Specification notes

- Biological molecules
f) the structure of starch (amylose and amylopectin), glycogen and cellulose
molecules.

- Starch is composed of two types of molecules known as amylose and amylopectin. Amylose

molecules are made up of unbranched chained several glucose units arranged in a linear manner.
Amylopectin is formed from several glucose units arranged in a branched manner. 

- Glycogen is similar in structure to amylopectin as it is also made of lots of glucose units but
branches more frequently.

- Cellulose however is, similarly to amylose, made up of unbranched chains of glucose molecules
linked via beta 1-4 glycosidic bonds arranged in several lines. Every alternate glucose molecule in
cellulose chains is inverted.

g) how the structures and properties of glucose, starch, glycogen and

cellulose molecules relate to their functions in living organisms.
- For glucose, its soluble properties allow it to easily dissolve in contact of water. Furthermore, it is
easily converted into glycogen for a better storage.

- For glycogen and starch (amylose and amylopectin), their branched structure allows them to break
into glucose quicker to reach the cells faster. Furthermore, they are also insoluble, so they don’t
dissolve in water, and they are more compact for a better storage.