ <) J.,S'l::JI ~I (2)
~ )~ crl:.ll iWI !l,WI<) }y ~I ~I c:.Jl; .ili \~ ib\....;... Y. i.e;...;!~
·J.W. 1.. J.- '~"~ ~~ .,; lA )\ ~~ ;;.-

214
 (3J.4b_,.L_, .;.,~.,·-:--JI ~ J J..WI_, c)'J:;-'11 r_'>l.:>YI_, i.!L..,YI JJ~

.;..1-,-~JI (J' ~ 4-,; J.->J ~I .;..~WI <f U:..'J~ r-W ~JL:.ll ill
r _,.....II J (:f. (,f~L,a::;~l_, (,f~l rilil_, \c)';}.:;.'11 r_'>l.:>YI •~ :".:;_,), .)l
~ .j~ Y' :JIJ ~ (Kroeber) .r.!.J.? ..,.-L.>i .IS_, ,J'J:;-'11 r_'>l.:>YI
J?..Y. .1S\ .IS_, ' l" .\;:,~ lJ....; i.i_,5 ~ ,l,;IJ G_,\ <i....Li _,\ ~ ~_,\ J_jk ..~:>-1_,
4

~ 'J4:-i i)..,a,.JI i.l\> ,J'J:;-'11 U"'L..'JI ..c:-Y- r-ll~l" ...;\(Schweitzer)

(S)"·<.>_r'-\ vlo.~l c) l.o.JJ~ r.,Z ~~1_, ~~~ <.>_,l\1 _;)I i.l_,s::; lo~
0 L q .
~ (J' ~ ('""' ~
•<'. i . II.;_,~··J' ....- 1,. U'J:;..\JI 0 L
- ~
II" i.i1 <S..r.. ft'. Ill

~
. 4......kll
-·
1,. o 1.. II" i.IL \..a.,\ To nbee
._...- ~ . - y
· - J~L>. .IS J ( 6 l"4......kJI
<-r.'Y -·
I,
._.-
iJL....;I'J ~~ ~ ..,.._.,r Jii i.l_,s:..,_ ~~ ,-r-WI )_,..w Jl.o 1..\.o._,- ,~.AJI
,i¥ ..,.,;'11 ,_,:All J-' (?)" . .&1 e _, .AJI <f "'IJi e _, ,....._., e .:;tJ~ <f
,;\ 'r 1989-1983 '.jl.k;_r.ll 4,;1_;-;JI ..r..jJ (Nigel Lawson) iJ _,..... _,.1 ~\; .151
o~IJ .Jl ..~;.::...1 ~~~ ~l ~.,1 ~ i.li J....: (,f~L,a::;l _,r """[,.. rU;; <f v

0G,il; ~~~ U.)i; :c~r~~G::.).;ii) JW .J} ,JI!..JI J.,.- ,_,k _;..;1 (3)
_t,.:: ~~ .:'.1' ·-:r~ ...fn~ ~.... ..... -- -:&Cf:y· L3J _.. · ,-:'"l..L£ »\; u S..ii\ GFl- t ··it -'dl "~--~
..;.! .... ~~~,.........-»·~.:r G-'~ --~-' ._.. '-""· ----- --- .J'J-- _..::-'-"' r-""='--
.J}J •llll:..i.J •( ilij;.~~c.:.t;~iz;J!~I?_;) :JLc .U)J q25:.l_,..WIJ •( j.~
:JW .J}J ''''~'l •( ~;;.;,'-.:.\j) :JW .J}J '"'J-'111 •( J'j,;~.ii) :JW
.~
'
;i.~4
_... _..
1;:.(~~ ~~
_.. ...
i~1;; ~~
_.. /
WJ ~~: ;Jr .J1 01 -1---
/
;j_ '-!:'(! ~..;1
._.. ~ '=' ;_ 01 Q; ~~;'}>_
Jf
~ "=/ •

.[3-1:~1]

(4) Kroebcr, Alfred. Configurations of Culture Growth. Berkeley: University of California

Press, 1994, p. 803-4.

(5) Schweitzer, The Philosophy of Civilization, p. xii; see also Toynbee, A Study of
History, abridgement by D. C. Somervell, Volume 2, p. 364.

(6) Schweitzer, The Philosophy of Civilization, p. 22-23, 38, 39, 91.

(7) Toynbee, A Study of History, abridgement by D. C. Somcrvell,Volume 2, p.99.

<;)5 ~ .:_,.,.UI ~ ~ li...L.- iJWI" 0(, J_,All-»- J! -,.....1, '-!"'Y 01.' ~I_,JI .jJ
J..t..a..ll ' "<,_,.:.J I :c..,klJ <,.... L.- ~ I .;:., IJJ.AJ I Cr' .»I J yo ,:r..U I :_r ;w; ji.JI 0! ;! '.:r.')>.lJ
.99 ·./ ,.;I;

215
,,).i)-" W.~ ..) :,\.::...,\ Y' r (Friedman) ill...~.;) 'L.a.;\ J,~ ..U3 (S)" ).,J':>\>.1
M .. .. "

ilL. j ')\::.. LS, L,a::.; ',II _,...;.] I.J .) ".>\>. ',I I _,...;.] I il ~ -I!;..!.> _;4 LS lJ I ~ l::5' ..)
~ cj!...U; t_.J}J cj.~)fl )~I ~1 ..,p::ll ~h\11.J ( 91 .~ I: s a•: r~
if! ,<::::...UI .,~I ip ~I.J J,.b 1..\....J (IO)~l:::..JI ,:r t,Fll t""I.J Jlh;
'-5? ..:.J .J b. if! i)O:JI <../".J '~jJ I ,W,J I ,:r >J.$. .J , il 3 .J.1;. 0-: I 4.J.:...:
il1 _J.Jy-!1 ..,ri.J> ,f.J .4.::J.Jb...' .j ;..r.~ ;_,.~ ~.J ,~...,., _,._pll
.r Y. ..V.., L. Y. 4....,! ~ <::::...U I .,~I i)O:J I i> y

plo't13 , 9)?.:i.J ~IJ J..WI - 1

Cr.'\:; r.:: rl L. U"' l.:.lJ .)".>\>.\II LS ~ ~ .\Z_;',I I ~I ,:r il~ ..U

~ Y. 'i" ;.;! Jl.i :,! \(I 058 /450 Jy) LS>_; 3 WI '-:"L..,1 ..ill \W:1 J..WI
-11 -
;_r.,............, ,;~ ,:r ~)~ ,J..Wl.i ( l".rllil ,:r tr-1 rlWI _,...~.; •c? '-?1
~ ~~ ~_, ~':>\.....)fl ill~l .; ~~.J A,_,......, 'r':>\.....)fl r-JL..:l
c)!~ ..r. e,:-L; ..r. '-?1 ..::...4).J1 J.J1 il! .~ _;I.;JI 3 4>-I...UI ..::...~1 ,:r f i
U"'j,l1 3 ~I c)!>~ c,?lll ,_,.<..;JI ~ ,L..a.iJI il~ il1 ~ ,J..WI Cr.'\:;

(8) Lawson, Nigel. "Some Reflections on Morality and Capitalism." In Samuel Brittan and
Alan Hamlin, (eds.), Market Capitalism and Moral Values: Proceedings of Section
(Economics) of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, Keele, 1993,
Aldershot, UK: Edward Elgar, 1995, p. 35.

(9) Friedman, Benjamin. Moral Consequences of Economic Growth. New York; Knopf,
2005.

(10) Gruber, Jonathan. Religious Market Structure, Religious Participation, and Outcomes:
is Religion Good for You?. NBER Working Paper 11377, May, 2005, p. 1.; See
also Ellison, Christopher. "Religious Involvement and Subjective Wellbeing." Journal
of Health and Social Behavior, 31:1, 1991, p. 80-99.; Barrow, Robert, and Rachel
McCleary. "Religion and Economic Growth." Harvard University, April, 8, 2003.;
and Iannaccone, Laurence. "Introduction to the Economics of Religion." Journal of
Economic Literature, September, 1998, p. 1465-1496.

216
J.l..::; ...1.i ..;1 ~ 11
'l".lj4S' 0~ 01 p i >IS" ~ ._r.JI J_,.<; L.SJ ,~_r.JIJ
r..W ~_,...::.l 4>-l::...l I , ) _,..]I r r
J l,...J I \.J.>.;:.... ~I 0 J~ p I ~ • WA] I
...,-Ill\ '.ll...JI <.1"' }J '.ll...JI j;j>UJ ''=~\ ~\ ,y ')l...a! ,~)\ ~\

)....:w1 J~IJ ~I _r:, - 2

J _,.....)I ~ _,....,\J i.J.; ~I ~I _,lJ I d") .j .l. _;...]I if-"} Y...\.;;/I .tp.J I 0!
.,;J, ..ill (l3)~1J ~ "~lj t.~!" <.?.:r. ~; <.?.ill ;;_,..l.:.ll 01~1 ~
;, _):... <..~ ~1_; ~ ~ ..b:-Y. ~ ..;1 ~~ :w...:...ll ¥1 ~..l>- .;...~,~I
L')\....,~1 0\ill\ 114
l.~\ - <...;.., 1 •••, 01 Ll.:.l\ 0\..Ll.ll · C ·
- ' . C:::"Y. - ~.r' --~ - . cr-<
<.>lil ..;..;_,JI ..}J 115
)4-JJ_).J 4JU...1 ...,.._...,.. 4,..-l::; c?l ~\_;:....~\ Jl,::>-1
- - -
.:r.-G ~ ~ 01 ~ _r.S_,;.II 0l,l ,~\ ~_,...::.l ~ J5' J~ ..,_; ~
~ ~ r-lJ <pi i'l1J ~ ~ r-li:>J iA:Ij ~1 ~ lhJ .J.WI
..:...~\ r-"1 Cr' 0~1 ~J .iJ;JIJ J>-lll .j <>>WI i\JL..ll r~ ..:...~b.
J;_,...::llj '~ .U....L,ll W5:::ll :<} 0-l.fl\ lh ~ ...;:)> v" _?U .)1
J.: r-l 0) .!_;.ill ,,~\ J~ ~\ r.l::: 01 ~\ :r ..;l,> dll .~\
I.' ' '
1'-+·)·'J ''-?~lj ._j'J.>. )\ ~~..,.; ~ ..!.lJ_;J ,,)_,.....,.. JL,....,~ \.;~

0\ _;;.II ,l$'" :Jl; !'!! ~I c,) .!lJL. cr. cr') JL. cr. cr') 0" wl..,~l...,.....; c) ~I ,IJJ (12)
:_);;1 ," .. I:,AS" 0§-,
)>'""Jr.. ,Jfl j c.1 r.-; .c,.....11 ..w..o :J:.i>.' •wl..,~l..,_.....; .~1 cr. 4>-1 ,~1 -
.6612 ~J ~.l.>JI ,267<.7' ,5(. u>1410 d ..1. ,<,_...WI ~I

(13) Rodrik, Dani. "Goodbye Washington Consensus, Hello Washington Confusion? A

Review of the World Bank)s Economic Growth in the 1990s: Learning from a Decade of
Reform." Journal of Economic Literature, December, 2006, p. 974.

(14) World Bank. Economic Growth in the 1990s, p. xiii.

(15) Chapra, M. Umer. Islam and Economic Development. Islamabad: The International
Institute of Islamic Thought, 1993,; Chapra, M. Umer. The Future of Economics: An
Islamic Perspective. Leicester, UK: The Islamic Foundation, 2000.

217
vPJ__.AJI ~ J~l..r') ~y ~\..!.ll,; ,y J': ~J .~}h.JI.;...I.)4-JI
i~
: -II r+"'-.) L!... .L.:.;I• 0"
· I~
·C ·I :ws:ll :u.Jj
. i~-II i ~
: -II

'-;-'l,..-1 !'""'\ 0-' ~) ~IJ ~I ~IJ ~I .1i.b..;l 0\ ~J

~ cr.ot,..ll ,..L, .j WWI oy..4)1 4lljl '-;--':"1)1 c_,...J ''-'"·,I ,II .11.b..;l
J>lr J ;,y..ll J~ ~I ~ yr ,<....l.A:....ll 01Jl.JIJ .,_.JL., ;n 01JJ.)I
.::..> L..... l,J IJ d}s::J IJ V" _;I J....ll .) L..:.::; I J Jl.,:. 0-' , ..;~J ~I ~I
<J"' l>- i l.;:...l • y\.,j ~ ~I o..L. .j .> 'NI • !.,..;\ .j d~l L.,..
-~ .~'YJ ~ ,~1 ~~~ ols::J l..~.:.. ~~ 0§'v.. 0i 0L....,:J
0-'J
JWI ~ ~\.; ,~1 .h...~ ~ j j ~I <.a>_...;. 0\ .b.JI •.Y-'
0_,.1 ....,...-: · cr.jjl ('""' .~'11 01! 'eP _,lii..L. C.')I..,!~ r-51,;1! .• l_,u.il ~
oiJL.JI i~ .;...~\.,.. J.;j: ......;.Y-' I..L.J .JWI ~~ ~ .)J'11 ~.).J.)~
.::..>~1).-P~IJ dj_,.-:)1 1'"'1;.; .)! <.?>Y..J ,~ <.r ~~ iJfliJ j>-.J.ll .j
~I ~ ~ '-;--':"1)1 <.r djj ..,..J\....,)'1 .;...t,._~l ..) i..llUI
io~j ~ ..,_._,s::,.JI .;_.,\.;_,....!I io~j 0J> <.r \:.4. I..L. 0§'v.. JJ .•lfilJ
'-;_r.:>JI .;...L.....L.JIJ JliJ'11 .!.ll.lS"J ,~jyJ ;l5')1 ~ ~J ''-;..r"y.
~ L.. ~ _, Jl.; ,~ !'""''11 y. '-?_r.,JI j.-WI 0l5' I:> IS ·iS?\11 ...... l>JI
...;1 J...l,; '-? jJ I , ~I _r.; ~1 <.r <.. _,s::,.J I , _;I_,.. <.r _r.Si ~ ._r>. a>..J <.r
.<.,!' JL., )'I r-5 WI .j ..,...l,-]1 ..,._.\.;.....]I oy. J i I...W I ~ l.,...,d. ~~ <.r ...1:>-l J

<>-Gk ,_,.o..;JI ;i.J.J ~ ~1 <.r ~J !*' V"Li .1~ ~J

~..)
L!... <..Lil• '-,?_. ~
••• 1- ~
• • • 0" .• : C: <..r.
· ~- · .1. r':11
1-\ 0" -'
: -II 1.. -·II
~ U:.Y'"""

~_> ..lll~l .)! ~ '-?jjl ~I J.r:JI 0\ ~ r-5 ...;\ JJ..,>.J .i ~I

'-:-"WI ci )I .j .::..>•\.o:- <.....!.)> .::..>-*"1 ..\A] . 4.JI ,..L, .j ~ ~ L..l 4J w
J.:o~ ~ ._r;.) ,-4>10L..)I J.l>- ~l.i .)_,:S.J.ll L...r..~ il.i ,(2007)
01 ,J.:,~ .j ~)I i~l J.r:JI .::..>L.....y ~ 0~ ,'-;oW~I
_r-.i ..::..> ~\.;.JI ~ .j ~ _riJI il,> .j ~ r-5 ~}h.JI .;..~I

