2.5 Rational Functions Textbook Solutions

2-5
Rational Functions
Find the domain of each function and the equations of the vertical or horizontal asymptotes, if any.
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2-5 Rational Functions
1. f(x) =
SOLUTION:
The function is undefined at the real zeros of the denominator b(x) = x2 − 4. The real zeros of b(x) are 2 and −2.
Therefore, D = {x | x 2, –2, x }.
Check for vertical asymptotes.
Determine whether x = 2 is a point of infinite discontinuity. Find the limit as x approaches 2 from the left and the right.
x f(x)
1.9 −4.1
1.99 −49.1
1.999 −499.1
2.0 undefined
2.001 500.9
2.01 50.9
2.1 5.9
Because x = 2 is a vertical asymptote of f.
Determine whether x = −2 is a point of infinite discontinuity. Find the limit as x approaches −2 from the left and the
right.
x f(x)
−2.1 5.9
−2.01 50.9
−2.001 500.9
−2.0 undefined
−1.999 −499.1
−1.99 −49.1
−1.9 −4.1
Because x = −2 is a vertical asymptote of f.
Check for horizontal asymptotes. Use a table to examine the end behavior of f(x).
x f(x)
−100 1.0002
−50 1.0008
−10 1.02
0 0.5
10 1.02
50 1.0008
100 1.0002
The table suggests Therefore, you know that y = 1 is a horizontal asymptote of f.
ANSWER:
D = {x | x 2, –2, x }; x = 2, x = –2, y = 1

2. h(x) =
SOLUTION:
The function is undefined at the real zero of the denominator b(x) = x + 4. The real zero of b(x) is −4. Therefore, D =
{x | x –4, x }.
right.
x h(x)
−4.1 769.2
−4.01 7248
−4.001 72,048
−4.0 undefined
−3.999 −71,952
−3.99 −7152
−3.9 −673.2
x h(x)
−100 10,417
−50 2717
−10 168
0 −2
10 70.9
50 2314
100 9615
The table suggests Therefore, there does not appear to be a horizontal asymptote.
ANSWER:
D = {x | x –4, x }; x = –4

3. f(x) =
SOLUTION:
The function is undefined at the real zeros of the denominator b(x) = (x + 3)(x − 4). The real zeros of b(x) are 4 and
−3. Therefore, D = {x | x 4, –3, x }.
x f(x)
3.9 −570
3.99 −6124
3.999 −61,667
4.0 undefined
4.001 61,762
4.01 6219
4.1 666
right.
x f(x)
−3.1 21.7
−3.01 175
−3.001 1718
−3.0 undefined
−2.999 −1710
−2.99 −167
−2.9 −13.3
x f(x)
−100 9615
−50 2314
−10 71.8
0 0
10 166
50 2717
100 10,417
ANSWER:
D = {x | x 4, –3, x }; x = 4, x = –3

4. g(x) =
SOLUTION:
The function is undefined at the real zeros of the denominator b(x) = (x + 3)(x + 5). The real zeros of b(x) are −3 and
−5. Therefore, D = {x | x –3, –5, x }.
right.
x g(x)
−5.1 −52.9
−5.01 −547
−5.001 −5498
−5.0 undefined
−4.999 5502
−4.99 552
−4.9 57.4
right.
x g(x)
−3.1 47.9
−3.01 452
−3.001 4503
−3.0 undefined
−2.999 −4497
−2.99 −447
−2.9 −42.4
x g(x)
−100 −0.01
−50 −0.03
−10 −0.46
0 −0.4
10 0.02
50 0.15
100 0.009
ANSWER:
D = {x | x –3, –5, x }; x = –3, x = –5, y = 0
5. h(x) =
SOLUTION:
The function is undefined at the real zeros of the denominator b(x) = x2 + 2x. The real zeros of b(x) are 0 and −2.
Therefore, D = {x | x 0, –2, x }.
Determine whether x = 0 is a point of infinite discontinuity. Find the limit as x approaches −5 from the left and the
right.
x h(x)
−0.1 −7.47
−0.01 −52.3
−0.001 −502
0 undefined
0.001 498
0.01 47.8
0.1 2.95
right.
x h(x)
−2.1 86.8
−2.01 852
−2.001 8501
−2.0 undefined
−1.999 −8498
−1.99 −848
−1.9 −82.3
x h(x)
−1000 −2.008
−100 −2.08
−10 3.01
0 undefined
10 1.34
100 1.92
1000 1.992
ANSWER:
D = {x | x 0, –2, x }; x = 0, x = –2, y = 2
6. f(x) =
SOLUTION:
The function is undefined at the real zero of the denominator f(x) = x − 4. The real zero of f(x) is 4. Therefore, D =
{x | x 4, x }.
x f(x)
3.9 −703
3.99 −7183
3.999 −71,983
4.0 undefined
4.001 72,017
4.01 7217
4.1 737
x f(x)
−100 −87.7
−50 −38.33
−10 −2.14
0 −5
10 35
50 64.6
100 113.8
ANSWER:
D = {x | x 4, x }; x = 4

7. h(x) =
SOLUTION:
The function is undefined at the real zeros of the denominator b(x) = (x − 2)(x + 4). The real zeros of b(x) are 2 and
−4. Therefore, D = {x | x 2, –4, x }.
x h(x)
1.9 7.5
1.99 825
1.999 83,250
2 undef
2.001 83,417
2.01 842
2.1 9.16

right.
x h(x)
-4.1 42.5
-4.01 4175
-4.001 416,750
-4 undef
-3.999 416,583
-3.99 4158
-3.9 40.8

x h(x)
-100 0.0004
-50 0.0004
-10 0.019
0 -0.016
10 0.008
50 0.0004
100 0.00009

ANSWER:
D = {x | x 2, –4, x }; x = 2, x = –4, y = 0

8. g(x) =
SOLUTION:
The function is undefined at the real zeros of the denominator b(x) = (x + 1)(x − 3). The real zeros of b(x) are −1 and
3. Therefore, D = {x | x 3, –1, x }.
x g(x)
2.9 13.8
2.99 126
2.999 1251
3.0 undefined
3.001 −1249
3.01 −123
3.1 −11.2
right.
x g(x)
−1.1 −11.2
−1.01 −123
−1.001 −1249
−1.0 undefined
−0.999 1251
−0.99 126
−0.9 13.8
x g(x)
−100 0.999
−50 0.998
−10 0.957
0 2.67
10 0.935
50 0.998
100 0.999
ANSWER:
D = {x | x 3, –1, x }; x = 3, x = –1, y = 1

For each function, determine any asymptotes and intercepts. Then graph the function and state its
domain.
9. f(x) =
SOLUTION:
The function is undefined at b(x) = 0, so D = {x | x –4, 5, x }.

