Article

Rooftop fish farms set to feed Germany’s city dwellers

By: Josie Le Blond
1-Fish farms have proved controversial with anglers and environmentalists claiming their by-
products are damaging the natural habitat.
2- But a project in Germany aims to feed growing urban populations by bringing
aquaculture into town centres, putting tanks on rooftops and car parks and using the waste to
grow vegetables.
3- The idea is simple. Perch swim in metal water tanks and the ammonia they excrete is
used to fertilise tomatoes, salad leaves and herbs growing in a greenhouse mounted above.
Aquaponic fish and vegetable farms aim to provide a self-contained system designed to provide
city dwellers with organic, sustainable locally grown food.
4-“We have to think about systems which allow us to produce food in a very resource-
efficient way,” the co-founder of Efficient City Farming, Nicolas Leschke, said as he showed
visitors around the small container farm prototype in the yard of a former malt factory in Berlin.
5- Alarmed by overfishing of the oceans and spiralling food miles, Leschke and his
colleagues are marketing their prototype as a basis for large aquaponic farm systems in German
cities, with two in the planning stages.
6- Construction will begin next year on a 7,000 square-metre aquaponic farm on the roof
of the
disused factory in the German capital, which, when finished, will be the biggest in the world.
7- “The oceans are overfished and you don’t have to be a prophet to know that’s not
going to change,” Leschke said. “Also, with all the pesticides, antibiotics and genetic
modifications, we just don’t know what we’re eating anymore.”
8- Mounted on stilts, the Efficient City Farming containers can be set up almost
anywhere, Leschke said, and farmers must only keep the water topped up and feed the fish. A
small electric current is also needed to pump nitrate-enriched water from the fish tanks up to the
hydroponic vegetable garden above.
9- With urban populations set to increase over the coming decades, there will be plenty of
mouths to feed. Half of the global population are city dwellers, a figure the UN says will swell to
almost 70% by 2050. But with the technology costing up to $44,000 for a single container, only
larger farms with bigger yields are economically viable.

 1 Read article and answer the questions.

a Why have traditional fish farms been unpopular?
______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

b What is the structure of the new type of fish farm? Draw a sketch of how you think it might
look.

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c What overall type of food do the designers want to produce?
______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

d What are Nicolas Leschke and his colleagues concerned about?

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

e Where will a huge aquaponic farm be built?

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

f Are the new rooftop fish tanks difficult to run? Why?/ Why not?
______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

g Why is it important to begin producing food in urban areas?

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

 2 Read the article again. Write the number of the paragraph next to the
titles.
__________a Largest urban fish farm on the planet
__________b Urban populations expand rapidly
__________c Problem of overfishing won’t go away
__________d Two farms in the pipeline
__________e Easy concept provides sustainable food

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__________f Traditional fish farms – a danger to the environment
__________g Space-efficient equipment that is simple to run
__________h New project brings fish farms to cities
__________i Prototype open to view

 3 What do these words and phrases from the text mean?

a … systems which allow us to produce food in a resource-efficient way (paragraph 4)
______________________________________________________________________________
b Alarmed by overfishing and spiralling food miles …(paragraph 5)
______________________________________________________________________________

c … farmers must only keep the water topped up …(paragraph 8)

______________________________________________________________________________

d With urban populations set to increase over the coming decades … (paragraph 9)
______________________________________________________________________________

China’s ‘violent philanthropist’ gives away fresh air

By: Tania Branigan Beijing
Even through the thick Beijing smog, it is impossible to mistake the ebullient figure shaking hands,
signing autographs and barking at startled passersby: “Come on, two cans for each one – free fresh
air. Open it and drink it and breathe it! It keeps you fresh the whole day!”
2 It is the kind of offer that has made Chen Guangbiao a household name in China: giving away
thousands of tins of air to raise awareness of China’s pollution. “If we don’t act in the next 10 years,
our descendants will have to carry oxygen tanks and wear masks all the time,” he said at the publicity
event in Bejing this month.
3 Chen, 44, is a multimillionaire entrepreneur who bills himself as the country’s number one
philanthropist and environmentalist.
4 In January, he lay under a sheet of wood and steel while two cars drove over him, to demonstrate
that the world would be better without cars. In another comment on the drawbacks of motoring he
smashed up a Mercedes Benz car.

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5 Recently he put an advert in the New York Times proclaiming the disputed Diaoyu Islands–
currently at the heart of the territorial row with Japan – to be Chinese, and announced he was giving
new cars to drivers whose vehicles were destroyed in anti-Japanese protests – while simultaneously
promoting a cycling initiative.
6 He also plans to give away $240,000 to young entrepreneurs in the next weeks.
7 But he is best known for his personal deliveries to the victims of natural disasters. He arrived in
Sichuan with a fleet of heavy machinery after the earthquake in 2008. When the tsunami struck
Japan, he flew over with cash and goods.
8 He has apparently an unsinkable self-belief. “I want to record the name of Chen Guangbiao in
Chinese history,” he said.
9 His party trick is to lift a bike using his teeth and spin it around in the air. It is, says Chen, all down
to kung fu training at the famous Shaolin temple.
10 Chen grew up in the countryside near Nanjing, in such poverty that two of his siblings starved to
death. He earned his first cash – around 60 cents – carrying water from a well to villagers one
summer, and used some of the money to help pay for a neighbour’s schooling. In recognition of his
good deed, a teacher pasted a red star on his face. “I ran around the classes ... Every student wanted
to learn from me and do good things,” he explained.
11 He made his fortune recycling materials from demolished buildings and has vowed to give it all
away before his death. The Hurun rich list estimated his worth at $740m last year. Already,
he says, he has made donations worth $278m. Others rank far ahead of him in independent lists of
charitable donors and sceptics say it is hard to assess the real value of his gifts since they are often in
kind. He counters that other philanthropists give to charities in the sectors they work in, with the
hope of commercial returns.
12 Chen calls his high-profile tactics “violent philanthropy”. He says: “My individual power is
limited. I want to use my high-profile way to wake people up to take action together to do good
things. I can only awake them with my performance art and creativity.”
13 Admirers point out that most millionaires are doing little for their fellows. And Chen’s stunts
have, as he predicted, got people talking about philanthropy and the environment. “We need these
kind of people to tell us that if you want to help people you need to take responsibility,” says Wang
Lanjun, pausing to have her photo taken with him.
14 “He’s great!” enthused another passing pedestrian.
15 “He said I’m great,” Chen points out. “You see? Ordinary people love me.”