218
._...~.>- J :_r.:.;.y:.Wi ~ ~J % 45 .)[ % 30 & ~l_,ll i.J:ilAJI
~L... ~I ..:...IS~ \I~ ~I .)[0l,.>~I ,:r _r.S J 0_,~ ~ \r.JJI
\1 W.:.. ..) - t*-' ..l..,.2i 0 _,~- ~fi I..L.J .~ l..,j I ,:r '""'ifl\11 .)[J
~~~jl .Jl-Jlk.JI WI.>. ..)- - c.s~- y..J 'PI -r" _h. c.slll .:r.:Ui ,:r ;y4'
-
c.slll -::..>)I ..) ,0K.o :;,.._,.~I ,:r dll <16l.._r~ \II ) _,::)1_, ..::...~1)-:o \II
- - -
._;)I ..::... l>' ~I .)[ .>.;:;.._; ._;) 1- ''-"'I};>\] iA-J I ~'J ~ .]; L..i;:,.. \II .,> ~
i~ 0i- .;.;~~ J c.s?i ..::...\.......... y J ,Grarneen Bank .:.r.--1_1 ~ I_,~ I
.i.J:ilAJI c)s- '-?~ \1 .jL.;[ -r't....i c)s- i_,.a> .I pi pl .)[~I ck_,...;:ll
..:...l.........yJ iiS)IJ ~I ck_,...;:ll ~ j-o!S:.::ll ~ ij':>'JI ,:r ~ I..L._,
i).....>..ll_, ~)I J <S'Jl:....ll ..::.>~ ~ ~ 0JJ..t:.WI L..\_, .Jli_,~l
\1 ..li ~I ck_,...;:l I 0\ _r.<- .J ~)'I c)s- s.J I ~')\....,)'I
J._,...;:] I .1 L•..;\J
~L... ~I ~I ..,_.;~ .)[ ~I '-:-'..J..dl ......,., y ~t .j--:-::' ,..,;1; .b.; ~
.<17)·~1 ~..Jl:....ll r...LI J;_,.....:.ll J!lrJ
~ ~ J ...;\ \'[ '~ ij~[ ,0~ ..li pi ill._,~ 0i r::J
if>- .ill J~ u, ti:j y ~ ~ l..S 'i ')\....,)II 4:,1[ y J..; ._;)I _All i _,>i'
J ~} jsJ il_r--\II_, ._.l_,s:JI_, ¥~\II ii_,L....II .:.r.--G ~~ ,:r i_,_;JI_,
~~L.,a::;\11 - ¥~\II_, ;;,;J\>. ~I ;;,; _,::.11_, J..WI 0~ .:;.,.')\....,)'I .;:;~I
..~.>\ J ii.J.:......o ~ ~ J.i.::; ..li "-'[;[\&I_;;.. j-ol_y 4-\5 ''J"'-~1_,
·c.S_r'-~1 ._::.,\1~1 J ii.J.:......o ~ ~ 0_,~ j-olyJI ,..L.

(16) Ahmad, Qazi Kholiquzzaman (cd.). Socio-Economic and Indebtedness-Related Impact

of Micro-Credit in Bangladesh. Dhaka: Bangladesh Unnayan Parishad, 2007. p. xix-
xvii and 32 ..

:j;;l ,j,-P\A::JJ (17)

- Chapra, M. Umer. ''Challenges Facing the Islamic Financial Industry." In M. Kabir
Hassan and Mervyn Lewis (eds.), Handbook of Islamic Banking, Northampton,
MA, USA: Edward Elgar, 2007, p. 336-338.

219
 .;:..,L...,;.JI ~ c..~J- 3

0.J> .AJI t:!>.J .j J~)'l ~I lh ~~I <.:r' 0§.;_ ..IJ

..: ..L.•• y...ll oh (""" 1.J ·L,?.AJI .!.l}-JI .j ) y .;JI ..::; L..... y...ll ~ C.j\.,., [
;;. •·-1~ ~ L..,! JAkll i\,>- .j ~1 p",r13 _)/~1 ........... y...ll ~[ \ir" ~I
, 4: IJ.,.ll .1:.. JAk.U 0 L.alh..J I 0 L...L....I I w i ~ I.J '-:-'~ L; .0 81 ~ I.J ,Y ')\>.~I
,:c,..~)'l r-<JI p 1,~--~:. ~ r-' i:>J.., '~.J ~ t;§.;_ r-' I~)J
l...f:.i1 L<> .J cr-Y.~ 1 ..,.... 0[ .v!'; r:- ._.k w ..>.J~ i L,All 0 ~ 'Y ..w
0§.;. ..1.;~ ~ ;;. •·; c?.-1 <.:r' 0L....l> 01_r1 'i ~I t....,.... 'Y.J "~~I .~
G.JL..::..J ,~4 'YI ').J_r...J~ .)~ ...,..u.J ,~_;:; ~.J ,[;;')\>.1 ~
~ ..~>-1 <.:r' W '..>.J..lll I~ il,A)I .j i r" ~I ..::.J...:.j l~)j ·0<?'J~ ~.J
,..s_,;-~101.;,~10~ .!m...} ..;~ 'i~)'10l> -,..;-lll-4) 3 .~K. J>.: 01
..11 Ji_; '<J<Y.~I.:r.; Uk..J1 3 ._,..,..ll !..>>.>-:! '4. >y:- 33 ;r"~1;;..~ ._.k .J.?i
L;:;_;i~/c c;_;~4;il~~0P~JJ.ji.:..:;\,~I;Z,..J) :c)W
[21 iJ)IJ ( SJ~:&l~"'I.!Jt;~.:,l

c?.-1 <.:r' ,~1 ..::;L....._rJI <.:r' _i;)N _)) ~~ ;r")il ..>.J> 0)

i _,LJI J~ .j t....,.... 'Y ,4J_,....JI <J<>l,.o ~ .j ;,y.JI JL<- ~ ~y

<>. L.J I .j ~ l:J I W l:..J I <.:r' :C,.. ~)'I ..::; ~I ~ , l,::-) _,:.S::.l 13

~ ..::;,1 <.S lJ I ..;..; ) I ..).J -<.>> L,a::.;'Y I _r:J I <.:r' J _,A..-. J..L...o ~ 3 ,') 3 ..0 I
- - -
;;~ V~)'l (:>...Jt:;!_l (;r' d.J~I0.J_;.ll.j L....L> i..>.J> ;;_,_I.·II..::;L....._rJI
If i?. l<> 0 '11 ~ )j '..::; L.. _,s::,.J.l -,?~I \'""..0 I.J ~ L;J I ~.r.>J I J w ~I
~1 3 ~ ;;.. ~I \'"", 0i .j '-;-'l,.... ~I .;,..\ J:...:;.J ·..>.J..lll ..!.ll~ il,A)I

..!ll; .j ;_,...:,U r-WI JJ.UIJ <,;~\II <···-II _,)j ..,_WI .;,l!; <..,; <..:.;\.:.. J<- uu-~ (18)
:);;1
.J!l.. C::C.:' •r-l-ll j.WI to) .0l...,L- Y.\ -
._;,l.. C::C.:' ,t.':/1 c_)\....,j tJ_,..!.o .j ..,_.:WI..._,JI :r-l-ll .;,I_.,.}IJ i•IJ';Jit.) .0l...,L- Y.\ -

220
jJ..ill JlSJI .r...!A::.II r~., ·~L,...JI ~,r.Y\11 .l.r.- i_r.!S ~~ .;.; ~~
.;.;., ·t.t>J.ll ~ J .;.,l,)w::ll ~ .l. _;...JI JtA;)i\J ,~\ J ~ I'"""'"' WI
.r.f- Lg..;l,> ,..!..l]lJJ .• ~1 ;.r"\11 J o)1 <,?>WI., J"Y.>-'11 ~I JL...o)I01S
~...,..... '1 •.:r.Y.'l\ ~ r~ .l.r.- '"··H J JL...i.ll ~...j.,~ rl,A.ll ~ ,j,L;
..;..4-o\11
<• •··1\ J ~\ L. jJ~ ._yi> ~ j:_;..;:ll .)! <.S? \11 .;.,L..... _;...)1 ~t::,..;J
4J .jll ,~L..J\ .;.,L..... _;...)1 oh u-.J ,;JW .r.f- ~1 01 ~ ,~\J
~ '1 0'11 ~" .;;,.".>\.....)!\ .;_,\.,·-:-JI J""' r .,.a; 01 ~ ~'"""'"'(;.. jJ,
..:.r.?')\J ;.,.;.; 1.,~ 01 ._yi> _;:A..JI <f' ..:.r.lll- ,~L..JI W1 0\1 ,..!..l]; J-o.>
-~\ ~l...o:- <. ,;.._:. '-})J '-}"Y.>-'J\ ~_rll J Jw jJ~ 0y>JAU
~! J. ·~ jJJ.l\ 1-4; 1_,.._,A,] ~I ~ <r ~~ ~t; ~ y \_,....,]
J.,:> ~~ .)!0~ ~ ,~\ ~l...o:- ( f
;'>L.aJ\ :.:..li! 0)Jj"A ~1
\;[., ,~\ ~l...o:- e 0p~ '1 ,,~ ('""J .o'>L.all '-:4' ~ ..;Jj>l.O.;J
J ·r".>\.....?U !*'"'.Jj 0'1 ·J"Y.>-\11 ~., .J:jN 0_,._k : '1 ~I> "-,W
.;:., I_,l.aJ I • I,1 ~ _ra:Z 0~ L. l_,!S Lg..;! J. .~~ ;,J..b..o , 0[,:>.'J I <f' _,!S
<,?>L,a::;'l I W\1 I t!' J 0! ~ '.,,?... ).>J\ ~~ ~I ~I _,.all ~ J.:.,k;J
rl,A.ll ~\1:.....1 0.,, JY'< •cj..\::.JI ifl..::::-'11 r § r -..,...;~ .)! " ;_. ~~
e:5.P 0.,, ..uU\ t!' _,Ji ~ J..-. '1., ·ifl..::::-'11 ~I J JW jJ~
_;5\1 I _r...!A::.I IJ , ~}k.J I .;.,\ j 4-J I ':-' ')\kj I ~ J ~J.li J"" )..WI '-'"'"'..J..G
-..,...;~ .Jl v".>\.....)11 ~~ ruo.; J ~~ _;J.%H., J.WI ~'I b..,.....,
·~ ~~ JlL..ll J.,.W <r ~ '0-J.l\ ~\ J ~ ~~
..;.,tJ....:.liJ ....;).::JI ~J

JWI ~I .;..L....._;..J .;:.,\.)~.1\J J"")..W\ ~ ~ ..;\ ~ JJ

L.jJ> 0\> ,;,_;"Y.>-\11 '"··II J ~J.ll J"")..WI., ~\J ;.r"\11 jJ> u.s::;

221
'~) p:::.l\J i _,LJI J~ ,j t....,... ') ,;~ _r.li Jis. ~ ~ _y Y' <.,f""L.\11
J_,..... ,j ~1 d" j ~ J_,.....,.JI Cr' '-:-'~1 ~ <..jJUI .;.,l)i...JIJ
.,.. y 0[ ·\'""~ <_,·; (:!_r:, ,j ;~WI 0y_k ; ~ Lo... ,~L...JI
-'··"' JJ\>. Cr' y-::S ~ .)[ 1.:\.::;..; .;:., L.... j...ll o.L. ~ ,j ~I
~I ,j Jl.!::....'.ll 0[ .4]<..~1 ~)y Cr' r+" •)':- 0 a. a?...:;J ~\:...
,j JL.!::....',II Cr' J_,kll cS..WI ,j ~\;.;[ ;5\ 0~ ~y ~ ~
lS. 4 ~ ..lAl ·l.S. _,s:....J I ~ l::,J I .!.LI; c)
. lo.; 'J \A;)' I CJ' lS _;>-1 .;:., ',I l,..
~~ t::fo <.jll r-'\1101 .)! ,-Yale J.,; <.,..,~ ,j ;t.:...,1 y>r ,Kennedy
(19J • .J. ' II -~ ..:.......:;• ~ 01 I~
.r---' <..r
·'I~L,.cil c:--
• 1.· ; L. JJ
. [;,.;::;...:.....,...,
. • .

':!"" L;;-11 c_~)'I :~IS

J>1 L; §; 01 r,1J 4.; ~L,.ci'>il .,..4 '.II ;;,; _;J I3 C')~..,..)'I 0G Cr'
c_')\..,.)'1 0G Cr' 0! ,t..a;1 .!.lJ; ~..\: <.,f""l,-ll il1.:.JI 0LS" 1;1 J:. : ~_,.....,
01 ,:u.LJI :;,>..; ~b... 3 <~.;j cJL.a> ilj;,;J ~I 4.;_,.,.- ._,...;~ ._)[ '<.,f""l,-JI
~L; r-!0! ,0\11 u:..llUI ;)~)'I •_,..... 3 ~Wll ~ ,j j>\11 ~ ~L;
' ' .
~J I_,.,.lJ J t,._;J I i I..G.::.. '.II Cr' Jv..; 01 ...; U Cr' 1.1.3 . L.+,.\s. •L.,.;illl ,j

wJ .)! i.?~Y. Lo... \4.;_,..,2>JIJ ~)I ~1 3 ~1 3 ~I cY.-1 Cr' <..WI

c_')\..,.)'1 J\>.~l ~ •~WI la,1 ...;G Cr'J ,4_;~L,.ci'>ll .,..4 '.II tW.J''>il
~ \;.; [ CJ' ~ ~ l<- 4....a.> ~ J _,.....,.J I Cr' 0::-'"" ')\..;]I ~ '-?..U I _,..\11 , ~I J) I
.J! ".,...,u..dl ~ J_,_...u 4:J! 0y.~ <)1 ~)_,...)1 ~ }y,.J 'cr"l)l
.~I ,j ~\;.;[ •~l;j cY.-1 Cr' ,~\11 i..~.o.... \11 3 .;:.,1 3 ~ \11 3 JJJ.,ll ._,...;~
'ijJUI ~IJ)I ~WI tj ..l,]y Cr' <,('')L.)'I r-!WI ~ ' J_,..... Js.u
3

Y'J ,~L.\11 ~I ,j.J ,.,..U13 ~)p::.ll ~I ,j Jl.!::....'>il cY.-1 Cr'

(19) Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers, p. 536-40.; See also: Toynbee, A
Study of History, abridgement by D. C. Somervcii,Volume 2, p. 370.

222
~J , ~ U I .J J .;J I <.) •-':l y 0-' <.,?' ')\.....')11 r-1 WI
' <.,? .1.11
:_,S:..:, ~ l4.11

_?.1.1~ ..r...b:-J ...:...,J.>JI t:<)::ll <.) •-':ly 0-' C!ly.GJ ~~I l;J§J .J~\,ll
..\! _?.1.11 u;\ .J I.D.,JI _) [ J ')\:,.. '11 ..:; lkL cl>. ,\ <.,? .1.11 <./'I J) I C':>\...> ;J I 5\
I 20) Cr.::" lki ;J I , t.,..}~ I .i.hL i~ t.; .r.".x; <.) ~ \.....

'-:!"' WI
• c.':>\...:>~1' ~ .. 1
• • • ~-

..r_;..:; .) I.D, <.) <,?'"" L,..J I c_':>\...> ;J I ~ U-_? :y> r" \.,.J I J I_;...) I
<.,?\ cfl ,~1 JK.:,\ c:- ..::;\...~I i~J ,'-:--l,..JI ¥ ..,.;':>'JI 4:,>
\... iJ,t.; ~ ,~1 JWI >L..,;..-1 ~ ~<,?'L,..JI c_':>\...>;11 ~~ 0-' JL.,a.;
<.) .J';il & .J~ ~t....;:,..l J.ii y> c} ,...,...WI<.) '-::--':>\.....;11 .JI..Ll,JI <.) &
'-;-"';(.i..::J J ,~ i~ J l..JZ _;si js\..... J ..:;\... ~ ..,> )I_,:; <-,?.1.11 -:;...;_,]I
,~1)1 ..:;\... ~~ <.:..l1;t.J J~ ~ <.,?i .J[ ·('"""' ).<>[J ..,> ~ _;.:..JI

. ~ JW. _)J <.S,

..) . j; .)\ Jv..: "-4:...] IJ i _,A] I _) J , plJ I J ':>\>- 0-'
~I ..:;')![;.. ~\.A;.J ,..:;~. ,·::--JI )_;:...I tr j: ..l!j ,..:;Kl::.....JIJ CJJ \II
•lpl ;t.;L.... .J[ ~ .i. y- WWI ..:;~I ~j:J 'c_':>I...>;JIJ ~I ~J
~ ~ .Ji ~~ )~ ')IJ ,j\1; ')I ·~..w .)~ .Ji Jv..: Cr.:-"Jr---llj
(21)"~ ')I ~""

.y ~I ~I JWI '<./' <,?'l,.-]1 c_':>I...>;'J ~---'l_r....l J-.a>i .J[

.y c_y)> y. .JT,;!I ~ ..\! J .-:;...;)I 0-' ~I J ~ . !.m .Ji I~ ) ~ ,....;;.,JI
~ v:,;rG ~.:s::.J\~..:;~ Jl~1 ) :Jli ;l \t_ly.ll ~~ ~~ 0-' )_,..1) ~
~I Jl,a;.JI .)s- ~ ..r.JI JS"it..S 112s j>..:JIJ ( :,.::.;..1 (.}: J~ ~?..> 1~/'i\

(20) Chapra, Islam and Economic Development, p. 175-77.

,"..._;; J.i; 0i .:rr-U ~ '1" :>!'! 41 J_,...J Jt; :Jl; ;;_,;,.).,. (/ ...... ,. J '-,?.i..)l <.SJJ (21)
:_);;1 ,"J,k, '1 W •')\JI.:r ..}'A" :Ju ~......,;; J.i; .._;,5J :IJm
.2254 ,.;J -!...,.~.>- ,s22c!"' ,4c ''""t... ~ _,.. ,~1 ei.o:JI ''-?J...rJI -

223
 ·")I.....,..,
'-" .
- . ..ill01"
- '-"" j '
~'I i .r:. '-"
:WJ- Jli3 122l." f.;'"" · ":Jli l..:...>
•")I i .r:. 0-' -
0! (23) ",I_,.. \.. ~ ~ '1 \..3 ......i.:...JI ~ ~ '1 \.. J>)I ~ ._}=..3
......i.:...JI 31 i~l.)!.y.J.ll ..w 4JS (:>..JL::ll f:s:3 ~ cr.JI ; 3j j3 0T_,.aJ1 ~t,.;
........o; ~ 01 \.. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~I 0-'3 ·ijl..)'l •l:>! .j
~ '1 l.l.. , ;;_,. jL. )'I ~ kU ~ l3 !l lf:;l c.} •\:.r.\11 •_,..!.; ) J:.'.; rl\....L.
.lA ~ 01 0. J , II 0-' .JT_,.all ..!:.r. .;JI ,":C..,..)1" cr .l.._; 01

~ &- 01 ~I JW...:.U ~ jA - 2
cr c~ J-1 <.?1 ~Y. J> :~..o..,l;.-1 ,:ili....,\11 cr 1,~ 0-"jjl ci 1.1,. _r..,_
~I ~ J-I_,..JI 0-' i,~ 01 _; 3_r-ll .)! y-1: L... ~~I Jl..,a;.JI J~
~_,..:.)I .d- .;:., \.. _,s:,.J I .)! >_,J I 0::"-! _}2:.; '1 :<) 3 ..U I ~I 0 l .J,A:-.1 I .j
124
>L..i.lJ ;;..,a.,. L:... :<) 3..U I ~I 01 L.S ) J.!.All .)! 4i;j. .j .;:., \.. §.> ~
J).; ~ .;JI i3_;.ll •t;.,:.) ~I cr ~ <,?jjl _r\11 ,JI_,..\11 ~3
l...,:. j · >bJ'·• ;;.J,I " ..UI Jl>->1..•. -..Jlk;
- _,....., . -II 4J.,.....ll
<.,? - ~'I 01' r-''.~3 .r-'
.J.ro - • f f·

~yli ~..JJ..:J I ~ l3 ~I _; L!.::;l j,J3 .\,:_;; ;;_,. jL. )'I 0 I..LL,ll <Jl.S" .j
...} y.> J ..;JI 4.:..>1)1 :U..UI
~ M
JSt,.> ..jL..,.;.)._} ~l...; .._._,... .lpl.l (.)>W'll
M ..

..r."' ~I y4i3 ;;_,.\11 , ~3

.r\II ts> ~ .j ~ J.:,.... 1:>l .._.> ';;,J.Iyi..;..U I .;:., \.. _,s:,.J I f:::') 0j
c_lfll ,_,. ~ 'cr)1 e :u..u1 JSt,.> ~ 01 ..~: '1 '0r-"u.:;)'1 ,t._,....''ll

.2592 r') ~.!>- .2oo3'-"' ,4c •J<L... ~J" ·r-- ~ '"_,..!-ill (22J

.ss r') ~-'>- ,74'-"' .~c •J<L... ~J" ·r-- ~'"_,..!-ill (23J

. i->L 115 i~ i _,)IJ .IJ.I_,.i..,>. ;..,) JS' .y ..~>-1_,. rlWI .) ~~ 39 wl5 'i 1974 .) (24)
.;.:..... 1974 iW r' )I)~_,JI ,~..;)I Jl..;>'i ,;_,. .:.>~1;.:;;1.4::>\.: .y ~I .y J.,lA, _;s\
iJ~I .:.>cl,JI c,..~>-1 ,:,1 ;_,>.) dll ·U"" 'il997 ,<,.JWI ~I ?-JZ" •..,.JJ.UI d.JI .y
.(Electionworld.org .:.,..0 2004 ..):(~ 14 .f

224
..J" ~ c) ~I .;:.,\.._,s::,..li cP .k;...,aJI ~~ J.J.J .~ l:JI J~
j._,..;.J ( 1.'-?_,.L,JI JLO.;)'I.J >Wll ~
25
cP ~1 ~~ .U.J .t.... ,.YY.
.if IJ) I C.')l,. )'I ~ l..a,1 r:j;..J , ".,_•.:.:.li.J ~ I.J ~ , ) _,...]I (f ..~;__;...]I
<,?.lll ·~)I <f .I _,.<.ill <,?>l..a::i~l - if~ ~I t!' }I c) r:-l:JI ~I 0!
~ ~ J _,..... 'J t....,J I <f 0x_r:A...l I 4-J.J"« .jl I J I_,.,'~ I .1 r.- 0'i I <,? fl'!.
4! _,..,.. ~1 (f JL.,a:Ji c) ¥1J.J ,;_,.; ;si.J \.;lk; ~-)._.h..) ~ .b~
.J-1~,~

~I ~..f'"" '-:' ~ '~,I~~ I .;:.. \.. _,s::,..l I r:f cP J....o.' W _,...1 I 0!

J L!.;:; \j . "-::J.J..D I i ~)'I J L....J c) .u:.lJ '-? _,.; A ...,;-~ r::-""1 [;1....
, ~ h,.>-1 , ...::...; _,::.;)'I .;:., ~ .J -.rSl<l I.J .;:.. l,lw.A.I I.J .;:.. ~I~)' I ~ , • l/~ I
j>- b '-"' l:J I ~ , J L!.;:; I 2 .J \f.. i>J I ill I .,.If' c) ~I .;:., \.. _,s::,.J I
J

'[;1.... . .,_. , l>.....lJ r 'J .;:.. \.. _,s::,.J I ...::...; \5 I~! ~ d.lJ ..;:., ~I ~I
._}.>- 0L;)'I J_,A>J 4JlS"4.:>1.J l.o>W cP ..,_..,l>.....ll ~\.>. ~1 .ill
cP t;,..._.. \_,;\; c.r'J\...: J _,..... ...;1 ~! ,J\5 r.f- I..L. 01 t:.J .,•.I.J..DI ~I
. J.-'.:-..ll c) ~I .A>-\j I r.--

c_~)'I ~ Lo1:t:..\SJI .;:.,4y-.,a)l - 3

>r; l.i....J ,44-JI ~~ 01~1 o..L. c) "-:,ki~..DI (.~! 0~ ~ J.J
.:r..lli.J 'u-"1)1 ci }I .) W"WI ._,...;.:.ll c5..D ..WL.....ll <,?>1~ ~I ...._.._,...]I c)!
..;:., ~ I..>.:N I c) j _,All ~ ~ l:..J I JL...} I o \5 i I..G.;..... I 0 _,l-,..1 .J:'"" ~J
~ .}.>J I <f ,~ i I..G.;..... I 0} .J b.: J.J .J , ;iJ-*" ~ ~ J.J i*"' I_,..>
J .l 1985 rl; ..;. )"'3 ' ·,
~r.v
I. · 1.2 ·
(.)" =-<'""'\.b.;l "'IWI < -'1 '-'"\.i;"l.' · .. ·1 .lil
I
~r--- ~
(25)

3.2003 rl;
• r ' (.)" l.i.. ..j)..,3, )L,J... 950 Jl e) .;\ r.? .1998 ..j)..,3, )L,J... 809
rl;

r.JI .:o':ll... 3 JI_,.JJ i~l .:o4':1 }I C~l J! J 3 ~I :G,-JJ.IL,, _,...,.;I~ P., .:,5J .bll
.(2004 _,;_, 16 ,"~WI ~~I JLO;:JI") .:Cjl__,..ll..j i.>..c,- 31._;)1 _,s:ll
(www.globalissues.org/geopolitics/armstrade/spending.asp#worldmilitaryspending)

225
i K.JI !.I.r--'
I .
Cr.! r+' • . !.It:...
13..,. ~ 'l ..lA.i
.J.Y-0 ..!.LJjj ,~1
• •
:.:.....WI
.
• ~\i .J1 .ff. .._,-J
' '-'1 <3r
J .J-" ~ 1 \11 U,.. . \i
.r- · .:._ •.. \i i ~~ J ~
<.!'. ~ . :I L \i

~t.; )I f f r..l.ll ~ ;,bl_,.i..;J.ll ~JJ ~1 cr JWI c~ e ~J-'-' _;~

~L,...J ;;_,;_,;t.; ..::...l>~! ,y ~ ,;.rJI "-'l>....a.JIJ ..::...~L>.::;':ll ~ 4.)JJ.ll

~ o>~lr ~1..::...l>~'jl ciA ;s1J .4:,)[ 4.....WI ~WI r-'-' ~L.;.JJ

~')\;:]IJ <hUIJ JWI ~_,..;; ,~ ji\11 ~ J1 ,;;llj!J '':-'L>.::;':ll y..._..
J...-: ~ L>.::;'j I ..::... ~I ~ .!..;.._1 I J L<;'j I .J [ .0::-::-' l:-J I ;, WI J l,::>- I .j

W" ,._.k...._,JI ~I 0-' C#.r.!~l ~y..ll .;._;,J "t,_,.i\IIJ •\;)\11 ;;>1 ,,1
..::...~l>.;:;':ll ~ ClJ)L..ill 0~ y..ll ..!1,: c.slll ~I .ly.- >UI c..J! y.J.; ..;1
J.LA; ..l.i ~I ~WI l'"'..li.:.l J1 "~1 L.. ;,k-.':1
l..iA 01 ';! ..:r-J_,......ll
.
':1 ._;l I o..L.... L..iJ I ~ L:-J I ;;hU lJ .&- _JJ l::> J J _,;..:..........J , o.J.;..l.! ;c. J l4...;
.~1
•
• • ..........!JI
...r."'J
•
· .. . It:. II
J"A'J r- ('"'"L<; ;,l<SJL. ~
• ·•

l..;~ ~1 ~ ~); ~JJ_,..JIJ .<5'}....JIJ oy.-WI ~IJ \11 iu.; .J!

......i.W IJ ~ ~ L.... \1 I '-:-' ~ \1 I ~ 0-' ..;_,5 ~ 0-' , '-:,1 I_,.i..; J.l I ~ J .j
~ j::>-YL..ill J')\;.;:...,1 0[ ·~~J ~41J ~,L..a;:;l ..::..>~ ;..WJ

ij'l '-""'l> jl)! ,y ~L '('"".r'\IJ ~·':1 il..1.ll ~_,; ,y ..?- 0'?.~

.j ;_,;...... ..::...~l;..p .L.:..;!J ,;;. '> ..ll ;.4... \11J ..::..>IJ;'liJ JJ.:YI .j JW:...'YJ
,_p)!. J')\;.;:...,':11 1-iA .j>J.liJ c;:.l;:;)l o>l;j ~1 cr ~rWIJ ~)I Jl.WI
w- ,...,.,.KJIJ J.."-11 c)[.J}~~ ~J 'J'Y<> \II J'T:". ; JL...;[ c...l!
..;1
~l;:;!J c::.l;:;)l ~ ~J..i.i 01 w- ,J..-.ll c..Jl ~~, A J ('""•t:.r.S' c~
~I 0-' r+'~J 'JW:...'liJ )>->'11 ~ ~J..I.i la;_10~ ~..1:...11
~J ~J c;:.l;:;)l ~ ~J..I.i i>l;) ,L..+)! 0y.~ cr-.illl '·:·-ux.IIJ
.J K...JI 0-' ~I ;;JWI .J ~ cr-lll .J J> YL..ill ~ ':1 J ·-,?> L..a;:;':ll