There are vertical asymptotes at x = −4 and x = 5.
There is a horizontal asymptote at y = 1, the ratio of the leading coefficients of the numerator and denominator,
because the degrees of the polynomials are equal.

The x-intercepts are −2 and 3, the zeros of the numerator.

Substitute 0 for x to find the y-intercept.
The y-intercept is because f(0) = .

Graph the asymptotes and intercepts. Then find and plot points.
ANSWER:
asymptotes: x = –4, x = 5, y = 1; x-intercepts: –2, 3; y-intercept: ; D = {x | x –4, 5, x }

10. g(x) =
SOLUTION:
The function is undefined at b(x) = 0, so D = {x | x 1, −2, x }.


The x-intercepts are and 6, the zeros of the numerator.

The y-intercept is 9 because g(0) =9.

ANSWER:

asymptotes: x = 1, x = −2, y = 2; x-intercepts: y-intercept: 9; D = {x | x 1, −2, x }

11. f(x) =
SOLUTION:
The function is undefined at b(x) = 0, so D = {x | x −2, 2, x }.

There is a horizontal asymptote at y = 0, because the degree of the denominator is greater than the degree of the
numerator.

Since the polynomial in the numerator has no real zeros, there are no x-intercepts.


The y-intercept is −2 because f(0) =−2.

Graph the asymptotes and intercept. Then find and plot points.
ANSWER:
asymptotes: x = −2, x = 2, y = 0; y-intercept: −2; D = {x | x −2, 2, x }

12. f(x) =
SOLUTION:

The function is undefined at b(x) = 0, so D = {x | x 0, 6, x }.
There are vertical asymptotes at x = 0 and x = 6.
numerator.

The x-intercept is −2, the zero of the numerator.

There is no y-intercept because f(x) is undefined for x = 0.

ANSWER:
asymptotes: x = 0, x = 6, y = 0; x-intercept: −2; D = {x | x 0, 6, x }
13. g(x) =
SOLUTION:
g(x) can be simplified to g(x) = .

The function is undefined at b(x) = 0, so D = {x | x ≠ –5, 6, x }.

There are vertical asymptotes at x = −5 and x = 6, the real zeros of the simplified denominator.
numerator.

The x-intercept is −2, the zero of the simplified numerator.
The y-intercept is because

ANSWER:
asymptotes: x = –5, x = 6, y = 0; x-intercept: –2; y-intercept: D = {x | x –5, 6, x }

14. h(x) =
SOLUTION:
The function is undefined at b(x) = 0, so D = {x | x –2, 0, 5, x }.

There are vertical asymptotes at x = −2, x = 0 and x = 5.
numerator.

The x-intercepts are −6 and −4, the zeros of the numerator.
There is no y-intercept because h(x) is undefined for x = 0.

ANSWER:
asymptotes: x = 0, x = 5, x = –2, y = 0; x-intercepts: −6, −4; D = {x | x –2, 0, 5, x }
15. h(x) =
SOLUTION:
h(x) can be written as h(x) = .

The function is undefined at b(x) = 0, so D = {x | x –3, –1, x }.

There are vertical asymptotes at x = −3 and x = −1.
There is no horizontal asymptote since the degree of the numerator is greater than the degree of the denominator.
Since the degree of the numerator is 2 greater than the denominator, there is no oblique asymptote.

The x-intercepts are −5, 0, and 2, the zeros of the numerator.
The y-intercept is 0 because h(0) = 0.

ANSWER:
asymptotes: x = –3, x = –1; x-intercepts: –5, 2, 0; y-intercept: 0; D = {x | x –3, –1, x }
16. f(x) =
SOLUTION:
f(x) can be written as f(x) = .


There are vertical asymptotes at x = 8 and x = −3.

The x-intercepts are −6, 0, and 4, the zeros of the numerator.
The y-intercept is 0 because f(0) = 0.

ANSWER:
asymptotes: x = –3, x = 8; x-intercepts: –6, 0, 4; y-intercept: 0; D = {x | x –3, 8, x }

17. f(x) =
SOLUTION:
The function is undefined at b(x) = 0. x2 + 4x + 5 yields no real zeros, so D = {x | x }.

There are no vertical asymptotes.
numerator.

The x-intercept is 8, the zero of the numerator.

Graph the asymptote and intercepts. Then find and plot points.
ANSWER:
asymptote: y = 0; x-intercept: 8; y-intercept: D = {x | x }

18.
SOLUTION:
The function is undefined at b(x) = 0. x2 + 6 yields no real zeros, so D = {x | x }.

There are no vertical asymptotes.
numerator.


Graph the asymptote and intercept. Then find and plot points.
ANSWER:
asymptote: y = 0; y-intercept: D = {x | x }
19. SALES The business plan for a new car wash projects that profits in thousands of dollars will be modeled by the
function , where z is the week of operation and z = 0 represents opening.
a. State the domain of the function.
b. Determine any vertical and horizontal asymptotes and intercepts for p(z).
c. Graph the function.
SOLUTION:
a. The function is undefined at b(x) = 0. 2z2 + 7z + 5 can be written as (2z + 5)(z+ 1). The zeros of this polynomial
are at −1 and . Since the car wash cannot be open for negative weeks, these zeros do not fall in the domain and
D = {z | z ≥ 0, z }.

b. Though there are vertical asymptotes at x = −1 and , these values of x are not in the domain. Therefore,
there are no vertical asymptotes for this situation.
There is a horizontal asymptote at y = , the ratio of the leading coefficients of the numerator and denominator,
The x-intercept is 1, the zero of the numerator. The y-intercept is because .
c. Find and plot points to construct a graph. Since the domain is restricted to real numbers greater than or equal to 0,
it is only necessary to show the first and fourth quadrants.
ANSWER:
a. D = {z | z ≥ 0, z }
b. horizontal asymptote: y = ; x-intercept: 1, y-intercept:
c.