 Q1- Chen Guangbiao done in his life? Write yes (Y) or no (N) next to the statements.
Then change the “no” sentences to make them correct.
He has …
a________ given out free oxygen masks to passersby in Beijing.
b ____________ lain under a wood and steel sheet while two vehicles went over him.
c__________ destroyed a luxury car.
d____________ bought new bicycles for people who lost theirs during a protest.
e______________ taken heavy equipment to an area affectedby an earthquake.
f_________ flown to another country with goods and money after a disaster.
g_____________ helped pay for the education of some students at his village school.
h__________ made a promise to give away all his money before he dies.

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  Which of the things above are environmental publicity stunts?
 Which ones are acts of philanthropy?
 2 Read the article again and answer the questions.
a What behaviour is mentioned in the article that shows Chen Guangbiao’s ebullient personality?
______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

b Which act of philanthropy seemed to contradict his anti-car campaign?

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

c What general reasons does he give for his philanthropic acts and environmental stunts?

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

d What sort of background does he come from and how did he make his fortune?

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

e How does he compare to other philanthropists?

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

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f What do some sceptics say about him? What do admirers say?

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Answers:
1 a N oxygen masks – cans of fresh air b Y c Y d N bicycles – cars e Y f Y g N some
of the students at his village school – his neighbour h Y
Environmental publicity stunts: a, b, c.
Acts of philanthropy: d, e, f, g, h.
2 a There are a number of indications of his ebullient personality: shaking
hands, signing autographs, shouting out to passersby, having his photo taken
with them. He also does the physical stunt of lifting a bike with his teeth.
b Buying cars for people whose vehicles were destroyed. This was done at the same time as promoting a cycling initiative.
c He gives a number of reasons. He wants to record his name in history. He also wants to wake people up so that they take action together and do good
things.
d He comes from a very poor background. He made his money recycling materials from demolished buildings.
e Other philanthropist are far ahead of him in lists of charitable donations.
f Sceptics say that it is impossible to identify how much he has given to charity because it is often in kind. Admirers say most millionaires do little for
others. They also say that Chen gets people talking about philanthropy and the environment.

Zero-carbon super-yacht sets course for green luxury

By: Robert Booth

1 It is the super-yacht for the carbon-conscious billionaire. Instead of polluting the Caribbean
and Mediterranean with clouds of diesel smoke, oligarchs and sheikhs are being offered the
chance to sail zero-carbon, with everything on board powered by the sun.
2 A 24-year-old British boat designer has drawn up plans for what is thought to be the world’s
first carbon-neutral super-yacht, and has received inquiries from wealthy potential clients after
unveiling the designs at recent yacht shows in Monaco and Abu Dhabi.
3 Alastair Callender is promoting the idea of “ecoluxury” with plans for Soliloquy, an electricity
powered craft covered in photovoltaic film that harnesses the power of the sun. Rigid sails will
double as solar panels to produce enough energy to propel the 58-metre-long boat at a cruising
speed of eight knots, and even the hull will be made of sustainable timber instead of more
energy-intensive aluminium.
4 According to Hein Velema, a prominent yacht broker based in Monaco, his richest clients are
intrigued by the idea of zero-carbon cruising.

6
5 “I was sceptical at first, but I have spoken to a few clients who are willing to spend a serious
amount extra to go green,” he said. “In the current climate we are unlikely to see as many yachts
as large as the Eclipse, but people will want to be first in other ways, such as being the first with
a green yacht.”
6 Last June, the world’s largest private yacht, the 163-metre Eclipse, owned by Russian oligarch
Roman Abramovich, was launched complete with a missile defence system and an escape
submarine.
7 Callender said he intends his $59m vessel to appeal to the super-rich who until the global
economic crisis competed to own ever-larger yachts. In 2008, 260 yachts longer than 30 metres
were launched.
8 A conventional yacht of the same size as Soliloquy powered on the usual marine diesel can
burn up to 2,000 litres an hour travelling at 35 knots, according to Yacht Carbon Offset, a
company that provides carbon offsetting. A twohour journey at that speed creates 12 tonnes of
carbon dioxide.
9 “These giant gin palaces use a huge amount of fuel and produce so much pollution, I wanted to
prove that eco-luxury no longer needs to be an oxymoron,” Callender said.

 Q1- Read the first five paragraphs of the article. Write yes (Y) or no (N) next to the
sentences.
The super-yacht Soliloquy …
A____________ will be partly powered by diesel fuel.
B____________ is only at the design stage.
C___________ will be the first of its kind.
d ____________has had interest from only one person so far.
e ____________uses sails that absorb the sun’s energy.
F____________ will travel at 58 metres a minute.
G___________ will be partly made of wood.
 Q2- Read the rest of the article. Answer the questions.
a What is unique about the yacht Eclipse?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
b Who does it belong to? What can you find on board?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
c What is Callender’s target market for the new yacht?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
d Which statistic shows the recent popularity of these new large boats?

7
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
e How much fuel can a traditional yacht use in one hour? How much CO2 might be made in a
couple of hours?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
f Why is the word “eco-luxury” normally an oxymoron?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

Answers:
Q1-
aNbYcYdNeYfNgY
Q2
a It’s the world’s largest private yacht.
b Roman Abramovich.
Missile defence system and escape submarine.
c The super-rich.
d In 2008 260 large yachts launched.
e 2,000 litres. 12 tonnes.
f Luxury yachts or sports cars etc are usually the opposite of environmentally friendly.

