Article

Journal of Vibration and Control

2016, Vol. 22(5) 1276–1287

Study of radial vibrations in cylindrical ! The Author(s) 2014

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bone in the framework of transversely DOI: 10.1177/1077546314536595
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isotropic poroelasticity

Malla Reddy Perati and Sandhya Rani Bandari

Abstract
In this paper, a cylindrical thick-walled hollow bone filled with marrow is modeled as a transversely isotropic poroelastic
thick-walled hollow cylinder filled with a fluid, and analytical solutions for radial vibrations in the same have been
obtained. Considering the boundaries to be stress free, frequency equations are obtained in the cases of bone without
marrow and bone with marrow for permeable and impermeable boundaries. Limiting the case when the ratio of
thickness to inner radius is very small is investigated numerically. The accessible information of bony material has
been used for the numerical evaluation. Attenuation versus ratio of outer and inner radii of bone at various anisotropic
ratios are computed. Phase velocity and group velocity are computed as a function of wavenumber. These values are
depicted graphically and then discussed.

Keywords
Attenuation, bone, frequency equation, group velocity, poroelasticity, phase velocity, radial vibrations, ratio of radii, wave
propagation

(Nowinski and Davis, 1971). In Nowinski and Davis

1. Introduction
The study of wave propagation in poroelastic solids, in
general, is of practical importance in the fields of engin-
eering, medicine, and geophysics, particularly, for
investigations in destructive research areas.
Poroelasticity has been widely used to model biological
tissues, such as bone, cartilage, arterial walls, and brain
as almost all tissues have some kind of fluid in their
pores. Musculoskeltal complications, namely osteopor-
osis (OP) not only affects bones mineral density (BMD)
but also quality. The major consequence of OP is a
reduction in bone density leading to bone fracture.
The strength of bone is an important parameter for
bone quality. Wave velocity and attenuation through
a bone depends on the poroelastic parameters of bone,
which are directly related to the strength of the bone.
Bone tends to exhibit linearly elastic behavior over
small strains, if not, it exhibits anisotropy (Humphrey
and DeLange, 2007). Biot’s equations (Biot 1955, 1956)
are employed to investigate the bone and the equations
are derived from the consolidation theory to investigate
wave propagation in the bones under the assumption
that bone exhibits transversely isotropic behavior
(1972), bones are modeled as anisotropic poroelastic
bodies. Cowin (1999) described fluid flow in bone tis-
sues employing the poroelasticity theory. Analytic solu-
tions for electromechanical wave propagation in a
cylindrical poroelastic long bone with cavity are stu-
died (Ahmed and Abd-Alla, 2002). Fluid flowing
through anisotropic, poroelastic bone models in the
opposite direction is investigated (Steck et al., 2003).
Dispersion of axially symmetric waves in cylindrical
bone filled with marrow is investigated under the
assumption that bone exhibits isotropic poroelastic
behavior (Malla Reddy et al., 2011). In Malla Reddy
et al. (2011), a comparative dispersive study is made
between the bone without marrow and the bone with
marrow. Gilbert et al. (2012) made a quantitative
Department of Mathematics, Kakatiya University, Andhra Pradesh, India
Received: 11 October 2013; accepted: 6 April 2014
Corresponding author:
Malla Reddy Perati, Department of Mathematics, Kakatiya University,
Warangal, Andhra Pradesh, 506 009, India.
Email: mperati@yahoo.com

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Perati and Bandari 1277

ultrasound model of the bone with blood as the inter-

stitial pore fluid where they considered the Biot model
2. Cylindrical bone without marrow
treats the medium as an elastic frame with interstitial Consider cylindrical coordinate system ðr, , zÞ with z-
pore fluid. From the classical poroelasticity perspective, axis along the axis of poroelastic cylindrical bone. Let
the following are a few papers on circular cylinders. the bone be homogeneous and transversely isotropic.
Approximate formulas for wave lengths associated Assume that z-axis is along the axis of rotational sym-
with the free vibrations of a thick-walled hollow elastic metry. Hence, in this case eight constants are involved.
cylinder are examined by McFadden (1954). The ana- The constitutive stress-strain relations for a trans-
lytical solutions for pore pressure and stress fields for versely isotropic poroelastic solid (Abousleiman and
an inclined bore hole and the cylinder are investigated Cui, 1998) are given below. The notations are adopted
(Cui et al., 1997; Abousleiman and Cui, 1998). Axially from the said reference.
and non-axially symmetric vibrations of thick-walled
2 3 2 32 3
hollow poroelastic cylinders and wave propagation in rr M11 M12 M13 0 0 0 err
an empty cylindrical bore are investigated (Malla 6  7 6 M12 M11 M13 0 0 0 76 e 7
6 7 6 76 7
Reddy and Tajuddin, 1999, 2000) in the frame work 6 7 6 76 7
6 zz 7 6 M13 M13 M33 0 0 0 76 ezz 7
of Biot’s theory of wave propagation in fluid saturated 6 7¼6 76 7
6 7 6 0 0 0 M44 0 0 76 7
porous media. Solorza and Sahay (2004) developed 6 r 7 6 76 r 7
6 7 6 76 7
expressions for torsional resonance and temporal 4 z 5 4 0 0 0 0 M55 0 54 z 5
attenuation frequencies for fully saturated poroelastic rz 0 0 0 0 0 M55 rz
circular cylinders. Poromechanic analysis of a fully 23