~ l.k:.. ~ l...:.,: , ~ J .l.;J:! cr-ll I 0::-::-' l:-J I I' ~_I •, , '-:-' L>.::; ':1 ~~ t! p'll
,y ~ ,;c.~l '-:,bi)J.r.!J ;;>I ,lj ..::...1_,.<!1.) ~l:JI ~lk>'jl >l,..-\11

226
..,....,.. \:... w~ ..:.r..U I , ~..! i.i\ _, ~t:.,\ J '>\>- (.:r' 41. _,.:..li _, :.:,:WI :U..U I
.W ) .... J5 ~ r-">)yJ I' fhl · iiJ,;,;:...,I_, ,.,;:;L.... _;..JI .!lli J 4
wj .; • a .;..:J I ~ l.,a..JJ ~ :\.d> ~ \p .r. :\.. _,s:.,...l I ..;:; l}f w\> d .K.J
, ~ I.W)' I , t,.... 'J I ._s .J.l .,;:; I?.4.1 I i> l;j J) L?>Y., ~ cJ::>' ')\.<)I u,J. w\..T'
J ..;_,~_,\._;_,.ill JWI !.l~ ~1_, J ;:JI ._).; ~, WJ>..\.;: t..j ~
,~IJ ~ .,r-..!WI v"'lfl~l J) •~I Jl .ll,.il _M I..L._, \~..!WI
.~ ;;,..WI >)_,...ll ~..J wy...l.ll :\....~>- ·~ ..~;_~ l....o

~;..l.PL......JI tt..IZ' <.t.f.ll r!WI ~ JA- 4

i>ls.j J jl;.. .JJ-4 i ~ w1 ~ ..,.:}JI r-lWI w1 J.5'_;..JI :r
I..L. _, ,..,..')\....,)'I wl.ll,.il J ~>L..ci~l - ¥ 4 ~I -W+JI ~jNJ -'::bl_,l..;.J.ll
.,_,WI .,_,I,..,JI >\;>jl wl!. :r wl .,_bhll ._s..WI J ..... , ""'' ..!..l..:. ~
o>l;j_, ~~ ~ ~~ :r ,,)_,..J.l ._s_,~ ;s1 iiJ,;,;:...,I Jl L?>Y.. w1
~jN ._).; ~~ w1 ..;\...!, C:r' ".JJ~ d..L._, .:;...WI JL..v'JI_, :\JL....ll .y>}
4-P--Iy. _)I ii_,L..ll il..wl_, ..;:;4,..-JI J.~J ,~,L,.ci~l ¥ 4 ~I -W+JI
..,;\...!, :r w\ W' f'
6
)<./'')\....,)'1 r-lWI J wl,l;JI_, '-:-'\~~\ ~J ,~\
:r o).~..::ll >\;>jl wl ~ .:ib~l ..;:;~_),l...a.il ~~
:r J,.Ji Jl.h; t:" x w1
~ ..:.r..UI ~ >.*-' ~J 'r-"L.i.::ll_, ..h.;I;:JI :r ..~;_.,;Ji Jl L?>Y.. wl ..;\...:.
-t,~_,-11 ~jN <. a>-:J\ ~l...,a..
~I Jl:A.II ~ _,\ -'::bl_,.a...,.J.ll i>\s.)' o~L..lli""..IZ '-:-' }JI ~ ~
~\b._,.~,..;:;\;~)' i\J,;,;:...,I wj.\~1 & J_, r-l•_,Alt> ,;_,All i'J,;,;:...,4
•~L..: wl:.,l _, ~ J 4l J,llrl i\J,;,;:...,I_, ,JI_,.JI_, wl::...;w\ J •_,All

o.c,...ll J)\.>.~l..,.,')(.l,JI cr>" .j cr.l> 1;1 ~! .~L,WI ~ .j ~l...; ~~ rJ..:.ll ~ ~ (26)

: )i.;i . ~C.,. I.,:.>- I :i.,J;.I ~ j>-> ...,._5 :.7' ~ <,_,.lh..)i d)~~~ .!.ll; ~ } JJ <l.,:JI
- Krueger, Alan, and Jitka Maleckova. "Education, Poverty and Terrorism: Is there a
Causal Connection?" Journal of Economic Perspectives, 17: 4, Fall, 2003, p. 119-144.

227
.)G .. L,.r.~l <Y .....;J\ <.:.. <Y ~ ~ ..r.f- J:.i _)[__,,\ ,;..b.:..JI v~'.l_,ll
<Y ~~J (27)..;:.,~_; ·- 'J <.)"')...L.J ul..r-J ..;:.,~l:...,.J ,4 <:,..L..i,.;.; r...J.i
<-;,]! ~!;.,..; l.. l...or ,J..WIJ <,>W'll -¥l..::o:- '.II ~I j>jUJ p i ;;Jij!

J _,...;.. 4J C> \5' d~ I ,J., C> ~ - 0-" I) I ..::...;)I J L l.. ~ \.,.. C> I-ll,] I ,J.,

__,,y..J ,~I_,..J.l ~~~1 'c.ri-'..J ''-:"'/lJ ;;_,...i_?JI ~ ~ ~~ i.l,.J .~

- - -
~ L...,..... ',IJ ,~\ ~ .<..,?" ~\; 1-4J Cl~J .d)..pJ\ ii..L.,.. .)!
~, L.a:,;',li - </' l..::o:- '.II C.'JL,o )f I ;.;iJJ ~I ~ ..:,"J "-!' ')L.. )f I r-l WI
.<-;,]! LWI ~WI y..l.i ~I

<f> .:,K..., ,~ J..\.4; ~JJI c,<'')L..)fl r-lWI C!~ !.lJ~ C>i '-:"' }JI ~ ~
<:,... L.."11 d..L<::.....JI C>i 0::> ~ .L..:.; ~ i;ls GL,S" cr.J J L,L I. 8 .)! 1.3
.J.W"JIJ ..;:.,l,;I.A!JIJ ..;:.,WJI J ..r.,-? r_;; ~J!. ..:,~ '0-, I ,II ~ 4:,> !.l_;;..!..;,
.J\5' 0 .. • I ,I\ C>K..JI-s..U .!lUI .~',II C!~ 'crJii.l,. <f> ~ )~J .4.,5'}-!1
J,;:.>-I.JjJ (2SJ ......... J.-L..:ll J+-u..J ,GJt...::.J i~ L;.....J ~J.;..... Wb Jlj!, l..J
i')L..)fl <!W J ..!..ll.i: Lewis cr:) ,JL;f.
l.. ·~ ~y." :JI,; ;! ..,_,l.r"

_,.,..; L l,SJ IJ ~ ~ iJ~ .:Jy:-::....11 ~ L,J IJ <..r.:> ~I _;.;\ J _r..; ~I ~..I) I

29
1 l" .__,_,.,:-\ ..;:.,\)....;.,.. J- J~ -s\ -o,s.Jl...a; l.. iJ,L;F i~\ ._;_,A: ',I cr.._,>-\11
- -

cr..ill ,J_,.;...JI ~ cr..ill >~ i,r.> J_,A; t.. jl.J.,.J i~l "-'4'\' _,JI ~ cr..ill >~ 0! (27)
JkWIJ >I~ ly-1.:,.1 l..x..- J_,.;...JI ~ cr..ill ,~ C,Jifi .o,_..i)l <,~ _j .JJJ.., ljiS
:)>;1 .800000 J 200000 ~ il258 ;_.656 _j 4< l,],....JI
- Morgan, "Mongols.", p. 231.

:La;\ :ja;l (28)

- Esposito, John L. The Islamic Threat: Myth or Reality? Oxford: Oxford University
Press, 1992.

(29) Lewis, Bernard. "The Roots of Muslim Rage." The Atlantic online, digital edition, Parts
I and II, September 1990, part II, p. 8.

228
v':>\...•.';il e·~JI J ~ )o::.JI , y-: J J WL,..JI j~ ~J ,~WI J .J"'-T
~)o::.JI Cr.: <f ~\.WI .J1 L.S ,~1 <f ~ "-:,).>1 .J_A ~~
l-..1J ~I ..t..: .:,~ .J _,J.;LWI ..J....i: L.. .J_,:.a...; u., I ,I\ C!) .Ji1 ~ .J _A
_,.:..,J I J:.> J ..~>-I J "'-? .r. ~ J:.> Cr.: '-? J ~ .JT;J I .J l .;;_,..~)'I r-1 L..:lJ
...!..LJ; J ~ ,<...;_r.JI t.Y1 ~ ~ '-?..UI (3Il>L..iJI cf..~ .:.1 L..S (30)~

- :Y,~ ~I ..:..>L..I_;;:N~ .l.i )I i~ J ,.;...~IJ il,>J.l trJI y:,i- .r-'J:.ll

(32)V" .r.JIJ .Jl..~I i~J .....; ~IJ ._...P _,.<)1 Jl ~.?>Y.. •..,? J$'J ,~,L,a::;~l
J5 ~ "Yu.ll" Ji "..:-'t...J)'I"J '0-.•1 ,11 J1 i~)'l .:r-: iiJL..ll .J)' d..U
l;l_,:.ll •,_.., <f ~_r..-... 3 ,~IJ .10,.JI ~J U*' .J"'J ,._;~)'I ~ ..u.,JI
.j_,:JIJ

~WI ":" y.-:. ~ .Ji c:r-JI ~ ~ .Ji ~1 ":" jJI ~ ~J

,w_,...ll ..~>-_,.. i~ '-?1 ~~ J ~~J 'r~"H~J ~J r+<, .J~

~~I w......a..ll J "..W" J.L,JI ~ ">Wll" W5' 4} "'>JJ if1 <)~1 ..:;4'!1 _,];,;1 (32)
:l,;,\ _,];;I .JUI ~ >ly .c......)
- AbuSulayman, Crisis in the Muslim Mind, p. 139-141.

229
·<,?"~)II r-lWI ) -4JI) 0Ll)l) ~I .j l_,;lS" 1:>) w )i:JI ..J~
'-""' _;J J~ * c.,?l.; .>..t...all I..J.., <) io.~:) ~ c,('~ )II r-lWI 0~ d..U
01 i.>L>.JL
. . .b:.\11 .:r."-!
L.S .t..J LWL. u.1.\..i.,. 01 ..u.'1 ;J.r.'-"
· • ../ • .UIZ
• ff. <..,

."Westernization '-:-' jJ~ ;L...L....JI" _f-P ;_,.J~~ LJ W y.ll .J1 ~J..>.::JI

~ 'l.J .~ ...:.. ..1:'1 _,..1 ~.WI ~ _,J p::ll , ~I 01 ._,; ..!.L:. '1 t..... .J
<) ~ ,u~_,t.,.;~ ;J.&. <.:.>wL. r-5"1; ·~ cl' ~_,Jp::ll 01 cf')l :r
..::...; l5" I;~ .:C,. ~ )' I.J <:,.; L... U I.J ;;_,.1.;.r.,) I.J ..,-4JI.J ~I u\_, l.a>J I ~;
j5" 0) ~~I c/' j.» ~ '-:-' jJ~ ~I ~ c.,?..UI t...; ,~/ .r.f- ~ _,J p::ll
•I}.J ~ .f" ~ ~'-j ,~~ '-:--::-'"";:J I ~.J ,¥, ..!.L..::JI <) J>-)1 .J ~
ul.i!Z .j ~ r l.. 01 ~ 'li..J..,.J .~llili.J ~4 '11 r-lWI ..Jl)-1 _})
Wb l_,;lS" <.).,I .11 01 ~ t;)::.il.i ,_;.l>. ~ :r .,~1 ~ '1 .s_,.,:-1
.~; i!~

usJ.J ~ J,L<; -.s _,.,:."11 '-:-' _,....:..l I j!-- ,<.)-. , I , II iJ 1._,; ..:.L;, '1 t.....
,~_,..c; _,.."11 I..J.., ~ ~.J ~.J i~>'~ 4l .. ~ '1 ,..J..,
.4::Jij)
c_"Yc...o )' I.J ..,,L,a.:.;'ll :C,d.~ '11 ~ I.J , rJ..::J I.J :C,... WI ; ' • ··11 J ')\,.:. ,:_,..

~1_,;..::...1 LA_;si.J r4--JI ....,...,......1 ,:_,.. cj'4 '11 ~I ~ 0) .cr"l,..JI

'1 ~I 01 ~ J..c; c/'4'11 ~~~I ..::.>~>"11 ~.J ,..;...;}J
~.J ,~1 <:,)~ ~ _,, , yo:- .J ~ I..J..,.J .i:~..)..c; '1[.!.>-b.; 01 J....;.
,:_,..
~ cj'4 '11 c_"Yc...o )'I ulS"?.J ;;,..,.t..::.JI ..::.> L.... _;...li.J ..:;.,l.. _,s:,...ll ~
·& 01 ..::.>>1) 1;1 L,,~
<) o.~ ~I •_p ,:_,.. _,;s::ll 0\11 ~ Y.. d !1_,..1: ,:,1 '-:-' jJI ~ ~.J
i~)'l ~ ~_,JI u~I.J ~I '-:-'.J.rJI ~ V~)'l r-lWI
.jl- ,..:;.,~1 ,..J.., o'lk.J U>.; 01 c:'r-JI ,:_,..illS" ..ul.J ( l .~~I ~.J
33

:(~i!ll J..o.<il !..,-'}))';I ,.._,)JIJ r)\...)'1 ~ dJ_f.lJ ~ J.,1>.o.); t_')\j,~ (33)

- Esposito, The Islamic Threat: Myth or Reality?

230
~ r.liJ., u5J ,w_,.,JI ~ .j ,-.;:,...;WI ;..~;J..JI 0_,__,4]1 J':>\>- ..:. I ,a:--
.s~i IJ.,J .~ J ;si ~~ J. '~ ~~; r.l ..:..>~l> \.bJI • _,...]
..W ':"' jJI ,_? ~ \.. .J) ...liUI ~I •_,.., r-'L.;; 0" ~lj_, ) _,::]1 ~ .})
:4:-\) L\.. ~L>- ~ f ~l.x; ;;J~ ~~1 r.- ~ly:.-..1 ~ r

~1_, u\~1 ,_? .l/1.::.11 r.- •()\.....)11 W:-4.- (f t_J'J)II - i

.i')\.....)11_, ~ .15".;-:..JI

~~ ~~ 0" i_r.s- if')\..... )II r.lW14:-\) 1:~ c;JI ;~WI ~..IZ- _,.,
.4;~ L.a;:;'J I - ~ l..::::-'J I ~I

.<.,?" t,..J I c_'>l.> )II ..f..j'U - ..::..>

0" ~~ ~Y- ...;) ;) \\.. J..>. J) .!..>~ ~~ IJ., .Ji .bJI ~ 0-"J
•-~- , II .:.r.:; .IS'.;..:...JI ~IJ ..:.>I~ I ,_? .l/1.::.11 ,_? ly.i~ .:_r..iJI .L..WI
'J_, .Jiy>-i ~J.ll .:_r.J., .J) (Richard Bulliet) ..:..J y. ~).!.;.,..J J~ ·i')\.....)11_,
iJL,a;.." ~ y. ...;~ J_;ll ~ ...;\ ~ J~ J) '.Sf y. -.Jj\;:,:.1 ~ ~ y.
:_,_,I ,I) 0" 0L:. ..:.;I; <.;;si ~ y. ...;~Lewis~) J jL.J (J 4 )" .~ <.,.., ')\.....)

~ l..::::-1 •'-::! ')\>. \J ¥ \Z :.,..... \.....\ ..::..> L>-_,...]. J ..::..>I ..\A::.... .j ~ .!l _;...:.; .:_r..iJ I"
J~l ._,.;.;._, 4,;...1)~ i')\.....)11 ·~ ..W" :J_;JI J..>. .)) ':--"-4 J. (35)" . .,.....\,..-_,
,_? ~IJ ~I}JI ~~ ..ul .• L:JI_, J~)I 0" ~ 'J_, .;.,:; 'J .:.r.:;':>W
0" y. .) ~I v-"~'JI ......;J;:>... 0" v-l:JI ~ ..ul .•I_;AJI_, ~I il,;--
'

0" y. .) ~ .}) ~ I~ 0\ ..lil.WI ......;J;:>... 0" v-l:JI ~J ''Y '11

J) .JJy:.i 4::-i ._,.:. ~ ~ i J 1..a>J ~ iJ..~..,a..o .J l5" .ili .J _,;.....]I <::" L::.ll
6
1;\> .<' l,r"~ r.lWI .j ~ly..:..o ..::..> )\ ,,~J ~..1.:-- il,;-- 0. ,I , II ...,_..;~

(34) Bulliet, The Case for lslamo-Christian Civilization.

(35) Lewis, Bernard. "The Roots of Muslim Rage.", part 1, p. 2.

(36) Ibid.

231
ol..~ 0i i.JI....,k:....; ,~~..tl\ ~ .!.\_;:.:... yo L.... ~I J..WI I..L. '"":- y.. 0l5'
'-r' 'J.1.; ~I ~kll .)! ~WI~ .I.,Si:JI r.::: '1 r1' ,~ 1,, ;,.)
. .:_,;J L,;,;.J I i l...~..,.o
~I ~ ~~ I..L._, .)1_,:::; t,;L;)'I d~L..ll ..::....1>-i ..;_,
.:,_.1 ,II '-r' _d ,~ !li.:..o ...!.lE ~ ;_,~_, -~>l....ci'-11 - ¥4'11
4-Jy.; <jll Jl_,..\11 ..::...~L.... ..ul_, .'-::;~ 01~ J 0MJ 0rA u:jjl
01 J....;_, -~>l....ci'-11 - ¥ 4 '11 ~I _;;yo; J ~~~ .)! 0y.._;;.....ll
;J.>..::...ll ..::...~ '1 _,)I 01 _,J_, .<llk,.ll_, _;.oll <llj) J i~L..ll i>~j _r I..L. j_A
.)! Jlyo.JI_, 0l::..;w1r..x; ~1 '-r' ~~.;51 ..::..>~.) '1 3 ..UI ..::..>~):,.l.. ..:.J.f>..;
~1 ....,.,_,All ~J .-,)) ~ ..;.;lS' L. ...::...A.i,.. ... ..:...;ls:J •u:..LL,ll u:..L. ~
C.')\..,)' I _;;yo;3 '..::... ~ 1..>..:;'11 ~I r _r <.,("' L,...J I C.')\..,)' I ~ J ;~ L..ll
(:!~ ~~ '-r' J..?>1 [.,:_ L:.. .J.::_,; ..J _,...., ;~ L..ll o..L. .c;L... _;...]I_, ci y WI
.~1 ~kll_, J>t.,::..ll il3 kll_, 'C.')\..,)'1

~~li )l> .JJ-4 il:4JI i'>L)'I ~ jA- 5

r!WI J L?Jl.:JI i">\.....)'1 •\.,>-! illS' I~! L. 0~ ,\.:..o r"l>. rl j_,.,;
;;,.. ">\.....)'I ..::... ~I C.')\..,! J ;~ L..... L?i i~ ili J....; <.,f' ">\.....)'I
U::-'j~l r_')\..,)'1_, J..WI ~ J 4'~L..... ~illS' L. I~!J .l.>.r.#J
~')\SJI
. ¥1..}
. J"' W.:.. ,..,....L,...JI_,
. .s>l....ci'-11
.. --.."4
.. '11 J~l..}
..
.~.WI r!WI J ~~ J 4'~L....._, (l'"'..ull)
<jll ..::...~..b.:ll ~I yo
...::...~1 ,.,L. ~ t,;K.) J.;,X <.,f'">\..... )'I r!WI J t~! '"":- y.. ...;\ -'~-'
..::...~ '1 _,)I J iWI c/'.WI (Ramsey Clark) !lJ'% L?..i-'IJ .!.ll~ ..J rl ..;_,

~J _r" :i">\..... )'I il~ C.~ ~ •il_,....:,y.- il..t.:.,l ~)I i)>! J ;J.>..::...ll
.)! I..L. ,-"" ..;_, (37 l".i_nll ..J>J\11 J \_,.;\:; ..l.!.\11 ~')\>.\11_, 4,> 3 )1 i_,AJI

(37) Clark, Ramsey. Interview with Impact international. London, UK, December 10, 1997.

232
_,;t:J I 0-' 4J .) I \(' y\....:;~ I r-1 WI J ~I i-'::>"_,.l I ~I Y' i ')\...., yI C>l
~Li~J r-t'l.rl cr
.:r- ~ )~ !'"""...~>- yJ f-""~1 ...,.,~ ~ t.. ~_,.<]1
C>[ ..1\.k,...;':il <J- ClJ} o~ JY <J- ~ )~ I' J· ,II ..._; _ra;JI ,_)s- !'""" _;,..;J
if 4 'i IJ ._j'j..,;.'J I :J.-l:.l I (.'.)\..... yI tY.- i 0-' ..r" \.;J I "":<-" L;.r. i ')\...., yI <.5 ..li
~ ~L; .r. ~~ 0-' .:JI.ll)l o-4J ..,......,1 .k: ~..UI '<,?'l,-JIJ ,~>l..a::i'iiJ
<. a.;..:JI •\.:.;J .,.'j..,;.'JI ~I ...}s- ~_,.<]\ o..l.,Sl:; .:J[ "(_J\.;J\ 0-' o>\_,::...1
.J _,::.i..ll ,.:J_;WI ~J ..,._.,l,-JI <.k.LJI ..,._.,L>....J ~>L..a::i'il i f 4'il J..WIJ
C>l ~'i ,~\ ~ tY.-l.:r- J.rJIJ ~\ i\..G-..::.....1 ~ .)1 ~~_,;:...~
~L.....; ~..UI ..r''JI .. J.:,JI U.L.....; ...)s- ~ fi' ·'-f'')I....,YI r-lWl ~ .Jfo..
...,.,L,...-'11 .:r- 1...~>-IJ ~ .!.ll~J ,._;J..W JWI !lJ4:..-'il ~ ,_).s-
C>l J ~l.....; C>l W..l ~..J .).~'iiJ d_,>-..WI ,j-J.;J ,L.al L.,l)l
J ;;.;..U IJ -.; l..'J \J J.L.all J!.- ~ "":"' _,s-_,..l I ..:;., LA...a.l I 0-' 1,~ '-'"" l:.J I J '-'"" )<;.
,.;.,I..U\ ...)s- ,~ 'ilj >L..a::i'ilj ~lj ~I 0-' ..,rY. ..._;_ra;Jij ,..y>\_,....ll

iL..;:... 'iiJ ~>l..a::i'il ¥4 'il ..:;.,L.iy:l'il ;jjl5"J ,, yhl~ .l.i)IJ r:-UIJ

r')\....,Yij .J..Wij ~~ _;;_;..::] ._.j'i ..:;.,t..;..... <./"J 'r+"'LiJJ .:r-?~1 ..;~
-~ tY.-l .:r- ..,._.,L....l J_,..l <./"J ,w~ :.:;.....! i f 4'il .:r-WIJ •r'11 Jy.
0-' 6...:; .) I .,.15] I -.;J _,..l ~ ~ ..,;\ l.S ., _,.1.; :.f ~ J L; , t' ·-:-.J I

.i~l .....;J)'ll t' ~~

v')I....,YI r-1WI J JJ~\ ~ ;..r"u;, e7l '-f'')I....,YI ·~)'I C>l ~

~ C>l ...;l:. .:r- ,...;'.5:.. <:,;w,Ji t_JjJ i')\...., y1 ~_,.;:l J~ * ~~ C>~
r-1WI J ~L..\.. ~t.::.; .J .:Jfo.. C>ilh C>l:. 0-'J .l..j'i i..r'l ;_,.<]\ ii..G-..::.....1
C>l .ul..iJ..,:. <J- .) \;.;\ J .) _,.. t.J I J J l> l..~ \r..O WI J ..!.>...~>- W.:... ,'-f' ')\...., yI
..W .~_,..:J.J ~ l:... • w,J I Lo~ .) I , <l ~I ..:;., \..l.O::....o '-'"" l:.J I ,_)s- I_,....;,.).:
.;.,1.,-~J\ ~~\J-ill >j>J 0-' <l.....L c)[ ,;_,.all ii..G-..::.....':il lh ~~
t_l~l r-'IA; C>l ;_,.<JI ii..G-..::.....1 C>l:. .:r-..........;; J..W~J .lh t:... y. ._.:> ;c,..')l....,yl

233
,.!.l]~ ..:...b..; L.~ J .q.J;.JI 4.:.. }11 J ~ ......i.:....JI ~ ._/>.r;.J 'c/'~ ')II
.J;...:.; ..lJ i ')\..,)'I 0 K. 0 i , ~~ I.L. ,:_,.- lr}:,r IJ .~ ;)>,....J I ~ ._j.,._;

,._;J.ill JWI .!l~ )'I jj>U" 0i4'G ,:_,.-~I ,""-:..JI ~J '-<>WI <A.....Li.ll
.Ji ..;1..; ,:_,.- I.L.J .4.,;1..ill .::.>I ..\..WI t_l.;! J Jl_;.:..... )'IJ ,~1 4.,.>-~)'IJ
,.;.,l;K.)'I jJ~ l..., ~I ~ ~J ,~i J':J..>.'-11 ~I ~
.) j 1_,::] I J ')\;:;;..1 .:.-)'b. -"j..J , .J L..:::., )'I J d _,..,:...WI ~J , , L..i.ll r-' L<...J
.!.LE ctL::; L..i ·cf'~ )'IJ ~.r""11 ,:_,.-WI ~J ,~1 i..!> ..l.;.J:J J.r
< )t....J~ ~ Y\> '-<>W)'I ¥~)'I ~IJ .J_,k:JI ~
38

4.-fo <: -.:....\; i')L..)'I ~yA:J q.W14.:..j"ll J ~L; 4JJLo.... JJ\ 0)

.)! ,_,,\I.L.J .[,S"J..) . -sr:- ...\J i_d .t...L. ~~ _.~
. ~..) . t,_.')L..)
,:_,.- ~)~ '))> <kL lr.JL.. cr...ill '0-::~ 4..~1 >1.:...! J .11))'1
~>l..t,:..-1 Y.:, ~ -.:....\; .W !'-:,l>lh.ill ~y..JI ~ .JWI ~1}1 .J4JO[
,~WI 4.:..... Cr."-!.J "11 J':J..>. .::.>~_,.. ~) J_,..,..':/1 ~ ~ .:.-L..fo ~
~~ ri...G-..::....1 .:.r- ~;J~J ·rl997j ri9Slj rl97lj rl96o:rlr'11 J
[,S"J J i')L..)'I ~ i_,.)L; -~ r-l4'1! 'i')L..)'I ~yA:J i~IJ i_,.<JI
(..5'"""'')\.;.,• .)\.,• (.!l .)j'·t;\ JL.S <.f,
q 4....;)
. :UL.S
• u. .) .:.-..!.>.J 1~1"• :o.ll> • ;s~
. )'

..;\ ~ ,J,A::-.-11 J ._..!. ':>\.::.; .) \ J..::-.ll .r.f- ,:_,.-J , ._..!. ':>\.::.; J ..; I! 'i ')\..,)'I
(
39
)" ._,ail:.:.; .Ji ,:_,.- ~..!.; .Jl....;)'l J_,.h- .f>>; .)\ ~ _,:...11 ,:_,.-

(38) Richards, Alan. "Explaining the Appeal of Islamic Radicals." Global Policy Briefs No.
1. Santa Cruz, CA: Center for Global, International and Regional Studies (University of
California), January, 2003; and Etzioni, Amitai. "Religious Civil Society is Antidote to
Anarchy in Iraq and Afghanistan.'' The Christian Science Monitor, l April, 2004, www.
csmonitor.com/2004/040 1/p0950 1-coop.html.

(39) Mehmet, Ozay. Islamic Identity and Development: Studies in the Islamic Periphery.
London: Routledge, 1995, p. 125.

'-,.r')l J.,)Li:JIJ il,>JI «,)> c/' _;J oL.:.li4J.i.,if! >.w,JI if t"' ,;J_,:JI jJ l.. .JI_,j J c?-
:_,1;1 .iJ.fll ,_,lj .;.,,\if! ~)I ._,1.,..-\11 c>.J..>.) c:..;lS"J o.l..P •l,;..- '11 ;r _,:s:JI .JI_,j J

234
,;;..WI >;l_,...ll ri.G..::....I ;.L..[J ,~~\ '-:-'~ -.._;,j y ~.J>- _,...::.-1 ..Ul
'
~
I r. - \_; .J.L
c.s- r - .r" ..:.J2; \.:.. ..uJ .lS