For each function, determine any asymptotes, holes, and intercepts. Then graph the function and state its
domain.
20. h(x) =
SOLUTION:
The function is undefined at b(x) = 0, so D = {x | x 0, x }.

There is a vertical asymptote at x = 0.
numerator.

The x-intercept is , the zero of the numerator.
There is no y-intercept because h(x) is undefined for x = 0.

ANSWER:
asymptotes: x = 0, y = 0; x-intercept: ; D = {x | x 0, x }
21. h(x) =
SOLUTION:
The function is undefined at b(x) = 0.
Thus, .
There is a vertical asymptote at .

numerator.

Thus, the y-intercept is .
.
ANSWER:
asymptotes: , y = 0; y-intercept: ;


22. f(x) =
SOLUTION:
f(x) can be written as f(x) = .

The function is undefined at b(x) = 0, so D = {x | x –3, –1, x }.

There are vertical asymptotes at x = −3 and x = −1.

The x-intercepts are −5 and 3, the zeros of the numerator.
The y-intercept is −5 because f(0) = −5.

ANSWER:
asymptotes: y = 1, x = –3, x = –1; x-intercepts: 3, –5; y-intercept: –5; D = {x | x –3, –1, x }

23. g(x) =
SOLUTION:


The x-intercept is −7, the zero of the numerator.
The y-intercept is because .

ANSWER:
asymptotes: x = 4, y = 1; x-intercept: –7; y-intercept: ; D = {x | x 4, x }

24. h(x) =
SOLUTION:
The function is undefined at b(x) = 0, so D = {x | x –3, x }.

There is a vertical asymptote at x = −3.

The x-intercept is 0, the zero of the numerator.
The y-intercept is 0 because h(0) = 0.

ANSWER:
asymptote: x = –3; x-intercept: 0; y-intercept: 0; D = {x | x –3, x }

25. g(x) =
SOLUTION:
g(x) can be written as g(x) = .


The x-intercepts are −2, −1, and 0, the zeros of the numerator.
The y-intercept is 0 because g(0) = 0.

ANSWER:
asymptote: x = 4; x-intercepts: −2, −1, 0; y-intercept: 0; D = {x | x 4, x }

26. f(x) =
SOLUTION:
.
The function is undefined at b(x) = 0, so D = {x | x −3, −1, 2, x }.

There are vertical asymptotes at x = −1 and x = 2, the real zeros of the simplified denominator.
numerator.

The x-intercept is 7, the zero of the simplified numerator.
The y-intercept is because h(0) = .

There is a hole at (−3, −1) because the original function is undefined when x = −3. Graph the asymptotes and
intercepts. Then find and plot points.
ANSWER:
asymptotes: x = –1, x = 2, y = 0; hole: (–3, −1); x-intercept: 7; y-intercept: ; D = {x | x –3, –1, 2, x }

27. g(x) =
SOLUTION:

The function is undefined at b(x) = 0, so D = {x | x –2, –1, or 2, x }.

There is a vertical asymptote at x = −1, the real zero of the simplified denominator.
numerator.

Since the simplified numerator has no real zeros, there are no x-intercepts.
The y-intercept is 1 because g(0) =1.

There are holes at (−2, −1) and because the original function is undefined when x = −2 and x = 2. Graph the
asymptotes and intercept. Then find and plot points.

ANSWER:
asymptotes: x = –1, y = 0; holes: (−2, −1), ; y-intercept: 1; D = {x | x –2, –1, 2, x }
28. f(x) =
SOLUTION:
f(x) can be written as f(x) =
The function is undefined at b(x) = 0, so D = {x | x −3, 1, x }.

There is a vertical asymptote at x = −3, the real zero of the simplified denominator.

The x-intercept is −4, the zero of the simplified numerator.
The y-intercept is because f(0) = .

There is a hole at because the original function is undefined when x = 1.

ANSWER:
asymptotes: x = –3, y = 1; hole: ; x-intercept: –4; y-intercept: ; D = {x | x –3, 1, x }
29. g(x) =
SOLUTION:
g(x) can be written as g(x) = .

There is a vertical asymptote at x = -4, the real zero of the simplified denominator.
numerator.

The x-intercept is , the zero of the simplified numerator.

The y-intercept is because g(0) =.

There is a hole at because the original function is undefined when x = 5.

ANSWER:
asymptotes: x = –4; y = 0; hole: ; x-intercept: ; y-intercept: ; D = {x | x –4, 5, x R}

30. STATISTICS A number x is said to be the harmonic mean of y and z if is the average of and .
a. Write an equation for which the solution is the harmonic mean of 30 and 45.
b. Find the harmonic mean of 30 and 45.
SOLUTION:
a. Write an equation that represents as the average of and .
=
Substitute y = 30 and z = 45.
b. Solve for x for the equation found in part a.
The harmonic mean of 30 and 45 is 36.
ANSWER:
a.
b. 36

31. OPTICS The lens equation is , where f is the focal length, d i is the distance from the lens to the

image, and d o is the distance from the lens to the object. Suppose the object is 32 centimeters from the lens and the
focal length is 8 centimeters.
a. Write a rational equation to model the situation.
b. Find the distance from the lens to the image.
SOLUTION:
a. Substitute f = 8 and d o = 32 into the equation.
b. Solve for d i for the equation found in part a.
The distance from the lens to the image is 10 centimeters.
ANSWER:
a.
b. 10 cm

Solve each equation.
32. y + = 5
SOLUTION:
y = 3 or y = 2
ANSWER:
3, 2
33. − z = 4
SOLUTION:
ANSWER:
2 − 2

34. + = 1
SOLUTION:
ANSWER:
1, 8

35.
SOLUTION:
Because the original equation is not defined when y = 2, you can eliminate this extraneous solution. So,
has no solution.
ANSWER:
no solution
36.
SOLUTION:
ANSWER:
4
37.
SOLUTION:
ANSWER:
5
38.
SOLUTION:
ANSWER:
4, –5

39.
SOLUTION:
ANSWER:
–6
40. + = 3
SOLUTION:
ANSWER:
7, 1

41.
SOLUTION:

ANSWER:
–1
42. WATER The cost per day to remove x percent of the salt from seawater at a desalination plant is c(x) = ,
where 0 ≤ x < 100.
a. Graph the function using a graphing calculator.
b. Graph the line y = 8000 and find the intersection with the graph of c(x) to determine what percent of salt can be
removed for $8000 per day.
c. According to the model, is it feasible for the plant to remove 100% of the salt? Explain your reasoning.
SOLUTION:
a.

b. Use the intersect option on the CALC menu to find the intersection of c(x) and the line y = 8000.

