16/12/2021

MODE OF ALLELOCHAMICAL RELEASE

• Volatilization:
• Allelo-chemicals may volatilize and be absorbed directly by the plants through
atmosphere or may be taken up through the soil solution when these chemicals
are gone into the soil through the dew.
• Leaching:
• Leaching is the removal of the water soluble substances from the plant body
through the rain, dew, mist and fog.
• Root exudates:
• Root exudates are those substances which are released through the roots of the
plant into the surrounding medium.
• A variety of the allelopathic chemicals are released through roots of the plants
which effect the growth of the microorganisms and higher plants.
• Decomposition of the crop residues:
• Large amount of the allelochemicals are released through the decomposition of
the crop residues into the soil and also into the atmosphere.

Factors affecting the production of phytotoxins:

1. Type of the crop
2. Age of the plant
3. Microorganisms
4. Soil aeration
Oxygen status is most important in concentration and persistence
Oxygen availability not only affects, products formed during the residue decompositions, but also the
concentrttion and persistence,

a. Under aerobic conditions, orgnic compounds disappear rapidly, and microbial material is synthesized
b. Under anaerobic conditions, volatile fatty acids and other organic acids accumulate and synthesis of
microbial material suppressed.
Under such conditions, methane, hydrogen sulfie, ethhlene, acetic, lactic, butyric, formic, and other
organic acids, phenolic compounds, (syringaldehyde, vanniline, P-hydroxy benzoic and bezoic acid),
various amino acids, and many intermediate breakdown products are formed, which are much
phyotoxic,
Greatest phytotoxicity occur during early stages of decompositions,
Rye 4, sorghum 4, barley 7, wheat 8, oat 8, sweet potato 12, rice 16, corn 22,
5. Tillage practices
a. ZERO TILLAGE,
b. REDUCED TILLAGE
c. CONVENTIONAL TILLAGE

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EFFECT OF THE PYTOTOXINS ON THE CROP PLANTS

Minor effect
Plants produced the chemicals which may be harmful for it or for the other plants through
1. Delayed or complete inhibitation of germination
2. Reduced the plant population
3. Stunted growth and deformed the roots and shoots
4. Deranged the nutrients absorption
5. Lack of seedling vigour
6. Reduced tillering
7. Chlorosis
8. Wilting
9. Predisposition to root rot and seedling death

EFFECT OF THE PYTOTOXINS ON THE CROP PLANTS

Major effect
1. Inhibition of nitrification and biological nitrogen fixation
a. Crop residues, increased concentration of ferulic acid, p-coumaric acids, which affected activity of
nitrosomonas, and increased NH4 over NO3,
b. Soybean following rice yield higher when rice residues burnt,
c. Phenolic inhibited growth of NFB (rhizobium japonicum, reduced nodules, and reduced BNF in
soybean
d. Soil incorporation of vines and storage roots of sweet potato, reduced nodulation and BNF in cowpeas
2. Predisposing the plants to diseases
a. Root rot in tobacco, cotton, beans, sugarcane,
b. allelochenmical may injure roots, AND Pose them to infections,
c. volatile compounds from decomposing alfalfa residues, stimulated germination of sclerotia of
sclerotinia rolsii and microsecloritia of verticillium dahlia followed by lysis , which reduced their
population
d. sulfur containing volatile compounds from decomposing cruicifers residues, were found inhibitory to
aphanomyces euteiches and thus reduced root rot in peas
3. Inhibition or simulation of germination growth and yield