. '-f".J - 'lS . . \_;IS W
- .r" ......;J.;..; '--" ')\5
.J
..::.. l;'~ _,J I • \.:!::... ~ (~\j I J W -...A.L> :W0.:..) yl:J I -...A.L> <.S}
-
cr -si- cr _,/1
.P JLA;)'I J %7 elY. ~~ J~ ~ J.AA.o Jl -s,i t?..u1 .r\j1 ,,J,.,..;;...]\
%2.9.J %2.5 ~ ..,_,~_._. r2oo6.J r2oo2 ..:r-: ..:..ly.... ~~ J')\:,:. t_IJ..U\
~l:JI cr ~.J .4J1; o_,;:;i)l J')G:. ;J,.,..;;...]\ ..:;~)l_,li.J ;J,.,..;;...]\ ~ l.,..-:J~
..;· .,.-. · .J.L. t? i '-'"LA;\ \.r'
0
. c.s-
l,i (IIJ..U\ c.s-
1,. I.:LA;\
~ u"lj ,(3.4) Ji...>-)1\ ~
0 0 - •
1- .11
0

..::;)1\.:.. (J' !.,?j ..;:..;~ .ili i.Ko. .J 1 1(%3.8) ;J,.,..;;...]\ ..::..~)I _,JI .\.:!::...~ yl:JI
40

~')\.....]\ r~i .c.;i J ~WI J l..ul.. ~IS\...... ;.si ,;;_;jl_,...ll J •r.? r,-
e-"_,.::.ll .Y.)> cr ;w_; c?I;:J)il .Y.)> cr ~))...;_ lyiS .)IY'.J .u;_.l....WI
.l.i))'I.J ,U\ •ir.- ·~ ._.,~ r~ ~ r-! ~I ..:..)fl.> ~i .r.f- ·'-?ill\
~\ t:JL,...ll y. ;;.;j\_,...]1 J X; .Pi ~IS .o;l>)'l •r-.J '-?_,s:......ll JLA;)'I J
r~ J ..,_;I~\ cr '--~I ..:..l.ll~ cr %79 Jl J-:.1 ..:..~l.,a; .ll\} e..u
.Pi cr ~? ..,ji.,..JI J ~~ ..:..)IL> ~~ 'er- >" W.J 141
).r2oo1
i2000 i~.J rl961 i~ ..:r-; ~y.... %32.1 :r-!WI .~.>.;\ J ~\ ..:..)i.AA.o
._;_,..; J %8.2.J ,QECD ...,l4:J)I\ ~\.J ~.Jkll :c..1;.:.. J %6.2-; ;;.;.;~
J.AA.o J J.:.l..!. c?L..;;..;I ~Y. ~IS .ili \.Ko..J 142
l.~')U\ ~.ri J %26.J t.,..:f
Algar, Hamid. "The Oppositional Role of the 'U!ama' in Twentieth Century Iran.'' In
Nikki R. Keddie (ed.), Scholars, Saints, and Sufis. Berkeley: University of California
Press, 1972; Graham, R. Iran: The Illusion of Power. New York: St. Martin's Press,
1979, and Arani, S. "Iran: From the Shah's Dictatorship to Khomeini's Demagogic
Theocracy." Dissent, winter 1980, p. 9-26.

(40) See the Defence Expenditures ofNRC Countries (1985-2006), Tables 2, 3 and 6 (www.
nato.intldoculpr/ 2006/p06-159e.htm).

(41) International Monetary Fund (IMF). Turkey at the Crossroad: From Crisis Resolution to
EU Accession. Occasional Paper No. 242 prepared by a team led by Reza Moghadam,
Washington. DC: lMF, 2005, Table 5.1. p. 34.

(42) Ibid., Table 2.3. p. 7.

235
i~J ri9so i~..; J.>-1)1 J~J..ill d.r.l9J 3 :.ro ~~ ~.u1 "....i.roJI
..::...L.~ ,;.._;IS....,..;~ ~1 ~ ( J_i2002 i~ ~,c.} 2234642 c)! i1960
43

~ ~__,5:...-.JI ~ .J! ~c:J.':>UI >W cr ........i.l::>. "0::;:-'l.....WI" ..::...":i1_0.JI

\,<"" L,-J I >Wl I :_ro --4_;...) I <.S .>-" • ~ cr ~ r-l ~ l...W I r-" ~ (>I..... )II :_ro
:.Jl j4-;:G !.IJY-r.JI ~c.} ".!lA..o ..::..>>J) J..iJ ·if4',II (!.roJIJ ~IJ
~ JJ~ <.7'.}- <) ...::..J..:.> J..i .JY-__,5:...-.JI ~ .J IS .jl I ~ L...WI '-:"'I j>-\11"
~1J ~>WI !.11;\11 ..::...~ .)~ ',1 ~4 --41_? A ~lAJ '~
c44 l" .>WliJ ~I )!ll d.)...~ c.} .J ~

~ .~11.>-"1 t_LPJ1 c)l ._s_,.,;-1 '-::--')L..l Gu.~ ~L...WI ...::..L,..J1 J..iJ

.JIS ..J..<.; ,Wt; J1 L,S") c.} JWIJ .._fi_}...;..UI ...,.....\...... \11 }1 )II 01 <..r.:>
~ r-5"l>- ~1 :_ro ~ J y J.i 1J ; _,......; _;si ..s _,.,;. .\11 .J I..Ll,JI ~ c.} i K.J I
r..lllW I 4:,! ..::...;5J , .J I..Ll,.il -.!.lt <) _,.,.,dJ ~.r- ~ 1..c:-Y- , ~ ')\.; ., J_ra;
i_d ..::...L;K.[ .l.> y -:...;IS ,.JI.Ll,JI ,J.,. ~ c.}J ..JL;)II J_,.,... ..:.41J
.cr.J I ~ ...:..._..,; ~J' _)l <.7' l:.J I (:!' J • \...... J ~..r-! ..::... }~I ~ '<.,...::lJ

f')L. )'I ~ J 1:')\.,.:>)'1 - 6

OJJ_r'>]~ ...;-u ',I u-.. •1 ,II .klb-.;1 c.}~~ r-l i')L..)il 01 ~ 0)
.t,{l; 01 J..l,;.J -(>I.....?'J ~J.o.JI ~I c.} c')\.....?'J ~L.- ..c:-Y- 'i ..;1
.1 \....., J1 .j i_,:5" ~ J..i , <::"L::J IJ _All <ft o_,>- \11 J J..W I ~ i ')L.. )I I
• .. a~..!.ll•l:.: ~ .t,{l:.ll ......i>- W!. ,;,.')L.. )II ..::...~1 ~I_,..:. ~
0 I..Ll; c.} d . !.; ;; .. ~J l; J> Iy _)! -~ J.> _) [- I.L> >Y'i- J..i J .<,; ')\..,:.. \1 I
t_LPJ\11 4:,! ..}J:::;J ,~, ..;JI..,....JI c)! PJ . .,..L,-JI ¥ _,...:.')UilA>.r-'

(43) IMF, International Financial Statistics, CD-ROM, and Yearbook 2004, p. 4.

(44) Reproduced by the International Herald Tribune, 26 March 1996, p. 6, from the editorial
entitled 'Civilian Rule for Turkey' in the New York Times.

236
J;}> ~\j1 J~ 'j\ (./' ;w._; •r-lllWI 4,! _;S:JJ •'-;~La::>'j\ -¥~'j\
.;G :.r lhJ -(>l...?'J '-:-"~.;.. ~ ~~1 0J~ e::P)I ~ J.i..;.,.J _.;,..,\j\
~\.;.. t....,..... 'lJ ,;_,_1.·1\ ..::A...... _r.ll ~\.;.. <) _r.:-? ~c)! r_~ 0i
~_r.ll ..~..,.:>LA...~ ~\;.11 ·~~j ~\~WI~~ .~..UI '-"')..WI
.~lc;.l>JIJ

......ol>JI c)l0; 4'i 'jl ,.,_.'>\..)II r-JL...:.ll c_JJ ~ ..~..,.:>l.WI 0i eJ

r+"l _r:JI •·.~ ~ ,;)J...,a.l\ c)! ~G:-J! ~Ill \o_r.>-\j\ ;;J.,.Wi 0J_;.ll <)
~\j\ ..yA::li J~i :.r ...WI J~l ~ ~L.,..... L.. yJ ,.I.:...J\J 0T;J.I ~~
~I _,.I I (./' J ")\:.>.'j I JS" W::>... J J_); <) J~ ...::..; l5" .._;.l I '~ Ul r K..">'J
.:_,....; -r'>L-?'J dJ\j\ 0J_;.ll <) ~ !'""'"'\ .._;.ll '-;_,.JI ;~\..;:....\ (..!" ~.J •JWI
c,(''>\..~1 r-lWI ~ly. .._;.ll ..;:;~.b.::ll ~ly <)C.~\ J~ .U ,,!.lb 0J~
•4-AAJ I ~I_; ...::..; l5" .._;.l I ...!ll; ( f Qs" J J)a.l I .......i.\::.;. ~ , <!.;..b.l I <.:... j \j I <)
r. ,.,_.'>\...~I r--J i.A:.U _r....::...l I J:_,J I •~l<-l ~ ~ '......; J _,.. lhJ .~ U I
· . a. ·II J ...::.>\<.I _raJ I <r ;w._; ,..llU\ '-?i)I . .::.> l! ")\:.>.\ ~ ..} •~ L.......l I

·~ /, .r.:-? ..I.> c)!...:.> j_.r. ...;JI .:Auw1 ~ ~~ .d- ~~J ·e-L::JI r~J
.:r.-.r-11 rL..l '"-:"'t.....i ..uJ ·'-"'~~ ~ <.i ..~..,.:>LWI JL....>l
._;:.r:JI JL.....ll yi
t..rl) ~ :.r ..~..,.:>l.WI JJ~ ~ '1 :.r J5 0l" :.~~ cr1oss ;_,.47s <).;J
_ I) I) •• • • • I) • •• •• I\ I • •\ •
o.r.--:' c5. ~ ""'-.r-- .../ • , a , . - . .J' J
(45)" 1 • • ••• • •
'.A~ • .../

<.i ~~ J.:>.ll ri..G-.;:....1 •~L0 c)! ..,r ..u ..~..,.:>LWI ._..l<- ~\;.11 ...;..ll 01
...:;..; _,.II ~ (46)" ·0-'...iJl,ll .~1 (..!" ~~ ;__.;, JL.... (..!" t'- )~ ''-"'~I ~
l.!._..;,;
. ~
1:11 ...;· (J"L..:....J\~Lu
-1\J J.r • • . <.r-'"' r ..
1-\i i..l>..::....l,.W --? .UI ~
'·'

.1.~ 1 <.i -..l...a> .d- <.r-;_;,. . . 4d!·_r.lll <.i ..b\)~1 01> ·~rJI Jl.l.>i e

~J ~I¥ >lj> :~ ,~\ .!.-l,::ll .j \'""':II.!.-~ :...-'l,;JI -J~I _,\ '..f!y.JI (45)
.295'-"' ..1 C:' •r 1979 ,,_y..UI )> :<u..c>:.-)'I •._,.1>-

237
lh -J_,..r .,.._; rr , 1_,..;~ cr. J"'lkli..L..>...> ~~ ~ ...L..ol.WI ~
_,..a.::Z ~1 ..WI Jy1 J 4\....WI Cr' ~I 4.,JWI il)" :~\,; 'e:il)l
wi...~..o1 ;;,...GJ 4->l..l.>..::...l c.ro ~..~; 0 ~: 11 .::,L..\5' c.ro i!S:,..\'1 J~l ~
il\ </' u-::--'
I -11 '~ ~~ . 4,...:::J) ill <47 1" ,<..., •I)
1i • - II) ' .kl ,;>'
J,.,W)"
- <.$'' ,.,....., . ; - r. . - ' -r-'
,~illS' ~I ~I C,J)Iv..ili ,...,WJ Jyi ~; l..; ,~J.ll i _,LJI Cr' J
~ ......_WI dJJ~I ;sir CJ)I oh •l,.,..l ill.~UI d_,:..ill J 4:--
·~ ..,.....1 i>4..i-i il_;:.O; ill~ ..t.,..lWI ~ ~l:JIIhJ < 481 ".~J.JI ~_,....JI
(49)".l..L.:. ~~ ~t...:! ~rJI J.SI" il~ Ji1t5 ~~ J,; e ~ ,._;')\.,:.\11
t....i\ ~I <.,/'J 'v-'1 ,II J .,.')\.;.\11 J'WI V"'}' J ~~ w.r- lhJ
..,.._...)'1 Cr' ·p,JI ;,.')\....,)'! .;,~I J ~ ~~ ~J 'i')\....,)'1
Jl>.ll" :il\:.:1 ~ Cr' ,~ ~I ..:.;,~.:>.1 Cr' ,~ ~ _r.S_,:)I i>l<>! l.a.i il~
ill :il)_,A; ,<.....ll_,;_,s:; )'"J "(SO).JL,..J ~i..tl c)l..tl ,~ '-;-->1J ,.,t) J~
ill <.,)"' t:J I 0->'1 ill ~~ I_,:.J. J .:,5JJ 'I.:....Jj;, l_r.ll; il G L:...,.,..\ <.,)"' \:Ji 0->'1
·~ .......;.;rJI ~ ~ ~~ w.r- lh 1".1_,....11; ~ IJ.LJ il!J
151
d_,:.......;
J..W~ ~L.... ~..J 'v-, I ,II J!." ..ill ,L..i.l,:. 41 ('-" cr.lll 'v- ,I , 1i r.'-
':>J .;:.,\,;~ ;;,.t,;[J (:'L:JI Cr' ..~;_;...ll pll ·~ lh ill L.S Y2 lilL-. )'IJ
J i>))l l.>r.'-J rJL..:ll oh -~ J .:,_,1 ,1) J')\.,:.1 c')\..,1 ill·('+'-'
:iJ>J~I ''-?JL...,...II.r>lkll J..>...> :~ ,4,-:>\-)'l ...._rli.._.,U.. ·.T'lkll J..>...> 'J,_llP .:,el (47)
.166'-"" •r2oo u .. I421 .2.J. •.,_:IA:.JI )>

'i2004 •<,.:>\-)'I ~I :i.r>IAJI ,<WJI J_,..,\..) iJJ>~IJ "<~l.i')\...JI ~ ,~1 Y.\ (48)
.7-576'-""

.._,.,I::SJII.i.. <f () ~ -.,;.; ._;,.. (49)

.7445 ~) .:..,.w1 ,43'-"" ,6c '"'l... r::-f' •w4)'1..,......:. -~~ (50)

.2oo7 ~) .:.,.c.. ,364'-"" ,4c '"'l... r::- f' -~~ ei.>:JI 'c?.i..,;JI (51 J

~<J,i!,J~lGl-.>;Jj.J.;;J p:,:,~J;.f;\Jq.~i-)2.;\:;l;~~iif:&i ~,'1) .)!..; 41 J_,i; (52)

.[8:~1] ·( ~b_7/i\

238
cl· ~- ~
·II;;JL.. J ~
--- .._,\;
- i Ull· ·,I ,1\.C:...J~,UI.ii\
- <..r' '-'· <.r"""" r 'li J
~ 0~ "
J

.(~WJ ~)) .:,§

.J:::'')\.h] I ~ ~, .J ) y _r.&- ..!..>~ 0 I ~ i ':Jw, )'I r# J C"j..,.. )'I IJ..,

j.WI (f ~ <./""}I J.J~ ...J?-'- w ')\.5'.J ,~.x:....JI ~~I.J ~.x:.....ll
,;_,AJI \1~4 ~WJI uP}..:.;\... ~I ..:J.JL> I~) .:,1 "l[ ._All il,>- J
~.J )_,.,..l4 c.>~'JI ~ \..... ,......;;I_,.JI ~c)! '1[ ~>y J ~I 0),>
:r eiWI :r y:- >~[.)s- ;_.~I ;.J> ~ 01 ~ ·(' j')\.)1 C"j..,.. )'I
~I.J ,WJI.J ,~ cr ,;_.~I ~ W1 >~!.)s- .wL:l •)_,.,..ll c?.-1
JH '1 .1! IJ.., .J .~ ;_..J lW I ..}X l...:.,1 ~I 0~ .1!.J .c.> _,.:.1 ~ cr
~ ~
tt.:.. >~! .}s- .wl...; l.a;l c} '~..WI ilS:.>-1 J ..:;l_r.::A::]I Jl>->)
" II- ,

~
.~l.}s-

~')L..')/1 ..:;IS.rJI ;.J>- 7

~ 01 ..:J.JL> I~[\,...~ ;51 0~ 01 ..,_.':Jw,)'l ..:;IS_rll 0L:. :r

'l.J .\_,6:- '1 4..,....; 0~ 0\; .. _,....t, r-lWI c).J ~~ J ,~ V"\:JI
'~ ;;_,.;')\>.I i .J..l!.J , i ':}w. j\l i .r..l.;:- :U:..... c::..; IS I~ l '1! ..!11~ i L,AJI ~
.i.,:.t; 01 ~ .0~ )'I ;..l! ~~I.J ..,?.";L>..II.J c}>-IJ.ll t!.rJI ~.J
'1 ·~ 4 J.lk.,..;'ll <..r' 0.J} ~ ~) ..:;l-,--:-..lll....L1010l,->J4
~4 0_r.WI >~I Jo->JI cr _r.s::ll J')\;.:. cr '~J.;;; '1[ ~ 01 ~
,\i:- i>.J..!>..o ..:;IS_rll o-4J .;.,..l::...]l .,,WI.J .,_All >)_,.JI 01 ~.J .~I.J
01 ~; c::..;IS 1~! v4}.J1 t!' .J ~ ~ cs 3)>.1.o.:ll J WL,...ll ~ '1 .:,),>
:..!...<>LWI ~.J ~.J 4'~ l....L1 J &

.._, ~ \.... ~ _;{\ ~ 0i JJ\...:i y')I..,;JI "'-'IS.r-JI 0i ..c,..>JI ~ :.r-"" cS7- (53)
:)>;1 .4JI.!.<'i & c.i ~i e"JJ ~IJJ 4J~lb:-! '-:"l..-i ,e..i l..i..J .\.>;)_,..
V ')\.., ;J I _p.lJ ~WI ~I :0JJ; .r." 'if'-y._'jl .f.'.! I .Je~ ·:.r-"" ,..c,..>JI ~ -
.9-198'-"' 'i 1996

239
._).&. ~J ''-""l:JI ~ ~1J 4'~)Jl _)} iJ~ I.Ji ~ - i
;_,J..,:. <../' •-4' '~ t,;i <.r (>\.....)'I ~ crll ..,.. Ul 4.,> ~\'I .r.:! L......l I

.sW).j ~; <?.u1 )_,:.11 0~ ,..!.lJ~ iJJ, <.r -4'~ w ..i ~ J'>\k;~l

.!lt Jo¥ crll ..,_. j\..... )'I .U JJJ L; .i j ')\]I ~_r.ll ..1 iJ§..... c:rJ 4>~ ._).&.
W)l cr __.;>\'1 .WI iJJ> cr ~ iJ\ ~ ~ ,~\; _}) ..::...l5_,.JI
e Y. 0~ ...? :d.<. Jl_r.. jr- ~:-A J ·rj\..... )'I L.,L>- .B cr11 ._,.~\'1
..li ~ iJ K.J I C.r' Y4JI ,..w I ..!.U.U .j ~\'I _,.....J I ~ ..,.. j\..... )'I ..::..> l5_,.J I
<.,.1!1 J~1 cr ~I ~ ~lh::..l I~)> ·J_,..;JI ._).&. ~JJ_,....; 1.1... iJ§..._ ~
,:-;;: ~ .f. A.:,.;~) :iJT_,.ill J_;. ·r-"Jj,.. iJJ.L...,... .:r.il,JI iJ~ ,..,.[5
J5" :01 ..151 01 (Toynbee) ._,.,:..;_,:.) ~ ;ur il~~/i~:< ~
..liJ [249 ;_;,JIJ(
J:~ ··r+*' iJ~ >1)\'1 C.r' ;_,;...... ..::...L,li1 Jl ~..t,.- >1)1 i f l.!.:. ~
~~I <.,.1!\'1 ~ L..~J ( l" . .!lt ;..1:~1 ;L,>JI ~__,1 c)j e·~.JI
54

..::...l5~ ~J_,..;JI ~L; -~l,;l ~~ ~ ~ ~I J4 iJ~ ,4')~

L>JJ 4---..i:J J~ ~I ;,~)J il_;:;-- ~I ...,..L..::S'IJ ,4')~ ..::...!.;) ,iJ~j ,..,..j\..... )'I
·'r~ ~WI L>JJJ ,L., .r-"4-
\ _) J \'I .y ;;_,.....,\ J4' ~ ,<.,; l!J I ..,.. j\..... )'I ..::... l5_,.J I ~_,] J\ t:\ - ":"
..,_.·'YI ~ .L,<.AJ4 L>>L.a:!~l -<.?4 ~I .LZJ ~I ~ ~ ~ ~~
- -
~ ~I J:_,...::ll )ly ;,~jJ ,.I_;.JJ ;,y.JI J~ ~I <>.l;!J ,__,wiJ
J>- .j ,iJ K. )'I J..li , ;~ L..l\J , C..r" l>J I) _,.J I J..-.!1J J..-.ll <.7') i f
4:SJ dy§..._ ~ J1 ~ lyl51~) w _};:JIJ~ ''-""l:.JI ~ ..::...~
,;(..~I ~ .l.A...iJI 4....).•_. cr --4 ~ ,L.,-l> J ..!.ll~ ~ ~ ~

1.1...J .._,;._;J I 1-4-J lp lh::..l ._....,;~ <.7' l>J I t lk.aJ I >) y ..l.!.>- .UJ L.... J

;L,> ~ ~ ~ ...;_,.... rj\.....>'l·l,>-1 iJ1.!llj>j ~ r.~ ~~ . .;_,. .

'-""l:.JI r .,..WI J..;L..:ll ];_;..; .j ~L..; ,~ ~ iJ§....J ' r l

(54) Toynbee, A Study of History, abridgement by D. C. Somervell,Volume 2, p. 364.

240
r ~~ ._.-~>- y.; ~ yll ..:..I~ ~1.)1 u :r .~L;.r. ill -~~ ci
'e.r.aJI_, <....;r.JI ~ ci ~L..; ......_,.... t.. -..::..l).•...!.ll,ft-' ~r "..1>-_,
-~ ou)l_, J..WI_, ~_r.ll iy>-\11 iJ~ ~j)_,...ll iJ\....)'1 <.lL..J V'.}-J

c_~)'l ~ c?.-1 :y JWI 0~ iJ\ ~ ,~L:.J\ ~)_,\11 t..1- C

c) !l I;:.!>')\] ~ \.:.. '1 , c/' }J I I-4J .iJ L.; )'I J _,A>_, ~I ~? _, cr' l,-J I
~ .J14-# ~ ..;\_r.:<- ...::..>1) l~).!.ll~ ~ .Ji ~ .oy-:.~ ..::..~t;.;:;'ll
,...,~~ e ~~_, t_i.r> <JL>- ci tr" i.)_,, ~~- ,;._ . I.L> iJ~ ~~ ~
..;\ ~J .4JIJ..>i ~c) <.lW _d- ~J 'L>y>-\11 '-:"lj>-\11 If~
,iJ\.ll)l :y .? c) :U..UI .) ) ~ ~ y iJ\ j,; ,_k,b ..::..,; _, ~ ..IJ
~ .J1_, ''-:"lj>-\11 ~ e i~.~_, ..)>- iJ~ .J14J J...a>\11 :r iJ~ .ill
~l,.;..4JI_, ..,__,l,-]1 ..::..\.:..~)'I :y LSi
. ~ <.i
. ~~L. .,)>- J ~
c} \j~ .Ji i!_,, ~ il_y_b- : ~\ ,~,L.,a::;'l\-~l...::o:-'1\ ~;:JI_,
.:U..UI
:y ..,..,')\....)'I ..::..\5'.rJI ~ '1 ,, _,,)I ~I ll.> j!.o >~) iJ_,, .:_,...;
Jl2' . . .;_,. . c?JJI_, ,._,J) Ct;:,..; c?JJI c_~)'l c?.-i :y i!_,L..::.l\ ..)>- J~l
~J...l I ..::.. l,J. I}J,.,.! \.; .:U..U I .) ) ~ ~ cj\.; ~ ...;> '._,J) (.\;:;..;
:r ~ J ,~_,All ~~\_, ~)\ ~l>J\ e:IL..a...ll_, iJ....,\..OJ\ ~_pi_,
i\J>.;:....\ J')l>. .:_,...; .L..:.J\ l;I_,:JI ..::..\~ ..::..l:ill ~ i~L. .J_,, c_~l
:r ...;> ,y.:!SJ\ -~1 J,..=.; :r ~ ..IJ ,~,)\ U,;i_,...ll_, ~\

c?.- )~ .:r...UI ..1-;_r.J .)W .&I iJ)/ : ~ ~I Jt> L.S 'Lf-~1 4--__,.-:.
(55)".?-WI

,..,_.')1....)'1 ..::.>~~\ ~ ~ J...a>1 !'""LA;>~)' <J_,~ it,.<)\-,

~,L,a;:;'l\_, ~4 '11_, ._._1.-1\ ..::;\.:..~)'\ ~ iJ~ t.~l ~J

:_,]2;1 ''.7-..r" >1\ CJ" r-l-'J \?Jl>.,JI o\JJ (55)

.2897 r'J ..!..;J.>. "114'-"' de •..;;L.. r::::--"" '\?JI.>..,JI ~ '\?Jl>.,ll -
.Ill r' J ..!..;J.>. "o5'-"' "c •..;;L.. r::::--"" ·r-l-' ~ , 9 ~1 -

241
o_y...UL. rlJJI 0~ .JT}ll "->):., L. t_~4 .11~_, ,)_,..JI J'J\>. :y ·~WI_,
<J<fo.JI 0-' J<} cr.:-"\; ~ ll.._, 1 ' >.~_, ~ .1_,.... <....l5' ~1 ~_,1
6

0-' ~I ~I_,:JI '-:-'b...,..\ (J'J ~ y ~_,..~:.A r-..2: '0::"~1 0::i). .:..:..... ')'\
r~ (;::" l;.r. .:Jl.~ 0-' Cl 1.~ 4,:;.>_, ..,_.. t,... _, ,~, L.a;:; I_, •¥ L...:::.:- I .::.. ~ k:-
.~I .r." k:- 0-' _,51 m r> J....!.>. 0-' ~ .Ji ._;.....riJ I Il.. .........;, Y.
~ (...r::'W..J •c.>?~~ .::..~,_, .JI.D.,JI e l.;,_, .:-L;~ .l-!.;1 - ....,
't"-' •r-!WI 0K.. U""L..>i ~) '-:-'J~ L.. 0}!..;. .:, •• I ,l\ _r.:<. C!~ !.\Jx .Ji
~ .Ji ~ cjJ L~ ~ CI_,K!..; ')' •.:,..J ,l\ .)\.; ..!.ll~ <} r-+1.;
r I'""_,..; t:S_,L 01 .~ •J-' ~ ~ 1_,...,.1 _; L,J 1.JI! , l;lS (>L ;>U .J_,....a...t:...
._,,~_;51 1~1 ,Jl::ilt_, ~~~ ~Jl;W ws::; .t:... ~_,.. ,~ -?.u'
''-:-'}JI ~ 0-' .:,..•\ ,l\_, (>L)II ~ Wl.J;, d~ ...:.J..a,.. ..;it:-' .\.:J
~~~,;,::.;.."I,~J~_E;i!~ft\1;-:ic/'l.i~p-:/_;) :<.../' 0-.•1 ,ll 0T_,.<J1 .,..._, .JI!
-40:'.1:'-l) :L.a;i .JT_,.<]I J~_, .[34 ~] ( ~-~;.tl; :t~t~~J.;-,:::;~Jr
i_,.""r~ /. Jr~' ;:b.,·;
.Y_r-'1 ~ ... 0'!-' r
. .:::B:J\1~'\c
.... IJ'! . ... j(c --'''·"1' :£ - ~k-' ~Y
Y.J u-:.... V! ~J \
:'.:..-1:·~
I _•, ,-1 J{ ,<._ •/• / , ' < " N ' " ' •/ .i"" /<
"-:-'...., """".[186 :01.r" JlJ '<. p-':11~_:,....-~.::!..lJ;;.J):ii_,A:-.;_,\J~ul,..~--s;t
,:_r
...:.,.. 0-' ~~ ~\pi .....;ri ')' .j!" :JL; ~1 !(Murad Hofmann) CIWr >I_,.
".,r-
<.S'. -'1 I-~\
'-?i- .:ws::.u .,....- ·--'\..,
~ . "l::J• _,....,. i" ~ .Ji '-!" ')\....')'\
• r.lWi
~~ ·~ ...:..;lS cjll J.olyJI ~-' ,~')L)il •.y..ll ~~ _,......~1
.
1571
"..:r::-- t,..j I_, ~X~ I_, ~..WI "-:-'J 4-::]