Men stand up for women’s rights

http://blogs.thenews.com.pk/blogs/2015/12/men-stand-up-for-womens-rights/

Violence against women is a global phenomenon that affects a large portion of the population
right across from the first world countries to the third world. Women are subjected to different
shades of violence that can range from verbal abuse to carnal harassment; domestic violence to
war crimes etc.

For decades society has turned a blind eye towards these heinous crimes. And women
themselves have also helped in strengthening the abusers by keeping quiet about the abuse.

However, those who do speak up get little or no help from members of their own gender and
males don’t get involved for fear of social stigmas and prosecution.

8
This is not to say women have never raised their voice against this brutality, some have been
courageous enough to do so and even gained victories, mostly small, making some people aware
that such a problem exists.

But this issue is way too big for a small group to tackle. There is dire need that this problem is
not only identified and accepted by the society and supported by men only then can a solution be
found.

There is one problem: the majority of men may think they are on the periphery of this problem,
and need not get involved. But violence against women is too widespread and very real and
cannot be written off as a woman issue because it is not. It is a social crime that occurs
everywhere – in the house, on the street, in the school, in the office – and can happen to anyone –
their mothers, sisters, daughters, wives.

Mothers are solely responsible for the development of the behavioural traits of their children. If
they want they can mould the way their sons treat women. Instead we see mothers allowing their
sons to mistreat his sisters and ordering them around. These women don’t understand that this is
the beginning of the male’s conditioning in which he being made aware of his ‘superiority’ over
women.

Sons who see their father and/or other male relatives beating women usually believe it is the
male’s right to do so. This is where the society and law enforcers’ role comes in – if there is no
response or reaction to stop this abuse, the young males’ belief in violence against women is
strengthened.

White Ribbon is one such organization that is playing surrogate mother nurturing males to stand
up against violence against women. This organization has been formed with this in mind and its
slogan ‘Men’s Movement for Ending Violence Against Women’ sums it all.

White Ribbon has taken many great initiatives to begin this journey and to spread awareness
among the people. And as for any campaign to become successful, White Ribbon has joined
forces with Pakistan’s largest media organization Jang/Geo Group to reach the masses.

And rightly so since Jang/Geo has always had a large number of females on its staff and supports
gender based initiatives. And also has a Gender Sensitivity Committee.

With more women working in different fields today, it is necessary that organizations also take
this issue seriously and develop methods to deal with them. Unless a conscious effort is not taken
at the social level, as well as in the workforce things will never change.

Q1- Select the correct answer from the given choices. [3]

 Violence against women is a global phenomenon because ________________________.

a) It involves different shades of violence

9
 b) Many women across the world are the victims

c) Many people talk about this

 In the above article, the idiom “turned the blind eye to” means____________________.

a) Unable to see

b) Didn’t solve the problem

c) Ignored the undesirable information

 White Ribon is _________

a) A movement run by men against violence on women

b) An organization run by men to stop violence against women

c) An organization to stop violence against women

Q2- Select the appropriate synonym of the bold words in the given sentences.
[5]

 For decades society has turned a blind eye towards these heinous crimes.
a) argued b) monstrous c) illegal

 … males don’t get involved for fear of social stigmas and prosecution.
a) dishonor b) status c) mess

 There is dire need…

a) No b) challenging c) grim

 There is one problem: the majority of men may think they are on the periphery of this
problem,…

a) edge b) center c) core

 White Ribbon is one such organization that is playing surrogate mother nurturing males..
a) Substitute b) important c)appreciabl

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Q3- According to the above article, why is the women’s voice is not heard against violence
on them?

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

Q4- According to the writer, how can the violence against women be stopped?

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Answers:
Q1 Many women across the world are the victims
Ignored the undesirable information
An organization run by men to stop violence against women

Q2- b,a,c,a,a

Q3 & 4 he answer supported with textual clue will be accepted as right answer.

Students who use digital devices in class

'perform worse in exams'
Richard Adams Education editor

Study finds use of computers by students in lectures and seminars has ‘substantial negative
effect’ on performance.

11
Allowing students to use computers and the internet in classrooms substantially harms their
results, a study has found.
The paper published by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology found that students barred1
from using laptops or digital devices in lectures and seminars did better in their exams than those
allowed to use computers and access the internet.
The researchers suggested that removing laptops and iPads from classes was the equivalent of
improving the quality of teaching.
The study divided 726 undergraduates randomly into three groups in the 2014-15 and 2015-16
academic years. The control group’s classrooms were “technology-free,” meaning students were
not allowed to use laptops or tablets at their desk. Another group was allowed to use computers
and other devices, and the third group had restricted access to tablets.
“The results from our randomised experiment suggest that computer devices have a substantial
negative effect on academic performance,” the researchers concluded, suggesting that the
distraction of an electronic device complete with internet access outweighed2 their use for note-
taking or research during lessons.
The research had an unusual twist: the students involved were studying at the West Point
academy in the US, where cadets are ruthlessly ranked by exam results, meaning they were
motivated to perform well and may have been more disciplined than typical undergraduates.
But even for the cream of the US army’s future crop, the lure3 of the digital world appears to
have been too much, and exam performance after a full course of studying economics was lower
among those in classes allowed to use devices.
“Our results indicate that students perform worse when personal computing technology is
available. It is quite possible that these harmful effects could be magnified in settings outside of
West Point,” the researchers concluded.
“In a learning environment with lower incentives4 for performance, fewer disciplinary
restrictions on distracting behaviour, and larger class sizes, the effects of internet-enabled
technology on achievement may be larger due to professors’ decreased ability to monitor and
correct irrelevant usage.”
Tom Bennett, founder of the Research education group, who is leading a UK government-
commissioned review of smartphone use in classrooms, noted the research found that even the
brightest students appeared to be distracted by the presence of digital devices, in contrast to
previous studies.
“Of course, nothing about this is conclusive and it needs to be read in the context of the
undergraduate experience, but there are some interesting reflective points for all educators. Do
you need to use tablets? How do you compensate5 for the possibility of distraction?” Bennett
said.
Research published last year by the London School of Economics found that banning mobile
phones affected school pupils according to their ability. “Banning mobile phones improves
outcomes for the low-achieving students … and has no significant impact on high-achievers,” it
concluded.
The new research is distinctive because it analysed the results of students in classroom
conditions rather than as part of an artificial experiment.
“In contrast to the laboratory-style research, our study measures the cumulative effects of
internet-enabled classroom technology over the course of a semester, as opposed to its impact on
immediate or short-term recall of knowledge,” the researchers said.

