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Solar thermoelectric cooling technology

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Solar thermoelectric cooling technology
M .M.Abo Elmaaref, Ahmed A. Askalany, M. Salem
Mechanical Power Engineering Department, Faculty of
Industrial Education, Sohag University,
Sohag, 82524, Egypt
Abstract
In the current scenario, HVAC system (commonly used in the
air conditioners) is very efficient and reliable but it has some
negatives. It has been observed during the last two decades that
the O3 layer is slowly destroyed because of the refrigerant (CFC
and HFC) used for the refrigeration and air- conditioning
purposes. The common refrigerant used is HFC’s which are
leaked and slowly ascend into the atmosphere. When they
reach to O3 layer they act on O3 molecules and the layer of O3
is destroyed. A single molecule of HFC can destroy thousands
of O3 molecules and that's why it has created a threat for the
not only to maintain earth eco system stable but also to of
existence of earth. So turn the world to discuss the use of non-
traditional means such as thermoelectric and thermionic units
which could be derived from clean energy from the solar cells
have already been used on a small scale in cooling technologies
such as a refrigerator emitting there is a trend toward the use
of air conditioning, so we ate in this search all what is possible
to control the using emitting units to improve the performance
of the benefit of technology in refrigeration and air.
The present paper also better semi-conductor materials, which
consists of thermoelectric, which was given to the best Number.
deserved to improve the performance of thermoelectric cooling
function, as well as for some uses of thermoelectric refrigeration
and air conditioning and access to good results could be
improved in the future if we build mutual thermal design and
manufacture of better and less thermal resistance Finally, our
vision for the future use of clean energy from the solar energy
and thermoelectric.
Keywords—thermoelectric cooler; Peltier effect; solar cell;
Coefficient of performance.
I. INTRODUCTION
Energy crisis, ozone depletion, and global warming have
become more and more serious with the social
development. The amount of energy consumed by air
conditioners, refrigerators, and water heaters is increasing
rapidly, and occupies about 30% of the total power
consumption [1]. Electricity consumption for air
conditioning systems has been estimated around 45% for
residential and commercial buildings [2]. Because of the
rapid growth in world population and economy, the total
world energy consumption is projected to increase by about
71% from 2003 to 2030 [3]. In Egypt, the rate of electricity
consumption growth more than 7% annually and would
1
Proceedings of 3rd International Conference on Energy Engineering
Faculty of Energy engineering - Aswan University - Aswan - Egypt
December 28-30, 2015
K. Harby
Mechanical Power Engineering and Energy Department,
Faculty of Engineering, Minia University,
Minia 61517, Egypt
need to double its current generation capacity by 2020.
Furthermore, primary energy requirement in Egypt
increases by 2.6% every year [4-5]. So clean energy
contribute to the creation of a clean environment, so we used
for solar cells with thermoelectric air conditioning. The
most widely used refrigerators and air conditioning systems
are employ the conventional vapor compression cycle due to
its high COP. These systems use a liquefiable vapor as the
refrigerant and require mechanical power for driving the
compressor, which is usually provided electrically.
However, these systems are now. less attractive because the
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) refrigerants have a high ozone
depletion potential (ODP), high global warming potential
(GWP), high consumption of electrical energy, which is
usually supplied by fossil fuel combustion, producing
greenhouse gases and other pollutants [6]. In addition, there
are several areas where grid electricity is not available at the
moment and is unlikely to be available in the next few
decades due to the huge financial outlays involved. These
include These include villages, rural areas and remote
locations in developing countries. Middle East region,
particularly Egypt enjoys the availability of a huge amount
of solar energy and long daily sunny hours. Hence, solar
powered cooling cooling systems such as thermoelectric
cooling systems consider interesting green cooling
technology in this region. In these systems, can be achieved
using thermoelectric effect, which refrigeration converts
electrical energy supplied by photovoltaic cells directly into
a temperature gradient. Thermoelectric cooling and heating
influenced predominantly by the Peltier effect, James Peltier
discovered in 1834. Peltier effect occurs when a direct
current (DC) is passed between two electrically dissimilar
materials, either heating or cooling occurs at the junction,
depending on the direction of the electric current [7]. The
conversion of electricity into heat is called thermoelectric
cooling, whereas the opposite effect, that is, the conversion
of heat into electricity, is called thermoelectric generation.