For $8000 per day, about 88.9% of salt can be removed.

c. It is not feasible for the plant to remove 100% of the salt. When x = 100, is not defined. As
the percent of salt increases toward 100%, the cost will approach ∞. This suggests that it is not financially feasible to
remove 100% of the salt at the plant.
ANSWER:
a.
b.
about 88.9%
c. No; sample answer: The function is not defined when x = 100. This suggests that it is not financially feasible to
remove 100% of the salt at the plant.

Write a rational function for each set of characteristics.
43. x-intercepts at x = 0 and x = 4, vertical asymptotes at x = 1 and x = 6, and a horizontal asymptote at y = 0
SOLUTION:
Sample answer: For the function to have x-intercepts at x = 0 and x = 4, the zeros of the numerator need to be 0 and
4. Thus, factors of the numerator are x and (x − 4).
For there to be vertical asymptotes at x = 1 and x = 6, the zeros of the denominator need to be 1 and 6. Thus, factors
of the denominator are (x − 1) and (x − 6).
For there to be a horizontal asymptote at y = 0, the degree of the denominator needs to be greater than the degree of
the numerator. Raising the factor (x − 6) to the second power will result in an asymptote at y = 0.
f(x) =
ANSWER:
Sample answer: f(x) =
44. x-intercepts at x = 2 and x = –3, vertical asymptote at x = 4, and point discontinuity at (–5, 0)
SOLUTION:
Sample answer: For the function to have x-intercepts at x = 2 and x = −3, the zeros of the numerator need to be 2 and
−3. Thus, factors of the numerator are (x − 2) and (x + 3). For there to be a vertical asymptote at x = 4, a zero of the
denominator needs to be 4. Thus, a factor of the denominator is (x − 4).

For there to be point discontinuity at x = −5, (x + 5) must be a factor of both the numerator and denominator.
Additionally, for the point discontinuity to be at (−5, 0), the numerator must have a zero at x = −5. Thus, the (x + 5) in
the numerator must have a power of 2 so that x = −5 remains a zero of the numerator after the function is simplified.
f(x) =
ANSWER:
45. TRAVEL When the total resistance of a parallel circuit is held constant, the individual resistors r1 and r2 can be
modeled by .
a. Find the vertical and horizontal asymptotes of the function, if any. Verify your answer graphically.
b. Copy and complete the table shown.
c. Is a domain of r1 < 30 reasonable for this situation? Explain your reasoning.
SOLUTION:
a. There is a vertical asymptote at the real zero of the denominator r1 = 30. There is a horizontal asymptote at r2 =
30, the ratio of the leading coefficients of the numerator and denominator, because the degrees of the polynomials are
equal.
b. Evaluate the function for each value of r1 to determine r2.

c. No; sample answer: If r1 < 30, then the denominator is less than zero. For the equation to hold true, r2 will also
have to be negative, which is not a possible value of resistance.
ANSWER:
a. There is a vertical asymptote at r1 = 30 and a horizontal asymptote at r2 = 30.
b.
c. No; sample answer: If r1 < 30, then r2 will be negative. Negative resistance is not possible.
Use your knowledge of asymptotes and the provided points to express the function represented by each

graph.
46.
SOLUTION:
Sample answer: Since there are vertical asymptotes at x = −6 and x = 1, (x + 6) and (x − 1) are factors of the
denominator. Since x = 4 is a x-intercept, (x − 4) is a factor of the numerator.

Because there is a horizontal asymptote at y = 1, the degrees of the polynomials in the numerator and denominator
are equal and the ratio of their leading coefficients is 1.

There also appears to be an additional x-intercept that is not labeled. Let x = a be the second x-intercept. (x − a) is
then a factor of the numerator.
A function that meets these characteristics is .

Substitute the point (−5, −6) into the equation and solve for a.
Substitute a = −1 into the original equation.

A function that can represent the graph is .
ANSWER:
47.
SOLUTION:
Sample answer: Since there are vertical asymptotes at x = −4 and x = 3, (x + 4) and (x − 3) are factors of the
denominator. Since x = 5 is a x-intercept, (x − 5) is a factor of the numerator.
Because there is a horizontal asymptote at y = 2, the degrees of the polynomials in the numerator and denominator
are equal and the ratio of their leading coefficients is 2.
There also appears to be an additional x-intercept that is not labeled. Let x = a be the second x-intercept. (x − a) is
then a factor of the numerator.
A function that meets these characteristics is .
Substitute the point (−1, −3) into the equation and solve for a.
Substitute a = 2 into the original equation.

A function that can represent the graph is .
ANSWER:
Use the intersection feature of a graphing calculator to solve each equation.
48.
SOLUTION:
Graph y = and y = 8 using a graphing calculator. Use the intersect function from the CALC menu
to find the intersection of the graphs.

The intersections occur at x ≈ −1.59 and x ≈ 10.05. Thus, the solutions to are about −1.59 and
about 10.05.
ANSWER:
–1.59, 10.05

49.
SOLUTION:
Graph and y = 1 using a graphing calculator. Use the intersect function from the CALC
menu to find the intersection of the graphs.
The intersections occur at x ≈ -2.65 and x ≈ 2.56. Thus, the solutions to are about -2.65 and
about 2.65.
ANSWER:
–2.65, 2.65
50.
SOLUTION:
Graph y = and y = 2 using a graphing calculator. Use the intersect function from the CALC
The intersections occur at x ≈ −0.98 and x ≈ 0.90. Thus, the solutions to are about −0.98 and
about 0.90.
ANSWER:
–0.98, 0.90