12
“We want to be clear that we cannot relate our results to a class where the laptop or tablet is used
deliberately in classroom instruction, as these exercises may boost a student’s ability to retain the
material,” they added.

 Select synonyms of the given words in the light of their context.

a) The synonym of barred is ____________________

 allowed  privileged
 banned  ran

b) The synonym of outweighed is ________________________

 Improved  overshadowed
 Uplift  slowed

c) The synonym of lure is __________________________

 use  demand
 attraction  All above
d) The synonym of incentives is ______________________
 encouragement  failure
 progress  success
e) The synonym of compensate is __________________
 Paying damage  minimise
 prepare  All above
f) Banning laptops and I Pads in class room is equal to _____________________
 Denying their importance  Improving quality teaching
 Improving students’ interest  None of them
g) “Control Group __________________
 Used digital devices  Used digital devices to limited
 Didn’t use digital devices access
 Was not part of the experiment

h) The results show that students perform worse, when _______________________

13
  Digital devices are used as teaching tool
 Personal computing technological devices are used
 Students are not monitored
 Digital devices are used to limited extent
i) Students’ academic achievements are affected due to ____________
 Over crowded classes
 Internet gadgets
 Less disciplinary actions against students’ distracted behavior in class
 All above
j) Banning mobile phones benefitted________________
 High achievers  Low achievers
 Average students  None of them
Answers:

Q1-a- banned b-overshadowed c-attraction d- encouragement e-paying damage

Q2-f- Improving quality teaching

g- Didn’t use digital devices

h- Personal computing technological devices are used

i- All above
j- Low achievers

14
 NAB arrests Sharjeel, 12 others in corruption scandal
The News

October 24,2017

KARACHI: The Sindh High Court on Monday dismissed the protective bail of former
information minister SharjeelInamMemon, information department officials and advertisement
companies’ representatives in Rs5.76 billion corruption case. SharjeelInam was later on arrested
by the National Accountability Bureau from the court premises along with other co-accused as
the SHC turned down the request of Sharjeel’s counsel to suspend the bail rejection order to
enable Memon to approach the Supreme Court against the bail rejection order.

The former information minister was booked by the NAB in a corruption reference along with
information department officials and advertising companies’ representatives for allegedly
committing corruption in the award of advertisements of provincial government’s awareness
corruption in the award of advertisements of provincial government’s awareness campaigns in
the electronic media involving over Rs5 billion. Besides Memon, former provincial information
secretary Zulfiqar Ali Shalwani, deputy directors of information department Mansoor Ahmed
Rajput and Mohammed YousufKaboro and others were among the 17 accused cited in the
reference. It was alleged that advertising agencies suppressed the invoices issued by the media
and showed much higher amounts, while as per settled practice advertising agencies were
entitled to get only 15 per cent agency commission against the total bill.

NAB prosecutor Altaf Khan opposed the bail applications of the former information minister
and others and submitted that pre-qualification of advertising agencies was conducted in
violation of the Sindh Public Procurement Rules. He submitted that former information minister
SharjeelInamMemon, during his tenure from June 2013 to July 2015, had illegally approved
release of official advertisements in the electronic media for the awareness campaign through so-
called pre-qualified advertising agencies without due competition between these advertising
agencies and contracts were released to favorite agencies at exorbitant rates even without
confirming the market rates. He submitted that NAB has sufficient evidence to prove the guilt of
the petitioners who were involved in causing loss to the national exchequer. He requested the
court to dismiss the bail petitions of the former information minister and others as they were not
entitled to any relief. Petitioner’s counsel Amir Raza Naqvi had earlier submitted that the
petitioner was falsely implicated in NAB corruption reference. He submitted that former
information minister did not get any approval for the advertisements and the inquiry was initiated
after he travelled abroad for medical purposes. He submitted that TV channels had different rates
for air time advertisements and the petitioner could not be charged for giving advertisements on
exorbitant rates to advertisement companies adding that all payments were made as per the Sindh
Public Procurement Rules and relevant laws. He submitted that federal and Punjab governments

15
were issuing advertisements to the media but no inquiry was initiated against them by the NAB
with regard to advertisement campaigns and its rates.

Advertisement companies' counsel submitted that no illegality was committed in the award of
advertisements and all payments were made in accordance with the law and procurement rules.
The counsel requested the court to confirm the bail petitions of the petitioners. The SHC’s
division bench headed by Chief Justice Ahmed Ali M Sheikh, for reasons to be recorded later on,
dismissed the protective bail applications of former information minister SharjeelMemon, former
information secretary ZulfiqarShalwani, and 10 co-accused in the reference. Salis bin
Perwaizadds: The personnel of the National Accountability Bureau Sindh (NAB) on Monday
arrested PPP leader SharjeelInamMemon with 12 others in the mega corruption scandal. The
spokesman for NAB Sindh said that NAB Karachi on Monday arrested 12 accused persons
wanted in Reference No. 50/2016, consequent upon cancellation of their ad interim bails by
Sindh High Court. The accused persons are charged for embezzlement of Rs5,766,479,766
purportedly paid to seven advertising agencies for awareness campaigns between 2013 and 2015.
The accused persons jointly and severally in connivance with each other have been alleged for
awarding the contracts to favour certain advertising agencies and to their own favour, in
violation of relevant laws and rules and against exorbitant rates. The arrested accused persons
will be produced before accountability court today.