Thermoelectric cooling systems have no mechanical
moving parts and do not employ working fluids, which
transfer heat from the cold side of the modules to the
hot side with consumption of electricity [8]. Due to the
advantages such as high reliability, low weight, and
flexibility in packaging and integration, thermoelectric
cooling systems have been widely used in military,
aerospace, instrument, and industrial products [9-10]
Thermoelectric cooling systems can be powered directly
by a photovoltaic (PV) without the help of AC/DC
inverter, which greatly reduces the costs. Moreover,
these systems are Freon free, causing no harm to the
environment. Therefore, the thermoelectric coolers and
the solar cells combined technologies are beneficial to
solar energy using and environment protection, which
fully fulfill the demand of ZEBs [11]..
II. WORKING PRINCIPLE
The thermoelectric effect is a process of the production of
electromotive force out of temperature difference on two
conductor- or semiconductor-based electronic components,
and backwards-temperature difference obtained by applying
a DC power. In the second backward case, heating and
cooling are controlled by changing a polarity on the voltage
source. The working principle is based on the Seebeck and
the Peltier effects as described in the literature [12]. At the
elementary level, a thermoelectric unit module has a p-leg
and an-leg made of p-type and n-type semiconductor
materials, respectively. A thermoelectric module operating
as a thermoelectric cooler or heat-pump is shown below in
Fig. 1. The direct current (DC) is passed from a negative to
positive type semiconductor material. The temperature T L of
the interconnecting conductor decreases and heat is
absorbed from the environment (cooling effect) by the ‘cold
end’ of the thermoelectric module, and transferred or
‘pumped’ through to the ‘hot end’ of the module ‘TH’ due
to the Peltier effect. cooling effect occurs, as shown in the
Figure, when electrons pass from a low energy level in the
positive type material through the interconnecting conductor
to a higher energy level in the n-type material [13].
Normally, the ‘hot end’ of the module will be attacehd to a
heat sink in order to reject this heat into the atmosphere.
Fig.1 Schematic diagram of a thermoelectric cooling
module. [13]
Practical thermoelectric devices emerged in the 1960’s and
have developed significantly since then with a number of
manufacturers now marketing thermoelectric modules for
cooling, heating and power generation applications.
Nowadays, more ambitious applications are coming out,
such as thermoelectric domestic refrigerators [14-15-16].
Thermoelectric method is one of the investigated methods
2
among. solar cooling technologies [17]. The potential uses
of this system range from cooling of the electronic
components, to domestic refrigerators and air conditioners
for cooling/ heating a room space. Thermoelectric
refrigeration replaces the three main working parts with: a
cold junction, a heat sink and a DC power source. The
refrigerant in both liquid and vapor form is replaced by two
dissimilar conductors. The cold junction (evaporator
surface) becomes cold through absorption of energy by the
electrons as they pass from one semiconductor to another,
instead of energy absorption by the refrigerant as it changes
from liquid to vapor. The compressor is replaced by a DC
power source which pumps the electrons from one
semiconductor to another. A heat sink replaces the
conventional condenser fins, discharging the accumulated
heat energy from the system. The difference between two
refrigeration methods, then, is that a thermoelectric cooling
system refrigerates without use of mechanical devices,
except perhaps in the auxiliary sense, and without
refrigerant.
III SOLAR THERMOELECTRIC COOLING SYSTEM
Solar thermoelectric refrigerator is a special type of
refrigerator which utilizes solar energy instead of
conventional electrical energy to power the thermoelectric
modules that has been used to cool the refrigeration space.