saturated transversely isotropic hollow cylinder is 67
made (Kanj et al, 2003; Kanj and Abousleiman, 6 7
6 07
2004). Ahmed Shah (2008) studied axially symmetric 6 7
6 7
6 0 7 p,
vibrations of fluid-filled poroelastic circular cylindrical 6 7
shells. In Ahmed Shah (2008), the frequency equations 6 7
405
of axially symmetric vibrations propagating in a fluid-
filled and an empty isotropic poroelastic bore, are each 0
investigated for pervious and impervious surfaces. p ¼ M½"  ðerr þ e Þ  0 ezz  ð1Þ
Radial vibrations of thick-walled hollow isotropic por-
oelastic cylinders are studied (Tajuddin and Shah, In equation (1), ejj and jk are strain components; jj
2010). Flexural wave propagation in coated and jk are stress components in the cylindrical coord-
poroelastic cylinders with reference to fretting fatigue inate system, respectively (Abousleiman and Cui, 1998);
is studied (Ahmed Shah, 2011). In Tajuddin and Shah p is the pore pressure,  and 0 are Biot’s effective stress
(2010), the dissipative coefficient is neglected due to the coefficients in the isotropic plane (r- plane) and in the
mathematical complexity. To the best of the authors’ z- direction, respectively; M is Biot’s modulus, " is the
knowledge, radial vibrations in thick-walled trans- variation of fluid content per unit reference volume,
versely isotropic cylindrical bone in the presence of dis- and Mjk are components of the drained elastic modulus
sipation are not yet investigated. In the present which depend on E, E0 ,  0 , G and G0 . E and  are
paper, bone with marrow is modeled as a transversely drained Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio in the
isotropic poroelastic cylinder filled with fluid. The per- isotropic plane, E0 and 0 are similar quantities as that
tinent governing equations in the case of radial vibra- of E and  pertaining to the direction of the axis of
tions are derived. The frequency equations in the symmetry,G and G0 are the shear modulus related to
presence of dissipation are derived in the cases of the direction of the isotropic plane and axis of sym-
bone without marrow and bone with marrow. In a metry, respectively. The symbols  and 0 can be
limiting case, the attenuation as a function of the expressed in terms of Mjk and the bulk modulus of
ratio of radii is computed for various anisotropic solid constituents Ks and computed as in
ratios. Abousleiman and Cui (1998). Young’s modulus ðEÞ
The rest of the paper is organized as follows. In and Poisson’s ratio ðÞ (which leads to all necessary
Section 2, cylindrical bone without marrow is con- Mjk ), M and Ks are suffice to compute all the above
0
sidered. In Section 3, first behavior of waves in parameters. For given anisotropic ratios of NE ¼ EE
0
marrow independently from the solid bone is investi- and N ¼  (Kanj and Abousleiman, 2004), E0 and 0
gated, next the bone with marrow is examined. can be determined. Different NE and N ratios define
The limiting cases and numerical results are different degrees of anisotropy.
discussed in Section 4. Finally, conclusions are given The equations of motion in transversely isotropic
in Section 5. poroelastic solids in the presence of dissipation ðbÞ are

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1278 Journal of Vibration and Control 22(5)

not readily available in the literature, hence the same where u~ ður , u , uz Þ and U~ ðUr , U , Uz Þ are solid and fluid
are derived from the constitutive relations displacements, e and " are the dilatations of solid and
(Abousleiman and Cui, 1998) and equations of equilib- fluid, respectively; jk are mass coefficients.
rium, and are given below: Consider the transversely isotropic thick-walled
cylindrical bone with inner radius r1 , and outer radius
  
M11  M12 @2 1 @ 1 M44 @2 M55 @2 r2 : Non-zero displacement components of solid and
þ  þ þ fluid for radial vibrations are u~ ður , 0, 0Þ and
2 @r2 r @r r2 2r2 @2 2 @z2
    U~ ðUr , 0, 0Þ, respectively. These displacements are func-
M11  M12 @ @ 1
þ M12 þ M2 þ þ ur tions of r and time t only. Equations (2) in cylindrical
2 @r @r r
   polar coordinates when the solid and fluid displacement
M44 @ @ 1 M55 @2 uz @" components ur and Ur are independent of  and z
þ  u þ  M
2r @ @r r 2 @r@z @r reduce to
@2 @  
¼ 2 ð11 ur þ 12 Ur Þ þ b ður  Ur Þ, 1   @e @"
@t @t M11 M12
r2  2 ur þ M12 þ M2 þ M11 M 12
 M
  2 r 2 @r @r
2 M44 @2
M12 þ M þ
2r @r@ @2 @
   ¼ ð11 ur þ 12 Ur Þ þ b ður  Ur Þ,
1 M44 @ @t2 @t
þ ðM11 þ M2 Þ þ 2 ur @" @e @2 @
r r @ M  M ¼ 2 ð12 ur þ 22 Ur Þ  b ður  Ur Þ ð3Þ
  2  @r @r @t @t
@ 2@ 1
þ M44 þ 
@r2 r @r r2
2
 In equation (3), r2 is the Laplacian. The solid and
2 1 @ M55 @2
þðM11 þ M Þ þ u fluid displacement components can be evaluated from
r @2 2 @z2
  2  equation (3) representing plane harmonic vibrations. In
M55 @ @" this case, the displacements of solid ur and fluid Ur in
þ M13 þ M0 þ uz  M
2r @ @z @ the radial direction are taken as follows:
@2 @
¼ 2 ð11 u þ 12 U Þ þ b ðu  U Þ, ur ðr, tÞ ¼ f ðrÞei!t ,
@t @t
  2  ð4Þ
0 M55 @ 1@ Ur ðr, tÞ ¼ FðrÞei!t
M13 þ M þ þ ur
2 @ @z r @z
  
M55 1 @2 Substituting equation (4) in equation (3), then equa-
þ M13 þ M0 þ u
2 r @r@z tion (3) becomes
  2  
M55 @ 1@ 1 @2 02 @
2
þ þ þ þ ðM13 þ M Þ 2 uz ðM11 þ M2 Þ f  M F ¼ !2 ðK11 f þ K12 FÞ,
2 @r2 r @r r2 @2 @z
@" @2 @ M  f þ M F ¼ !2 ðK12 f þ K22 FÞ
 0 M ¼ 2 ð11 uz þ 12 Uz Þ þ b ðuz  Uz Þ,
@ @t  @t ð5Þ
@" @ @ 1
M  M þ ur
@r @r @r r Solving the above equations, there is obtained
 
M @ @ 1 @ @2 uz
 þ u  M0
r @ @r r @r @r@z F ¼ X21  f  X22 f ð6Þ
2
@ @
¼ 2 ð12 ur þ 22 Ur Þ  b ður  Ur Þ, where
@t @t
 
M @" M @ @ 1 M @2 u M0 @2 uz
 þ ur   MM11 MK11 þ MK12
r @ r @ @r r r @2 r @@z X21 ¼ , X22 ¼ ,
!2 ðMM
12  M22 Þ MK12 þ MM22
@2 @
¼ ð12 u þ 22 U Þ  b ðu  U Þ, d2 1 d 1
@t2 @t ¼ 2þ  2 ð7Þ
  dr r dr r
@" @ @ 1 M @2 u @2 uz
M  M þ ur   M0 2
@z @z @r r r @ @z @z
Substituting F into equation (5), there is obtained
@2 @
¼ 2 ð12 uz þ 22 Uz Þ  b ðuz  Uz Þ,
@t @t 2 f þ X23 f1 þ X24 f ¼ 0 ð8Þ
ð2Þ