51. = 6
SOLUTION:
Graph y = and y = 6 using a graphing calculator. Use the intersect function from the CALC
The intersections occur at x ≈ −3.87, x ≈ 1.20, and x ≈ 3.70. Thus, the solutions to = 6 are about
−3.87, 1.20, and 3.70.
ANSWER:
–3.87, 1.20, 3.70
52. CHEMISTRY When a 60% acetic acid solution is added to 10 liters of a 20% acetic acid solution in a 100-liter
tank, the concentration of the total solution changes.
a. Show that the concentration of the solution is f(a) = , where a is the volume of the 60% solution.
b. Find the relevant domain of f(a) and the vertical or horizontal asymptotes, if any.
c. Explain the significance of any domain restrictions or asymptotes.
d. Disregarding domain restrictions, are there any additional asymptotes of the function? Explain.
SOLUTION:
a. Sample answer: The concentration of the total solution is the sum of the amount of acetic acid in the original 10
liters and the amount in the a liters of the 60% solution, divided by the total amount of solution.



b. Since a cannot be negative and the maximum capacity of the tank is 100 liters, the relevant domain of a is 0 ≤ a ≤
90. There is a horizontal asymptote at y = 0.6, the ratio of the leading coefficients of the numerator and denominator,

c. Sample answer: Because the tank already has 10 liters of solution in it and it will only hold a total of 100 liters, the
amount of solution added must be less than or equal to 90 liters. It is also impossible to add negative amounts of
solution, so the amount added must be greater than or equal to 0. As you add more of the 60% solution, the
concentration of the total solution will get closer to 60%, but because the solution already in the tank has a lower
concentration, the concentration of the total solution can never reach 60%. Therefore, there is a horizontal asymptote
at y = 0.6.

d. Yes; sample answer: The function is not defined at a = −10, but because the value is not in the relevant domain, the
asymptote does not pertain to the function. If there were no domain restrictions, there would be a vertical asymptote
at a = −10.
ANSWER:
a. Sample answer: The concentration of the total solution is the sum of the amount of acetic acid in the original 10
liters and the amount in the a liters of the 60% solution, divided by the total amount of solution or .
Multiplying both the numerator and the denominator by 5 gives or .
b. relevant domain: real numbers a such that 0 ≤ a ≤ 90; horizontal asymptote: y = 0.6
c. Sample answer: Because the tank already has 10 liters of solution in it and it will only hold a total of 100 liters, the
amount of solution added must be less than or equal to 90 liters. It is also impossible to add negative amounts of
solution, so the amount added must be greater than or equal to 0. As you add more of the 60% solution, the
concentration of the total solution will get closer to 60%, but because the solution already in the tank has a lower
concentration, the concentration of the total solution can never reach 60%. Therefore, there is a horizontal asymptote
at y = 0.6.
d. Yes; sample answer: The function is not defined at a = −10, but because the value is not in the relevant domain, the
asymptote does not pertain to the function. If there were no domain restrictions, there would be a vertical asymptote
at a = −10.
53. MULTIPLE REPRESENTATIONS In this problem, you will investigate asymptotes of rational functions.
a. TABULAR Copy and complete the table below. Determine the horizontal asymptote of each function
algebraically.

b. GRAPHICAL Graph each function and its horizontal asymptote from part a.
c. TABULAR Copy and complete the table below. Use the Rational Zero Theorem to help you find the real zeros of
the numerator of each function.
d. VERBAL Make a conjecture about the behavior of the graph of a rational function when the degree of the
denominator is greater than the degree of the numerator and the numerator has at least one real zero.
SOLUTION:
a. Since the degree of the denominator is greater than the degree of the numerator, f(x), h(x), and g(x) will have
horizontal asymptotes at y = 0.

b. Use a graphing calculator to graph f(x), h(x), and g(x).


c. The Rational Zero Theorem is not necessary for a quadratic. Factoring x2 − 5x + 4 results in (x − 4)(x − 1). Thus,
the real zeros of the numerator of f(x) are 4 and 1.

To find the real zeros of the numerator of h(x), use the Rational Zero Theorem and synthetic division. Because the
leading coefficient is 1, the possible rational zeros are the integer factors of the constant term −12. Therefore, the
possible rational zeros of f are ±1, ±2, ±3, ±4, ±6, and ±12.
By using synthetic division, it can be determined that 3 is a rational zero.
The remaining quadratic factor (x2 + 4) yields no real zeros. Thus, the real zero of the numerator of h(x) is 3.

The Rational Zero Theorem is not necessary for g(x). Factoring x4 − 1 results in (x2 − 1)(x2 + 1) or (x + 1)(x − 1)(x2
+ 1). The quadratic factor (x2 + 1) yields no real zeros. Thus, the real zeros of the numerator of g(x) are −1 and 1.

d. Even though the asymptotes are at y = 0, the graph appears to cross the asymptote at the zeros of the function.

When the degree of the numerator is less than the degree of the denominator and the numerator has at least on real
zero, the graph of the function will have y = 0 as an asymptote and will intersect the asymptote at the real zeros of
the numerator.
ANSWER:
a.
b.

c.

d. Sample answer: When the degree of the numerator is less than the degree of the denominator and the numerator
has at least one real zero, the graph of the function will have y = 0 as an asymptote and will intersect the asymptote
at the real zeros of the numerator.
54. REASONING Given , will f(x) sometimes, always, or never have a horizontal asymptote
at y = 1 if a, b, c, d, e, and f are constants with a ≠ 0 and d ≠ 0? Explain.
SOLUTION:
The only pertinent terms here are ax3 and dx3, since these terms have the highest degree. The degrees are equal, so
there will be a horizontal asymptote at . So, when a = d, the function will have a horizontal asymptote at y = 1.
When a ≠ d, the function will not have a horizontal asymptote at y = 1.
ANSWER:
Sometimes; sample answer: When a = d, the function will have a horizontal asymptote at y = 1. When a ≠ d, the
function will not have a horizontal asymptote at y = 1.

55. PREWRITE Design a lesson plan to teach the graphing rational functions topics in this lesson. Make a plan that
addresses purpose, audience, a controlling idea, logical sequence, and time frame for completion.
SOLUTION:
See students’ work.
ANSWER:

56. CHALLENGE Write a rational function that has vertical asymptotes at x = −2 and x = 3 and an oblique asymptote
y = 3x.
SOLUTION:
Sample answer: Since there are vertical asymptotes at x = –2 and x = 3, (x + 2) and (x – 3) are factors of the
denominator. Since there is an oblique asymptote y = 3x, the degree of the numerator is exactly 1 greater than the
degree of the denominator. Additionally, when the numerator is divided by the denominator, the quotient polynomial is
q(x) = 3x. So, the function can be written as f(x) = , where a(x) is the numerator of the function.