(57) Hofmann, Murad Wilfried. "Backwardness and the Rationality of the Muslim World.",
p. 86.

:J.:-:1-' •0-".r.-" ,.;:.,t,.a.JIJ .::.>IJ..uli.J.:< .... ~~l.foll c_~!-.r.l,- .U. •.jl_,lJI :la,i _,h;l
·il99i/Al412 ,.,.~~~~~WI ~I

242
 J.a· .11 .j c..~l ..:;...l,:;ts:..)- s
;s.r ~ ~ 0"1 ,_,.,;.JL: 'A-' ~~ J c~~ ..::;l,;K-1 J~
~~ .:.11.:...> J .0'11 ~~ ~~ J~ i~ 600 chi 0J..l..l>- e,r.l L>..!.;,r. 0\S ~I Jl,:;JI
...,_., t,...J I ~ ~ J\J I E" I) L>..~:>-i ".!.ll; ~ y ~I :.:......, WI ..::; I~_;...] I cr
<:,S'_;:]I ~t,...JI J \.,?) J d':/1~ '-?~I~ ~I JJ..JI 0'11 e:"'i ..IJ J
oj,ri l,?lll C~IJ \f.JJJ "11 ~\;..;;~1 .)1 il...,a;~l; -'4JI ii;:JI .lr.- '~
..::;~JJi W' ,.slJIJ ,..::;l;l>.::;~l c) ._..')I...., )II~ yll J:, ~IJ 4li..WI ""'?
- - -
,"~')\..,.)'1 ..::;~_r..::ll cr ~~~ cr-" ,(Economist) ..::.......oy~)'l ~
i~\.0 jA ,..!..l)~ J...:>J ,t,.~t-:,;IJ \.,?) ~l,.. _j "<.::,L..,.. cJy" .:.....~:>-iJ
~ ...,_.;~ .)1-...:.;;,... ,\:. ; 4JWJ ~ ._. ~ ·~ JjJ (SsJ •• ~\:; c~l.i
~J ,e,r.JJI.~ ~ J ~\...... L..I.L.J .<:;jl_,...ll J i: )J ~li -<:,)WI
30 .i:..o .}J"11 i r.ll i-'>-IJ <:; l>- ..::; 1:_,::..-..o .}1~I J ..v... i..!.;..l.!. ~
•_r.1JI cr J l...i..>i '-:..... 4:-- ..Jl> '•..~.;..~;:- •y:l ) J...,.o1cr \.,?; 1.1. :_!.-. JjJ .'-:.....
J~ ~ ~p J~ '..,?_;:] J4)11._;.....JI ~l:JI ~) JjJ .~UI
.
~ JJ..UI JA:JI JJ..~:...,.o ~ ili' 1.1. ·i2005J i2004 .,...~ J L;_,:...... %8
(S )".JJ""' ..IJ ._f_;:ll ~t-:,;~l.b-" 04 J_,ill
9

c:'_,:...ll CJ'J ,~_;...., Cii-'4JI cr ~~ J 0J~I i~l ~ ..ul

.,_.')\....,)'I 0 1-'4JI ~ 0 ~ , ..!..ll:, ~ cJ "N- J . -.....A.; _,-.J I 0J _,>-\ ._;1: 0i
..::;\.....l,.. ~~1 J ~_rJI 4-<..JJ ,~"11 c)..,-JI :f ~I Jj ~_;;
.)! ~l....; ~4 J~l .s..J iy.:!S' ~}I ~bjl W' .lf:>-1 ,,1 j.....;
~~J Ci§J-4 ~ I.L.J ,..::;L;~I cr ~~ ~ ~ "~J ~"

(58) The Economist, 18 September 2004 and 22 January 2005, p. 13 and 32 respectively.