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Perati and Bandari 1279

where where
 
ðM11 þ M2 ÞM22 þ MM11  MK12 2
X23 ¼! 2
, A11 ðrÞ ¼ ðM
21 ð1  Þ
MM11 r
 
K11 K22  K212 1
X24 ¼ !2 :  ðM11 þ M12 þ 2Mð  1ÞÞJ1 ð 1 rÞ
MM11 2
þ ðM
21 ð  1Þ  ðM11 þ Mð  1ÞÞÞ 1 J1 ð 1 rÞ,
Equation (8) can also be written as 2
A21 ðrÞ ¼ ðM
21 þ MÞJ1 ð 1 rÞ þ ðM
21 þ MÞ 1 J1 ð 1 rÞ,
r
2 f þ ð 12 þ 22 Þ f þ ð 12 22 Þ f ¼ 0 ð9Þ
A12 ðrÞ,A22 ðrÞ are similar expressions as A11 ðrÞ,A21 ðrÞ
where and 12 22
are given by þ 12 22 ¼ X23 , 12 22 ¼ X24 .
with J1 , J2 replacedby Y1 , Y2 ,respectively,
Equation (9) can also written as
A13 ðrÞ,A23 ðrÞ are similar expressions as A11 ðrÞ,A21 ðrÞ
ð þ 12 Þ f ¼ 0, ð þ 22 Þ f ¼ 0 ð10Þ
with 1 ,
1 replacedby 2 ,
2 ,respectively,
Solving equation (10), there is obtained f for 1 and 2 . A14 ðrÞ,A24 ðrÞ are similar expressions as A11 ðrÞ,A21 ðrÞ
Similarly, F can be obtained. Substituting these in equa-
tion (4), the displacement components are as follows. with J1 , J2 , 1 ,
1 replacedby Y1 , Y2 , 2 ,
2 ,respectively
ð14Þ
ur ðr, tÞ ¼ ðc1 J1 ð 1 rÞ þ c2 Y1 ð 1 rÞ þ c3 J1 ð 2 rÞ þ c4 Y1 ð 2 rÞÞei!t ,
The stress-free boundary conditions in the case of a
Ur ðr, tÞ ¼ ðc1
21 J1 ð 1 rÞ þ c2
21 Y1 ð 1 rÞ
permeable boundary of thick-walled hollow (without
þ c3
22 J1 ð 2 rÞ þ c4
22 Y1 ð 2 rÞÞei!t ð11Þ marrow) bone are

where c1 , c2 , c3 and c4 are arbitrary constants, ! is the rr þ p ¼ 0, p¼0 at r ¼ r1 and r ¼ r2 ð15Þ
frequency of wave, Jn and Yn are Bessel functions of
first and second kind of order n, respectively, and In the case of impermeable boundary, there follows

j , j ð j ¼ 1, 2Þ are
@p
! rr þ p ¼ 0, ¼0 at r ¼ r1 and r ¼ r2 ð16Þ
j2 @r

2j ¼ ðMK11 þ MK12 Þ  MM11
!2
Equations (13) and (15) together give a system of
 ðMK12 þ MK22 Þ1 , ð j ¼ 1, 2Þ, four homogeneous equations in four constants
ðL 1 þ L 2 Þ1=2 ðL 1  L 2 Þ1=2 c1 , c2 , c3 and c4 . In order to obtain a non-trivial solution
1 ¼ , 2 ¼ , of this system, the coefficients matrix must be singular.
L3 L3
Accordingly, the frequency equation for permeable
L 1 ¼ !2 ððM11 þ M2 ÞK22 þ MK11 þ 2MK12 Þ, boundary is
   2
L 2 ¼ !4 M11 þ M2 K22 þ MK 11 þ 2MK12  
 A11 ðr1 Þ A12 ðr1 Þ A13 ðr1 Þ A14 ðr1 Þ 
1  
 A ðr Þ A22 ðr1 Þ A23 ðr1 Þ A24 ðr1 Þ 
 4!2 MM11 ðK11 K22  K212 Þ 2 ,  21 1
 ¼0 ð17Þ
1  A11 ðr2 Þ A12 ðr2 Þ A13 ðr2 Þ A14 ðr2 Þ 
L3 ¼ ð2MM11 Þ2 ð12Þ 
 A ðr Þ A22 ðr2 Þ A23 ðr2 Þ A24 ðr2 Þ 
21 2
In equation (12), K11 ¼ 11  ib! , K12 ¼ 12 þ ib! and
K22 ¼ 22  ib! : Similarly, the frequency equation for impermeable
Using these displacement components into stress- boundary is
displacement relations (Biot, 1956), the relevant stress
 
rr and fluid pressure p are obtained, which are  A11 ðr1 Þ A12 ðr1 Þ A13 ðr1 Þ A14 ðr1 Þ 
 
 B ðr Þ B ðr Þ B ðr Þ B ðr Þ 
 21 1 22 1 23 1 24 1 
rr ¼ ðc1 A11 ðrÞ þ c2 A12 ðrÞ þ c3 A13 ðrÞ þ c4 A14 ðrÞÞei!t ,  ¼0 ð18Þ
 A11 ðr2 Þ A12 ðr2 Þ A13 ðr2 Þ A14 ðr2 Þ 
 
p ¼ ðc1 A21 ðrÞ þ c2 A22 ðrÞ þ c3 A23 ðrÞ þ c4 A24 ðrÞÞei!t  B ðr Þ B ðr Þ B ðr Þ B ðr Þ 
21 2 22 2 23 2 24 2
ð13Þ

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1280 Journal of Vibration and Control 22(5)

where, For a non-trivial solution, the matrix of coefficients

must be singular. Accordingly, the frequency equations
2
B21 ðrÞ ¼ ðM
21 þ MÞ 1 J2 ð 1 rÞ, in the case of a permeable boundary is
r
 0 
B22 ðrÞ are similar expressions as B21 ðrÞ with J2  A11 ðr1 Þ A012 ðr1 Þ A013 ðr1 Þ A014 ðr1 Þ 
 
replaced by Y2 , respectively,  A0 ðr Þ A022 ðr1 Þ A023 ðr1 Þ A024 ðr1 Þ 
 21 1
B23 ðrÞ are similar expressions as B21 ðrÞ with 1 ,
1  ¼0 ð23Þ
 A11 ðr2 Þ A12 ðr2 Þ A13 ðr2 Þ A14 ðr2 Þ 
replaced by 2 ,
2 , respectively, 
 A ðr Þ A22 ðr2 Þ A23 ðr2 Þ A24 ðr2 Þ 
B24 ðrÞ are similar expressions as B21 ðrÞ with J2 , 1 ,
1 21 2
replaced by Y2 , 2 ,
2 , respectively.
If the transverse isotropy effect is neglected, that is, where
poroelastic cylindrical bone is isotropic, the frequency
equations (17) and (18) coincide with that of the paper A011 ðrÞ ¼ A11 ðrÞ!=cf J1 ðr!=cf Þ þ f !2 J0 ðr!=cf ÞJ1 ð 1 rÞ,
(Tajuddin and Shah, 2010).
A012 ðrÞ ¼ A12 ðrÞ!=cf J1 ðr!=cf Þ þ f !2 J0 ðr!=cf ÞY1 ð 1 rÞ,
A013 ðrÞ ¼ A13 ðrÞ!=cf J1 ðr!=cf Þ þ f !2 J0 ðr!=cf ÞJ1 ð 2 rÞ,
3. Cylindrical bone with marrow
A014 ðrÞ ¼ A14 ðrÞ!=cf J1 ðr!=cf Þ þ f !2 J0 ðr!=cf ÞY1 ð 2 rÞ,
Bone marrow is a key component of the circulatory
A02j ðrÞ ¼ A2j ðrÞ, j ¼ 1, 2, 3, 4
system, producing the blood cells that support the
body’s immune system. It is a kind of fluid resembling ð24Þ
blood, which behaves like a non-Newtonian thinning
fluid. For the radial vibrations in the marrow, the dis- The frequency equation in the case of an imperme-
placement potential function  satisfies the wave able boundary is
equation:
 0 
 A11 ðr1 Þ A012 ðr1 Þ A013 ðr1 Þ A014 ðr1 Þ 
 