The main components of these systems are the photovoltaic
cells and the thermoelectric refrigeration system. The theory
of photovoltaic sizing and optimum tilt angle for
photovoltaic array is being applied here also; different
components should be selected according to the system
type, configuration, site location and applications. However,
the PV array is the most expensive component in these
systems [18]. is shown in schematic diagram Fig. 2,
Fig.2. Schematic of solar-driven thermoelectric refrigeration
system.
i.COMPONENTS OF THE SOLAR
THERMOELECTRIC COOLING SYSTEM
A normal solar PV system includes different components
that should be selected according to the system type,
configuration, site location and applications. A complete PV
cooling system may be consists of the following major
components: photovoltaic panels, a solar charge controller, a
battery bank Fig.3, an inverter circuit, and an electrical
vapor compression AC unit [19].

The form of the section is intended to charge the battery
from solar cells Fig.3
 PV module: produce electricity by converting light
energy (from the sun) into DC electrical energy.
 Solar charge controller: regulates the voltage and
current coming from the PV panels going to battery and
prevents battery overcharging and prolongs the battery
life. Inverter: is an electrical circuit that converts DC
output of PV panels or battery into a clean AC current
and then delivers the electrical energy to the AC load.
 Battery: stores energy (DC voltages) at a charging
mode when sunlight is available for supplying DC
electrical energy to electrical appliances when there is a
demand or absence of daylight.
 The vapor compression AC or DC unit: is actually a
conventional cooling or refrigeration system that is run
by the power received from the inverter or directly from
the battery.
ii. COEFFICIENT OF PERFORMANCE (COP)
Using solar energy to power the thermoelectric devices (DC
current) is thought to be an attractive way to serve the needs
for thermoelectric refrigeration system, since the TECs
consume a large amount of electricity, this meet demand for
energy conservation and environment protection.
According to the energy efficiency of a thermoelectric
device, operating in a cooling or refrigeration mode, is
based on the amount of heat that it removes compared to the
amount of work that it requires. This value is referred to as
coefficient of performance, COP. [20]
COPTE=
For the solar-driven thermoelectric systems, the
performance of whole system (Ƞsystem) can be written as
the product of the performance of the thermoelectric
refrigeration system (COPTE) and the PV efficiency (ȠPV),
that is,
Ƞsystem= COPTH × ȠPV
The COPTE of the thermoelectric refrigeration system
reported is usually less than 0.6, and the ȠPV average 10%,
so the Ƞsystem of a solar-driven thermoelectric system is
usually less than 0.06. [21]
IV. THERMOELECTRIC MATERIALS
Semiconductors are the optimum choice of material to
sandwich between two metal conductors because of the
ability to control the semiconductors’ charge carriers, as
well as, increase the heat pumping ability. Metals are used
to sandwich the semiconductor. Table I Figure shows the
merit of each substance used in forming a thermoelectric
TABLE1. Figure of Merit for Different Materials [22]
Material Figure of merit
Pb – Te 1.2 x 10-3
Pb – Se 1.2 x 10-3
Pb2 – Te3 1.2 x 10-3
Bi2 – Te3 1.3 x 10-3
(BiSb)2 – Te3 3.3 x 10-3
V. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF
PELTIER EFFECT
As any technology, Peltier effect has both advantages and
disadvantages. They are valuable and have to be estimated
in each area where Peltier effect is going to be integrated. It
allows previewing if the technology is reasonable to be
used, or some alternative is relevant to be found. However,
the main drawbacks and benefits have to be mentioned at
this point to understand the main problems to deal with.
Sumup its shortcomings in several score:[23]. Peltier
element takes a large amount of current and power, while
the heat production is not huge.
 Condensation is obvious when cooling of one side of the
element is strong, while the other side becomes excessively
hot.
 Thermoelectric emitting no possibility of mechanical.
 Able to dissipate limited amount of heat flux.
 Lower coefficient of performance than vapor-compression
systems.
 Relegated to low heat flux applications.
 More total heat to remove than without a TEC.
The advantages of thermoelectric:
 There is no by moving mechanical parts and therefore
does not have the votes of the need not to passage of a boat
cooling pipes inside this be installed simple small size.