We know that , where r(x) is the remainder. We can write the
denominator of f(x) as x2 – x – 6 and can use the equation to solve for a(x).

The degree of the remainder has to be less than the degree of the denominator, so it will either be 1 or 0. Thus, the
sum of –18x + r(x) cannot be determined, but the first two terms of a(x) must be 3x3 – 3x2. Substitute this expression
for a(x) and use long division to verify that the quotient is 3x.
The quotient is 3x. There is a remainder but it has no bearing on quotient, which is the oblique asymptote. Thus, a
function that has vertical asymptotes at x = −2 and x = 3 and an oblique asymptote y = 3x is .
ANSWER:
57. Writing in Math Use words, graphs, tables, and equations to show how to graph a rational function.
SOLUTION:
In order to graph a rational function, first simplify f (if possible). Then, find the domain. Third, find and sketch the
asymptotes (if any). Next, find and plot the x-intercept and y-intercept (if any). Last, find and plot at least one
point in the test intervals determined by any x-intercepts and vertical asymptotes.

For example, let's graph the rational function .

The function is already simplified.

The function is undefined when the denominator is 0, so the domain is {x | x ≠ –2, x∈ }.

There is a vertical asymptote at x = –2.

The degree of the polynomial in the numerator is 0, and the degree of the polynomial in the denominator is 1.
Because 0 < 1, the graph of h has a horizontal asymptote at y = 0.

The polynomial in the numerator has no real zeros, so h has no x-intercepts. Because h (0) = 2, the y-intercept is
2.

Graph the asymptotes and intercepts. Then choose x-values that fall in the test intervals determined by the vertical
asymptote to find additional points to plot on the graph. Use smooth curves to complete the graph.

Interval x (x, g(x))
−6 (−6, −1 )
(−∞, −2) −4 (−4, −2)
−3 (−3, −4)
−1 (−1, 4)
(−2, ∞) 0 (0, 2)
2 (2, 1)

ANSWER:

58. CHALLENGE Solve for k so that the rational equation has exactly one extraneous solution and one real solution.
SOLUTION:
With rational equations, in order for a solution to be extraneous, the solution should also be a zero in the denominator
of one of the fractions. In this equation, two possibilities are x = 1 and x = 3.

To make the equation easier, find k so that the quadratic denominator contains at least one of the factors of the other
denominators.

(x – 1)(x – 3) = x2 – 4x + 3, so when k = 3, x = 1 and x = 3 are excluded values. Solve the equation to determine
which excluded value is actually an extraneous solution.

The solutions are x = 3 and . Because the original equation is not defined when x = 3, this is the extraneous
solution. Thus, when k = 3, the rational equation has exactly one extraneous solution and one real solution.
ANSWER:
3

59. Writing in Math Explain why all of the test intervals must be used in order to get an accurate graph of a rational
function.
SOLUTION:
Sample answer: The test intervals are used to determine the location of points on the graph. Because many rational
functions are not continuous, one interval may include y-values that are vastly different than the next interval.
Therefore, at least one, and preferably more than one, point is needed for every interval in order to sketch a
reasonably accurate graph of the function.

For example look at the graph of

Interval x (x, g(x))
−6
−5
−4
−2
−1
0
2
4

ANSWER:
Sample answer: The test intervals are used to determine the location of points on the graph. Because many rational
functions are not continuous, one interval may include y-values that are vastly different than the next interval.
Therefore, at least one, and preferably more than one, point is needed for every interval in order to sketch a
reasonably accurate graph of the function.

List all the possible rational zeros of each function. Then determine which, if any, are zeros.
60. f(x) = x3 + 2x2 – 5x – 6
SOLUTION:
Because the leading coefficient is 1, the possible rational zeros are the integer factors of the constant term −6.
Therefore, the possible rational zeros of g are ±1, ±2, ±3, and ±6.

By using synthetic division, it can be determined that −1 is a rational zero.

Because (x + 1) is a factor of f(x), we can use the quotient to write a factored form of f(x) as f(x) = (x + 1)(x2 + x −
6). Factoring the quadratic expression yields f(x) = (x + 1)(x + 3)(x − 2). Thus, the rational zeros of f are −1, −3, and
2.
ANSWER:
±1, ± 2, ± 3, ± 6; –3, –1, 2
61. f(x) = x3 – 2x2 + x + 18
SOLUTION:
Because the leading coefficient is 1, the possible rational zeros are the integer factors of the constant term 18.
Therefore, the possible rational zeros of g are ±1, ±2, ±3, ±6, ±9, and ±18.

By using synthetic division, it can be determined that −2 is a rational zero.

Because (x + 2) is a factor of f(x), we can use the quotient to write a factored form of f(x) as f(x) = (x + 2)(x2 − 4x
+ 9). The quadratic expression (x2 − 4x + 9) yields no rational zeros. Thus, the rational zero of f is −2.
ANSWER:
±1, ± 2, ± 3, ± 6, ± 9, ± 18; –2

62. f(x) = x4 – 5x3 + 9x2 – 7x + 2
SOLUTION:
Because the leading coefficient is 1, the possible rational zeros are the integer factors of the constant term 2.
Therefore, the possible rational zeros of g are ±1 and ±2.

By using synthetic division, it can be determined that 1 is a rational zero.

By using synthetic division on the depressed polynomial, it can be determined that 2 is a rational zero.