@2  1 @ 1 @2   B ðr Þ B ðr Þ B ðr Þ B ðr Þ 
þ ¼ ð19Þ  21 1 22 1 23 1 24 1 
@r2 r @r c2f @t2  ¼0 ð25Þ
 A11 ðr2 Þ A12 ðr2 Þ A13 ðr2 Þ A14 ðr2 Þ 
 
 B ðr Þ B ðr Þ B ðr Þ B ðr Þ 
where cf is the velocity of the sound in the marrow. 21 2 22 2 23 2 24 2
The solution  is given by  ¼ J0 ðr!=cf Þei!t : The pres-
2
sure pf ð¼ f @@t2 Þ and radial displacement Dr ¼ @
@r are The frequency equations (17), (18), (23) and equation
computed. The ratio of the pressure to radial displace- (25) will be examined numerically in a limiting case.
ment is

pf f !2 J0 ðr!=cf Þ 4. Numerical results

¼ ð20Þ
Dr !=cf J1 ðr!=cf Þ In the presence of dissipation ðbÞ, each element of fre-
quency equations (17), (18), (23) and equation (25) con-
The boundary conditions to be satisfied on the sur- sist of Bessel’s functions and the argument of Bessel
faces r ¼ r1 and r ¼ r2 to be stress-free in a bone filled functions are complex valued, hence giving mathemat-
with marrow for a permeable boundary are ical complexity in numerical evaluation. To reduce
complexity, the limiting case is considered. The limiting
rr þ p pf case when rh1  1, (i.e. 1 r1 , 1 r2 , 2 r1 , 2 r2  1) is con-
¼  , p ¼ 0, at r ¼ r1 and rr þ p ¼ 0,
u Dr sidered so that asymptotic approximations for Bessel’s
p ¼ 0 at r ¼ r2 ð21Þ function (Abramowitz and Stegun, 1965) can be used.
Under this condition, cylindrical bone reduces to thin
The first boundary condition presents a condition at cylindrical poroelastic shell type bone. The frequency
the fluid-solid interface, while the other conditions equation in the case of bone without marrow for a per-
remain the same as in the earlier section. The boundary meable boundary is
conditions for the impermeable boundary are
 
 C11 ðr1 Þ C12 ðr1 Þ C13 ðr1 Þ C14 ðr1 Þ 
 
rr þ p pf @p  C ðr Þ C22 ðr1 Þ C23 ðr1 Þ C24 ðr1 Þ 
¼ , ¼ 0, at r ¼ r1 and rr þ p ¼ 0,  21 1
u Dr @r  ¼0 ð26Þ
 C11 ðr2 Þ C12 ðr2 Þ C13 ðr2 Þ C14 ðr2 Þ 
@p 
¼ 0 at r ¼ r2 ð22Þ  C ðr Þ C22 ðr2 Þ C23 ðr2 Þ C24 ðr2 Þ 
21 2
@r

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Perati and Bandari
0
where pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiCjl ðrÞ ¼ cjl ðrÞ þ icjl ðrÞ, j ¼ 1, 2 ; l ¼ 1, 2,
3, 4, i ¼ 1: The expressions for cjl ðrÞ, c0jl ðrÞ,
j ¼ 1, 2, j ¼ 1, 2, 3, 4, are expressed in Appendix A.
Similarly, the frequency equation in the case of bone
without marrow for an impermeable boundary is
 
 C11 ðr1 Þ C12 ðr1 Þ C13 ðr1 Þ C14 ðr1 Þ 
 
 D ðr Þ D ðr Þ D ðr Þ D ðr Þ 
 21 1 22 1 23 1 24 1 
 ¼0
 C11 ðr2 Þ C12 ðr2 Þ C13 ðr2 Þ C14 ðr2 Þ 
 
 D ðr Þ D ðr Þ D ðr Þ D ðr Þ 
21 2 22 2 23 2 24 2
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
where D2l ðrÞ ¼ d2l ðrÞ þ id02l ðrÞ, l ¼ 1, 2, 3, 4, i ¼ 1:
The expressions for d2l ðrÞ, d02l ðrÞ, l ¼ 1, 2, 3, 4, are
expressed in Appendix A. Under the condition,
h
r1  1, cylindrical bone with marrow reduces to thin
cylindrical poroelastic shell type bone with marrow.
Skull, nasal, hip bone, shoulder blades and ribs are of
shell type. These bones are thin and generally curved
and have red bone marrow rather than both red and
yellow bone marrow. The frequency equation (23) in
the case of bone with marrow for permeable bound-
ary after substituting the asymptotic approximations
would be
 
 P11 ðr1 Þ P12 ðr1 Þ P13 ðr1 Þ P14 ðr1 Þ 
 
 P ðr Þ P ðr Þ P ðr Þ P ðr Þ 
 21 1 22 1 23 1 24 1 
 ¼0
 C11 ðr2 Þ C12 ðr2 Þ C13 ðr2 Þ C14 ðr2 Þ 
 
 C ðr Þ C ðr Þ C ðr Þ C ðr Þ 
21 2 22 2 23 2 24 2
where P1lp ðrÞffiffiffiffiffiffi¼ffi p1l ðrÞ þ ip01l ðrÞ, P2l ðrÞ ¼ C2l ðrÞ, l ¼ 1, 2,
3, 4, i ¼ 1: The expressions for p1l ðrÞ, p01l ðrÞ,
l ¼ 1, 2, 3, 4 are given in Appendix B. Similarly, the
frequency equation for an impermeable boundary is
 
