KINEMATICS OF MACHINERY

CHAPTER 2
TOOTHED GEARING

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1.1 Introduction

Like belts, ropes and chains, toothed gears

also transmit power from one rotating shaft to
another, which may be parallel, intersecting or
skewed (i.e., which are neither parallel nor
intersecting)..

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Toothed gears are used:
Where the distance between the axes of connecting
shafts is short.

The speed of shafts is low and the belt drive is not

recommended.

The speed or the velocity ratio of the connecting

shafts is to be maintained constant.

The torque transmitted is high.

Whenever step up or step down of the speed

required
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Types of Toothed gears:

Axes parallel - spur or helical gears.

Axes intersecting - Bevel gears.

Axes neither parallel nor intersecting - spiral,

worm gears.

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Spur gear Helical gears Bevel gears

Worm gear Rack and pinion

Fig.1 Types of gears
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Spur gears:
Spur gears used to connect two parallel shafts. They are
the most common type of gears.

They have straight teeth parallel to the axes of the shaft.

Each time a gear tooth engages a tooth on the other gear,

the teeth collide, and this impact makes a noise.

It also increases the stress on the gear teeth.

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Helical gears:
The gears are used to connect two parallel shafts and
having teeth inclined (or curved) to the axes of the shafts
are known as helical gears.

Two mating gears have the same helix angle, but have
teeth of opposite hands.

When two teeth on a helical gear system engage, the

contact starts at one end of the tooth and gradually
spreads as the gears rotate, until the two teeth are in full
engagement.

This gradual engagement makes helical gears operate

much more smoothly and quietly than spur gears.

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Rack and pinion

The rack is like a gear whose axis is at infinity.

Racks are straight gears that are used to

convert rotational motion to translational motion
by means of a gear mesh.

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Bevel gears
Useful when the direction of a shaft's rotation
needs to be changed.

They are used to connect two intersecting shafts.

Bevel gears are usually mounted on shafts that

are 90 degrees apart, but can be designed to
work at other angles as well.

The teeth on bevel gears can be straight, spiral or

hypoid.

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Worm and worm gear:

The gears are used to connect two non-parallel
and non-intersecting shafts.

Worm gears are used when large gear

reductions are needed.

It is common for worm gears to have reductions

of 20:1, and even up to 300:1 or greater.

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Terminologies used in Gears:

Gear Ratio (G): Gear ratio is defined as the number
of teeth on the follower gear (driven gear) to the
number of teeth on the driver gear.

G = T2/T1 Where T is the number of teeth on gear.

Addendum Circle: It is a circle passing through the

tips of teeth.

Addendum: It is the radial height of a tooth above the

pitch circle. Its standard value is one module.

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• Dedendum circle or Root Circle: It is a circle

passing through the roots of the teeth.
• Dedendum: It is the radial depth of a tooth below
the pitch circle
• Space Width: It is the width of the tooth space
along the pitch circle.
• Tooth Thickness: It is the thickness of the tooth
measured along the pitch circle.
• Backlash: It is the difference between the space
width and the tooth thickness along the pitch circle.
Backlash = Space width — Tooth thickness

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Face Width: The length of the tooth parallel to the

gear axis is the face width.
Top Land: It is the surface of the top of the tooth.
Bottom Land: The surface of the bottom of the tooth
between the adjacent fillets.
Face: Tooth surface between the pitch circle and the
top land.
Flank: Tooth surface between the pitch circle and
the bottom land including fillet.

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Velocity Ratio (VR): Velocity Ratio is defined as the

angular velocity of the follower gear (driven gear) to
the angular velocity of the driver gear.

VR= = N2/N1 T1/T2 or G = 1/VR

Pitch circle diameter or Pitch Diameter: (D)

It is the diameter of a circular disc which by pure
rolling action would transmit the same motion as of the
gear wheels. In case of spur gear, this represents the
diameter of the cylindrical disc which the gear has
replaced.

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Pitch Surface: It is the surface of the disc which the

toothed gear has replaced at the pitch circle.

Pitch point: It is the point of contact of the two pitch

circles of the mating gears.

Pitch line: It is the line of contact of two pitch

surfaces.

Pitch: As applied to toothed gears, is expressed as

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Circular pitch (Pc) - It is the distance measured along

the circumference of the pitch circle from a point on
one tooth to the corresponding point on the adjacent
tooth.
Pc = D / T where ‘D’ is pith circle diameter and ‘T’ is
number of teeth.

Diametral pitch: (PD) or DP - It is defined as the

number of teeth per unit length of the pitch circle
diameter. This is commonly adopted in F.P.S. system.
PD = T/D

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Module (m): - It is expressed as the length of the

pitch circle diameter per tooth and it is the reciprocal
of diametrical pitch. It is commonly adopted in metric
system.
m =D/T or D = mT
Pc = m

For two meshing gears, their module pitch or their

circular pitch should be same.

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Cycloidal Teeth

Cycloid: It is the locus of a point on the circumference

of a circle that rolls without slipping on a fixed straight
line.

Epicycloid: It is the locus of a point on the

circumference of a circle that rolls without slipping on
the circumference of another circle.

Hypocycloid: It is the locus of a point on the

circumference of a circle that rolls without slipping inside
the circumference of another circle.
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Involute Teeth

Involute is the locus of a point on a straight line which

rolls on the circumference of a circle without slipping.

Also it is the path traced out by the free end of a taut

string being unwound from the circumference of a
circle. The circle on which the straight line rolls is
called ‘Base Circle’.

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Properties or characteristics of Involute teeth

The shape of the involute profile is dependent
only on the dimensions of the base circle.

For a pair of involute gears in mesh the angular

velocity ratio is inversely proportional to the size
of base circles.

Pitch diameters of two mating involutes are

directly proportional to their base circle
diameters.

The normal to the involute at a given point is the

tangent drawn from that point to the base circle.
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The common normal to the two involute profiles

of the meshing teeth always passes through the
pitch point.

Involute is the only tooth form that is not sensitive

to the centre distance of their base circles.

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INVOLUTOMETRY
Involutometry is a methodology by which the
dimensions of a gear tooth are determined. In
considering involute for a tooth form, it is necessary to
be able to calculate certain properties of the involute.

Derivation ……

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Determination of Length
of Path of Contact of two
meshing Involute gears

Derivation…

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ARC OF CONTACT :

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INTERFERENCE
IN
INVOLUTE GEARS

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Interference in Involute Rack & pinion:

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MINIMUM NUMBER
OF TEETH ON PINION
TO AVOID
INTERFERENCE

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MINIMUM NUMBER OF TEETH ON PINION MESHING

WITH A RACK

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Numericals from
Chapter : Toothed Gearing

End of Chapter

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