};;I •<)'_,:)I 'LA'! I J;. l,J. .e.ill J _,.ill ~ _;5I ;JJ"" J;. (?\1')\) (59)
- International Monetary Fund (IMF). Turkey at the Crossroad: From Crisis Resolution
to EU Accession.

243
, , 1'- "'

~.r l..JZ j,A::-JI ~ .:JI JyoWI .J-"J .<:,....l,.-ll <:,....L>......ll ~WI

1;1• w I:· I! ....;
.;-' r"-! ,;;_.,')\....,~I
- • .:Jiilll
. ~ <.!' ~I
-- W.l - ...UI
- _,..,..., .»-'·
.j ;.1>-T ;;,...t,...JI ~ r. ')\]1 0\J d~J .'-'illj ~lyi..;~) ~~IJ.,:..-1 -=-.;IS
..::... yA~jl if! '~)I ~l:...,a.\1 0\J.J.,ll ~J ·<.,"'')\...., )fl r-!WI .j c:-I;:JI
.).>-- , 0'JI ~.::...s>1 , (.,?>WI J <.,? _,:......l I ~~ ~ <:,.... l,-J I ~ r. ')\]I ,J..o,
ci~ I 0! ...t. \II .t.l.;_,k ~ .j 41 r ~I yi..;...U I _; L:.::; I 0\ - J-4 L..
'-;.;> J ~1_;)1 ..::.,[;.. :>l.o )fl -,...;~ _}[ ,~lyi..;...UI Y.:, <S_;> ~ ~ Y. ~ Y.
<.r ;~ ~J JJW ..::...L...._;... ~J ,y;::.....J <.,?} ,L,a.; ~~JJ ,:i.Jb...,aJI
.u;LWI '-,JL....J <,)LMJI i~ J ~UI JL.:.::S'I ~1

:..::...~~ ;~ .J" i.llW~ ~lyi..;...UI _;l:.::;l ~Y'i. 0\ .J" ..!.... ~

;;,...t,...JI '-:-'1)>\II Uilyo .j JI.J.::<- ~I .fl_;..1 .j ~l.....: 01 ~ ~ - 1

~ -=-.;IS 1;[0K....ll ..::...~l.b.i ~ LP .r. ._.b.; 01 ~ if! ,~...UIJ ~L...WI
lJ.~_;~ .r.:-"~1 ~J .t_lfl~l ._;;~t.:.... .j j.o\11 ~ _;y..!.)~ :..,..J-J
<..>...t.! 0\
<.J"'J.WI ~ ~lJ ~~)f 0_,;L...W1 4J~ if! ~~I 0\J 'i')l., )f~ l;<J.~
.J" ...;\ L..5 .J!..<l ~ ,_,; ....; r ' , '-:-'_,;J I .j <.S?. <,?..U I tj-ll .J" \f L...W IJ
)1 )fl C: r-:' ~ ~\I ,:i.J _,k::.JI ~..y..::ll u\..u:....JI ~ 01 ~I
.<.:,.WI ~lyi..;...t.ll ..::...~ <,?~..u..::ll

-if4 ~I J..W~ <.,"'')\...., )fl <.,"'l))fl r \11 !.II_;>[ .j ~l.....: 0\ ~ ~ - '-:-'

._).>. , La.i.1J ,'-:-'I j> \II JS' ._).>. ':f"'l:-J I .h;.,.,.;J I ~ r I ,lJ.JJ <.,?~ l.a::> ~I
~~l.a::>~l-~4 ~I ..::.,l,..:>l,o )fl <.r L......1J lJ\.k; J...!.' 01J '<.J"' j.,JIJ p i

- ·'\.;L
.4.........)1 I~ . . c~. L....U IJ :WI...,.iUJI
.. J

~ ~ J_,.....,..Jij ~Y> <Y c_l>...t.ll '-'"" .L:JI ~ 01 ~ ~-

' c
, 0"~ l.....: ....; r ' , J..;.ii ~ ._).>. J _,.....,..J I '-'"" ~ L.. r J , <,) W _;51
.1\k..; I '-:-' ~1 ..~>-1 ,W ~ ~ ..!.Ll~J , .:* W.\1 ;;,..... 1.:... 4• • ·; ~ .j
·.:*~ .r.# .j <;; wL.... 0"-"l.....:J '0--'1 .11

244
,.,.., ~I >_;\_r-ll il~l J .;:.\A:_., 'Ill (.r' .J:;...ll .)! c?>Y.. .)\ ..1: )I - ,

...;_,...., I..L._, ...,..1_, ;{'Ill ..:.-~1_;...'111 ~ il~l_, ,..:;.,i.;_,l}ll f::!'JJ

~I _r._# ~~ <.r' .;:.WI >_;\_r-ll il~l -._jl.k...JI ~l>- J- jfi_

,..,...L., \11 ._r.ll .L.;..;!J ~I ..;>l_,..ll ~J ,.,..,\11 .P .L.;..all r.- ...,~_; )J

, _,.,:-L<:l I cb-- .P \.o. j L.;..;! ~ ._;l I J L,..J I_, :Z...,_rl I J )J I ~ (.r' ~ _,
.01JJ.,.ll •-4J <.bWI 4.;ji_,:.JI_, :Z...,_rll ~I ~-'

~ .y...::J I Jj l.W I_, i.J..... WI t,; L..1J I d.,J. I)J _,.,.,)J ..1; 'II ,..!.LJ; .P •~
,~1 (.r' 4.1 _,...., ~ ~) y.-.1;~ 4-'l_?l ~ .)_, \11 .t':"l_;:; 0! 4.> )..::.JI
-~ )>JI_, 4.}>-IJ.ll ~WI e:IL,a...ll ~)!_,_, •Lf:l~ _, lo.>W .P ;_,-:N-
..:..bl...a:i'li I ..:.-1~ i f Sw._; ,i ')L., ?\] ~ ~ .) ! \.o. ).<;:;I ~ :L,;i!ll_,
;,Li;:... 'Ill L. J5 J ..:.L!.ll .P '-?)w ._;ll 4'_);.;_,,~.WI
~JJ ,~! Y'
.)! ~ .)\ ~ I..L. _, ...s_,.,:-1 .:,S'L.l J ~ ~\.; ..:.-~1_;.....1 (.r'
.J..WIJ ~I
" · · " ;;,.,....;1
.).J"' ". " .r" · I ..!.JI..~;..:....I

.1) :,1.:>.;1 .P ~J.ll_, t,;L..1JI ~lj>- \11 ~I_;...;J.ll ~ ...;_,...., d~ _,

.)! '-?, j; '-? jJ I _,..\1 I , 0 \5:.._] I (.r' c::-' _,\ ..:.. ~ \.k; (.r' 4.1 _,...., 0 _,s:; ._fJ ,4.1 J.::,...o
i')l...)'l •t,>-! 0~ ,..!.l]:, .P ;_,-:N-_, .4.>)..::.JI .1}:11 ~J ,~L.::JI i>\.;j
.tz.J~ 0A c?>WI iilil ~ ~I <.r' ~ 0! ..~;'II 0'J1 '-?Jl.:JI
JWI <J"'!J ~y ~~ (.r' 4 J.Y\ c/'-' 'c/~1 i~l_, 4.11~_, •J':>I>-1
~~ ..!.l]:, ._A...;_,....,_, ..;:.IJ.::......ll ~I~ 'ij'YJI .j':>l>-\11_, '-?~1
~ J ..~..,.o\.WI )J, <.,..-L:,.-11 ~1_, .L..J.,JI !\.),! 1:,! ~J.ll (.r' .J:;...ll
I..L. 04..~..,.o I.W I i f ..!.J ~1_, ~I ,_w _,..:......l I t.L.i;J 'II I J.J:J .u-"' _,-:]I
J i j')\\1 ~I ~ .P ~t....,.. ...;~ ,,JS" I..L. ~ j >b _;; L.~ _, .\..~; ~
J _;,S';:ll (.r' .J:;...ll ..A~~ r...u ~I ~lkll 1-.~; ~J ·i')l...)'l ~
.~1_,.._, .L..J.,JI (.r' ,~ ._:.,~l::$"

245
~ J~ ~ J.x; ..:-!~ _;.JI ,:r ~~ .:.\t:.... '<.Sr:.\ o_;~J
.~'11 .)[ ~I ·~'11 ,:r ,<w..UI ~~ ~I '->JJ.\.>. er.l o)l~
~1; i_i,~ ~; iU -I;) :.)W .J~ r .:;1 ...,....WI ,:r d.U ·c,f.4-:!)fl
• ,_.,~_;..
.[139:01_,..- JIJ ~.yu~ u_;l<>~l
·< ~ --····

246
 :~_....JI ~l_rll

)> :J_,:.:...-1 '("'!_,s:ll ,)_,All .lOW~ ._,...~I ~I .>l_;.i .L.>...o ,.j\)1 ~ -

·i 1986 ,, y-..Ui

_,Ql ..,.-JWI ~I :0,-.Gf-"" v·-:A-'jl ~I ..l,i.I.>;U ·~ ,~1 ~ -

·r1996 v-:A->'1
)..UI :r_,1.fJI '<.,!'':A-'jl .WI...) ~~'jl <_ •%'JI .-4>-i Js- ,.&\ ~ -
...::.u , '-:" t::S:1.I :<,; b ,...J I
~I :iy>WI ,.WI J,.....i ...) 0J>~IJ -1:!-¥1 ·i~l ~ ,J-.44)1 Y.\ -
·r2oo4 ,.,_,")\....)'1
...;:,.> ,~1 <./\)1 ...r-::" :iy>WI ,,Jb Y.1 ~ .i\..)'1 '.j~l ,,1> Y.i -
)> :0w '~J i':A-'jl...) ..SJ~I ~ ·J,WI ~ .L.>...o '...r"Jli Y.i -
·i 1988 ,0l,; _.Ali
,~I )> :...:.;,s01 ,.;\......)1 ~ ...) ;\_rJI .r..r-J ..L.>...o ~I ~ ,~ Y.i -
·r 199o
_,QJ ..,.-JWI ~I :l,;,;:-) ,r-L-JI j.WI :t.j\ .~1 ~ ,0L..,L Y.\ -
·r1991 ....,,..")\.....)'!
u.ro J .._,.JWI ~I :r-L-JI 01~ )1, i>IJ)'I :t.) .~I ~ ,0l..,L Y.1 -
.r2oos ,~1 .;~, :..:;..:..., ,:;..~1 c~l

247
:i.J"I.All ,._,...1~1 J,:l>- .J....>,... :~ ,JI_,..\11 ":"'l::S' .r-'I.All ¥ ) 'i'>l. cr.l -
.i I 968 , 4:J" j \'I :c,J.5J I <,.:>:.
,2.1 .;c,.<LJI .c..,kJI :i.J"WI •c#l ":"'l::S' ·":"'~ U....Y- Y.\ cr.
'i"""'l.r.l I -
....! 352

.il957 v.rJI .PI)> :i.J"WI ,..uJI J_,..,.,\ ,..~....>.,. ''f'j Y.\ -

."'->.> •c~.rJI .PI )> :i J"WI ,.,_.')l. ~I ..,.....I.WI ~_,(; ...~....>.,. ,;f' j Y.! -
,.JJ..Gr." ,.;:.,t;.a.JI_, .;:.,IJ..LOJI ~ .... '>l.~l ~I C')\.....j ·J.~ 4 ._;I,.WI -
·il991!... !412 '<.,<"'>l.)'l ~ ..,.JWI ~I :~IJ

f' ll.JI ..~....>.,. : ~ ,.,... ')l. ~I ;;,.,_,..!JI ..~..,.>La. .f' ll.JI ..~....>.,. , J_,.; ~ cr. I -
.i2001/..,1421 ,2.1 •u--lLi:JI )> :.J>J\11 '<.,?Jl..,.oJI

~.rJI L.....,;...)1 :"'-'Jr.: 'i'>l.~l ..} >W)'I bli ·~ )1 -¥ '<.?-'~

.;r -
.il980 ,2.1 •r.JI_, .;:.,l.IJJ.ll

."'->.> •:C,....WI ~I)> :"'-'Jr.: •J;i)l ~ J;l)l .J"l1 cr. J"WI-¥ •<.,?>I..LO.,JI -

,Jpj _;.r.-'. ~ .J....>,... :~ •0~~1 ..,...._!. ._,s:., Y.\ il..)'l ,~1 -

.il990 .:C,....WI ~I)> :"'->Jr.:

~I :~ •..,s}~l ~ .~L.......J cr...~....>.,. .ill-¥ Y.\ il..)'l ''-?Jl>.,JI -

.il987/..,!407 •r-WI )>:"'-'Jr.: •.,rl>)l .,rL....:JI r-'L;

,;,L....JI ·~ Jl_;.ll ._,.:;5 ~)\; .J.,~J) J')l...all .:r .l.a:...ll ..Lob- Y.l ·JI_;.JI -
, <i I.A!J I <,.:>:. :.;:.,Jr.: , ..r. ~ ..~....>.,. :~ , ( cr..U I ,_j ":"',\11 J , o_,..:...J I .JJ> I_,;;l IJ

·i 1953

.PI )> :"'->Jr.: '<.,<"~ )r.- :~ ,:U...,.~I ..::..Olfi ..Lob- _,! •.)1_;.11 -
·i 1993 ._;L:.,.UI

,,L.;,J)'I ;;,.,.t... :>1~ ,~1 .J....>,... :~ •J,WI .u..:. ..Lob- Y.\ •JI_;.JI -

,~1 ~I ¥-J <,.:>:. :i.J"WI •cr..UI i P •I.,>! ..Lob- Y.l •JI_;.JI -

·il947

."'->.> ,~.bJI _r.jl ~U... J <,.:>:. :._,.;4,)1 d J.l:.....ll ..J....>,... .ill -¥ Y.\ ,~1 -

248
,_,.,w\ ~L,ll ~ :i.r'WI ,~l:;....Ji ,~ :i,..!-1.> ·0-::"1 .4>.A '.J..~~ .:r.,l -
.i1966/.. 1386

·i1980 ,~_.,JI ..,.,l:;SJ\ )> :..::.>-'-"" 't:'. )::l\ .j j.ots::ll ..js- .:r.,..UI y- ,_,:~1 .:r.,l -
.4>.A :~ ,lj .r-J 4)' ci>~J .JJ..L\>. .f-4 ......i;_...::ll ·~ )\-¥ ,..,_,..L\>. .:r,l -
·i1951/.. 1370 ''J'>WI ,~\ ~J\:;

)..U\ :..::, -'-"" '<.?.J:y..ll ..f'..JJ> :~ ,:i....u..JI ·~ )\ -¥ ''-'J..L\>. .f. I -

.i1996/.. 1416 ,z.J. ,:i;~l

"':"' _.,.ll i~1 .j _r.>JI_, 1..t:,.JI 01_,,_, .r.-JI "':"'\:5' ·~ )\ -¥ ,..,_,..Ll>. .:r,l -
L ~..WI ~ :..::, -'-"" ,?'~I 0lkL..II '-?-'; :y \""' .r"'~ :y _, ,r._,ll_, F'-'
...::.>.> 'Jl:..,lll ..,.,l:;SJ\ )>J

~l,)l ~ :iJ'>WI ,~Lo .f-1 :.,;-- ·0-';.<JI .J:..i!. .:r, .4>.A ilo)'l ,~Lo .:r,l -
·i 1952 ,_,.,w\
. ..::.>.> ,.._WI ~ :i.r'WI ,..,:.WI .41 -¥ .4>.A _,1 ,4..\J..i .:r,l -

~L,JI ~ :iJ'>WI ,..l...a:WI ':lf.iJ ~I ':1~ ...l..>.A .1J _,ll _,1 ,..wJ .:r,l -
·i196o d.J. ,_,.,w,
)> :""'_,""" ,~-" ..r.JY' : ~ ".:.JI.f:ll ..:...>lf.i ...l...>.A .1J_,J 1 _,1 ,..wJ .:r,l -
.i1992 ,3.1. ,_;_r...JI

.4>1 i')L.)'I 6.!. cSJ\;..ill tr"="" .~\ -¥ .f. J...>.i it.. )'I '' .. ~..' .:r,l -
d.k '"""'4)1 e::U.... :"""'~)I ,~\ ~ )\ -¥ :~ ''···; .f.
.i1963-1961/.. 1383-1381

j!.~l-¥ :~ 'i')L.)'I .j ~I .~1-¥ .:r, .4>1 ilo)'l ''·'·; .:r,l -

·i 1967 ,0l,JI )> ~ :._;..!..> 'C4J
:~ ,J.:.I-:ll 0~ c)s- J,l..UI 0~ .~\ -¥ .:r, .4>1 it.. )'I ,; .. ~...:; .:r,l -
.izoo4/.. 14zs '<.?.Jy.JI cr.')> :it....u1 ,J,l>JI .4>.A .f. ..~..>-1
.1977 ,_;_,rJI )> :i~ v')L.>'' .,r4~1 J_,J..:ll c;;;. .~ ~.?.J 'i\..1 -
.i1964 ''J'>WI ,..,_,JI... i':>Lll-¥ :~ ,Jll......)1 ·r. cr._,~ ,.10,..~1 -
... 1347 ,:i;_,.,..JI ~\ ~\ :iJ'>WI ,.)_,all its:>!._?-: _,1 'if~\ -

249
..!.,>- >lj.i :~ ,~1 ..!.>l,:ll .) 1'""~1 ..!.>~ :.;1.,;.11 .JUI yl 'ci'_y.JI -
.i1979 ,;_y.JJI )> :~~)'1 •.,..-1>- ._,;.J......._, ~I
•'-::JWI ~~I ..:.>L....I.;.JJI ~:;_,..WI \t'')\....)'1 ..a.ill.) <S'_r.ll .~,~I -
·r 1962
,.,_WI )> :'-""'4)1 •J....liJ ~l:...,.aliJ o;¥1 ,_}s- ..!..>JI .~ yl ,J')\.;.)1 -
....! 407

...::.>.> •.;>L..o )> :..:;.._,~ ,~j!_;..JI Jak;JI .. ~

.. .;r. ..t..>-1 .;r..JJI ~
.. •c>_i!_;....ll
.. -
el:JI ..!.,>- :~ ,4..0]1 ~ 4.'il :i!~j .~ .;r. ..t..>-\ .;r..JJI ._;; •c,?_i!_;....ll -
·i 1994 •-~>-1}1 .;r.l )> :~ •..:.>L...,.l1
:~ ,.!J_,J.JI JJ> :U~ .!.1}-JI '":"'l::S .~ .;r. ..t..>-1 .;r..JJI ._;; •c,?_i!_;....ll -
..!.>I;:JI ~ jSr ,..,.._,.oll _;~_,JI_, ~I )> :i_,..WI ,;_,.:.~ cl::.<JI ..!.,>- ~
·r1971 ·<~~~_rAJ> ~~l
cF"" ..L..>...o :~ ,_,.._,o:JI .:_,,t...J ..,......u1 v.r .~ ~~ y1 •c,?>_,........ll -
.~~~~I:..:;.._,~ ,~1 ..!.,>- .;r..JJI

:i_,..WI ,LLJI ._,;.J....... :~ •.;r..JJIJ L,;.JJI '-:"',1 .~ ~I y1 •c,?>;_,WI -

.i 19 55 , .,.,.WI c/L,JI ._,;.J.......
._,;.J....... :iJ"WI ,~.JJI ..:.>4':i_,.IIJ ..,_Ua.l..JI its:.>'il .~~I y1 •c,?>;_,WI -
·r 1960 •.,.,.WI c~L,ll
.1962 ,..:;..L,;L;)'I ~ ~ :;y':1 ,.:)i_,all~ .._}>.\11 y\ ~I •c,?>J>_,...)1 -
Jt;_,\11 i)j_, :~,sJI ,~1 ~;-_,..!I ...,..')\....)'1 .:,_,j.!JI_, ....;t;_,'il i)j_, -
·r1983 ,z.k ,..,_.')\....)'1 .:,_,j.!JI_,

.i1990 •_i!_;..ll ..!.,>- ..!.li.JI <....~ :i~ ,,_,.a:JIJ i')\....)'1 ·~Y. ~.; •c,?_r=...ll -
)> :..::.>_,~ ,;}.~ ..L..>...o ._,;.J....... :~ ,..,...,...;:JIJ ~;:JI · ? .;r.l •c,?.;.l:....ll -
.i 1986 •.C,...WI -,.;:s:JI

..L..>...o :~ •r-1-' ~ .~WI .;r.l r-1-'