Because (x − 1) and (x − 2) are factors of f(x), we can use the final quotient to write a factored form of f(x) as f(x)
= (x − 1)(x − 2)(x2 − 2x + 1). Factoring the quadratic expression yields f(x) = (x − 1)3(x − 2). Thus, the rational zeros
of f are 1 (multiplicity: 3) and 2.
ANSWER:
±1, ± 2; 1 (multiplicity: 3), 2

Use the Factor Theorem to determine if the binomials given are factors of f(x). Use the binomials that are
factors to write a factored form of f(x).
63. f(x) = x4 − 2x3 − 13x2 + 14x + 24; x − 3, x − 2
SOLUTION:
Use synthetic division to test each factor, (x − 3) and (x − 2).
Because the remainder when f(x) is divided by (x − 3) is not zero, (x − 3) is not a factor.
Test the second factor, (x − 2).
Because the remainder when f(x) is divided by (x − 2) is 0, (x − 2) is a factor.
Because (x − 2) is a factor of f(x), we can use the quotient of f(x) ÷ (x − 2) to write a factored form of f(x) as f(x) =
(x − 2)(x3 − 13x − 12).
ANSWER:
no; yes; f(x) = (x – 2)(x3 – 13x – 12)

64. f(x) = 2x4 − 5x3 − 11x2 − 4x; x − 4, 2x − 1
SOLUTION:
Use synthetic division to test each factor, (x − 4) and (2x − 1).
Because the remainder when f(x) is divided by (x − 4) is 0, (x − 4) is a factor.
For (2x − 1), use the depressed polynomial 2x3 + 3x2 + x and rewrite the division expression so that the divisor is of
the form x − c.
Set up the synthetic division as follows. Then follow the synthetic division procedure.
Because the remainder when the depressed polynomial is divided by (2x − 1) is , (2x − 1) is not a factor.

Because (x − 4) is a factor of f(x), we can use the quotient of f(x) ÷ (x − 4) to write a factored form of f(x) as f(x) =
(x − 4)(2x3 + 3x2 + x). Factoring the cubic expression 2x3 + 3x2 + x results in x(2x + 1)(x + 1). Thus, f(x) = x(2x + 1)
(x + 1)(x − 4).
ANSWER:
yes; no; f(x) = (x – 4)(2x3 + 3x2 + x) or f(x) = x(2x + 1)(x + 1)(x − 4)

65. f(x) = 6x4 + 59x3 + 138x2 − 45x − 50; 3x − 2, x − 5
SOLUTION:
Use synthetic division to test each factor, (3x − 2) and (x − 5).
For (3x − 2), rewrite the division expression so that the divisor is of the form x − c.
Because the remainder when f(x) is divided by (3x − 2) is 0, (3x − 2) is a factor. Test the second factor, (x − 5), with
the depressed polynomial 2x3 + 21x2 + 60x + 25.
Because the remainder when the depressed polynomial is divided by (x − 5) is 1100, (x − 5) is not a factor of f(x).

Because (3x − 2) is a factor of f(x), we can use the quotient of f(x) ÷ (3x − 2) to write a factored form of f(x) as f(x)
= (3x − 2)(2x3 + 21x2 + 60x + 25).
By using synthetic division, it can be determined that x = −5 is a rational zero of the depressed polynomial.
The remaining quadratic expression (2x2 + 11x + 5) can be written as (x + 5)(2x + 1). Thus, f(x) = (3x − 2)(2x + 1)(x
+ 5)2.
ANSWER:
yes; no; f(x) = (3x − 2)(2x3 + 21x2 + 60x + 25) or f(x) = (3x − 2)(2x + 1)(x + 5)2

66. f(x) = 4x4 − 3x3 − 12x2 + 17x − 6; 4x − 3; x − 1
SOLUTION:
Use synthetic division to test each factor, (4x − 3) and (x − 1).
For (4x − 3), rewrite the division expression so that the divisor is of the form x − c.
Because the remainder when f(x) is divided by (4x − 3) is 0, (4x − 3) is a factor. Test the second factor, (x − 1), with
the depressed polynomial x3 − 3x + 2.
Because the remainder when the depressed polynomial is divided by (x − 1) is 0, (x − 1) is a factor of f(x).

Because (4x − 3) and (x − 1) are factors of f(x), we can use the final quotient to write a factored form of f(x) as f(x)
= (4x − 3)(x − 1)(x2 + x − 2). Factoring the quadratic expression yields f(x) = (4x − 3)(x − 1)2(x + 2).
ANSWER:
yes; yes; f(x) = (4x − 3)(x − 1)(x2 + x – 2) or f(x) = (4x − 3)(x − 1)2(x + 2)

67. f(x) = 4x5 + 15x4 + 12x3 − 4x2; x + 2, 4x + 1
SOLUTION:
Use synthetic division to test each factor, (x + 2) and (4x + 1).
Because the remainder when f(x) is divided by (x + 2) is 0, (x + 2) is a factor of f(x).
For (4x + 1), use the depressed polynomial 4x4 + 7x3 − 2x2 and rewrite the division expression so that the divisor is of
the form x − c.
Because the remainder when the depressed polynomial is divided by (4x + 1) is , (4x + 1) is not a factor.

Because (x + 2) is a factor of f(x), we can use the quotient of f(x) ÷ (x + 2) to write a factored form of f(x) as f(x) =
(x + 2)(4x4 + 7x3 – 2x2). The factor (4x4 + 7x3 − 2x2) can be written as x2(x + 2)(4x − 1). Thus, f(x) = x2(x + 2)2(4x
− 1).
ANSWER:
yes; no; f(x) = (x + 2)(4x4 + 7x3 – 2x2) or f(x) = x2(x + 2)2(4x − 1)

68. f(x) = 4x5 − 8x4 − 5x3 + 10x2 + x − 2; x + 1, x − 1
SOLUTION:
Use synthetic division to test each factor, (x + 1) and (x − 1).
Because the remainder when f(x) is divided by (x + 1) is 0, (x + 1) is a factor. Test the second factor, (x − 1), with
the depressed polynomial 4x4 − 12x3 + 7x2 + 3x − 2.
Because the remainder when the depressed polynomial is divided by (x − 1) is 0, (x − 1) is a factor of f(x).
Because (x + 1) and (x − 1) are factors of f(x), we can use the final quotient to write a factored form of f(x) as f(x)
= (x + 1)(x − 1)(4x3 − 8x2 − x + 2). The factor (4x3 − 8x2 − x + 2) can be written as (x − 2)(2x + 1)(2x − 1).