2.1. The Word ‘premises’ means: /1

 Permission  Allow
 Locations  Sight
2.2. The word ‘suppressed’ does not mean /1

 Curbed  Crushed
 Repressed  Extend
2.3. The antonym of ‘petitions’ is /1

 Submission  Power
 Enemy  Command

2.4.Who according to the report are ‘involved in the scandal of corruption’ ? /1

2.5. What is the tense of the given sentence: “The arrested accused persons will be produced
before accountability court today. /1

16
______________________________________________________________________________

2.6. Write a short review of this report in your own words. /2.5

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

2.7. How do you see the political career of SharjeelInamMemon after this scandal? /2.5

Answers: 2.1. Locations 2.2. Extend 2.3. Command 2.4. (comprehension based)
2.5. Future Indefinite (Passive voice)

17
Impact of Foreign Aid on Economic Development in Pakistan

Published: 23rd March, 2015

Impact of Foreign Aid on Economic Development in Pakistan explains that Pakistan is getting
into a steady wave of debt burden. It is the International Monetary Funds in general and United
States, Great Britain, Japan etc in particular which Pakistan uses as a main source of taking Debt.
IMF alone has given more than 11 Billion US Dollars to Pakistan as debt. The researcher has
narrowed down the wide topic into two main variables. First one being the Debt burden and
other one explained as Economic growth in terms of Gross Domestic Product's growth. The
researcher argues that there are many reasons that make a country rely on foreign aid and debts.
First reason is more of a political reason and the terms and conditions attached to the foreign aid,
which in general are beneficial for the country taking it in a shorter term perspective. The other
main reason is associated with the composition and the break - up of external aid to loans in hard
form. With the passage of time, there is a shift from providing grants to any Underdeveloped or
friendly country to aid, which is further associated with interest payments and principal -
payback. The world today is facing a paradigm shift in terms of equipping someone with capital,
from friendliness to enmity in the form of heavy interest re-payments. It was also concluded that
there are many sides of the external debt and the way it interacts to solves the basic economic
problems of a country. External aid brings positive as well as negative results in the long term
aspects. Foreign aid no matter brings a positive up thrust in the Gross Domestic Product of a
country in short term, as it boosts up agriculture, Informational Technology, Education, Health
services etc. But in many cases the long run results are much difficult to handle. The major draw
back seen of heavy external debt is the Balance of Payment Deficits. This deficit in Balance of
Payments is covered by the allocated funds of the Social Sector development. The researcher
also explains about the policy matters which are the most important part in handling the external
debt and its servicing. Proper and effective policies are to be made in order to retire the aid taken
for better implementation of the policies, which in return will ensure the effectiveness of aid
taken by the country and all the problems linked to mis - utilization and mis - management of the
resources taken from external resources.

James Njeru in his Research, The impact of foreign aid on public expenditure explains that for
many of the Sub - Sharan countries, taking economic aid from International Monetary Funds and
The World Bank constitutes as an important participation for the sake of running economical as
well as political structures of the country. In most of the African countries like Kenya, almost all
the financial indicators are not in a good health. They all share relatively same narrow tax base,
low on export side and large deficits in Balance of Payment Accounts. Saving of the people is
also negligible since poverty head count is much on a higher side. The paper majorly focus on
the response of the Kenya's Government in terms of its expenditure when experiencing massive
aid cut from IMF and internal malfunctioning of public debts. The research showed that the
spending outline of the government gets changed when this is an inflow of economic aid from
International Monetary funds of debt is raised from internal resources. On the other hands, it was

18
really difficult for Kenya in short term to deal with the effects of the aid freeze which were much
influential in ordinary days supporting fiscal structure of the country. Fiscal measures were not
capable sufficient to offset the change and started facing a downfall in no time. It was also
concluded that the rise seen in the Kenyan domestic debt was always attributed to the persistent
fiscal gap present in the country which caused suspension of the load payment by International
Monetary Funds in 1991. This caused real problem for Kenya's economy as to overcome the
fiscal deficit, the recipient country in result of getting suspended by loans has to look for many
other new options, like raising the normal and corporate tax rate, increase domestic borrowing
from the central bank as well as other commercial banks, having a massive cut in development
and social development expenditure and printing more money which causes inflation and
employment in the country. The mentioned problems were a major threat to the Kenya's
economy, which it had face in terms of the crowding out effect in investment and added to the
domestic debt. The situation got further difficult when Kenyan economy faced major expenditure
cuts in government's cutting in social development sector and unemployment after having sky -
high inflation. Over reliance on external debt, particularly from International Monetary Funds
made financial matter more critical for Kenya's economy and the effects of 90's is still faced by
it.

Michael Atingi-Ego in his report Budget Support, aid dependency and Dutch Disease argues that
Uganda's economy is another difficult economy which has been facing sever challenges and
threats in successfully running and implementing financial system of the country. It was due to
the mere support of many countries on bi - lateral and multi - lateral country which supported
Uganda's economy from crashing many times in history. Presence of International Monetary
Funds in Uganda's economny is another problem since the country is not capable of abiding by
the rules and regulations put by International Monetary Funds on it. It was until Financial year
1999, Support inflows to Uganda were comparatively small than the newer ones, constituting
200 Million US Dollar on annual basis. It was the help of numerous donors which in terms of
grants or debt gave cushion to Uganda's economy many times and helped to decrease its fiscal
and monetary deficits. Uganda is another African country where unemployment, low tax base,
inflation, less saving by the public and high balance of payment accounts are seen over the time
with no proper source of revenue excluding contacting International Monetary Funds for raising
external assistance. For the sake of supporting budget deficits till FY 1996, loans from other
countries in Uganda does the major source constitute 56%. Grants taken by donor countries also
constituted to 73% moderately support the uptrend of Uganda's external debt and financial
sustainability of the country. Uganda's government has also put ceiling on taking aid which can
be taken in the form of loans and grants. In adding up to the upper limit and the suggested
ceiling, it is always to evaluate that both domestic revenues and grants are insufficient to finance
the national budget that government has skinny and less loans that are highly concessional. As a
multi - lateral donor, World Bank has also taking part in Uganda's fiscal deficit financing giving
225 Million US Dollars by 2001, International Monetary Funds being 53 Million US Dollars.
The research shows that Uganda is heavily laid on the mercy of budget support which is on an
average more than 50 percent of its total expenditure. These measures have created inflationary
and unemployment in the country which the country is trying to control on, but the over all
situation is so much aid - dependent, exchange rate and interest rates are out of the reach of
Government to control them and bring positive financial changes in the country.