 P11 ðr1 Þ P12 ðr1 Þ P13 ðr1 Þ P14 ðr1 Þ 
 
 D ðr Þ D ðr Þ D ðr Þ D24 ðr1 Þ 
 21 1 22 1 23 1
 ¼0
 C11 ðr2 Þ C12 ðr2 Þ C13 ðr2 Þ C14 ðr2 Þ 
 boundary case, respectively. Figure 1 depicts the vari-
 D ðr Þ D ðr Þ D ðr Þ D24 ðr2 Þ 
21 2 22 2 23 2
where the expressions P1l ðrÞ, D2l ðrÞ, C1l ðrÞ, l ¼ 1, 2, 3, 4
are given in Appendix A and B. The frequency equa-
tions (26)–(29) are investigated numerically. The mater-
ial constants M11 , M12 , M13 involves E, E0 ,  and 0 . The
values of Young’s modulus ðEÞ, Poisson’s ratio ðÞ,
Skempton pore pressure coefficient ðBÞ, undrained
Poisson’s ratio ðu Þ and dissipative coefficient are
respectively taken to be 14.58 Gpa, 0.32, 0.4, 0.33,
and 0:17  106 Gpa/m2, respectively, as suggested in
Cowin (1999). In Steck et al. (2003), it is assumed that
the anisotropic ratios of bone vary in the neighbour-
hood of one. The bulk modulus of solid constituents
ðKs Þ and the Biot’s modulus ðMÞ can be determined
Downloaded from jvc.sagepub.com at University of York on June 5, 2016
1281
from the following relations (Kanj and Abousleiman,
2004):
Bð1 þ u ÞE
Ks ¼ ,
3Bð1  2Þð1 þ u Þ  9ðu  Þ
B2 ð1  2Þð1 þ u Þ2 E
M¼ :
9ð1  2u Þð1 þ Þðu  Þ
ð27Þ The values of mass coefficients jk are computed as
in Nowinski and Davis (1972).
The velocity of sound in marrow ðcf Þ and density of
marrow ðf Þ are taken to be 93 m=s and 900 kg=m3 ,
respectively (Malla Reddy et al., 2011). Employing
these values in the frequency equations, an implicit rela-
tion between complex frequency ð!Þ and the ratio
ðg ¼ rr21 Þ is obtained. The attenuation coefficient (Q1 )
(Solorza and Sahay, 2004) is given by
2Imð!Þ
Q1 ¼ ð30Þ
Reð!Þ
The phase velocity ðcp Þ and group velocity ðcg Þ are
given by
cp ¼ Real part ð!=kÞ ð31Þ
d!
cg ¼ ð32Þ
ð28Þ dk
Attenuation against the ratio ð gÞ is computed in the
cases of bone without marrow and bone filled with
marrow for permeable and impermeable boundaries.
Phase velocity and group velocity are computed as a
function of wavenumber in the case of bone without
marrow for a permeable boundary. The numerical
values are depicted in Figures 1–6. The notations
Bwm, Bwom, Per and Imp used in the figures to repre-
sent the bone with marrow case, bone without marrow
ð29Þ case, permeable boundary case, and impermeable
ation of attenuation against the ratio ð gÞ when the
anisotropic ratios NE ¼ 1 and N ¼ 0:5 in the cases of
bone without marrow and bone with marrow for per-
meable and impermeable boundaries. From this figure,
it is clear that the attenuation values in the case of bone
with marrow are, in general, greater than that of bone
without marrow in the case of a permeable boundary.
Also, it is seen that the attenuation values in the case of
bone with marrow are, in general, less than that of bone
without marrow in the case of an impermeable bound-
ary. That is, the trend is reversed for an impermeable
boundary. Figure 2 shows the attenuation values
against the ratio ð gÞ when the anisotropic ratios
N ¼ 1 and NE ¼ 0:5 in the cases of bone without
marrow and bone with marrow for permeable and
1282 Journal of Vibration and Control 22(5)

Bwom, Per
5 Bwm, Per
4.5 Bwom, Imp
Bwm, Imp
4
3.5
Attenuation
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
1.1 1.15 1.2 1.25 1.3 1.35 1.4 1.45 1.5
Ratio (g)

Figure 1. Variation of attenuation against the ratio ð gÞ when the anisotropic ratios NE ¼ 1 and N ¼ 0:5 in the cases of bone
without marrow and bone with marrow for permeable and impermeable boundaries.

Bwom, Per
12
Bwm, Per
Bwom, Imp
10
Bwm, Imp

8
Attenuation

0
1.1 1.15 1.2 1.25 1.3 1.35 1.4 1.45 1.5
Ratio (g)

Figure 2. Variation of attenuation against the ratio ð gÞ when the anisotropic ratios N ¼ 1 and NE ¼ 0:5 in the cases of bone
without marrow and bone with marrow for permeable and impermeable boundaries.

impermeable boundaries. From Figure 2, it is observed
that attenuation values in the case of bone with marrow
are, in general, less than that of bone without marrow
in the case of a permeable boundary. It is also seen that
attenuation values in the case of bone with marrow are,
in general, greater than that of bone without marrow in
the case of an impermeable boundary. From Figures 1
and 2, it is clear that the nature of surface does have an
influence over attenuation values in the cases of bone
without marrow and bone with marrow. Figures 3 and
4 depict the variation of phase velocity and group vel-
ocity with wavenumber ðkÞ in the case of bone without
marrow for a permeable boundary when the ratio
g ¼ 1:1. From Figures 3 and 4, it is observed that
phase velocity and group velocity values at anisotropic
ratio N ¼ 0:5 are, in general, greater than that of
values at N ¼ 0:75 when NE ¼ 1 and values at
NE ¼ 0:5 are, in general, less than that of values at
NE ¼ 0:75 when N ¼ 1. Figures 5 and 6 depict the
variation of phase velocity and group velocity with
wavenumber ðkÞ in the case of bone with marrow for
a permeable boundary when the ratio g ¼ 1:1. From
Figures 5 and 6, it is seen that phase velocity values
at anisotropic ratio N ¼ 0:5 are, in general, greater
than that of values at N ¼ 0:75 when NE ¼ 1 but
group velocity values at anisotropic ratio N ¼ 0:5
are, in general, less than that of values at N ¼ 0:75
when NE ¼ 1. Similar conclusions are made in the
case of anisotropic ratio NE ¼ 0:5, 0:75 when Nv ¼ 1.
From Figures 3–6, it is clear that, for given anisotropic
ratios, the trend of phase velocity and group velocity is
the same in the bone without marrow case but different
in the bone with marrow case. From all the figures, it is
found that dispersive behaviors in bone without
marrow and bone with marrow cases are different in
phenomena.

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Perati and Bandari 1283

NE=1, Nv=0.5
7 NE=1, Nv=0.75
Nv=1, NE=0.5
6 Nv=1, NE=0.75

Phase velocity
4
3
2
1
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Wavenumber (k)

Figure 3. Variation of phase velocity with wavenumber ðkÞ in the case of bone without marrow for permeable boundary when the
ratio g ¼ 1:1.

NE=1, Nv=0.5
4 NE=1, Nv=0.75
Nv=1, NE=0.5
3.5 Nv=1, NE=0.75

3
Group velocity

2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Wavenumber (k)

Figure 4. Variation of group velocity with wavenumber ðkÞ in the case of bone without marrow for permeable boundary when the
ratio g ¼ 1:1.

7 NE=1, Nv=0.5
NE=1, Nv=0.75
6 Nv=1, NE=0.5
Nv=1, NE=0.75
5
Phase velovity

4
3
2
1
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Wavenumber (k)

Figure 5. Variation of phase velocity with wavenumber ðkÞ in the case of bone with marrow for permeable boundary when the ratio
g ¼ 1:1.