Thus, f(x) = (x − 2)(2x − 1)(2x+ 1)(x + 1)(x − 1).
ANSWER:
yes; yes; f(x) = (x + 1)(x − 1) (4x3 – 8x2 – x + 2) or f(x) = (x − 2)(2x − 1)(2x+ 1)(x + 1)(x − 1)
Graph each function.
69. f(x) = (x + 7)2
SOLUTION:
The graph of f(x) = (x + 7)2 is the graph of y = x2 translated 7 units to the left.
ANSWER:

70. f(x) = (x – 4)3
SOLUTION:
The graph of f(x) = (x − 4)3 is the graph of y = x3 translated 4 units to the right.
ANSWER:
71. f(x) = x4 – 5
SOLUTION:
The graph of f(x) = x4 − 5 is the graph of y = x4 translated 5 units down.
ANSWER:

72. RETAIL Sara is shopping at a store that offers $10 cash back for every $50 spent. Let and h(x) =
10x, where x is the amount of money Sara spends.
a. If Sara spends money at the store, is the cash back bonus represented by f[h(x)] or h[f(x)]? Explain your
reasoning.
b. Determine the cash back bonus if Sara spends $312.68 at the store.
SOLUTION:
a. represents the amount of times $50 was spent. h(x) = 10x represents the cash back bonus. The cash
back bonus is found after calculating the amount of times $50 was spent. The amount of money spent must be
determined first, so the cash back bonus is represented by h[f(x)].
b.
The cash back bonus is $60.
ANSWER:
a. h[f(x)]; sample answer: The cash back bonus is found after calculating the amount of times $50 was spent.
b. $60
73. INTERIOR DESIGN Adrienne Herr is an interior designer. She has been asked to locate an oriental rug for a new
corporate office. The rug should cover half of the total floor area with a uniform width surrounding the rug.
a. If the dimensions of the room are 12 feet by 16 feet, write an equation to model the area of the rug in terms of x.
b. Graph the related function.
c. What are the dimensions of the rug?
SOLUTION:
a. The area of the rug is given by A = wl. The width of the room is 12 feet. Since the rug will be x feet from the edge
of the room, the width of the rug is (12 − 2x). The length of the room is 16 feet, so the length of the rug is (16 − 2x).
The area of the rug is A = (12 − 2x)(16 − 2x). Since the rug is to cover half the area of the total floor, we know that
the area of the rug should be (12 × 16) ÷ 2 = 96 square feet. Thus, an equation to model the area of the rug in terms
of x is (12 – 2x)(16 – 2x) = 96.

b. Write (12 – 2x)(16 – 2x) = 96 as a function.

Evaluate the function for several x-values.
x f(x)
0 96
2 0
4 −64
6 −96
8 −96
10 −64
12 0
Use these points and several others to construct a graph.
c. Solve the expression found in part a.
x = 12 and x = 2. If x = 12, the rug would have dimensions with negative lengths. Thus, x = 2. The width of the rug is
12 − 2(2) = 8 feet and the length is 16 − 2(2) = 12 feet.
ANSWER:
a. (12 – 2x)(16 – 2x) = 96
b.

c. 8 ft by 12 ft
Simplify.
74. i10 + i2
SOLUTION:
ANSWER:
–2
75. (2 + 3i) + (−6 + i)
SOLUTION:
ANSWER:
–4 + 4i
76. (2.3 + 4.1i) – (−1.2 – 6.3i)
SOLUTION:
ANSWER:
3.5 + 10.4i

77. SAT/ACT A company sells ground coffee in two sizes of cylindrical containers. The smaller container holds 10
ounces of coffee. If the larger container has twice the radius of the smaller container and 1.5 times the height, how
many ounces of coffee does the larger container hold? (The volume of a cylinder is given by the formula V = πr2h.)
A 30
B 45
C 60
D 75
E 90
SOLUTION:
The volume of a cylinder is given by the formula V = πr2h. Thus, the volume of the small container is 10 = πr2h. The
larger container has a radius of 2r and a height of 1.5h.
Substitute these values in the formula for the volume of a cylinder.

V = π(2r)2(1.5h)
V = 6πr2h.

Substitute 10 = πr2h into the formula for the volume of the larger cylinder.
The volume of the large container is 60 ounces. The correct answer is C.
ANSWER:
C

78. What are the solutions of ?
F x = 1, x = –2
G x = –2, x = 1
H x = 1 + , x = 1 –
J x = , x =
SOLUTION:
Solve for x.
Use the quadratic equation.
The correct answer is H.
ANSWER:
H

79. REVIEW Alex wanted to determine the average of his 6 test scores. He added the scores correctly to get T but
divided by 7 instead of 6. The result was 12 less than his actual average. Which equation could be used to determine
the value of T?
A 6T + 12 = 7T
B
C
D
SOLUTION:
The actual average can be found by . Since Alex found and the result was 12 less than the actual average,
+ 12 = .
The correct answer is C.
ANSWER:
C

80. Diana can put a puzzle together in three hours. Ella can put the same puzzle together in five hours. How long will it
take them if they work together?
F 1 hours
G 1 hours
H 1 hours
J 1 hours
SOLUTION:
Diana can complete of a puzzle in an hour. Ella can complete of a puzzle in an hour. Together, they can
complete + = of a puzzle per hour. So, the time t that it will take to complete one full puzzle can be found
by t = 1. Solve for t.
The correct answer is J.
ANSWER:
J

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asymptotes: x = –4, x = 5, y = 1; x-intercepts: –2, 3; y-intercept: ; D = {x | x –4, 5, x }

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 10

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asymptotes: x = 1, x = −2, y = 2; x-intercepts: y-intercept: 9; D = {x | x 1, −2, x }

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asymptotes: x = –5, x = 6, y = 0; x-intercept: –2; y-intercept: D = {x | x –5, 6, x }

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asymptotes: x = 0, y = 0; x-intercept: ; D = {x | x 0, x }

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asymptotes: x = 4, y = 1; x-intercept: –7; y-intercept: ; D = {x | x 4, x }

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asymptotes: x = –1, x = 2, y = 0; hole: (–3, −1); x-intercept: 7; y-intercept: ; D = {x | x –3, –1, 2, x }

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asymptotes: x = –1, y = 0; holes: (−2, −1), ; y-intercept: 1; D = {x | x –2, –1, 2, x }

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asymptotes: x = –3, y = 1; hole: ; x-intercept: –4; y-intercept: ; D = {x | x –3, 1, x }

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asymptotes: x = –4; y = 0; hole: ; x-intercept: ; y-intercept: ; D = {x | x –4, 5, x R}

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30. STATISTICS A number x is said to be the harmonic mean of y and z if is the average of and .

a. Write an equation that represents as the average of and .

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31. OPTICS The lens equation is , where f is the focal length, d i is the distance from the lens to the

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