~I y1 il.. )'I •c,?.;yL:.ll -
.i1955/... 1374 •.,.,.WI c/L,JI .....--.? :i_,..WI •.)L,ll ..!.,>- >l_;.i
:ja; \t'')\....)'1 r-!WI.) ~IJ ....-w1 ....A.l>.::ll :_ ai ·~.J J_#j •.;~1 -

250
 ·r1989/..-1409 ,~..UI .:> 3 j.!JI_, ~ _r.ll rS"b......ll .....,~;J

·r 1989 ,..::...JI JT L.....r :.:>w ,:;,.;1...!..11 -.J_,..u1 ..;..I,JLo .J:l>- .)+-- ,..?_,1 -
.1981 'C~I .;,:s:.. :~_,5:!1 ,~~~ .;r. ~ .W ~ _,...J" ·4.1"'1-'J ..w... ' r -
·r1969 d..~J)II )> :..;.._,~ ,;\S)I.W .....A.._, 'c?-'W.y4)1 -

.;,:s:.. :i_,..WI ,to,WI ll> _rll ..}

. :i,o')\...)II 4S_rJI ..::.>I...,!J1 .....A.._, 'tSJW
. y4)1 -
·r1991 ,...,.._,

~I :i_,..WI ,_;>~ ..w... ..L..>-1 :~ 'C.foll ~\:S' ·r;( .;r. ~ ,..,?y4)1 -

...-1384 ,2,1, ,.<;LJI

~.WI ,..L,.;.;J r-WI .;,~ C;'~ ·-,?~1 _,]1 .J.,>- Cf. rs- Y.1 .1;,;t,.JI ,~ y4)1 -
...::.>.> ,.,.._wl ~I :oJ_,:..JI
~I .J.,>- ..~...>-\ :~ ,Jy4)1 ri.S:.>)I C;'\.:JI ...w... .&1 .J.,>- -'"':"'\ ,~ y4)1 -
·r19s7 \r.~~ ":"'I.:.S01 )> :..;.._,~ ,..;_,,_,JI

·r 1986 ,~1 )> :•..~;:- , 0Ty4.11 J~ .j ·.!.:-- ,-,..w -

:c,..JWI )..UI :._,.,;l;)l ,~L!.JI rl.o)ll J;.P ..l.,.o\.WI ~)"i .-4>-l '../_,.....,)I -
·r1992 ,zJ. ,._,.')I... )II ":-'\.:0.1

~I :i_,..WI ,:y')l.....)il '-!JJ.U :i,JWI ~IJ c.foll ·cr...UI ·~ ..w... ,~)1 -

·r1961 ,zJ. ,..,_,.......~)II
·r1993 ,..J}...JI .;,:s:.. :._,.,;l;)l 'C:'.JI.:ll ~ .Jij)l .J.,>- .;,L....; ,.jiJ..LJI -
:._,.,;l;)l 'c?j~ ~ , r>"" ,~; v~~ .!.>l.rJI bl.; .,I_,; ,:_r.SY-' -
·r 1983 ,:y")l... )II , _,...._, cr. ..w... rt.. )II ....,~

.!.:-- ..w... :~ \J.>.:.ll_, JWI .1'"-_.5:]1 .J.,>- .;r. ..w... ~I Y.\ '../~::..-,~I -
·r 1961 ,~1 '-11,.11 ~ :i_,..WI '../~
:-,..1>- 'i~ Y.\ Ci.::4JI .J.,>- :~ ,..,_s:JI ~\:S' .~I cr. ..w.,. , .ji.,.,..!J I -
·r 1977 ,:y")l... )II ..::,.~ _,.,k.JI .;,:s:..

...::.>.> ,~ ..~...>-\ ..L,.o>JI .J.,>- :iJ">WI ,~1 C;'I.=:JI .cr...UI J~ ,.)>_,..ll -

.96 <..)"' '2 e:'

251
·~I )> :..:;.,_,~ ,.!J_,.wl_, r--l:il ~_;\; ·f.? cr. ..w.... F. y,l •<.,?_,.kll -
·i 1979
,~1 )> :~> 'rs" .f. .11 ~J rs- ;L,>\ ·<.,?.JI.k:JaJI ..r--G_, ·Js- ''-?-'l.k:JaJI -
·i 1959
:..:;.,_, ~ , <.,?:,y- \11 ;c.;.,.; ~ ~ ''-?.\.._rll t'~ ·..s-:? cr. ..w.... i Lo )'I ''-?.\.._rll -
...::.>.> '<-1-_,...11 '-7-'l::SJI )>
y,\ ~ ..w.... :~ ..!l,.WI ~..1"'" ·<.,?~1..1))1 ..w.... ~ y,\ ,~_,1 )JI -
·i 1994 ,~UJI <,__......JI )..UI :i _,..WI , ~
·~ uiJ\ ~lk.. :~> •..!:~1 ~_,; .j c/''i-)'1 ...WI ..~.o.>\ ~ ,l>;)l -
·i 1967 ' --:--!,\11
·il996 ,~1 )>:~>,~..WI~ .j ...WI_, jWI ..~.o.>\ ~ ,l>;)l -

252
Abu El-Fadl, Khaled. "Tax Farming in Islamic Law (Qabalah and Daman
of Kharaj): A Search for a Concept." Islamic Studies, Islamabad, spring,
1992, p. 5-32.
Abdullah, Ali Ahmad. Al-Shakhsiyyah al-J'tibariyyah fi al-Fiqh al-
Islami (Legal Peronality in Islamic Jurisprudence). Khartoum, Sudan: Al-
Dar al-Sudaniyyah li al-Kutub, (n.d).
AbuSulayman, AbdulHamid. Crisis in the Muslim Mind. Yusuf Tala!
Delorenzo (tr.), Virginia, USA: International Institute of Islamic Thought,
1993.
Aghnides, Nicholas P. Mohammedan Theories of Finance with an
Tntroduction to Mohammedan Law and a Bibliography. New York:
Columbia University, 1916.
Ahmad, Mumtaz (ed.). State Politics and Islam. Washington: American
Trust Publications, 1986.
Ahmad, Qazi Kholiquzzaman (ed.). Socio-Economic and Indebtedness-
Related Impact of Micro-Credit in Bangladesh. Dhaka: Bangladesh
Unnayan Parishad, 2007.
Ahmed, Habib. Role of Zakah and Awqaf in Poverty Alleviation. Jeddah:
Islamic Research and Training Institute/ Islamic Development Bank,
Occasional Paper No. 8, 2004.
Algar, Hamid. "The Oppositional Role of the 'Ulama' in Twentieth Century
Iran." In Nikki R. Keddie (ed.), Scholars, Saints, and Sufis. Berkeley:
University of California Press, 1972.
Allouche, Adel. Mamluk Economics: A Study and Translation of A/-
Maqrizii's lghathah. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1994.
Ansari, Zafar Ishaq "The Contribution of the Qur'an and the Prophet to the
Development of Islamic Fiqh." Journal of Islamic Studies, July, 1992.
Arani, S. "Iran: From the Shah's Dictatorship to Khomeini's Demagogic
Theocracy." Dissent, winter 1980, p. 9-26.
Arberry, A. J. Revelation and Reason in Islam. London: George Allen
and Unwin, 1957.
Arberry, A. J. The Koran Interpreted. London: Oxford University Press,
1964.

253
Arnaldez, R. "Falsafa." The Encyclopedia of Islam. Leiden: Brill, new
ed., 1971, Volume 2, p. 769-775.
Arrow, Kenneth J. "Observations on Social Capital." In Partha Dasgupta
and Ismail Serageldin (eds.), Social Capital: A Multifaceted Perspective.
Washington, D.C.: The World Bank, 2000, p. 3-5.
Arrow, Kenneth J. "Social Responsibility and Economic Efficiency." Public
Policy, Volume21, 1973,p. 303-17.
Arsalan, Amir Shakib. Our Decline and its Causes. M.A. Shakoor (tr.),
Lahore: S. M. Ashraf, 1962.
Asad, Muhammad. The Principles of State and Government in I slam.
Gibraltar: Dar al-Andalus, 1982.
Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Research Economics, "Japanese
Agricultural Policies." Policy Monograph, No: 3, Canberra, Australia,
1988.
Badawi, Abdurrahman. "Muhammad ibn Zakariyya al-Razi." In M.
M. Sharif (ed.), A History of Muslim Philosophy. Wiesbaden, Otto:
Harrasowitz, 1963, Volume I, p. 434-49.
Baeck, Louis. The Mediterranean Tradition in Economic Thought.
London: Routledge, 1994.
Bairoch, Paul. "International Industrialization Levels from 1750 to 1980."
The Journal of European Economic History, Rome, Italy, 1982, p. 269-
333.
Barrow, Robert, and Rachel McCleary. Religion and Economic Growth.
Harvard University, April, 8, 2003.
Behrens-Abouseif, Doris. "Waqf." In Encyclopedia of Islam. Leiden:
Brill, 2002, Volume II, p. 59-109.
Ben Shemesh, A. Taxation in Islam. Translation of Kitab al-Kharaj by
Qudamah ibn Ja'far (d. 337/948) as Volume I, 1965, Yahya ibn Adam (d.
203/818) as Volume 2, 1967, and Abu Yusuf (d. 1821798) as Volume 3,
1969, Leiden: E. J. Brill; and London: Luzac.
Berkey, Jonathan. The Transmission of Knowledge in Medieval Cairo: A
Social History of Islamic Education. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University
Press, 1992.
Besley, Timothy and Robin Burgess. "Halving Global Poverty." Journal of
Economic Perspectives, 17: 3, summer, 2003, p: 3-22.

254
Besley, Timothy. "Political Selection." Journal of Economic Perspectives,
19: 3. Summer, 2005, p. 43-6o.
Binder, Leonard. Ideological Revolution in the Middle East. New York,
Leiden: Brill, 1964.
Bjorkman, W. "Maks." In Encyclopedia of Islam. Leiden: Brill, 1991,
Volume 6, p. 194-95.
Bosworth, C. E. "aljuqids." In The Encyclopedia of Islam, Leiden: Brill,
1995, Volume 8, p. 936-73.
Boulakia, Jean David C. "Ibn Khaldun: A Fourteenth Century Economist."
Journal of Political Economy, September/October, 1971, p. 1105-1118.
Bowles, Samuel, and Herbert Gintis. "Social Capital and Community
Governance." The Economic Journal, November, 2002, F419-F436.
Brandel, Fernand and Frank Spooner. "Prices in Europe from 1450 to
1750." In E. E. Rich and C. H. Wilson (eds.), The Cambridge Economic
History of Europe, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1967,
Volume 4, p. 374-486.
Brenner, Robert. "Feudalism." The New Palgrave Dictionary of
Economics, London: Macmillan, 1987, Volume 2, p. 309-16.
Bulliet, Richard W. The Case for Islamo-Christian Civilization. New
York: Columbia University Press, 2004.
Burtt, Edwin A. The Metaphysical Foundations of Modern Science.
Garden City, New York: Doubleday, 1955.
Cahen, Claude. "Buwayhids or Buhids." The Encyclopedia of Islam,
Leiden: Brill, 1986, Volume 1, p. 1350-7.
Cahen, Claude. "Kharaj in the Central and Western Islamic Lands." The
Encyclopedia of Islam, Lei den: Brill, 1990, Volume 4, p. I 030-4.
Cahen, Claude. "Economy, Society, Institutions". In P. M. Holt, Ann
Larnbton and Bernard Lewis (eds.), The Cambridge History of Islam.
Cambridge: The Cambridge University Press. 1970, Volume 2, p. 511-38.
Chapra, M. Umer. "Challenges Facing the Islamic Financial Industry."
In M. Kabir Hassan and Mervyn Lewis (eds.), Handbook of Islamic
Banking, Northampton, MA, USA: Edward Elgar, 2007, p. 325-357.
Chapra, M. Umer. Islam and Economic Development. Islamabad: The
International Institute ofislamic Thought, 1993.

255
Chapra, M. Umer. I slam and the Economic Challenge. Leicester, UK:
The Islamic Foundation, !992.
Chapra, M. Umer. The Future of Economics: An Islamic Perspective.
Leicester, UK: The Islamic Foundation, 2000.
Chapra, M. Umer. The Islamic Welfare State and its Role m the
Economy. Leicester, UK: The Islamic Foundation, 1979.
Chapra, M. Umer. Towards a Just Monetary System. Leicester, UK: The
Islamic Foundation, 1985.
Checkland, S. G. "Industrial Revolution." The New Palgrave Dictionary of
Economics. London: Macmillan, 1987, Volume 2, p. 811-15.
Cizakca, Murat. A History of Philanthropic Foundations: The Islamic World
from the Seventh Century to the Present. Istanbul: Bogazici University
Press, 2000.
Cizakca, Murat. The Comparative Evolution of Business Partnerships.
Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1996.
Clark, Ramsey. Interview with Impact International. London, UK,
December 10, 1997.
Cook, M.A., (ed.). Studies in the Economic History of the Middle East
from the Rise of Islam to the Present Day. London: Oxford University
Press, 1970.
Dasgupta, Partha, and Ismail Serageldin. Social Capital: A Multifaceted
Perspective. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank, 2000.
De Boer, T. J. The History of Philosophy in Islam. Edward R. Jones (tr.),
London: Luzac, 1970.
Desai, M. "Demand for Cotton Textiles in Nineteenth Century India." The
Indian Economic and Social History Review, December, 1971, p. 33T36l.
Desfosses, Helen, and Jacques Levesque (eds.). Socialism in the Third
World. New York: Praeger, 1975.
Dobb, M. Studies in the Development of Capitalism. London: Routledge
and Kegan Paul, 1946.
Durant, Will. The History of Civilization. New York: Simon & Schuster,
1954.
Durant, Will. The Story of Philosophy, New York: Washington Square
Press, 1970.

256
Dutton, Yasin. "The Introduction to Ibn Rushd's Bidayat alMujtahid."
Islamic Law and Society, August, 1994.
Economist, The. The Knowledge Factory: A Survey of Universities. 4
October, 1977.
Economist, The. Turkey's Booming Economy: Babacan's Miracle. 22,
January, 2005, p. 32.
Economist, The. Why Europe Must Say Yes to Turkey. 18, September,
2004, p.l3.
Ehrenkreutz, A. S., Halil Inalcik and J. Burton-Page. "Dar al-Darb." The
Encyclopedia of Islam, Leiden: Brill, 1991, Volume 2, p. 117-21.
Eickelman, Dale. The Middle East: An Anthropological Approach.
Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1989.
Ellison, Christopher. "Religious Involvement and Subjective Well-being."
Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 31:1, 1991, p. 80-99.
Esposito, John L. The Islamic Threat: Myth or Reality? Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 1992.
Esposito, John L. (ed.). The Oxford History of Islam, Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 200 I.
Esposito, John L., and John D. Vol!. Makers of Contemporary Islam, 2nd
Ed, New York: Oxford University Press, 200 I.
Essid, M. Yassine. A Critique of the Origins of Islamic Economic
Thought. Leiden: Brill, 1995.
Etzioni, Amitai. "Religious Civil Society is Antidote to Anarchy in Iraq
and Afghanistan." The Christian Science Monitor, I April, 2004, www.
csmonitor.com/2004/040 I /p0950 1-coop.htrnl.
Etzioni, Amitai. The Moral Dimension: Towards a New Economics.
New York: The Free Press, 1988.
Faroghi, Suraiya. "Crisis and Change." In Halil Inalcik and Dovald Quataert
(eds.), an Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, 1300-
1914. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994, p. 411-636.
Friedman, Benjamin. Moral Consequences of Economic Growth. New
York: Knopf, 2005.
Fukuyama, Francis. Trust, Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity.
New York: Free Press, 1995.

257
Garde!, L. "Ilm al-Kalam." The Encyclopedia of Islam, Leiden: Brill,
new ed., 1971, Volume 3, p. 1141-50.
Gibb, H. A. R. Modern Trends in Islam. Chicago: University of Chicago
Press, 194 7.
Gibb, H. A. R. Studies on the Civilization of Islam. London: Routledge
and Kegan Paul, 1962.
Gibbon, Edward. The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman
Empire. (Edited by J. B. Bury), abridged in one Volume by D. M. Low,
New York: Harcourt Brace, 1960.
Gimaret, D. "Mu'tazila" In The Encyclopedia of Islam, Leiden: Brill, new
ed., 1993, Volume 7,p. 783-93.
Gintis, Herbert. "Social Capital and Community Governance." The
Economic Journal, November, 2002, F419-F436.
Graham, R. Iran: The Illusion of Power. New York: St. Martin's Press,
1979.
Gruber, Jonathan. Religious Market Structure, Religious Participation,
and Outcomes: Is Religion Good for You?. NBER Working Paper 11377,
May, 2005.
Hall and Jones. "Wby Do Some Countries Produce So Much More Output
per Worker Than Others?" Quarterly Journal of Economics, 114 (1 ),
1999, p. 83-116.
Hallaq, Wael B. "Was the Gate ofljtihad Closed?" Journal of Middle East
Studies, March, 1984, p. 3-41.
Haque, Ziaul. Landlord and Peasant in Early Islam. Islamabad: Islamic
Research Institute, 1977.
Hepburn, Ronald. Christianity and Paradox. Loudon: C. A. Watts, 1958.
Hessen, Robert. "Corporatiou." The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics.
London: Macmillan, 1987, Volume I, p. 675-77.
Hicks, John. "Revelation." The Encyclopedia of Philosophy, New York:
Macmillan and The Free Press, 1967, Volume 7, p. 189-91.
Hilton, R. H. The Decline of Serfdom. London: Macmillan, 1969.
Hinds, M. "Mihna." The Encyclopedia of Islam, Leiden: Brill, 1993.
Hitti, Philip. History of the Arabs. London: Macmillan, 1958.
Hodgson, Marshall G. S. The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History

258
in a World Civilization. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1974.
Hofmann, Murad Wilfried. "Backwardness and the Rationality of the
Muslim World." Encounters, UK, March, 1996, p. 76-87.
Hollingsworth, J. Rogers, and Robert Boyer. Contemporary Capitalism:
The Embeddedness of Institutions. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 1998.
Holt, P M., Ann Lambton and Bernard Lewis (eds.). The Cambridge
History of Islam. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970.
Hourani, George F. Averroes on the Harmony of Religion and Philosophy.
(A translation, with introduction and notes, of Ibn Rushd's Kitab Fasl al-
Maqal with its appendix (Damimah) and an extract from Kitab al-Kashf 'an
Manahij al-Adillah, London: Luzac, 1961.
Huxley, Julian. Religion without Revelation. London: Harper, I st ed., 194 7:
2nd ed., 1957.
11
Iannaccone, Laurence. lntroduction to the Economics of Religion.'' Journal
of Economic Literature, September, 1998, p. 1465-1496.
Inalcik, Halil and Dovald Quataert (eds.). An Economic and Social
History of the Ottoman Empire, 1300-1914. Cambridge, UK:
Cambridge University Press, 1994.
Inalcik, Halil. "The Heyday and Decline of the Ottoman Empire." In P.M.
Holt, Ann Lambton and Bernard Lewis (eds.), The Cambridge History
of Islam. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1970, Volume 1, p.
324-31.
Inalcik, Halil. "The Rise of the Ottoman Empire." In P. M. Holt, Ann
Larnbton and Bernard Lewis (eds.), The Cambridge History of Islam.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1970, Volume 1, p. 295-323.
International Herald Tribune, 26 March, 1996.
International Monetary Fund (IMF). International Financial Statistics,
CD-ROM and Yearbook, 2004.
International Monetary Fund (IMF). International Financial Statistics.
April, 2007.
International Monetary Fund (IMF). Turkey at the Crossroad: From
Crisis Resolution to EU Accession. Occasional Paper No. 242 prepared
by a team led by Reza Moghadam, Washington, DC: IMF, 2005.

