CLAUSES OF PURPOSE

They are used to express the purpose of an action. That is, they explain why
someone does soemthing. They are introduced with:
-to, in order to/so as to, so that, in order that, in case etc
1. to-infinitive : EG. I am going out to get some fresh air.
2. in order to/so as to (formal): EG. He went to Harvard in order to/so as to
obtain a degree in economics.
In negative sentences we use ,,in order to” or ,,so as not to”. We never use ,,not
to” alone.
EG. He took a taxi in order not to/so as not to be late.
3. so that+can/will (present or future reference)
4. so that+could/would (past reference)
EG. He works hard so that he can make a lot of money.
She reserved a table so that she wouldn’t have to wait in a queue.
OBS. In order that has the same structure as so that. However, it is not used
very often as it is formal.
EG. We will inform you of the final dates today in order that you can make
travel arrangements.
5. in case +present tense (present or future reference)
In case +past tense (past reference)
In case is never used with will or would.
EG. Take a map in case you get lost.
She called her parents in case they were worried about her.
6. for+noun (when we want to express the purpose of an action)
EG. They went to an Indian restaurant for dinner.
7. for+ing form (when we want to express the purpose or function of
something)
EG. We use an axe for chopping wood.
Clauses of purpose follow the rule of the sequence of tenses, like time clauses.
EG. Ann left same soup in the fridge so that Jim could eat it later.

CLAUSES OF CONTRAST
They are used to express a contrast. They are introduced with:
-but, although/even though/though, in spite of/despite, however, yet,
while/whereas, nevertheless etc.
1. but: She had a cold, but she went to work.
2. although/even though/though +clause
Even though is more emphatic than although. Though is usually used in
everyday speech and can also be put at the end of a sentence.
EG. Although /even though/though she had a cold, she went to work.
She went to work although/even though/though she had a cold.
She had a cold. She went to work, though.
3. in spite of/despite +noun/+ing form
EG. In spite of/Despite the bad weather, they sat in the garden.
They sat in the garden in spite of/despite the weather being bad.
4. in spite of/despite the fact that+clause
Eg. In spite of/despite the fact(that) the weather was bad, they sat in the
garden.
5. however/nevertheless A comma is always used after however/nevertheless
EG. He was well-qualified for the job. However/nevertheless, he didn’t get it.
6. while/whereas
EG. Your flat is big while/whereas mine is small.
7. yet (formal) EG. Tom ran well, yet he lost.
EXCLAMATIONS
They are words or sentences used to express admiration, surprise tc. To form
exclamatory sentences we can use what a/an, how, such, so or a negative
question.
1. How+ adjective/adverb
EG. How tall she is! How carefully he drives!
2. What+a/an(+adjective) + singular countable noun.
EG. What a pretty baby!
What an amazing story! What an experience!
3. What(+adjective) + uncountable/plural noun
EG. What colorful paintings!
What horrible weather!
4. So+adjective/adverb
EG. She is so polite!
He ran fast!
5. Such+a/an (+adjective) +singular countable noun.
EG. He’s such a generous man!
6. Such(+adjective) +uncountable/plural noun
EG. They’re such polite children!
He gave me such useful advice!
7. Negative questions
EG. Isn’t it great to be here!

CLAUSES OF MANNER

They are introduced with as if/as though and are used to express the
way in which something is done/said etc.
We use as if/as though after verbs such as: act, appear, be, behave, feel,
look, seem, smell, sound, taste to say how somebody or something looks,
behaves etc.
EG. He sounds as if /as though he’s got a cold.
She looks as if/as though she is a model. (It’s possible that she is a
model)
We use as if/as though +past tense when we are talking about an unreal
present situation. Were can be used instead of was in all persons.
EG. He speaks about the royal family as if /as though he was a good
friend of theirs. (He is not a friend of the royal family)
She behaves as if she were the boss. (were is more formal than was)
OBS. We can use LIKE instead of as if/as though in spoken English.
EG. It looks as if it is going to rain. It looks like it is going to rain.
(informal spoken English).