19
A Comprehensive U.S. Policy to Pakistan states the mismanagement of Pakistan's case by the
Americans authority in monetary terms. It explains the current economic misery being faced by
Pakistan due to its involvement in the War on Terror and other problems like political instability
and terrorism. It explains that USA has put millions of Dollars in to Afghanistan and Iraq but
Pakistan is the ally and much more important to the American objectives in Asia. America's
assistance to Pakistan is not up to the mark and there is growing anger of the people of Pakistan
in the current democratic government and The US. Even the massive Kerry-Lugar bill was
rejected by the people of Pakistan on the same grounds. There come the IMF, where Pakistan
could go to. The irony of the situation is in the presence of USA, Pakistan still has to goto the
IMF where it is always clear that there will be more problems coming up in the country due to
the hard rules and regulations imposed by IMF. Thus there is an immediate need that should be
showed by USA in consultation with International Financial Institutions and other donors which
should also take their part in providing Pakistan with significant balance of payments and
budgetary support designed to prevent financial collapse and to alleviate the immediate
humanitarian effects of high food and energy prices.

2.1. The Word ‘paradigm’ means: /1

 Locality  Model
 Heaven  Routine
2.2. The word ‘implementation’ does not mean /1

 Employment  Execution
 Proposal  Operation
2.3. The antonym of ‘inflation’ is /1

 Submission  Power
 Deflation  Rise

2.4.What is the tense of this sentence, ‘Grants taken by donor countries also constituted to 73%
moderately support the uptrend of Uganda's external debt and financial sustainability of the country’ ? /1

2.5. What are James Njeru ‘s views about foreign aid? /2

______________________________________________________________________________
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______________________________________________________________________________

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______________________________________________________________________________
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2.6. What are some causes behind Pakistan’s mismanagement of monetary resources? /2

______________________________________________________________________________
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______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

2.7. Write a short review of this report in your own words. /2

______________________________________________________________________________
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Answers: 2.1. Model2.2. Proposal 2.3. Deflation 2.4. Past Indefinite Tense

21
7,000MW shortfall triggers extra unscheduled loadshedding

FawadYousafzai May 02, 2018

ISLAMABAD - The electricity shortfall has once again risen and the Discos have resorted to
extra unscheduled loadshedding in the country.

The electricity shortfall has reached 6,000 to 7,000MW and the areas with five percent losses
which were early exempted from loadshedding are facing up to five hours outages, official
sources told The Nation. The feeders with more than 10 percent losses are facing extra
unscheduled loadshedding.

However, spokesman for the Energy Ministry said the Power Division minister directed the
authorities concerned to prioritise Category-I feeders across the country in terms of electricity
supply.

Reduction in hydle generation, tripping of Chashma power plants and delay in the
commissioning of three RLNG-based power plants with the combined generation capacity of
3,600MW have further increased the demand-supply gap.

22
According to the official spokesman, the shortfall is around 3,500MW. According to him,
220KV NTDC high transmission circuits, 220KV Daudkhel, 220KV Bannu, 220KV Ludewala
and Chashnupp power plants (1,200MW) tripped Tuesday at 1:30am resulting in supply failure
from these plants

The spokesman says supply to these power plants i.e. C1, C2, C3 & C4 has been restored and
220KV NTDC lines have been energised. However, the restoration of generation from these
plants will take some time as a definite protocol has to be followed. As the latest information
shared by the management of Chashnup C-1 and C-2 were expected to be back after Tuesday
evening, the status of C-3 and C-4 is not yet clear.

It is also added that RLNG-based power plants Haveli Bahadar Shah, Bhikki and Balloki
(3,600MW) are also under testing phases and generation form these plants is currently not
available. The source says insurance of these power plants is one of the reasons in the
operationalisation of these plants.

The hydel generation is also low as the water release from reservoirs on the provinces’ demand is
low while new plants at Neelum-Jhelum are still in testing phase and have not started
commercial operations. Keeping in view these unavoidable facts, the national grid is facing
temporary shortfall which is varying with the variation of demand, especially during peak and
off peak hours, the spokesman states.

In order to keep the system safe and bridge the demand and supply gap, temporary load
management of a few hours is being introduced in all distribution companies. The introduction of
load management by the Discos is proportional to the feeders’ losses.

The consumers are being informed via SMS, local sub divisional offices, Roshan Pakistan App
and others means regarding the load management in their areas.

The minister for Power Division, the minister of state, the power secretary, NPCC and Pepco
teams are closely monitoring the situation and are in close contact with management of these
plants. The consumers will be immediately provided with relief as soon as any plant starts
generation.

The Power Division has appealed to the consumers to adopt energy conservation practices during
this temporary phase so that maximum consumers get lesser number of electricity interruptions.

An emergency meeting in this regard was held late in the evening with Federal Minister for
Power Division SardarAwais Ahmed Khan Leghari in the chair to discuss the matters relating to
electricity situation in the country.

The Power Division minister directed the authorities to make maximum efforts to provide relief
to the consumers. He also directed them to prioritise Category I feeders across the country in
terms of electricity supply and the temporary shortfall of electricity due to trippings and testing
of plants should be distributed among those other than Category I feeders. Category I feeders
form 61% of total feeders in the country.

23
The minister further said no rural-urban divide should be observed in terms of category of
feeders. He also directed the authorities to closely monitor the situation and maintain close
coordination with the power plants management to bring the generation online within the
shortest possible time.