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1284
4.5
4 Nv=1, NE=0.5
3.5
3
Group velocity
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
1 2 3 4
Wavenumber (k)
Figure 6. Variation of group velocity with wavenumber ðkÞ in the case of bone with marrow for permeable boundary when the ratio
g ¼ 1:1.
This discrepancy can be exploited in the medical
diagnosis to examine the level of bone. When the
ratio of outer and inner radii of bone is fixed, the
phase velocity values are, in general, greater than that
of group velocity in both the cases of a permeable
boundary at various anisotropic ratios. Attenuation,
phase velocity, and group velocity values are affected
with anisotropic ratios in either case.
5. Conclusion
Thick-walled cylindrical bone filled with marrow is
modeled as a transversely isotropic thick-walled cylin-
drical poroelastic cylinder filled with fluid in the frame-
work of Biot’s poroelasticity theory. The pertinent
equations of motion are derived. A comparative study
has been made between the bone without marrow and
the bone with marrow for the cases of permeable and
impermeable boundaries. The limiting case, when the
ratio of thickness to inner radius is very small, is dis-
cussed. In this limiting case, thick-walled cylindrical
bone reduces to thin shell type bone. The available
data of bony materials has been used for numerical
evaluation. Attenuation versus ratio of outer and
inner radii of bone at various anisotropic ratios are
computed. Phase velocity and group velocity are com-
puted as a function of wavenumber at various aniso-
tropic ratios in the cases of bone without marrow and
bone with marrow for a permeable boundary at various
anisotropic ratios. From the figures, it is observed that
the nature of the surface does have an influence over
attenuation values in the cases of bone without marrow
and bone with marrow. From the figures, it is also clear
that, for given anisotropic ratios, the trend of phase
velocity and group velocity is the same in the bone
without marrow case but different in the bone with
Downloaded from jvc.sagepub.com at University of York on June 5, 2016
Journal of Vibration and Control 22(5)
NE=1, Nv=0.5
NE=1, Nv=0.75
Nv=1, NE=0.75
5 6 7 8 9 10
marrow case. From all the figures, it is found that dis-
persive behaviors in bone without marrow and bone
with marrow cases are different in phenomena. This
discrepancy can be exploited in the medical diagnosis
to examine the level of bone. When the ratio of outer
and inner radii of bone is fixed, the phase velocity
values are, in general, greater than that of group vel-
ocity in both cases of permeable boundary at various
anisotropic ratios. Attenuation, phase velocity, and
group velocity values are affected with anisotropic
ratios in either case.
Funding
This research received no specific grant from any funding
agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
References
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transversely isotropic media for wellbore cylinders.
International Journal of Solids and Structures 35:
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Abramowitz M and Stegun IA (1965) Handbook of
Mathematical Functions. New York: Dover Publications.
Ahmed SM and Abd-Alla AM (2002) Electromechanical
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cavity. Applied Mathematics and Computation 133:
257–286.
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filled poroelastic circular cylindrical shells. Journal of
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poroelastic cylinders with reference to fretting fatigue.
Journal of Vibration and Control 17: 1049–1064.
Biot MA (1955) Theory of elasticity and consolidation for a
porous anisotropic solid. Journal of Applied Physics 26:
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Perati and Bandari 1285

Biot MA (1956) Theory of propagation of elastic waves in a

fluid-saturated porous solid I. low-frequency range. Appendix A
Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 28: 168–178.
Cowin SC (1999) Bone poroelasticity. Journal of 2 1
Biomechanics 32: 217–238. c11 ðrÞ ¼ ðMð1  Þa1  ðM11 þ 2Mð  1Þ
r 2
Cui L, Cheng AHD and Abousleiman Y (1997) Poroelastic
solutions of an inclined borehole. Transactions of ASME, þ M12 ÞD1 Þb1  ððM11 þ Mð  1ÞÞa2
Journal of Applied Mechanics 64: 32–38. þ Mð1  Þa3 Þb2 ,
Gilbert RP, Guyenne P and Ou MY (2012) A quantitative 2 1
ultrasound model of the bone with blood as the interstitial c12 ðrÞ ¼ ðMð1  Þa4  ðM11 þ 2Mð  1Þ
fluid. Mathematical and Computer Modelling 55:
r 2
2029–2039. þ M12 ÞD2 Þb1  ððM11 þ Mð  1ÞÞa2
Humphrey JD and DeLange S (2007) An Introduction to  Mð1  Þa6 Þb2 ,
Biomechanics: Solids and Fluids, Analysis and Design. 2
New Delhi: Springer. c21 ðrÞ ¼ ðMa1  MD1 Þb1 þ ðMa2 þ Ma3 Þb2 ,
Kanj M and Abousleiman Y (2004) The generalized Lame r
problem – part I: Coupled poromechanical solutions.
2
c22 ðrÞ ¼ ðMa4 þ MD2 Þb1 þ ðMa5 þ Ma6 Þb2 ,
Transactions of ASME, Journal of Applied Mechanics 71: r
168–179.
Kanj M, Abousleiman Y and Ghanem R (2003) c13 ðrÞ, c14 ðrÞ are similar expressions as c11 ðrÞ, c12 ðrÞ
Poromechanics of anisotropic hollow cylinders. Journal with a1 , a2 , a3 , b1 , b2 , D1 , D2 replaced by a7 , a8 , a9 ,
of Engineering Mechanics 129: 1277–1287. b3 , b4 , D3 , D4 , respectively,
McFadden JA (1954) Radial vibrations of thick walled
hollow cylinders. Journal of the Acoustical Society of a1 ¼
11 ðT11 cosð=8Þ þ T12 sinð=8ÞÞ þ
12 ðT12 cosð=8Þ
America 26: 714–715.
 T11 sinð=8ÞÞ,
Malla Reddy P and Tajuddin M (1999) Wave propagation for
cylindrical bore in poroelastic solid, Mathematics and a2 ¼ L1 ðcos T1 ðT13 cosð=8Þ þ T14 sinð=8ÞÞ
Statistics in Engineering and Technology (proceedings of  sin T1 ðT14 cosð=8Þ  T13 sinð=8ÞÞÞ,
the national seminar on recent trends and advances of
a3 ¼ ðT13 cosð=8Þ þ T14 sinð=8ÞÞð
11 l1 cos T1
Mathematics and Statistics in Engineering and
Technology, Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad, þ
12 l1 sin T1 Þ  ðT13 cosð=8Þ þ T14 sinð=8ÞÞ
November 28–29, 1997), Amares Chatopadhyay (Ed.),  ð
11 l1 cos T1 þ
12 l1 sin T1 Þ,
Narosa, pp. 47–51.
Malla Reddy P and Tajuddin M (2000) Exact analysis of the
a4 ¼
11 ðT21 cosð=8Þ þ T22 sinð=8ÞÞ þ
12 ðT24 cosð=8Þ
plane strain vibrations of thick-walled hollow poroelastic
cylinders. International Journal of Solids and Structures 37:  T23 sinð=8ÞÞ,
3439–3456. a5 ¼ l1 ðcos T1 ðT23 cosð=8Þ þ T24 sinð=8ÞÞ
Malla Reddy P, Sandhya Rani B and Tajuddin M (2011)
Dispersion study of axially symmetric waves in cylindrical  sin T1 ðT24 cosð=8Þ  T23 sinð=8ÞÞÞ,
bone filled with marrow. International Journal of a6 ¼ ðT23 cosð=8Þ þ T24 sinð=8ÞÞ
Biomathematics 4: 109–118.  ð
11 l1 cos T1 þ
12 l1 sin T1 Þ  ðT24 cosð=8Þ
Nowinski JL and Davis CF (1971) Propagation of longitu-
dinal waves in circularly cylindrical bone elements.  T23 sinð=8ÞÞð
11 l1 sin T1 
12 l1 cos T1 Þ,
Transactions of ASME, Journal of Applied Mechanics 38: rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
578–584. 2
Nowinski JL and Davis CF (1972) The flexure and torsion of b1 ¼ ðcos2 ð=8Þ  sin2 ð=8ÞÞ1 sinð3=4Þ,
l1  r
bones viewed as anisotropic poroelastic bodies. rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
2
International Journal of Engineering Science 10: b2 ¼ ðcos2 ð=8Þ  sin2 ð=8ÞÞ1 ,
1063–1079. l1  r
Solorza S and Sahay PN (2004) Standing torsional waves in a
fully saturated, porous, circular cylinder. Geophysical D1 ¼ T11 ðcosð=8Þ þ T12 sinð=8ÞÞ,
Journal International 157: 455–473. D2 ¼ T21 ðcosð=8Þ þ T22 sinð=8ÞÞ,
Steck R, Niederer P and Melissa KT (2003) Fluid flows  
through anisotropic, poroelastic bone models in the 2 2 14 1 1 d2
l1 ¼ ðd1 þ d2 Þ , T1 ¼ Tan ,
opposite direction to that through analogous isotropic 2 d1
models. In Proceedings of Summer Bioengineering !2 ðM11 þ M2 Þ22 þ M11 þ 2M12
Conference, Key Biscayne FL, June 25–29. d1 ¼ þ l2 cos T2 ,
2ððM11 þ M2 ÞM  2 M2
Tajuddin M and Shah SA (2010) Radial vibrations of thick-
walled hollow poroelastic cylinders. Journal of Porous
Media 13: 307–318.