259
International Monetary Fund (IMF). International Financial Statistics.
Washington, DC: IMF, CD-ROM, Annual Yearbooks.
Iqbal, Muhammad. Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam.
Lahore: Shaikh Muhammad Ashraf, 1954.
Islamic Development Bank (!DB). Statistical Monograph No. 27, Jeddah:
Islamic Development Bank, May, 2007.
Issawi, Charles. An Arab Philosophy of History: Selections from the
Prolegomena of Ibn Khaldun of Tunis (1332-1406). London: John
Murray, 1950.
Issawi, Charles. "The Decline of Middle Eastern Trade, 1100-1850." In D.
S. Richards (ed.), Islam and the Trade of Asia. Philadelphia: University of
Pennsylvania Press, 1970.
Issawi, Charles. The Economic History of the Middle East. 1800-
1914. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1966.
Jansen, Marins B. "Japan, History of." The New Encyclopedia
Britannica, 15th ed., 1973-74, Volume 10.
Johnson, John W. The Military and Society in Latin America. Stanford:
Stanford University Press, 1964.
Kahf, Monzer. Shar{ah and Historical Aspects of Zakah and Awqaf.
Background paper prepared for the Islamic Research and Training Institute/
Islamic Development Bank, Jeddah, 2004.
Kaufinann, Daniel, Aart Kraay, and Pablo Zoido-Lobaton. "Governance
Matters." World Bank, Policy Research Working Paper No. 2196,
Washington, DC, 1999, (hhtp://www.worldbank.org/wbi/governance/pubs/
growthgov/btml).
Kaufinann, Daniel, and Aart Kraay. ,,Growth without Governance." World
Bank, Policy Research Paper No. 2928, Washington, DC, 2002,(hhtp://
www.worldbank.org/wbi/governance/pubs/growthgov/btml).
Kennedy, Paul. The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic
Change and Military Conflict from 1500-2000. New York: Random
House, 1987.
Khadduri, Majid. The Islamic Conception of Justice. Baltimore: Johns
Hopkins University Press, 1984.
Knack, Stephen and Philip Keefer. "Institutions and Economic Performance:
Cross-Country Tests Using Alternative Institutional Measures." Economics

260
and Politics, Vol. 7, No.3, 1995, p. 207-27
Kramer, J. H. "Geography and Commerce." In Thomas Arnold and Alrred
Guillaume (eds.), The Legacy of Islam. London: Oxford University
Press, 1952.
Kramer, J. H. "Othmanli." The Encyclopedia of Islam, Leiden: Brill, Vol.
8, p. 1995.
Kraus, P. "Ibn al-Rawandi." The Encyclopedia of Islam, Leiden: Brill,
revised edition, 1971, Volume 3, p. 905-6.
Kroeber, Alfred. Configurations of Culture Growth. Berkeley: University
of California Press, 1994.
Krueger, Alan, and Jitka Maleckova. "Education, Poverty and Terrorism:
Is there a Causal Connection?" Journal of Economic Perspectives, 17: 4,
Fall, 2003, p. 119-144.
Kung, Hans. Islam: Past, Present and Future. Oxford: One World, 2007.
Kuran, Timur. "Islam and Underdevelopment: An Old Puzzle Revisited."
Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics, March, 1997.
Kuran, Timur. "Why the Middle East is Economically Underdeveloped:
Historical Mechanisms of Institutional Stagnation." The Journal of
Economic Perspectives, 18: 3, Summer, 2004, p. 71-90.
La!, Deepak. Unintended Consequences: The Impact of Factor
Endowments, Culture, and Politics on Long-Run Economic Performance.
Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1998.
Lamb ton, Ann K. S. "Kharaj in Persia." The Encyclopedia of Jslam,
Lei den: Brill, 1990, Volume 4, p. 1034-53.
Lambton, Ann K. S. "Persia: The Breakdown of Society." In P. M. Holt,
Ann Lambton and Bernard Lewis (eds.), The Cambridge History of Islam.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1970, Volume 1, p. 430-67.
Lambton, Ann K. S. State and Government in Medieval Islam. Oxford:
Oxford University Press, 1981.
Lawson, Nigel. "Some Reflections on Morality and Capitalism." In Samuel
Brittan and Alan Hamlin, (eds.), Market Capitalism and Moral Values:
Proceedings of Section (Economics) of the British Association for the
Advancement of Science, Keele, 1993, Aldershot, UK: Edward Elgar,
1995.

261
Lewis, Bernard. "Abbasids." In The Encyclopedia of Islam, Leiden: Brill,
1960, Volume I, p. 15-26.
Lewis, Bernard. "Duyun-e- 'Umumiyye." The Encyclopedia of Islam,
Leiden: Brill, 1991, Volume 2, p. 677.
Lewis, Bernard. "Ottoman Observers of Ottoman Decline." Islamic Studies,
I, 1962, p. 71-87.
Lewis, Bernard. "Sources for the Economic History of the Middle East."
In M.A. Cook (ed.), Studies in the Economic History of the Middle East
from the Rise of Islam to the Present Day. London: Oxford University
Press, 1970, p. 78-92.
Lewis, Bernard. "The Roots of Muslim Rage." The Atlantic online, digital
edition, Parts I and II, September 1990.
Lewis, Bernard. The 2007 Irving Kristol Lecture by Bernard Lewis.
Posted on the internet 20 March 2007. http://www.aei.org/article/society-
and-culture/the-2007 -irving-kristo!-lecture-by-bernard-lewis/
Lewis, Bernard. The Middle East: 2000 Years of History from the Rise
of Christianity to the Present Day. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson,
1995.
Macintyre, Andrew. "Democracy and Markets in Southeast Asia." In
Constructing Democracy and Markets: East Asia and Latin America,
(ed. ), Los Angeles: International F arum for Democratic Studies and Pacific
Council on International Policy, Pacific Council, 1996, p. 39-47.
Maddison, Angus. Monitoring the World Economy 1 820-19 92. Paris:
OECD, Development Centre Studies, 1995.
Mahdi, Muhsin. Ibn Khaldun's Philosophy of History. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 1964.
Makdisi, G. The Rise of Colleges: Institutions of Learning in Islam and
the West. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1981.
Masud, M. Islamic Legal Philosophy: A Study of Abu Ishaq al-Shatibi's
Life and Thought. Islamabad: Islamic Research Institute, 1977.
Mauro, Paolo. "Corruption and Growth." Quarterly Journal of Economics,
Vol. 110, No.3, 1995, p. 681-712.
Mawdudi, Sayyid Abu! A 'la. Khilafat-o-Mulukiyyat. Lahore: Islamic
Publications, 1966.

262
Mawdudi, Sayyid Abu! A' la. A Short History of the Revivalist Movement
in Islam. Lahore: Islamic Publications, 3rd Edition, 1976.
Mawdudi, SayyidAbulA'la. The Islamic Movement: Dynamics of Values,
Power and Change. (ed. and translated by Khurrum Murad), Leicester,
UK: The Islamic Foundation, 1984.
Mawdudi, Sayyid Abul A'la. Tafhim al-Quran. Volume 3, Lahore:
Maktabah Ta'mir-e-Insaniyat, 1962.
McGowan, Bruce. "The Age of the Ayans." In Halil Inalcik and Dovald
Quataert (eds.), An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire,
1300-1914. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1994, p. 63T
758.
Mehmet, Ozay. Islamic Identity and Development: Studies in the Islamic
Periphery. London: Routledge, 1995.
Meyer, M. S. "Economic Thought in the Ottoman Empire in the 14th-Early
19th Centuries. Archiv Orientali, 4:57, 1989, p. 305-18.
Miles, G. C. "Dinar and Dirham." The Encyclopedia of Islam, Lei den:
Brill, 1992, Volume 2, p. 297-99 and 319-20.
Mirakhor, Abbas. "The Muslim Scholars and the History of Economics: A
Need for Consideration." The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences,
December, 1987, p. 245-276.
Morgan, D. 0. "Mongols." The Encyclopedia of Islam, Leiden: Brill,
1993, Volume 7, p. 230-5.
Mulligan, Casey, Richard Gil and Xavier Sal-i-Martin. "Do Democracies
Have Different Public Policies than Non-democracies?" Journal of
Economic Perspectives, winter, 2004, p. 51-74.
Musallam, B. E. "Birth Control and Middle Eastern History: Evidence
and Hypotheses." In Abraham L. Udovitch, The Islamic Middle East
7 00-1 900: Studies in Economic and Social History. Princeton, NJ: The
Darwin Press, 1981, p. 419-470.
Myrdal, Gunnar. Asian Drama. New York: The Twentieth Century Fund,
1968.
Nadvi, Abul Hasan Ali. Tarikh Dawat-o-Azeemat. 6 Volumes, Lucknow,
India: Majlis Tahqiqat-o-Nashariyyat-e-Islam, 1969-1984.
Nawas, John A. "A Re-Examination of Three Current Explanations for al-
Ma'mun's Introduction of the Mihna." International Journal of Middle

263
East Studies, Cambridge, UK, 1994, p. 615-29.
Nicholson, R. A. A Literary History of the Arabs. London: Cambridge
University Press, 1st ed., 1907, 1956.
11
Noland, Marcus. Religion, Culture, and Economic Performance.,,
Unpublished paper (mnoland@iie.com).
North, Douglass C. "Economic Performance through Time." The American
Economic Review, June, 1994, p. 359-68.
North, Douglass C. and Robert Paul Thomas. The Rise of the Western
World: A New Economic History. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 1973.
North, Douglass C. Institutions, Institutional Change, and Economic
Performance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
Nyazee, Imran, Ahsan Khan. The Distinguished Jurist's Primer.
Reading, UK: Garnet, 1994.
Nyazee, Imran, Ahsan Khan. Theories of Islamic Law. Islamabad: Islamic
Research Institute, 2000.
Oesterle, Dale Arthur. "Limited Liability." The New Palgrave Dictionary
of Money and Finance. London: Macmillan, 1994, Volume 2, p. 590-91.
Osman, Fathi. "The Contract for the Appointment of the Head of an Islamic
State." In Mwntaz Ahmad (ed.), State Politics and Islam. Washington:
American Trust Publications, 1986, p. 51-85.
Otaibi, Moneer M. al- and Hakim M. Rashid. "The Role of Schools in
Islamic Society. Historical and Contemporary Perspectives." The American
Journal of Islamic Social Sciences (AJISS), winter, 1997, p. 1-18.
Ozmucur, Suleyman, and Sevket Pamuk. "Real Wages and Standards of
Living in the Ottoman Empire, 1489-1914." The Journal of Economic
History, Volume 62, No. 2, June, 2002.
Pamuk, Sevket. "Money in the Ottoman Empire, (1326-1914)." In Ha!il
Inalcik and Dovald Quataert (eds. ), an Economic and Social History of
the Ottoman Empire, 1300-1914. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University
Press, 1994, p. 947-85.
Pamuk, Sevket. "The Evolution of Financial Institutions in the Ottoman
Empire, 1600-1914." Financial History Review, Cambridge University
Press, Vol. II (0 I), April, 2004, p. 7-32.

264
Pamuk, Sevket. The Ottoman Empire and European Capitalism, 1820-
1913: Trade Investment and Production. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1987.
Patten, W M. Ahmad ibn Hanbal and the Mihnah. Leiden: Brill, 1897.
Quataert, Donald. "The Age of Reforms, 1812-1914." In Halil Inalcik and
Dovald Quataert (eds. ), An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman
Empire, 1300-1914. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1994,
p. 861-943.
Qureshi, Ishtiaq Hussain. "Historiography" In M. M. Sharif (ed.), A
History of Muslim Philosophy. Karachi: Royal Book Co., 1983, Volume
2, p. 1198.
Rabie, Hassanein. The Financial System of Egypt: 564-74111169-
1341. London: Oxford University Press, 1972.
Rabie, Hassanein. "The Size and Value of the Iqta' in Egypt, 56474l/1169-
1341." In M. A. Cook (ed.), Studies in the Economic History of the
Middle East from the Rise of Islam to the Present Day. London: Oxford
University Press, 1970, p. 129-138.
Rahman, Fazlur. Islamic Methodology in History. Islamabad: Islamic
Research Institute, 1965.
Reinhart, A. Kevin. Before Revelation: The Boundaries of Muslim
Moral Thought. Albany: State University of New York, 1995.
Rheinstein, Max, and Mary Glendon. "Inheritance and Succession." The
New Encyclopedia Britannica, 15th ed., 1994, p. 638-47.
Richards, Alan. "Explaining the Appeal of Islamic Radicals." Global
Policy Briefs No. 1. Santa Cruz, CA: Center for Global, International and
Regional Studies (University of California), January, 2003.
Richards, D. S. (ed.). Islam and the Trade of Asia. Philadelphia:
University of Pennsylvania Press, 1970.
Roded, Ruth. Women in Islamic Biographical Collections from Ibn Sa' ad
to Who's Who. Boulder and London: Lynne Reinner Publishers, 1994.
Rodrik, Dani. "Goodbye Washington Consensus, Hello Washington
Confusion? A Review of the World Bank's Economic Growth in the 1990s:
Learning from a Decade of Reform." Journal of Economic Literature,
December, 2006, p. 973-987.
Ibn Khaldun. The Muqaddimah: an Introduction to History. Translated

265
from Arabic by Franz Rosenthal, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1st
ed., 1958, 2nd ed., 1967.
Rostow, W. W. The World Economy: History and Prospects. London:
Macmillan, 1978.
Sachs, Jeftfey D. "Trade and Exchange Rate Policies in Growth Oriented
Adjustment." In Vittorio Corbo, Morris Goldstein and Mohsin Khan (eds.),
Growth-Oriented Adjustment Programmes. Proceedings of a Symposium
Held in Washington, DC, February 25-27, 1986. IMFIIBRD, Washington
D.C., 1987.
Sarton, George. Introduction to the History of Science. Washington, DC:
Carnegie Institute, 3 volumes issued between 1927 and 1948, the 2nd and
3rd each in two parts.
Saunders, John J. (ed.). The Muslim World on the Eve of Europe's
Expansion. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1966.
Schatzmiller, Maya. Labour in the Medieval Islamic World. Leiden: Brill,
1994.
Schweitzer, Alfred. The Philosophy of Civilization. New York: Macmillan,
1949.
Sezgin, Fu'ad. Science and Technology in Islam. Frankfurt: Institut fur
Geschihte der Arabisch-Islamischen Wissenschaften, 2004.
Sharif, M. M., (ed.). A History of Muslim Philosophy. Wiesbaden, Otto:
Harrasowitz, 1963.
Shihabi, Mustafa al-, eta!. "Filaha." The Encyclopedia of Islam. Leiden:
Brill, 1965, Volume 2, p. 899-910.
Sirowy, Larry, and Alex Inkles. "The Effects of Democracy on Growth and
Inequality: A Review." Studies in Comparative International Development,
25, 1990, p. 125-126.
Solow, Robert M. "Notes on Social Capital and Economic Performance."
In Partha Dasgupta and Ismail Serageldin (eds. ), Social Capital: A
Multifaceted Perspective. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank, 2000, p.
6-10.
Sorokin, Pitirim. Social Philosophies of an Age of Crisis. Boston:
Beacon, 1951.
Spengler, Joseph. "Economic Thought in Islam: Ibn Khaldun." Comparative
Studies in Society and History. April, 1964, p. 268-306.

266
Spengler, Oswald. Decline of the West. New York: AlfredA. Knopf, 1947.
Spuler, Bertold and R. Ettinghausen. "Ilkhans." The Encyclopedia of Islam,
Leiden: Brill, 1986, Volume 3, p. 1120-7.
Taibi, M. "Ibn Khaldun." The Encyclopedia of Islam, Leiden: Brill, 1986,
Volume 3, p. 825-31.
Tibawi, A. L. "Muslim Education in the Golden Age of the Caliphate."
Islamic Culture, Hyderabad, 1954, p. 418-38.
Toynbee, Arnold. Industrial Revolution. Boston: Beacon Press, 1961. (First
published as Lectures on the Industrial Revolution in England, 1884).
Toynbee, Arnold J. A Study of History, abridgement by D. C. Somervell,
London: Oxford University Press, 1957.
Toynbee, Arnold J. A Study of History. London: Oxford University Press,
2"' ed. 1935.
Udovitch, Abraham L. Partnership and Profit in Medieval Islam.
Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1970.
Udovitch, Abraham L. The Islamic Middle East 700-1900: Studies in
Economic and Social History. Princeton, NJ: The Darwin Press, 1981.
Urvoy, Dominique. Ibn Rushd. Olivia Stewart, (tr.), London: Routledge,
1991.
Usmani, Muhammad Taqi. An Introduction to Islamic Finance. Karachi:
Idaratul Ma" arif, 1998.
Vaglieri, Laura. "The Patriarchal and Umayyad Caliphates." In P.M. Holt,
Ann Lambton and Bernard Lewis (eds.), The Cambridge History of Islam.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1970, Volume 1, p. 57-103.
Valiuddin, Mir. "Mu'tazilism." In M. M. Sharif(ed.), A History of Muslim
Philosophy. Wiesbaden, Otto: Harrasowitz, 1963, Volume 1, p. 199-
220.
Van Den Bergh, Simon, (tr.), Averroes' Tahafut al-Tahafut (The
Incoherence of the Incoherence). Cambridge, UK: The Gibb Memorial
Trust, 1954, reprinted in 1969 and 1987 by Luzac and Co., London, 1954.
Vol!, John D. Islam: Continuity and Change in the Modern World, 2nd
Ed, Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1994.
Watson, Andrew M. "A Medieval Green Revolution: New Crops and
Farming Techniques in the Early Islamic World." In Abraham L. Udovitch

267
(ed.), Partnership and Profit in Medieval Islam. Princeton, NJ: Princeton
University Press, I 970, p. 29-58.
Watson, Andrew M. Agricultural Innovation in the Early Islamic World:
The Diffusion of Crops and Farming Techniques: 700-1100. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, I 983.
Watt, W Montgomery. "Muhammad". In P. M. Holt, Ann Lambton and
Bernard Lewis (eds.), The Cambridge History of Islam. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press. I 970, Volume I, p. 30-56.
Watt, W. Montgomery. Muslim Intellectual: A study of Al-Ghazali.
Edinburgh: University Press, I 963.
World Bani<. Economic Growth in the 1990s: Learning from a Decade of
Reform. Washington, DC: World Bank, 2005.
World Bani<. World Development Report. (1982, 1997).
Zaheer, A., B. Me Evily and V Perrone. "Does Trust Matter: Exploring
the Effects of Inter-organizational and Impersonal Trust on Performance."
Organization Science, 1998, p. 141-159.
Zaman, M. Qasim. Religion and Politics under the Early Abbasids.
Leiden: Brill, I 997.
Zebiri, Kate. Mahmud Shaltut and Islamic Modernism. New York:
Oxford University Press, I 993.
Zurayk, C. K. "Jami'a." The Encyclopedia of Islam, Leiden: Brill, 1992,
Volume 2, p. 422-27.

268
 Ill .100,99,92 ..J:::!Y~\
226 d32 d30 d04 dOl o74 r_\.::.;)1\ 166 d65 d54 d53 d49 -,?..GJI)I .,:r.l
•82 •81 •30 o29 •28 ,}9 ,9 ~\ .1~\
.237 d86 d74 d71 d70 d65 d64 ~ ..:,r.l
244 .236 .218 .205 .203 .91
250
92 .91 ,j"*>-'J1 J')l.,..;'jl
,42 o41 o40 .39 ,24 d9 .16 d5 ,9 ,:, 1 ..11>. _:r.\
41 _,.J.c'JI •
·53 ·52 .sJ .so .49 .48 .47 .45 o44 .43
d25 d22 d 11 o85 •84 o83 •78 ,73 ,71 4J.JJi
.n .64 .63 .62 ,61 .6o .s9 .s6 .ss .s4
140 d38 d37 d29
.tzs .122 .t05 d04 .to3 ,93 ,gz ,91
d45 d44 d43 d 16 ,93 ,go .89 .83 ._;uJ~I
,}98 ol74 •165 <.164 ,\39 ,\27 .126
251 .219.218.204 d94 d93
249 .246 ,243 .216 .211 .205
d65 d64 d63 d62 d61 d60 d49 J...!,_) .,:r.l
250 d72 .166
173 d25 d10 d09 ,70 ~_,J ~)~.r.
148 ~ ..:.r.l
89 .88 .86 .85 .84 .83 ;_)~\
249 .90 cr.~ls. .,:r.l
219 .:r--1~&,
157 -e~'JI ~I y.l
195 d 16 .99 ~_r.l\
236 , 76 !l1;'J1
141 ~~~
169,88 c_l...,-~1
86 JWI..:.,
227 .226 ·224 .223 .ss .83 ~~~~
172 d64 d60 ..:.r.:~~l
21s .211 d9o .1o ,j"*>-'JI c')\.,~1
o94 ,93 ,92 d6 d4 d3 ,9 if::L.)II t:'->L:.ll
.232 .231 .223 .222 .ts4 '-!""WI c_~)ll
•203 d99 d97 .138 d03 d02 dOO
241
220
.53 .52 ,47 .32 ,30 .23 d9 d8 ,4 ~L,.ci';il
.227 d29 .121 d 13 .86 .84 .78 .n o..>~l
d35 d34 d 13 .83 ·77 .65 .62 .60
251
243 .214 ,201 d37
200.16 ~~~
211 ,61 ~I >WI
188 .136 .64 .53 .52 ...r~';1\ if \...a;.! I
.202 .91 .90 .87 • 77 .64 .35 .21 .zo ~#
62 .!;.c,.ll ~'>ISJI >W'YI

245 .244
53 _;1.....,_;...11 >W'YI
,92 ,91 .s9 .84 .n .67 .64 .63 ,35 ,9 ~~ 224 "-""\k;~l
.122 dOl ,70 ,35 ,29 ~.21 .20 d5 d3 4...~1
d40 d39 d35 d29 d28 dl9 dl1
d77 d76 d71 d69 d57 d43 d29
d76 d74 d45 d44 d43 d42 d41
.217 .210 .209 ,zoo d95 d93 d88
251 .248 .220 .zoo d 80
.227 .226 .224 .222 .221 .220 ·218 235 .84 ~.......i
Ill dOO ,99 ,92 .Jy.y~\
240 .233

269

d57 d53 d52 .ISO d48 d46 c.r.='')I..WI

172 d66 d64 d58
J 159 d5s d57 d4s d47 r'>ISJI ~
244 ,243 ~WI ~ ~ ')UI d87 d78 d75 d02 o97 ~.96 ,92 ,55 ~kWI