VI. EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICALSTUDY OF
RECENT LITERATURE REVIEWS
A. COOLING SYSTEM
There are several studies on the thermoelectric cooling
Models where he presented each of Abdullah et al.[24] have
carried out an experimental study on cooling performance of
a developed hybrid Solar Thermoelectric- Adsorption
cooling system. The developed system produced cooling via
the Peltier effect during the day, by means of thermoelectric
elements, and through adsorption (activated carbon-
methanol) process at night. They evaluate the coefficient of
performance by using derived equations, the average COP
values of the hybrid cooling system were found about
0.152 for thermoelectric system and about 0.131 for
adsorption. Riffat et al. [25] compared the performance of
three types of domestic air-conditioners, namely the vapor
compression air Conditioner, the absorption air-conditioner
3
and the thermoelectric air-conditioner. It was concluded that
that solar thermal-driven air-conditioning systems are
attractive in many regions due to the increase of the cooling
demand, lightweight, fast start-up, noiseless, environmental
friendly (completely CFC free), simple, reliable, and easy
control and wide operating temperature (-40 to -70oC). But it
still very expensive at present, because the use of PV.
Hongxia Xi et al. [26] presented an overview of the
development solar-based thermoelectric technology (i.e.,
solar-driven refrigeration and solar-driven thermoelectric
power generation) and their applications. They concluded
that the solar-driven thermoelectric technologies could be
used in a wide variety of fields. They are attractive
technologies that not only can serve the needs for
refrigeration, air-conditioning applications and power
generation, consideration.Wei et al. [27] presented
experimental study on a thermoelectric cooling and heating
system driven by solar cell. The system consists of solar
cells, experimental room which is installed with
thermoelectric device, heat exchanger and storage tank. As
shown fig.4,The experiments have been done in a model
room whose volume is 0.125 m3, in summer condition,
using solar panel whose area is 0.5 m2. The minimum
temperature 17˚C was achieved, with COP of the
thermoelectric device higher than 0.45. The temperature of
water in the storage tank with a volume of 18.5 L has raised
about 9 oC. It concluded that COP of the system is higher
than 0.45, the thermal efficiency was 12.06%, and electrical
efficiency 10.27%. The energy saving system is acoustically
silent, environmentally friendly, and can reduce cooling and
heating load in room.
Fig.4. Experimental investigation and simulation on a
thermoelectric cooling and heating system driven by solar.
Dai et al. [28] developed a thermoelectric refrigeration
system powered by solar cells and carried out experimental
investigation and analysis to meet the needs for outdoor use
(2-3 persons). Two solar cell panels. They can turn 13% of
the total energy received from solar radiation into electric
power. For each panel, the area is 0.4 m2. The
thermoelectric refrigerator consists of a thermoelectric
cooling module, whose specific input power is 45 W, and
specific voltage is 12 V. the experiment set-up. It is
concluded that the studied refrigerator can maintain the
temperature in refrigerated space at 5-10 °C, and has a COP
about 0.3 under given conditions As shown in Fig.5,.
4
Fig. 5, Schematic of solar cell driven, thermoelectric
refrigerator (prototype).
Mengetal et al [29] conducted numerical studies of the
cooling load and coefficient of performance of a commercial
water-cooling thermoelectric refrigerator with a maximum
cooling load of 2.33 W and a maximum COP of 0.54. The
results demonstrated that the heat convection of the heat
exchanger and the heat leakage through the air gap are the
main factors that can cause irreversibility and decrease the
performance of the system .In the past years. Ewert et al
[30] designed and developed an affordable solar
thermoelectric refrigerator for the desert people living in
Oman where electricity is not available. In this study, 10
thermoelectric modules were used in the design of the
refrigerator. The PV solar cells used in this study had the
efficiency of 14%. The experimental results indicated that
the temperature of the refrigeration was reduced from 27oC
to 5oC in approximately 44 min under outdoor conditions
Wahab et al. [31]. The coefficient of performance of the
refrigerator was calculated and found to be about 0.16. The
system performance was strongly dependent on the intensity
of solar insulation and the temperature difference of hot and
cold sides between the thermoelectric modules. Mei et al.