2.1. The Word ‘exempted’ means: /1

 Permitted  Allowed
 Discharged  Fined
2.2. The word ‘protocol’ does not mean /1

 Procedure  Practice
 Decorum  Extension
2.3. The antonym of ‘consumers’ is /1

 Customers  Producers
 Businessmen  Clients

2.4.What does the minster mean when he said, ‘no rural-urban divide should be observed in
terms of category of feeders.? /1

2.5. What is the tense of the given sentence: “An emergency meeting in this regard was held late
in the evening”? /1

2.6. Write a short review of this report in your own words. /2.5

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

2.7. How can the issue of electricity down fall be resolved? /2.5

______________________________________________________________________________
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______________________________________________________________________________

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______________________________________________________________________________
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Answers: 2.1. Discharged2.2. Extension 2.3. Producers 2.4. (Comprehension based) 2.5. Past
Indefinite Tense (Passive Voice)

What are the Panama Papers? A guide to history's biggest data leak

What is Mossack Fonseca, how big is it, and who uses offshore firms? Key questions about one
of the biggest ever data leaks

The Panama Papers are an unprecedented leak of 11.5m files from the database of the world’s
fourth biggest offshore law firm, Mossack Fonseca. The records were obtained from an
anonymous source by the German newspaper SüddeutscheZeitung, which shared them with the
International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (ICIJ). The ICIJ then shared them with a
large network of international partners, including the Guardian and the BBC.

What do they reveal?

The documents show the myriad ways in which the rich can exploit secretive offshore tax
regimes. Twelve national leaders are among 143 politicians, their families and close associates
from around the world known to have been using offshore tax havens.

A $2bn trail leads all the way to Vladimir Putin. The Russian president’s best friend – a cellist
called Sergei Roldugin – is at the centre of a scheme in which money from Russian state banks is
hidden offshore. Some of it ends up in a ski resort where in 2013 Putin’s daughter Katerina got
married.

Among national leaders with offshore wealth are Nawaz Sharif, Pakistan’s prime minister;
AyadAllawi, ex-interim prime minister and former vice-president of Iraq; Petro Poroshenko,
president of Ukraine; Alaa Mubarak, son of Egypt’s former president; and the prime minister of
Iceland, SigmundurDavíðGunnlaugsson.

An offshore investment fund run by the father of British prime minister David Cameron avoided
ever having to pay tax in Britain by hiring a small army of Bahamas residents to sign its
paperwork. The fund has been registered with HM Revenue and Customs since its inception and
has filed detailed tax returns every year.

A lengthier overview of the revelations can be found here.

25
What is Mossack Fonseca?
It is a Panama-based law firm whose services include incorporating companies in offshore
jurisdictions such as the British Virgin Islands. It administers offshore firms for a yearly fee.
Other services include wealth management.

Where is it based?
The firm is Panamanian but runs a worldwide operation. Its website boasts of a global network
with 600 people working in 42 countries. It has franchises around the world, where separately
owned affiliates sign up new customers and have exclusive rights to use its brand. Mossack
Fonseca operates in tax havens including Switzerland, Cyprus and the British Virgin Islands, and
in the British crown dependencies Guernsey, Jersey and the Isle of Man.

How big is it?

Mossack Fonseca is the world’s fourth biggest provider of offshore services. It has acted for
more than 300,000 companies. There is a strong UK connection. More than half of the
companies are registered in British-administered tax havens, as well as in the UK itself.

How much data has been leaked?

A lot. The leak is one of the biggest ever – larger than the US diplomatic cables released by
WikiLeaks in 2010, and the secret intelligence documents given to journalists by Edward
Snowden in 2013. There are 11.5m documents and 2.6 terabytes of information drawn from
Mossack Fonseca’s internal database.

Are all people who use offshore structures crooks?

No. Using offshore structures is entirely legal. There are many legitimate reasons for doing so.
Business people in countries such as Russia and Ukraine typically put their assets offshore to
defend them from “raids” by criminals, and to get around hard currency restrictions. Others use
offshore for reasons of inheritance and estate planning.

Are some people who use offshore structures crooks?

Yes. In a speech last year in Singapore, David Cameron said “the corrupt, criminals and money
launderers” take advantage of anonymous company structures. The government is trying to do
something about this. It wants to set up a central register that will reveal the beneficial owners of
offshore companies. From June, UK companies will have to reveal their “significant” owners for
the first time.

What does Mossack Fonseca say about the leak?

26
The firm won’t discuss specific cases of alleged wrongdoing, citing client confidentiality. But it
robustly defends its conduct. Mossack Fonseca says it complies with anti-money-laundering laws
and carries out thorough due diligence on all its clients. It says it regrets any misuse of its
services and tries actively to prevent it. The firm says it cannot be blamed for failings by
intermediaries, who include banks, law firms and accountants.

2.1. The Word ‘unprecedented’ means: /1

 Kindly  Politely
 Extraordinary  Sadly
2.2. The word ‘myriad’ does not mean /1

 Countless  Uncountable
 Innumerable  Extend
2.3. The antonym of ‘jurisdiction’ is /1

 Submission  Power
 Enemy  Lawyer

2.4.Who according to the report are ‘the corrupt, criminals and money launderers? /1

2.5. What is the tense of the given sentence: “How much data has been leaked?” /1

2.6. Write a short review of this report in your own words. /2.5

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

2.7. How do you see the political career of Nawaz Sharif after this scandal? /2.5

______________________________________________________________________________
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______________________________________________________________________________
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Answers: 2.1. Extraordinary 2.2. Extend2.3. Submission 2.4. (Comprehension based) 2.5.
Present Perfect Tense (Passive Voice)

Hillary Clinton urged to call for election vote recount in battleground states.
Jon Swaine in New York
Wednesday 23 November 2016 07.38 GMTLast modified on Thursday 24 November
2016 

A growing number of academics and activists are calling for US authorities to fully audit or
recount the 2016 presidential election vote in key battleground states, in case the results could
have been skewed by foreign hackers.

The loose coalition, which is urging Hillary Clinton’s campaign to join its fight, is preparing to
deliver a report detailing its concerns to congressional committee chairs and federal authorities
early next week, according to two people involved.

The document, which is currently 18 pages long, focuses on concerns about the results in the
states of Michigan, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin.