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1286 Journal of Vibration and Control 22(5)

!bððM11 þ M2 Þ þ Mð1 þ ÞÞ b3 , b4 are similar expressions as b1 , b2 with l1

d2 ¼ þ l2 sin T2 ,
2ððM11 þ M2 ÞM  2 M2 Þ replaced by l3 ,
 
1 1 d4
l2 ¼ ðd23 þ d24 Þ4 , T2 ¼ Tan1 , D3 ¼ T31 cos =8 þ T32 sin =8,
2 d3
D4 ¼ T41 cos =8 þ T42 sin =8,
d3 ¼ !4 ððM11 þ M2 Þ22 þ M11 þ 2M12 Þ2
a10 , a11 , a12 are similar expressions as a4 , a5 , a6 with
b2 T21 , T22 , T23 , T24 , l1 , T1 , b1 , b2 replaced by T41 , T42 ,
þ 2 ðM11 þ M2 þ M  2MÞ2 Þ
! T43 , T44 , l3 , T3 , b3 , b4 , respectively,
21 ,
22 are similar
 4!2 ð11 22  212 Þ, expressions as
11 ,
12 with l1 , T1 replaced by l3 , T3 ,
respectively,
2b
d4 ¼ 4!bð11 þ 212 þ 22 ÞM11  ððM11 þ M2 Þ22
! a13 ¼
11 ðT12 cos =8  T11 sin =8Þ
þ M11 þ 2M12 ÞðM11 þ M2 þ M  2MÞ, 
12 ðT11 cos =8 þ T12 sin =8Þ,
M11 þ M12  MM11 l21
cosð2T1 Þ=! 2
a14 ¼ L2 ðsin T1 ðT13 cos =8 þ T14 sin =8Þ

11 ¼ ,
M12 þ M22 þ cos T1 ðT14 cos =8  T13 sin =8ÞÞ,
MM11 l21 sinð2T1 Þ=!2 a15 ¼ ðT14 cos =8  T13 sin =8Þð
11 L1 cos T1

12 ¼ ,
M12 þ M22
þ
12 L1 sin T1 Þ þ ðT13 cos =8 þ T14 sin =8Þ
T11 ¼ sinðl1 cos T1 rÞ coshðl1 sin T1 rÞ
 ð
11 L1 sin T1 
12 L1 cos T1 Þ,
 cosðl1 cos T1 rÞ coshðl1 sin T1 rÞ, D5 ¼ T12 cos =8  T11 sin =8,
T12 ¼ cosðl1 cos T1 rÞ sinhðl1 sin T1 rÞ D7 ¼ T32 cos =8  T31 sin =8,
þ sinðl1 cos T1 rÞ sinhðl1 sin T1 rÞ,
T13 ¼ sinðl1 cos T1 rÞ coshðl1 sin T1 rÞ c13 ðrÞ, c14 ðrÞ are similar expressions as c11 ðrÞ, c12 ðrÞ with
a1 , a2 , a3 , b1 , b2 , D1 , D2 ,
11 ,
12 replaced by a7 , a8 , a9 ,
þ cosðl1 cos T1 rÞ coshðl1 sin T1 rÞ, b3 , b4 , D3 , D4 ,
21 ,
22 , respectively, c23 ðrÞ, c24 ðrÞ are
T14 ¼ cosðl1 cos T1 rÞ sinhðl1 sin T1 rÞ similar expressions as c21 ðrÞ, c22 ðrÞ with a4 , a5 , a6 ,
b1 , b2 , D1 , D2 ,
11 ,
12 replaced by a10 , a11 , a12 , b3 , b4 ,
 sinðl1 cos T1 rÞ sinhðl1 sin T1 rÞ,
D3 , D4 ,
21 ,
22 , respectively,
15
T21 ¼ x1 þ x3 þ ðð y1 x1  y2 x2 Þ  ðx3 y1 þ y2 x4 ÞÞ,  
8r 1 1 d6
l3 ¼ ðd25 þ d26 Þ4 , T3 ¼ tan1 ,
2 d5
15
T22 ¼ x4  x2  ðð y1 x4  y2 x3 Þ þ ðx2 y1 þ y2 x1 ÞÞ,
8r
15 !2 ððM11 þ M2 Þ22 þ M11 þ 2M12 Þ
T23 ¼ x3  x1 þ ðð y1 x3 þ y2 x4 Þ  ðx1 y1 þ y2 x2 ÞÞ, d5 ¼  l2 cosT2 ,
8r 2M11
15 !bððM11 þ M2 Þ þ M þ 2 M2 Þ
T24 ¼ x4 þ x2 þ ðð y1 x4  y2 x3 Þ  ðx1 y2 þ y2 x1 ÞÞ, d6 ¼  l2 sin T2 ,
8r 2M11
2
x1 ¼ cosðl1 cos T1 rÞ coshðl1 sin T1 rÞ, c011 ðrÞ ¼ ðMð1  Þa13
r
x2 ¼ sinðl1 cos T1 rÞ sinhðl1 sin T1 rÞ, 1
x3 ¼ sinðl1 cos T1 rÞ coshðl1 sin T1 rÞ,  ðM11 þ 2Mð  1Þ þ M12 ÞD5 Þb1
2
x4 ¼ cosðl1 cos T1 rÞ sinhðl1 sin T1 rÞ,  ððM11 þ Mð  1ÞÞa14  Mð1  Þa15 Þb2 ,
2 1
y1 ¼ cos T1 , y2 ¼ sin T1 , c012 ðrÞ ¼ ðMð1  Þa16 þ ðM11 þ 2Mð  1Þ
r 2
þ M12 ÞD6 Þb1  ððM11 þ Mð  1ÞÞa17
T31 , T32 , T33 , T34 , T41 , T42 , T43 , T44 are similar expres-  Mð1  Þa18 Þb2 ,
sions as T11 , T12 , T13 , T14 , T21 , T22 , T23 , T24 with l1 , T1 2
replaced by l3 , T3 , respectively, a7 , a8 , a9 are similar c021 ðrÞ ¼ ðMa13 þ MD5 Þb1 þ ðMa14 þ Ma15 Þb2 ,
r
expressions as a1 , a2 , a3 with T11 , T12 , T13 , T14 , l1 , 2
T1 , b1 , b2 replaced by T31 , T32 , T33 , T34 , l3 , T3 , b3 , b4 , c022 ðrÞ ¼ ðMa16 þ MD6 Þb1 þ ðMa17 þ Ma18 Þb2 ,
r
respectively,