[32] studied a solar-assisted automobile thermoelectric air-
conditioner and other studies related to solar thermoelectric
refrigerators have been reported. (Dai et al [33]. The
research of thermoelectric device combined with the solar
energy is expanding Xia et al [34]. The solar energy is
convenient, environmental protection and inexhaustible. In
the past years, a lot of work has been reported on
thermoelectric cooling. Van Sark et al [35] reported the
performance of the thermoelectric hybrid modules. Hara
researched a solar cell driven thermoelectric cooling
prototype headgear for outside personal cooling Hara et al
[36]. Atta studied solar water condensation by using
thermoelectric coolers [37]. Their research on solar
thermoelectric cooling has provided a wealth of valuable
data and analysis.
B. Thermoelectric air conditioning system
The research of thermoelectric device combined with the
solar energy is expanding Xia et al [38]. The solar energy is
convenient, environmental protection and inexhaustible. In
the past years, a lot of work has been reported on
thermoelectric cooling. Van Sark et al [39] reported the
performance of the thermoelectric hybrid modules. Hara
researched a solar cell.
TABLE 2 . Summary of the main results on the level of
previous studies to use thermoelectric cooler.Content of the
table reference and cold side temperatureAnd hot side The objective of this review is to identify the best standards to
temperature (ₒC) and coefficient of performance,Cooling use solar energy with technological system for refrigeration
capacity (w). and air conditioning such as thermoelectric and thermionic for
application on a large scale because its performance arrived at
Ref Thot Tcold COP Pw cooling least 30% this is very promising for use in climate of Egypt. A
capacity thermoelectric air-condition was designed and built which can
be used for personal cooling & heating. Four TECs were used
44 60 02 0.34 134.6 29.2
for achieving the cooling with a DC power supply through
45 40 15 0.8 140 022 external power supply. After we had earlier studies the
46 56 25 1.81 56 01 importance of thermoelectric in refrigeration and air-
47 45 18 0.52 54 53-74.5 conditioning, especially after their integration with clean
48 42 20 2.6 165.3 430 energy, where derive their energies of solar cells feeding DC
49 44 4 1.8 9122 4222 and then the assessment of thermoelectric performance labs,
Driven thermoelectric cooling prototype headgear for as was the best wineries of the performance of a large cooling
outside personal cooling Hara et al [40]. Atta studied solar capacity at 430 W was 2.6 thermoelectric technology also
water condensation by using thermoelectric coolers Lert et witnessed great development, use the water to cool and absorb
al [41]. Their research on solar thermoelectric cooling has heat from the hot side to improve efficiency and proved its
provided a wealth of valuable data and analysis. worthiness reliability high so I see in the future to improve the
Investigated the cooling performance and thermal comfort And we have worked on this review in order to work on the
of a TE ceiling cooling panel (TE-CCP) system. Thermal stand toward the best of the hand cooling technologies,
acceptability assessment was performed to determine unconventional and found that the energy consumption of
whether the indoor environment met the ASHRAE thermoelectric and thermionic solar energy less than
Standard-55¢s 80% acceptability criteria.8 A suitable conventional energy, which caused damage environment so
condition occurred at 1 A of current low with a Abdul review found that the coefficient of thermoelectric and
corresponding cooling capacity of 201W, giving a COP thermionic performance can be improved through good design
o0.82 with 27ₒC average indoor temperature and 0.8 m/s thermal exchanges and improve Articles semi-connected
indoor air velocity.The aim of the investigation described configuration in thermoelectric and thermionic as well as
herein is to evaluate the thermal comfort and find the availability of solar energy in our Arab Republic of Egypt,
optimum COP of a compact TE air conditioner. The effects which facilitates the use of thermoelectric and thermionic to
of electrical current supplied to the TE modules and air take advantage of them in refrigeration and air-conditioning in
velocity on thermal comfort are discussed. Liu et al. [42] remote areas.
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