“I’m interested in verifying the vote,” said Dr Barbara Simons, an adviser to the US election
assistance commission and expert on electronic voting. “We need to have post-election ballot
audits.” Simons is understood to have contributed analysis to the effort but declined to
characterise the precise nature of her involvement.

A second group of analysts, led by the National Voting Rights Institute founder John Bonifaz
and Professor Alex Halderman, the director of the University of Michigan’s center for computer
security and society, is also taking part in the push for a review, and has been in contact with
Simons.

In a blogpost early on Wednesday, Halderman said paper ballots and voting equipment should be
examined in Wisconsin, Michigan, and Pennsylvania, warning that deadlines were rapidly
approaching.

“Unfortunately, nobody is ever going to examine that evidence unless candidates in those states
act now, in the next several days, to petition for recounts,” he said.

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The developments follow Clinton’s surprise defeat to Donald Trump in the 8 November vote,
and come after US intelligence authorities released public assessments that Russian hackers were
behind intrusions into regional electoral computer systems and the theft of emails from
Democratic officials before the election.

 Voters at the Cedarburg community center, in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Trump has racked up
reportedly disproportionate votes in counties using electronic voting. Photograph: Darren
Hauck/Getty Images

Having consistently led Trump in public opinion polls for months preceding election day in all
three midwestern states, Clinton narrowly lost Pennsylvania and Wisconsin, and may yet lose
Michigan, where a final result has still not been declared.

Curiosity about Wisconsin has centered on apparently disproportionate wins that were racked up
by Trump in counties using electronic voting compared with those that used only paper ballots.
The apparent disparities were first widely publicized earlier this month by David Greenwald , a
journalist for the Oregonian.

However, Nate Silver, the polling expert and founder of Five Thirty Eight, cast significant
doubt over this theory on Tuesday evening, stating that the difference disappeared after race and
education levels, which most closely tracked voting shifts nationwide, were controlled for.

Silver and several other election analysts have dismissed suggestions that the swing state vote
counts give cause for concern about the integrity of the results.

Still, dozens of professors specialising in cyber security, defense, and elections have in the past
two days signed an open letter to congressional leaders stating that they are “deeply troubled” by
previous reports of foreign interference, and requesting swift action by lawmakers.

“Our country needs a thorough, public congressional investigation into the role that foreign
powers played in the months leading up to November,” the academics said in their letter, while
noting they did not mean to “question the outcome” of the election itself.

Halderman, the University of Michigan computer security expert, noted that this Friday is the
deadline for requesting a recount in Wisconsin, where Trump’s winning margin stands at 0.7%.
In Pennsylvania, where his margin is 1.2%, the deadline falls on Monday. In Michigan, where
the Trump lead is currently just 0.3%, the deadline is Wednesday 30 November.

Why America elected Trump

Senior congressmen including Senator Lindsey Graham of South Carolina and Representative
Elijah Cummings of Maryland have already called for deeper inquiries into the full extent of
Russia’s interference with the election campaign.

29
Nonpartisan experts and academics have been in communication with Democratic operatives and
people who worked on Clinton’s bid for the White House, who are being urged to officially
request recounts in states where a candidate may do so.

New York magazine reported that a conference call has taken place between the activists and
John Podesta, Clinton’s campaign chairman.

Advertisement

Both Podesta and the acting Democratic National Committee chairwoman, Donna Brazile, have
privately mused about the integrity of the election result, according to two sources familiar with
the conversations.

Several senior Democrats are said to be intensely reluctant to suggest there were irregularities in
the result because Clinton and her team criticised Trump so sharply during the campaign for
claiming that the election would be “rigged” against him.

But others have spoken publicly, including the sister of HumaAbedin, Clinton’s closest aide. “A
shift of just 55,000 Trump votes to Hillary in PA, MI & WI is all that is needed to win,”
HemaAbedin said on Facebook, urging people to call the justice department to request an audit.

Alexandra Chalupa, a former DNC consultant who during the campaign investigated links
between Moscow and Trump’s then-campaign manager Paul Manafort, is also participating in
the attempt to secure recounts or audits.

“The person who received the most votes free from interference or tampering needs to be in the
White House,” said Chalupa. “It may well be Donald Trump, but further due diligence is
required to ensure that American democracy is not threatened.”

According to people involved, activists had previously urged Jill Stein, the Green party
presidential candidate, to use rules in some states allowing any candidate on the ballot to request
a review of the result. Stein is understood to have declined, citing in part a lack of party funds
that would be required to finance such a move.

In a joint statement issued last month, the office of the director of national intelligence and the
department for homeland security said they were “confident” that the theft of emails from the
DNC and from Podesta, which were published by WikiLeaks, was directed by the Russian
government.

“Some states have also recently seen scanning and probing of their election-related systems,
which in most cases originated from servers operated by a Russian company,” the statement
went on. “However, we are not now in a position to attribute this activity to the Russian
government.”

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Asked on Tuesday whether the agencies had confidence that the election itself had been secure, a
spokesman for the office of the director of national intelligence said: “Our colleagues at the
department for homeland security are best positioned to address this.”

A spokesman for the department for homeland security, however, did not respond to requests for
comment.

2.1. The Word ‘precise’ means: /1

 Accurate  Pure
 Piece  Secure

2.2. The word ‘coalition’ does not mean /1

 Alliance  Association
 Union  Hit
2.3. The antonym of ‘disproportionate’ is /1

 Balanced  Mathematical
 Mechanical  Harmful

2.4.What is the meaning of the phrase ‘question the outcome’? /1

2.5. What is the tense of the given sentence: “a conference call has taken place between the
activists and John Podesta, Clinton’s campaign chairman.” /1

2.6. Write a short review of this report in your own words. /2.5

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

2.7.Why did Americans elect Donald Trump? /2.5

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

31
______________________________________________________________________________
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Answers: 2.1. Accurate 2.2. Hit 2.3. Balanced 2.4. (Comprehension based) 2.5. Present
Perfect Tense

32