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Perati and Bandari 1287

a19 , a20 , a21 are similar expressions as a13 , a14 , a15 with
D9 ¼ T21 cos =8 þ T22 sin =8,
T11 , T12 , T13 , T14 , l1 , T1 ,
11 ,
12 , D5 replaced by T31 , T32 ,
T33 , T34 , l3 , T3 ,
21 ,
22 , D7 , respectively, a22 , a23 , a24 are D10 ¼ T22 cos =8  T21 sin =8,
similar expressions as a16 , a17 , a18 with T21 , T22 , D11 ¼ T23 cos =8 þ T24 sin =8,
T23 , T24 , l1 , T1 ,
11 ,
12 , D6 replaced by T41 , T42 , T43 , D12 ¼ T24 cos =8 þ T23 sin =8,
T44 , l3 , T3 ,
21 ,
22 , D8 , respectively,
D13 ¼ T41 cos =8 þ T42 sin =8,
a17 ¼ l1 ðcos T1 ðT23 cos =8 þ T24 sin =8Þ D14 ¼ T42 cos =8  T41 sin =8,
 sin T1 ðT24 cos =8  T23 sin =8ÞÞ, D15 ¼ T43 cos =8 þ T44 sin =8,
a18 ¼ ðT24 cos =8  T23 sin =8Þ D16 ¼ T44 cos =8 þ T43 sin =8,
 ð
11 l1 cos T1 þ
12 l1 sin T1 Þ d23 ðrÞ, d24 ðrÞ, d023 ðrÞ, d024 ðrÞ are similar expressions as
þ ðT23 cos =8 þ T24 sin =8Þ d21 ðrÞ, d22 ðrÞ, d021 ðrÞ, d022 ðrÞ with l2 , T2 , D9 , D10 , D11 ,
 ð
11 l1 sin T1 
12 l1 cos T1 Þ, D12 ,
11 ,
12 replaced by l3 , T3 , D13 , D14 , D15 ,
D16 ,
21 ,
22 , respectively,
D6 ¼ T14 cos =8  T13 sin =8,
D8 ¼ T34 cos =8  T33 sin =8,
Appendix B
c013 ðrÞ, c014 ðrÞare similar expressions as c011 ðrÞ, c012 ðrÞ
with    
a13 , a14 , a15 , b1 , b2 , D5 , D6 ,
11 ,
12 replaced by a19 , ! r! r!
p11 ðrÞ ¼ J1 c11 ðrÞ þ f !2 J0 b1 D1 ,
a20 , a21 , b3 , b4 , D7 , D8 ,
21 ,
22 , respectively, c023 ðrÞ, c024 ðrÞ cf cf cf
are similar expressions as c021 ðrÞ, c022 ðrÞ with a16 ,    
! r! r!
a17 , a18 , b1 , b2 , D5 , D6 ,
11 ,
12 replaced by a22 , a23 , p12 ðrÞ ¼ J1 c12 ðrÞ þ f !2 J0 b1 D2 ,
cf cf cf
a24 , b3 , b4 , D7 , D8 ,
21 ,
22 respectively,    
! r! 0 r!
p011 ðrÞ ¼ J1 c11 ðrÞ þ f !2 J0 b1 D5 ,
2 cf cf cf
d21 ðrÞ ¼ ððM
11 þ MÞðD9 l2 cos T2  D10 l2 sin T2 Þ    
r ! r! 0 r!
p012 ðrÞ ¼ J1 c12 ðrÞ þ f !2 J0 b1 D6 ,
þ M
12 ðD10 l2 cos T2 þ D9 l2 sin T2 ÞÞ, cf cf cf
2
d22 ðrÞ ¼ ððM
11 þ MÞðD11 l2 cos T2  D12 l2 sin T2 Þ p13 ðrÞ, p14 ðrÞ are similar expressions as p11 ðrÞ, p12 ðrÞ with
r
c11 ðrÞ, c12 ðrÞ, D1 , D2 , b1 , replaced by c13 ðrÞ, c14 ðrÞ,
þ M
12 ðD11 l2 sin T2 þ D12 l2 cos T2 ÞÞ,
D3 , D4 , b3 , respectively,
2 0
p13 0
ðrÞ, p14 ðrÞ are similar expressions as p11 0 0
ðrÞ, p12 ðrÞ
d021 ðrÞ ¼ ððM
11 þ MÞðD10 l2 cos T2 þ D9 l2 sin T2 Þ
r 0 0 0 0
with c11 ðrÞ, c12 ðrÞ, D5 , D6 , b1 replaced by c13 ðrÞ, c14 ðrÞ,
 M
12 ðD9 l2 cos T2  D10 l2 sin T2 ÞÞ, D7 , D8 , b3 respectively.
2
d022 ðrÞ ¼ ððM
11 þ MÞðD11 l2 sin T2 þ D12 l2 cos T2 Þ
r
 M
12 ðD11 l2 cos T2  D12 l2 sin T2 ÞÞ,

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